A

Abstract Class
A class that cant be instantiated but that is used as a base from which other classes can be derived. In Microsoft Visual Basic .NET, abstract classes are declared using the Must Inherit keyword. In Microsoft Visual C#, abstract classes are declared using the abstract keyword.

Abstract Member
A member of a base class that cant be invoked, but instead provides a template for members of a derived class, In Microsoft Visual Basic .NET, abstract members are declared using the Must Override keyword. In Visual C#, abstract members are declared using the abstract keyword.

Active Directory
Active Directory Service Interfaces (ADSI) is an interface for Microsoft Windows Active Directory. It enables applications to interact with different directories on a network, using a single interface. Using ADSI, we can create applications that perform common administrative tasks like backing up databases

Ad hoc testing
Testing that relies on the uncoordinated efforts of developers or testers to ensure that code works. This type of testing contrasts

with automated testing, which uses test scripts or programs to systematically check that all parts of an application work correctly

Ad Rotating Control
It enables us to place a component on the page and rotate banners ads from xml file <asp: ad rotator id = advertisement file =file.xml> XML Attributes to use with xml file ImageUrl: Location of the image NavigateUrl: Url to go when user clicks Alternate Text: Text displays when image unavailable Keyword: Impressions: Shows image twice if two images in same rotation

Alias
The name you use to identify resources on the Web. Aliases represent physical resources on the Web server, such as a Web form, an HTML page, or a graphic.

Application domain
The process space within which an ASP.NET Web Forms application runs is called Application domain. All memory in the Application Domain is managed by the .NET runtime, so the runtime can ensure that Application Domains do not access each other's memory.

ASP.NET

The portion of the Microsoft .NET Framework used to create Web applications and XML Web services. ASP.NET is an evolution of Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP).

Assembly
The executable component of an application created using the Microsoft .NET Framework. Web applications, as well as other types of .NET applications, compile their executable code into an assembly file with a .dll file extension. The compiled code consists of IL assembly language (ILAsm), which is then compiled into its final state at run time by the common language runtime (CLR). Assemblies can be static or dynamic. Static assemblies can include .NET Framework types. Dynamic assemblies can be created at runtime by the .NET Framework, which run directly from the memory and are not saved to disk before execution.

Assembly manifest
Assembly contains a collection of data that describes how the elements in the assembly relate to each other.

Authentication
The process of determining the identity of a user, In effect, authentication validates that the user is who he or she claims to be.

Authorization
The process of granting access privileges to resources or tasks within an application, Applications typically authenticate users and

then authorize them based on their identities or roles within an organization.

Automated testing
A type of testing that uses tests written in a scripting or programming language to systematically check that all parts of an application work as expected. Automated testing checks that an applications components work separately (called unit testing), that all components work together (called integration testing), and that changes havent broken existing features (called regression testing).

B
Base class
A class that provides properties and methods as a foundation for a derived class, in object-oriented programming, one class can be based on another through inheritance. Using this technique, the base class provides characteristics (such as properties and methods) to a derived class. The derived class can reuse, modify, or add to the base classs members.

Behaviors
Components that encapsulate specific functionality or actions on a Web form or an HTML page, when applied to a standard HTML element on a page, a behavior modifies that elements default behavior. Behaviors are implemented as styles.

Binary serialization

This is used to maintain the state of an object between different invocations of an application. Ex: Remoting uses serialization to pass objects "by value" from one computer or application domain to another.

C
Caching
The technique of storing frequently used items in memory so that they can be accessed more quickly.

Cascading style sheets (CSS)

Web application project files (.css) that collect and organize all of the formatting information applied to elements on a Web form or an HTML page. Because they keep this information in a single location, cascading style sheets make it easy to adjust the appearance of Web applications. Web applications can have multiple style sheets and can switch style sheets at run time to dynamically change the appearance of a Web application.

Certificate authority
An independent third party that provides server certificates to enable secure communications across the Web through the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), These server certificates must be purchased and installed on your Web server to use SSL and the HTTPS protocol.

Character encoding
The method of representing alphanumeric characters as numbers so that a computer can handle strings

Class
A data structure that groups properties and methods used to perform tasks in programs. Classes are the fundamental building blocks of object-oriented programs. Objects are instances of classes.

