SS 1 FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC/ CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
-Definition of Physics
-Applications of Physics ( in automobile, space, aeronautics, electronics,
Communication, medicine, warfare, etc)
-Career prospects in Physics
-Fundamental and derived quantities and their units.
2 MEASUREMENT
-measurement of length
-measurement of mass and weight
-density
3 TIME
-Concept of time
-Ways of measuring time
4 MOTION
-Types of motion: Random, oscillatory/vibration, translational/rectilinear, rotational motion
-Relative Motion
5 MOTION
Cause and effects of motion
-Types of force
i) Contact force
ii) Force field
-Friction (Solid Friction)
I) Types of Friction: Static friction and dynamic friction
ii) Coefficient of limiting friction
iii) Advantages and disadvantages of friction
iv) Methods of reducing friction
6 SPEED AND VELOCITY
-Concept of speed
-Concept of velocity
-Uniform/Non-uniform speed/Velocity
-Distance/Displacement-time graph
7 RECTILINEAR ACCELERATION
- Concept of acceleration
-Uniform/Non-uniform acceleration
-Velocity-time graph
8 EQUATIONS OF MOTION
Analysis of rectilinear motion(equations of uniformly accelerated motion)
9 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
-Concept of work, energy and power
-Inter changeability of work and energy
10 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
-Determination of work, energy and power
-Work done in a force field
11 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
 -Types of energy(Mechanical)
i) Potential energy
ii) Kinetic energy
-Conservation of mechanical energy
-World energy resources
i) Renewable energy resources
ii)Non-renewable energy resources
12 Revision
13 Examination

WEEK 1
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

Science in our lives

Scientists are people trained in science and who practice the knowledge of science. We require
people in industries to work as engineers, technicians, researchers, in hospitals as doctors, nurses
and technologists. Science gives us powerful ideas, instruments and methods which affect us in our
daily lives.

Scientific methods

A laboratory is a building specifically designed for scientific work and may contain many pieces of
apparatus and materials for use.

• A hypothesis is a scientific fact or statement that has not been proven or experimented.
• A law or principle is a scientific fact or statement that has been proven and experimented to
be true for all conditions.
• A theorem is a fact or statement that is true and proven but applicable under specific
conditions.

What is physics?

Physics is a Greek word meaning nature hence it deals with natural phenomena.

Physics is therefore a science whose objective is the study of components of matter and their mutual
interactions.

Physics is also defined as the study of matter and its relation to energy.

Branches of physics

Mechanics – the study of motion of bodies under the influence of force.

Electricity – this deal with the movement of charge from one point to another through a conductor.

Magnetism – the study of magnets and magnetic fields and their extensive applications.

Thermodynamics / heat – this is the study of the transformation of heat from one form to another.

Optics –the study of light as it travels from one media to another

Waves – the study of disturbances which travel through mediums or a vacuum.

Particle physics

Nuclear physics

Plasma physics

Career opportunities in physics

Engineering – civil ,Electrical ,Mechanical , Agricultural, Environmental , Chemical , Computer

,Meteorology , Surveying , Geology, Astronomy etc

NOTE: - all science-based careers i.e. doctors, nurses, technologists, engineers, pharmacists etc. need
physics as a true foundation.

Basic laboratory safety rules

• Proper dressing must be observed, no loose clothing, hair and closed shoes must be worn.
• Identify the location of electricity switches, fire-fighting equipment, first aid kit, gas and
water supply systems.
• Keep all windows open whenever working in the laboratory.
• Follow all instructions carefully and never attempt anything in doubt.
• No eating or drinking allowed in the laboratory.
• Ensure that all electrical switches, gas and water taps are turned off when not in use.
• Keep floors and working surfaces dry. Any spillage must be wiped off immediately.
• All apparatus must be cleaned and returned in the correct location of storage after use.
• Hands must be washed before leaving the laboratory.
• Any accidents must be reported to the teacher immediately.

APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS

Physics is applied in the following areas:

In medical field (medicine)

In Agriculture

In carbon dating

In Aeronautics

In industries

In space technology

In warfare.

FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED QUANTITIES AND UNITS

Fundamental quantities are basic quantities. See the table below
s/no Basic quantity Unit Symbol
1 Length Metre m
2 Mass Kilogram Kg
3 Time Second S
4 Temperature Kelvin K
 5 Electric current Ampere A
6 Amount of substance Mole Mol
7 Luminous intensity Candela Cd

The basic units are stated in the internationally accepted units i.e System International units
( SI Units).
Derived units
The derived quantities are those obtained by simple combination of two or more of one or
more fundamental quantities.
Example: volume = length x breadth x height
Volume = m x mx m
Density = mass/ volume = kg/m3.
Derived quantities, units and their symbol
Derived Unit Symbol definition Derived unit
quantity
Area (A) Metre squared m2 Length x length m2
Velocity or Metre per ms-1 Displacement/time ms-1
speed second
Acceleration Metre per ms-2 Change in ms-2
second squared velocity/time
Pressure Pascal Pa Force/area Nm-2
Work (W) Joule J Force x Nm
displacement
Electric charge Coulombs C Current x time As
Resistance ® Ohm Ω Potential v/A
difference/time
Force F Newton N Mass x Kgms-2
acceleration
Heat Joule J Mass x specific
heat capacity
3
Density Grams per g/cm Mass/volume g/cm-3
cubic
centimeter
Momentum Newton second Ns Mass x velocity Kgms-1

Bigger and smaller units

You can make a unit bigger or smaller by putting extra symbol called a prefix in front.
Prefix Meaning Standard form Example
9
G(giga) 1000 000 000 1 x 10 GW (gigawatt)
6
M (mega) 1000 000 1 x 10 MW (megawatt)
K (kilo) 1000 1 x 103 KW (kilowatt)
-1
d(deci) 1/10 1 x 10 dm (decimeter)
-2
c (centi) 1/100 1 x 10 cm (centimeter)
-3
m (milli) 1/1000 1 x 10 mm (millimetre)
µ (micro) 1/1000 000 1 x 10-6 µm (micrometer)
 nm(nano) 1/1000 000 000 1 x 10-9 nm (nanometer)
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Some basic units are obtained by combination of two or more basic units. These basic units
are called dimensions.
Basic quantity Dimension symbol
Length L
Mass M
Time T

Examples
1. Find the dimension of volume.
Solution
Volume = length x length x length
Thus, for a cube; Volume = L x L x L = L3
2. Find the dimension of speed or velocity.
Solution
Velocity = distance/ time = L/T = LT-1
Dimension of acceleration = velocity/ Time = LT-1/ T = LT-1T-! = LT-1
Dimension of force
Force = mass x acceleration = M x LT-2 = MLT-2
Dimension of some derived quantities.
Quantity Dimension
Pressure Force/ area = ML-1T-2
Work Force x distance = MLT-2 x L = ML2T-2

Density Mass / volume = M/ L3 = ML-3

Power Force x distance / Time = ML2T-2 x T-1 = ML2T-3

Uses of dimension
I. To verify dimensional correctness of a given equation
II. To derive the relationship between quantities
III. To obtain derived units

WEEK 2
MEASUREMENT
• Uncertainty
 • Length

• Area,

• Volume,

• Mass and weight

• Density

• Time

Uncertainties in Measurement
Uncertainty is sometimes called accuracy of the measuring instrument.
The uncertainty of an instrument is the least measurement it can determine. Usually, this is
half of the smallest division on its scale.
Uncertainty of a metre rule is 0.05cm or 0.1cm to 1 decimal place.
E.g, calculate the uncertainty of length 43cm.
Solution
it means 43±0.1cm
The length is correct within the range. 43.1cm or 42.9cm

LENGTH
Measurement of Length
Length is the distance between two points. The Standard SI unit of length is the metre(m).
The sub – multiple units of length are centimetre (cm) millimetre (mm) micrometre (µm) etc
Unit symbol Number of metre
Kilometre km 1000m
Metre m 1m
Centimetre cm 0.01m
Millimetre mm 0.001m
Micrometre 𝜇𝑚 0.000001m
Nanometre nm 0.000000001m

Length Measuring Instruments:

The length of an object can be measured using the following instruments:
1. The metre rule
2. The vernier calipers
3. The micro metre screw gauge
4. The tape rule
The metre rule:
The metre rule is suitable for measuring lengths that lie between few centimetres and few
metres long.
The length of a metre rule is 1 metre or 100cm. each centimeter is subdivided into 10 equal
parts.
The smallest division on the metre rule is 1mm (0.1cm)
Uncertainty (accuracy) of the metre rule
The least measurement that a metre rule can measure is 0.5mm (0.05cm). This is the
uncertainty or accuracy of the metre rule.

