L11 Unit-4

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• Bio-diversity:

The variability among living organisms from all sources including


terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of
which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species of
ecosystems.

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Biodiversity
• Biodiversity refers to the variety of life.
• It is a measure of the variety of organisms
present in different ecosystems.
• The sum total of various types of plants and
animals (producers, consumers, decomposers).
• It is an essential component of nature and it
ensures the survival of human species by
providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other
resources to mankind.
Importance
VALUE OFofBIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity

• Maintaining balance of the ecosystem


• Provision of biological resources
• Social benefits
• Food
• Human Health
• Industrial Applications
(direct use value)

• 1. FOOD

• About 80,000 edible plant species.


• Numerous Edible animals.
• 2. DRUGS AND MEDICINES

• Penicillin
• Tetracycline
• Malarial drugs
• Anticancer drugs
• B. Productive values
(commercially usable value)

• Milk ,silk , ivory , leather industry


• Milk products industry
• Textile and dye industry
• Wood industry.
• C. Social Value

• Holy and sacred trees


• Eg. : Tulsi , peepal etc.
Elements of bio-diversity
• The predicted number of total species varies from 5 to 50 million and averages at 14
million.

• Out of the total known species, about 60 % are insects, about 16 % are higher plants
and only about 0.3 % is mammals.

• The most unique feature of Earth is the existence of life and the most extraordinary
feature of life is its diversity.

• Bio-diversity is normally treated in terms of genes, species and ecosystems in


correspondence with three fundamental hierarchical levels of biological organization.

• The three diversities are referred as genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.
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LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

• GENETIC DIVERSITY
• SPECIES DIVERSITY
• COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY
• SPECIES DIVERSITY – It is defined as the
variety of species within a region.
• GENETIC DIVERSITY – It is basically the
variation of genes within species.
• COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY – It
is the diversity at the level of community and
ecosystem.
 Species diversity –
Classification of Biodiversity
Species diversity is a measure of the diversity
within an ecological community that
incorporates both species richness (the
number of species in a community) and the
evenness of species' abundances.
• Classification
Genetic diversity –of Biodiversity
Genetic diversity is the sum of genetic
information contained in the genes of
individual plants, animals, and micro-
organisms within same species.
Classification of Biodiversity
• EcoClassification
system diversity –of Biodiversity
Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety
of ecosystems in a given place.
Classification
Biogeographical of Biodiversity
Classification of India
India occupies 10th place among plant rich countries of the world.
Bio geographers have classified India into ten bio-geographic zones with each zone
having characteristic climate, soil, and biodiversity. These zones are described
below:
1. Trans Himalayas
2. Himalayas
3. Desert
4. Semi arid
5. Western Ghats
6. Deccan Plateau
7. Gangetic Plains
8. North East India
9. Islands
10. Coastal Area
Biogeographical Regions Of India
Biodiversity Hotspot

• A biodiversity hotspot is a bio geographic


region with significant levels of biodiversity
that is under threat.
• It must have at least 1,500 vascular plants as
endemics.
• It must have 30% or less of its original natural
vegetation.
Biodiversity Hotspots In India
• Eastern Himalayas –
The Eastern Himalayas is the region
encompassing Bhutan, north-eastern India,
and southern, central, and eastern Nepal.
• Western Ghats –
The Western Ghats are a chain of hills that run
along the western edge of peninsular India.
Eastern Himalayas
Endangered Species

• An Endangered species is a species which has


been categorized by the International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as
likely to become extinct.
• In India, 450 plant species have been
identified as endangered species. 100
mammals and 150 birds are estimated to be
endangered.
Endangered Species Of India

• Bengal Tiger
• Asiatic Lion
• Bengal Fox
• Indian Elephant
• Indian Rhinoceros
• Marbled Cat
• Proboscis
Monkey
Endangered Species Of India

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzY-sDXpV3k
Factors Affecting Endangered Species

• Habitat destruction
• Human beings dispose wastes indiscriminately
in nature.
• Over-exploitation of natural resources and
poaching of wild animals.
• Climate change brought about by
accumulation of green houses gases.

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