CLR, CTS, CLS, CAS (Code Access Security)

The .NET Framework provides a runtime environment called the Common Language Runtime or CLR (similar to the Java Virtual Machine or JVM in Java), which handles the execution of code. CLR takes care of code management at program execution and provides various beneficial services such as memory management; thread management, security management, code verification, compilation, and other system services. Common Type System (CTS) describes how types are declared, used and managed in the runtime and facilitates cross-language integration, type safety, and high performance code execution The CLS (Common language specification) is simply a specification that defines the rules to support language integration. The CAS security has two concepts - code groups and permissions. Each .NET assembly is a member of a particular code group, and each code group is granted the permissions specified in a named permission set.

COM

Software

architecture used to build component-based applications. COM objects are discrete components.

Each with a unique identity, which expose interfaces that

allows applications and other components to access their features.

COM objects are more versatile that Win32 DLLs because

1. They are completely language-independent. 2. They have built-in inter process communications capability.

3.

Can easily fit into an object-oriented program design.

Used largely to replace the Inter Process Communication mechanism. Active X also is based on COM.

Context-sensitive
A type of Help system in which the topic displayed depends on the current context (or task) within the application.

Cookie

A small file that a Web application can write to the clients computer, Cookies are used to identify a user in a future session or to store and retrieve information about the users current session.

Custom Controls

D
Data Adapter
It communicates between the data set and data source.

Data Reader
This (Record Set in ADO) is the Forward only, read only and nonupdateable stream of data.

Data binding
A way to link data (such as a data set) in your application to the properties of a control

Data Grid
Sorting Set Allow Sorting =True to enable sorting to allow users to click on the columns to resort the grid. OnSortCommand =Function in Data grid properties. Sorting works by setting a sort expression value for each column of the grid we want to enable as a sort able column.

DataGridSortCommandEventArgs passed to the event handler contains a SortExpession property value of the column that was clicked. Toggle Sort Is done by using the View State which maintains the most recent sortExpression Depending on that we can write if else statements for asc and desc using viewstates starts with, ends with properties. Paging Set Allow Paging =True to enable paging of the grid Bind data grid to any data source that implements Ienumerable interface that is iteration of collection of objects it contains OnPageIndexChanged =Function. Inside the function we write DataGridName.CurrentPageIndex= e. NewPageIndex and then Bind the Data.

Editing Add EditCommandColumn to grid through which we can update, edit, cancel Write Functions for OnEditCommand, OnCancelCommand, OnUpdateCommand To change row into Textbox: Ctype (Item. Cell (Index). Controls (Index)) enables to cast control instance to Textbox. Find Control is used to get handles on Controls Convert is used to convert string data types to correct data types. Parameters. Add to add parameters to sqlCommand object.

Datagrid.EditItemIndex 1 turns of editing and rebind grid. Editing Drop Down List Use Template Columns and fire the datagrid.itembound event to populate the list and preselect the correct value. Template columns are a container for HTML and ASP.NET server controls. Item template is to render the data and edit item template is for editing controls.

DCOM
An extension of the COM that allows COM components to communicate across network boundaries Traditional COM components can only perform inter-process communication across process boundaries on the same machine. DCOM uses the RPC mechanism to send and receive information between COM components (on the same network).

Default page
A page that Internet Information Services (IIS) displays if the user navigates to the Web application directory without specifying a page to view, IIS uses the name Default.htm and Default.aspx as the default page unless you change it using the IIS property settings for the application.

Delegation
A programming technique by which a member of one class uses a member from another class to perform some task, Delegation

differs from inheritance in that the first class implements a property or method and then calls (or delegates to) the other classs property or method. The two classes do not have to be related to each otherin other words, the first class does not have to be derived from the second class.

Delegates
Types used to invoke one or more methods where the actual method invoked is determined at run time.

Deploying
Installing an application on the computer where it will run.

Derived class
A class that is based on another class (called a base class) through inheritance, A derived class inherits the members of its base class and can override or shadow those members.

Directives
These are associated attributes that control some aspect of page generation. Ex: Page, Import, Implements, Register, Assembly, Reference.

Dirty read
The process of reading database records without locking the records being read, This means that an uncommitted change can be read and then rolled back by another client, resulting in a local copy of a record that is not consistent with what is stored in the database.