Sources of errors and precautions that can be observed when using metre rule.
Source I: Zero error due to worn out scales at the edges.
Precaution: Measurement of length should not begin from the edge of the metre rule to
avoid zero (systematic) error due to worn out edges.
Source II: Parallax error is due to wrong positioning of the eye when taking reading with the
metre rule. This is random error (mistake of the observer).
Precaution: The eye should be vertically above the mark measured to avoid error due to
parallax.

Measuring length using vernier callipers.

Vernier callipers is used when higher accuracy in measurement is required and this cannot
be done using a metre rule.
Vernier callipers has two scales; main scale and vernier scale. Outside jaws are used to
measure both lengths and external diameters, inside jaws for measuring internal diameters
while the tail is used for measuring depths of cavities. The main scale is divided into cm and
mm. The vernier scale is divided into 10 equal divisions of 0.9 mm each. The accuracy of
vernier callipers is 0.10 mm.

The reading is taken in two steps;

a) The main scale is read at zero mark of the vernier scale. The values given in cm.
b) The vernier is read at the position where a mark on the vernier scale is exactly lined
up with a mark on the main scale. The values are given as a two decimal of a cm.
Examples
1. Give the reading in the following diagram.
Solution
Main scale reading: - 2.7 cm
Vernier scale reading: - 0.04 cm Adding both we get 2.74 cm.
2. What is the reading of the vernier callipers shown below?

Solution
Main scale reading - 7.6 cm
Vernier scale reading - 0.04 cm
Adding both readings we get 7.64 cm.
USES OF VERNIER CALIPERS.
I. To measure the external diameters of a pipe
II. To measure the internal diameter of a pipe or hollow tube
III. To measure the depth or cavity of a hollow object like test tube
IV. To measure the thickness of a disc (e.g. a coin).

Micrometre screw gauge

It is a device used to measure small lengths. It has an accuracy of 0.01 mm. It has two
scales; the sleeve scale and thimble scale. The sleeve scale is divided into upper and lower
scales with the upper division in mm and lower divisions in 0.5 mm. Thimble scale is divided
into 50 equal divisions each division consisting of 0.01 mm.
The reading is taken in two steps;
a) The reading on the sleeve scale is read ta the point where it touches the edge of the
thimble in mm and half mm.
b) The thimble scale is read at the point where the centre line of the sleeve is parallel to
the thimble scale division.
Examples
1. Give the reading in the following.

Solution
Sleeve reading – 3.5 mm
Thimble reading – 0.45 mm Adding up we get 3.95 mm.

2. What is the reading in the following micrometre screw gauge?

Solution
 Sleeve scale reading – 4.0 mm Thimble scale reading - 0. 32 mm
Adding up the two we get 4.32 mm.
Uses of micrometre screw gauge:
I. To measure the external diameters of pipes
II. To measure the thickness of a very thin wires, metal sheets, sheet of paper, disc and
pendulum bobs.

AREA
- measures the surface area covered by a body

- Its unit is m2.

Can you convert 15.5M2 to cm2?

Solution

1m = 100 cm

1m2 = 100 cm x 100 cm = 10000 cm2

15.5 m2 = 15.5 x 10000 cm2

= 1550000 cm2

AREA OF A REGULAR BODY

AREA OF AN IRREGULAR BODY

The squares must be 1cm2 each.

Area

Full Squares = .... cm2

½ x Incomplete squares = .... cm2

Area = Full Squares + (½ x Incomplete squares)

VOLUME
- measures the amount of space occupied by a body

- Its unit is m3.

Can you convert 4.5m3 to cm3 ?