Distributed Applications
Central computer perform all the processing functions and stores all the data. It seems that there is logically one computer in which data is stored but physically it will be placed in different computers at different locations.

Drivers
In the context of testing, drivers are test components that make sure two or more components work together. Drivers are necessary to test components during development when an application is being developed from the bottom up.

DTD (Document Type Definition)

Define the order in which data elements will appear in the XML document

E
Exception handling
The process of dealing with unusual occurrences within code so that they do not cause the program to crash or lose data.

Exception log

A record of exceptions that occurred while an application was running.

Exceptions
Unusual occurrences that happen within the logic of an application

Event - Delegate
The event keyword lets you specify a delegate that will be called upon the occurrence of some "event" in your code. The delegate can have one or more associated methods that will be called when your code indicates that the event has occurred

Events
Page Init: Fired when page is initialized Page Load: Fired when page is loaded Control event: Fired if a control triggered the page to be loaded. Page Unload: Fired when page is unloaded from memory.

Event Bubbling
Is where child controls will not raise their own events to be handled and are passed to the page as Item Command event Ex: Repeater, Data list and Data grid controls.

F
Fragment caching
The technique of caching part of a Web form or placing controls or other response items in a user control

Frames
Regions of a Web page that you can use to display other Web pages, you use frames to display multiple regions that scroll and behave independently.

Framework 1.1
Support for Developing Mobile Web Applications Support for Communicating with ODBC and Oracle Databases

Support for IPv6 This protocol is designed to significantly

increase the address space used to identify communication endpoints in the Internet to accommodate its ongoing growth. Enable Code Access Security for ASP.NET Applications. Code access security system of the CLR can enforce additional restrictions on application resources by systems administrators

G
Garbage Collection

The process of transitively tracing through all pointers to actively used objects in order to locate all objects that can be referenced, and then arranging to reuse any heap memory that was not found during this trace. The common language runtime garbage collector also compacts the memory that is in use to reduce the working space needed for the heap. From time to time, the garbage collector carries out garbage collection to retrieve memory allocated to objects for which there are no valid references. Garbage collection happens automatically when a request for memory cannot be satisfied using available free memory

Global assembly cache (GAC)

A special subfolder within the Microsoft Windows folder that stores the shared .NET assemblies, Assemblies stored in the GAC are shared with all other applications installed on the computer.

Globalization
The process of creating an application that meets the needs of users from multiple cultures.

Globally unique identifier (GUID)

A 128-bit integer that serves as a unique identifier across networks GUIDs are used throughout Windows and the .NET Framework to identify components.

H
HTML Server Controls

These are HTML elements programmable on the server that is any HTML element on a page can be converted to an HTML server control using run at = server attribute. Are defined with namespace System.Web.UI.HtmlControls and base class is HtmlControl and HtmlContainerControl Ex: HtmlAnchor, HtmlImage, HtmlForm, HtmlButton etc. HTMLAnchor controls <a> tag, HTMLButton controls <input type=Button> tag so on. File field control uses System.IO namespace and HTMLInputFile class and works with file data and takes care of uploading the file upto 4MB. To increase size change machine.config attributes. To upload multiple files use HttpFileCollection class.

I
ID attribute
Is used if we want to reference the control as a member within our code or code behind.

IL
The .Net compiler translates your source code into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL), which is a CPU-independent set of instructions that can be efficiently converted to native code. It includes instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and calling methods on objects, as well as instructions for arithmetic and logical operations Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) is a language used as the output of a number of compilers and as the input to a just-in-time

(JIT) compiler. The common language runtime includes a JIT compiler for converting MSIL to native code.

Internal and External Style Sheets

Internal: is placed right in the document itself. External is used when applying styles to multiple documents throughout the app.

Image map
A graphic containing multiple regions that the user can click to cause different actions to occur

Impersonation
The process of assigning one user identity to another user ASP.NET uses impersonation to authorize anonymous users to access resources on the Web server. By default, anonymous users impersonate the ASPNET user account.

Inheritance
The process of basing one class on another, In this process, a base class provides class members to a derived class. The advantage of inheritance is that you can write and maintain code once in the base class and reuse it multiple times in the derived classes.

Interfaces
In the context of object-oriented programming, an interface is a contract that defines the members that a group of classes provides. Once you implement a particular interface in a class, instances of

that class can be used for any argument or variable declared as that interface.