Remember: 1m3 = 100cm x 100cm x 100cm = 1000000 cm3

VOLUME OF A REGULAR BODY

NB: Liquids can be measured by putting them into containers with sizes of graduated

objects such as Graduate Cylinder, Syringe, Burette and others

VOLUME OF AN IRREGULAR BODY

It can be done using a Measuring Cylinder or a Eureka Can

Measuring Cylinder

Volume = Q (V1) - P (V2)

MEASURING CYLINDER

Volume will be read on the measuring cylinder.

Measurement of mass and weight

Mass: Mass is the quantity of matter in a body.
Facts about mass
• The mass of a body is the same anywhere in the universe, it is always constant
• The mass of a body is independent of gravity
• Mass of a body is a scalar. It has magnitude but no direction.
The SI unit of mass is the Kilogram (kg).
Mass is also measured in the units like Gram (g) etc
1kg = 1000g or 1g = 10-3kg
1kg = 10-3 ton or 1ton = 1000kg
Instruments for measuring mass
The mas of a body is measured with the aid of a balance. E.g
I. The chemical balance or beam balance
II. Lever balance
III. Top-pan balance etc
WEIGHT
Weight is the gravitational force which attracts every object inside the earth’s gravitational
field towards the centre of the earth.
The weight of a body depends on :
i. The mass of the body
 ii. The acceleration due gravity (g).
Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity
Using symbols
W=mxg
Note: the weight of a body is also called gravitational mass because its value depends on the
acceleration due to gravity.
Facts about weight;
• Weight varies from place to place. This is because acceleration due to gravity is
different from one place to another
• Weight is a vector quantity: weight has both magnitude and direction.
INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING WEIGHT
The weight of a body is measured using a spring balance.
The SI unit of weight is NEWTON (N).
REASONS WHY THE WEIGHT OF A BODY VARIES ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
I. Shape of the earth: the weight of a body decreases as its distance from the centre of
the earth increases. Our weights are greater ta the poles and least at the equator.
II. The rotation of the earth: different locations on the earth’s surface move at
different speed, therefore, weight of a body varies from place to place.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MASS AND WEIGHT

Mass Weight
1. Mass is the amount of matter in a body Weight is the gravitational force which attracts
every object towards the centre of the earth
2. Mass is constant everywhere in the Weight varies from place to place depending
universe on gravity
3. Mass is a scalar quantity Weight is a vector quantity
4. Mass is measured with a beam balance or Weight is measured with a spring balance
other balances
5. The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg) The SI unit is Newton (N)

Home Work (10 marks)

1. What is mass?
2. Differentiate between mass and weight
3. What is 38.2 tons of rice in:
i. Grams
ii. Kilograms?
4. The mass and weight of a body is weighed at the foot and the top of mountain Everest.
State with reason which of the two will vary slightly at the top of the mountain
5. A mass of 5g is weighed with a spring balance on earth and moon respectively, calculate
the weight of the mass on the earth and moon if the gravity of the earth is 9.8 ms -2 and that
of the moon is 1.7ms-2.

DENSITY
Mass per unit volume. Its symbol is rho (ρ). Its SI Unit is Kilogram per Cubic metre (Kg/m3)
A block of stone has a mass of 140g and is 10cm long, 5 cm wide and 4 cm high. Calculate

the density of the stone

Solution

DENSITY USING A DENSITY BOTTLE

The mass of a density bottle is 20g when empty and 45g when filled with water. When filled

with liquid x, its mass is 400g. Calculate the density of liquid x. (density of water 1.0 g/cm 3)

Solution
 RELATIVE DENSITY

Relative density (RD) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. It is

also known as specific gravity (SG).

- if the value is less than 1, it is less dense than water and would float

- if the value is equals to 1, it has the same density as water

- if the value is greater than 1 it is denser than water and would sink.