Is Post Back
Allow us to identity whether or not it is the first time the page has been loaded or we have a post back to the server.

J
Just in time (JIT)
Before Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) can be executed, it must be converted by a .NET Framework just-in-time (JIT) compiler to native code, which is CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer architecture as the JIT compiler JIT converts the MSIL as it is needed during execution and stores the resulting native code so that it is accessible for subsequent calls.

L
Localization
The process of accommodating cultural differences within an application, Localized applications can support multiple languages,

currencies, writing direction, and calendars based on the cultures that they support.

List Controls
These are controls that map to groups of HTML elements that produce grids. Ex: Data grid, Dropdown List, List Box, List Item, Data List etc. These are defined with namespace System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebControl and base class is List Control

M
Managed code
Code that runs under the common language runtime (CLR), The CLR takes care of many tasks that would have formerly been handled in the applications executable. Managed code solves the Windows programming problems of component registration and versioning (sometimes called DLL hell) because managed code contains all the versioning and type information that the CLR needs to run the application. The CLR handles registration dynamically at run time, rather than statically through the system registry, as is done with applications based on the Component Object Model (COM).

Managed Providers

These are the namespaces that are specifically used to take the advantage of data source. Two managed providers are in access we specify the names space as the System.Data.OleDb and provider is Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0 and in SQL server it will be System.Data.sqlClient and for this the provider is SQLOLEDB.1.

Marshaling
The process by which the CLR collects parameters and converts their types whenever a .NET assembly calls an unmanaged procedure

Merge modules
Deployment projects for shared components that allow a server to manage the installation of those components so that theyre not unnecessarily overwritten and so that they can be safely removed when no longer used.

Method Overloading
In the context of object-oriented programming, the programming technique of providing versions of a method that takes different types of arguments. The To String method is a good example of an overloaded method.

Method Overriding
In the context of object-oriented programming, the programming technique of replacing a member inherited from a base class with a different member in the derived class.

Mobile Controls
These are controls that output HTML or WML depending upon device accessing the page.

MSIL
The .Net compiler translates your source code into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL), which is a CPU-independent set of instructions that can be efficiently converted to native code. It includes instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and calling methods on objects, as well as instructions for arithmetic and logical operations Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) is a language used as the output of a number of compilers and as the input to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. The common language runtime includes a JIT compiler for converting MSIL to native code.

Multiple Inheritances
The programming technique of deriving a class from two or more base classes, Visual Basic .NET and Visual C# do not support multiple inheritance.

N
Namespace collisions

The problem that occurs when two items use the same name at a single level of the namespace hierarchy

Neutral cultures
Cultures that map to a specific language but not to a specific region

. NET Framework
The .NET Framework has two main components CLR Class library. Common language runtime This manages code at execution time and provides services such as memory management, thread management, and re-moting. Class library This is nothing but a complete, object-oriented collection of reusable types that can be used to develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or graphical user interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest innovations provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services.

O
One-Click Hosting
A feature ASP.NET Web service providers offer that allows developers to upload completed Web applications directly from the Microsoft Visual Studio .NET Start Pages Web Hosting pane.

Optimization

Writing code in a way that executes more quickly or consumes fewer resources

P
Page Class
Is a class that can be instantiated any time a request is made for the. Aspx page to process the incoming requests and to return the data to the client. It is derived from Object. Control. Template Control. Page Class. Some of Events of this Class are Init, Load, Unload, and Pre Render. Some of the Properties are Enable View State, Is Post Back, Request, Response, and Session etc. Some of the Methods are Data bind, Resolve Url, Map path, validate.

Page Processing Steps

Configuration: Page Load is done here: Event Handling: Events are raised ex: Button. Click event Rendering: is where HTML is displayed in browser ex: Response. Write Clean Up: Page Unload event is done

Page view State

The page retains its view state between requests to the server.

View state contains the state of all user controls on the page and stored as name value pairs in State Bag (data repository persistent from page to page) as hidden form fields. Advantage is that the state of the page is held with the page and not with the server. Is enabled by default for all server controls.

Platform invoke (p-invoke)

The process of executing native code from within a .NET assembly

Portable executable (PE)

The file format defining the structure that all executable files (EXE) and Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) must use to allow them to be loaded and executed by Windows. PE is derived from the Microsoft Common Object File Format (COFF). The EXE and DLL files created using the .NET Framework obey the PE/COFF formats that are only used by the CLR.

Process recycling
The technique of shutting down and restarting an ASP.NET worker process (aspnet_wp.exe) that has become inactive or is consuming excessive resources

Project
The collection of Visual Studio .NET source files that make up an application

R
Regression
A problem in which a new or modified component breaks some previously working component, Regression is uncovered during testing.

Reflection
. NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the modules they produce. Modules in turn are wrapped up together in assemblies and can be accessed by a mechanism called reflection

Reproducibility
The ability to produce the same result again and again

Rich Controls
Calendar, Ad Rotator (Advertisement Banner), xml Textbox: OnTextChanged Button: Onclick Checkbox, Radio button: OnCheckedChanged Checkbox List, Dropdown list: OnSelectedIndexChanged To Select we use SelectedItem.Value To add we use Items. Add To use two Buttons we OnCommand=OnlyOneFunction

Run at = Server

It tells the ASP.NET page that it should create an instance of the control to use during server-side page processing.

S
Satellite assembly
An assembly file (.dll) that contains localized resources for an application. Each satellite assembly file contains the resources for one culture. An application can have many satellite assemblies, depending on how many cultures the application supports. Satellite assemblies are often used to deploy language-specific resources for an application

Save point
A point within a database transaction from which you can restore the database state

Scalability
The ability to add capacity to an application as user demand increases.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

The standard means of ensuring that data sent over the Internet cant be read by others. When a user requests a secure Web page, the server generates an encryption key for the users session and then encrypts the pages data before sending a response. On the client side, the browser uses that same encryption key to decrypt

the requested Web page and to encrypt new requests sent from that page.

Serialization
Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes. De-serialization is the opposite process of creating an object from a stream of bytes. Serialization is the process of storing the state of an object to a storage medium. Serialization/Deserialization is mostly used to transport objects Binary serialization: which is used to maintain the state of an object between different invocations of an application. Ex: Remoting uses serialization to pass objects "by value" from one computer or application domain to another.

XML serialization: This is used to provide data without restricting the application that uses the data. Because XML is an open standard, it is used for sharing data across the Web

Server certificate
A file installed through IIS that provides an encryption key for use with the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). Server certificates are obtained from a certificate authority, which licenses server certificates for a fee and acts as a clearinghouse to verify your servers identity over the Internet.

Server controls
Visual components used on a Web form to create the user interface of a Web application.

Session
The sum of interaction between an instance of a client browser and a Web application, the session begins when the browser first requests a resource from within the application. A session ends either when the browser closes on the clients machine or when the session times out after a period of inactivity. (The default is 20 minutes.)

Shadowing
The programming technique of replacing a member of a base class with a new member in a derived class, Shadowing differs from overriding in that the base classs shadowed member is no longer available from the derived class.

Shared members
Methods that can be called directly without first creating an instance of a class. These members are called static members in Visual C#.

Signature
The name, parameter list, parameter types, and return type of a member

SOAP
A message framework for a function call and answer between two machines (request or response) The message is formatted as a XML text stream

 Using XSD objects can be serialized into XML stream You can make calls in SOAP to any method regardless of the complexity of the methods parameters or return type

Solution
A group of Visual Studio .NET projects that make up a single functional unit

Start Page
The first Web form displayed when you run a Web application project from within Visual Studio .NET. The Start Page is also the first page the Visual Studio .NET development environment displays in the Document window. This Visual Studio .NET Start Page contains various panes to help simplify some common tasks, such as opening a recent file and making information easier to find.

Start-up project
The first project Visual Studio .NET starts when you run a multiple-project solution. The start-up project is shown in boldface within the Solution Explorer window.

Static members
Methods that you can call directly without first creating an instance of a class. These members are called shared members in Visual Basic .NET.

Step in

Moving from a calling procedure to a called procedure during debugging. Also used in reference to setting breakpoints to stop execution in a specific procedure during debugging.

Step over
Executing a procedure call as a single statement during debugging.