Difference between density and relative density

Density Relative density
Density is mass per unit volume Relative density is the ratio of density of
substance to density of water
-3 -3
The unit is kgm or gcm It has no unit. It is the ratio of two
substances or densities

WEEK 3
MEASUREMENT OF TIME
Time: time is the interval between events.
The standard unit of time is second (s).
Other units of time are:
Unit Second equivalent
Nanosecond 1.0 x 10-9
Microsecond 1.0 x 10-6
Millisecond 1.0 x 10-3
Second 1.0
Hour 3.6 x 103
Day 8.64 x 104
Month 2.59 x 106
Year 3.11 x 107
Decade 3.11 x 108
Century 3.11 x 109

Devices for measuring Time

• Stopwatch
• Wrist watches
• Pendulum wall clock
• Wall/table clock
• The ticker timer
 The ticker timer
Ticker timer is used to measure the smaller time intervals between two positions of a
moving body.
The timer prints dots on a paper connected to a moving body.
A timer prints 50 dots in one second; therefore, the interval between two dots is 0.02
seconds.
The spacing of the dots describes the nature of the motion
• The speed of the body is constant if the spacing of the dots is equal. Ten dots are
printed on the paper in 0.2 seconds
• The speed of the body is increasing if spacing of the dots is increasing.
• The speed of the body is decreasing if spacing of the dot is decreasing.
III. Multi-flash camera etc
Frequency and period of oscillation
Frequency is the number of vibrations (oscillations) completed in one second.
The unit of frequency is the Hertz (Hz)
Period: period is the time it takes to complete one vibration.
The unit of period is second (s).
Using symbols
𝒕
T=𝑵
Where T = period of oscillation or vibration
t = time to complete N vibrations
N = number of vibrations completed in t seconds.
The period of oscillation is related to frequency by:
𝟏 𝟏
f = 𝑻 or T = 𝒇
Home work
1. The earth is about 4.6 billion years old. State the age of the earth in seconds.
2. A simple pendulum completes 50 vibrations in 42 seconds. Calculate the period and
frequency of oscillation.

WEEK 4
MOTION

MOTION: Motion is the change of position of an object with time.

DYNAMICS: is the study of motion of objects and the forces acting on them.
KINEMATICS: is the study of motion without considering the forces causing it.
Types of motion

• Translational or linear motion

• Rotational or circular motion
• Vibratory or oscillatory motion
 • Random motion
• Relative motion
1. Translational or linear motion
Translational motion is the movement of a body from one place to another.
When the motion is on a straight line, then it is called linear motion.

Examples are
i. An airplane flying from kano to Lagos
ii. An athlete running in a hundred metre race
iii. Motion of a ball after being kicked by a player.
2. Rotational or circular motion

This is motion of a body in a circular or elliptical path.

Examples are
i. Motion of planets round the sun
ii. Electrons revolving round the nucleus
iii. Motion of rolling tyre
iv. Blades of electric fan spinning about its axis
v. Rotation of the earth about its axis
3. Vibratory or oscillatory motion

An object vibrates if it moves forward and backward, or to and fro about a fixed point.
Examples are
i. The motion of simple pendulum about a fixed point.
ii. Vibration of a mass hanged on a spiral spring
iii. Vibration of the string fixed at both ends.
iv. The vibration of the skin of a talking drum when it is beaten
v. The beating of the heart
I. Movement of a disturbed diving board
4. Random motion
The motion of a particle undergoing random motion has no definite direction. The
direction of such a particle changes continuously such that it follows no particular path.
Examples are;

i. The motion of dust particles when it is view in a light beam in a dark room.
ii. Motion of insects flying around a bright light source in the night
iii. Movement of gas molecules in a glass container
iv. Movement of dust particles suspended in air.
CLASS WORK
1. The motion of the bob of a simple pendulum when displaced slightly is
A. circular B. oscillatory C. random D. rotational