Strong name
A name that consists of an assembly's identityits simple text name, version number, and culture information

Structured exception handling (SEH)

The programming technique of using exception-handling blocks or exception events to handle unusual occurrences in an application

Stubs
Nonfunctional components that provide the class, property, or method definition used by another component during testing, Stubs are necessary to test components during development when an application is being developed from the top down.

Sub web
A virtual folder that contains a Web site

Super classing
The programming technique of deriving a new class from an existing class using inheritance, Super classing generally refers to a situation in which most of the derived classs behavior and members come directly from the base class.

T
Testing interface
A set of public properties and methods that you can use to control a component from an external testing program

Thread
The basic unit to which the server allocates processor time, a single process can have multiple threads.

Transactions
A unit of work that is done as an atomic operationthat is, the operation succeeds or fails as a whole

ToolTip
A short, descriptive message that is displayed when a user places the mouse pointer over a control and leaves it there for a couple of seconds, These messages are used throughout Windows applications to provide helpful information about toolbar buttons and other graphical controls whose meaning might not otherwise be obvious.

Tracing
A programming technique for recording events, such as exceptions, in an application, Tracing is used during debugging and in the testing phase of application deployment.

Transaction
A group of commands (treated as a single unit) that change the data stored in a database. The transaction ensures that the commands are handled in an all-or-nothing fashionif one of the commands fails, all of the commands fail, and any data that was written to the database by the commands is backed out. In this way, transactions maintain the integrity of data in a database.

Tuning
The process of making adjustments to a deployed application that doesnt affect code.

Types of Validation Controls

Validation Controls incorporate logic to allow us to test a user's input. They allow both Client and Server side validation. Require dfieldvalidator makes sure user enters something in field Range validator compares user entered value to make sure it was between two specified values Compare validator compares input of one form field with another. To compare against data types change operator to datatypecheck and type attribute to string, integer, double, date etc. Regular expession validator allows checking users input based on a pattern defined by regular expression using validation expression. Custom Validator allows us to develop our own client-side validations using client side validation property and server-side validation using on server validate property. Validation Summary takes all error messages that other validation controls have sent, puts them together in one spot. To show errors in dialog box: use show message =True show Summary=false

U
UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration)
Web search engines designed for locating services and their WSDL (web services Cataloging business directory) A method to discover the description once the service is published. A server that holds the contact locations, description, WSDL document location of the service. Categorized by business type, name.

Un-handled exceptions
Exceptions that have not been dealt with in code, Un-handled exceptions cause applications to stop executing and appear to the user as errors in the application.

Unmanaged code
Code in which the executable itself determines how memory is used, unmanaged code contrasts with managed code, where memory is allocated and recovered by the CLR.

User control page

A Web application project file with the. ascx file extension that combines one or more server controls into a single, visual component that can be used on Web forms.

V
View state
The current property settings of server controls on a Web form, by default, ASP.NET automatically maintains view state between post back events.

Virtual folder
A shared resource identified by an alias that represents a physical location on a server

W
Web farm
A Web application running on multiple servers

Web form
The central user-interface component within a Web application

Web garden
A Web application running on a single server using multiple processors

Web Server controls

These are set of special controls that are equivalent of the normal HTML form controls such as textbox, hyperlink and various other buttons. Are defined with namespace System.Web.UI.WebControls and base class is Web Control Ex: Hyperlink, Image, Button, Checkbox etc. Properties: Back Color, Border Color, Height, Font, and Enabled, Fore Color.

Web Services
Remotely accessible application component that listens for certain text-based requests; usually made over HTTP, and reacts to them .

Wiring an event
The process of creating a connection between an objects event and the event procedure that responds to the event.

WSDL (Web Language)

Services

Description

Defines the structure of the SOAP message, required parameters, return values, and protocol bindings.

X
XML nodes

Uniquely named elements within an XML file. XML nodes are organized hierarchically with parent-child relationships.

XML schema
A description of the data elements contained in the XML file. The XML schema provides the names of the elements, their types, whether they are key fields, and other information.

XML serialization
This is used to provide data without restricting the application that uses the data. Because XML is an open standard, it is used for sharing data across the Web

XSD (XML Schema Definition)

Add the ability to define in big details what is the type of each attribute or element in he XML Doc. More than 44 base types/ complex types can be constructed .

XSL template
An element within an XSL file that provides the information used to format an XML node during an XSL transformation.