2. The motion of the wheel of a bicycle moving on a smooth straight road is

A. oscillatory and random B. oscillatory and translational C. rotational and oscillatory D.
rotational and translational
Relative motion
Motion is defined as change of position. However, it is impossible to determine the change
of position without a reference point or frame of reference. It means therefore that every
measurement done to determine the motion of a body must be made with respect to points
or frames of reference.
Relative motion can be defined as the motion of a body with respect to another.
All bodies moving on earth surface have relative motion with respect to the earth which is
assumed to be stationary. If a body is standing on a moving train, its speed with respect to
the earth is the speed of plus the speed of the body.
If two bodies are travelling in the opposite direction their relative velocity is the sum of their
velocities. When they move in the same direction, their relative velocity is the difference of
their velocities.
Class work
An airplane flies due north with a velocity of 1350𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 passes a saloon car travelling at
250𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 . What is their relative velocity if:
I. The car is travelling due north?
II. The Car is travelling due south?
WEEK 5
What causes motion?
ANSWER: Force causes motion.
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an
object. It is a push or a pull.
A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving
from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate, to change its moving direction, shape etc. A force
has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity.
The usual symbol of force is F and its SI unit is Newton (N).
Some effects of force
As mentioned, a force will be able to change the:
• Shape
• size,
• state of motion
• direction of motion
• acceleration of an object or body.
In our daily lives, the effects of forces can be seen everywhere, from driving a car, pushing a
trolley, riding a bicycle, swimming, jumping, flying, gliding, rolling and even when stopping a
movement.
A force is deemed to be balanced when forces cancel out each other resulting in net zero
force. A good example is during a tug-of-war competition when both sides of the opponents
have the same pulling force resulting in no net movement. When this happens, the force is
said to be balanced.

When a balanced force is acting on an object, the object will remain stationary or moving at
a constant velocity. E.g car moving at a constant velocity and plane flying with a constant
velocity. There is no acceleration.
Hence, when a system is in unbalanced force, the object will experience acceleration.
Bear in mind that there can be more than two forces acting on a body at a certain time. For
example below are the forces acting on a car and plane.
 The movement of the object depends on the direction of the force / forces that have higher
magnitude,
TYPES OF FORCES
There are two major types of forces namely;
• Contact forces
• Force fields (non-contact forces)
CONTACT FORCES
These are forces which are in contact or in touch with the body to which they are applied.
Examples are: push, pull, tension, reaction and frictional forces.
FORCE FIELDS (NON -CONTACT FORCES)
These are forces whose sources do not require contact with the body to which they are
applied. Examples are: gravitational force, electric force, magnetic force and nuclear force
FRICTION
Solid friction
Whenever an object moves against another object, it feels frictional forces. These forces act
in the opposite direction to the movement. Friction makes it more difficult for things to
move.
Friction is a force which opposes or tends to oppose the relative motion of two surfaces in
contact with each other.
Measuring frictional forces
F = frictional force
P = pull or force producing the motion
W = weight
R = reaction of the table
Coefficient of friction is defined as the ratio of the force needed to overcome friction Ff to
the perpendicular force between the surfaces Fn. Hence;
F=𝝁𝑹
𝑹 = 𝑾 = 𝒎𝒈
Thus, 𝑭 = 𝝁𝑾 = 𝝁𝒎𝒈
𝑭 𝑭
𝝁 = 𝑹 = 𝒎𝒈
Note : when F = P and R = W , The frictional force is equal to the force tending to produce
the motion and the reaction of the table on the block equals the weight of the block.

Investigating friction

This is an example of a common experiment used to investigate friction and should help you
understand how to work scientifically.

Aim of the experiment

To investigate the frictional forces on a mass being pulled down a slope of different
gradients.

Method

1. Set up the apparatus as in the diagram.

2. Pull the mass along the ramp using the force meter.
3. Record the force needed to start the mass moving (this will be less than the
force to pull it along once it is moving).
4. Increase the height of the ramp to 10 cm to make the gradient steeper.
5. Measure the force.
6. Repeat by moving the ramp up in 10 cm intervals until 50 cm is reached.
 An experiment to investigate frictional forces
Variables

• The independent variable is the height of the ramp (its gradient).

• The dependent variable is the force needed to pull the mass down the ramp.

• Controlled variables include using the same mass and ramp surface.

Risks

Care must be taken with masses.

Expected results

Height of ramp Force needed

10 cm 21 N

20 cm 16 N

30 cm 10 N

40 cm 5N
 Height of ramp Force needed

50 cm 2N

What the results mean

The force needed to start the mass moving reduced as the ramp became steeper (the
gradient increased). Fewer frictional forces exist when the ramp is steeper.

Evaluation

• Your measurements are accurate if they are close to their true value.

• Your measurements are precise if they are similar when completed again.

• Your experiment is repeatable if you get precise measurements when it is repeated.

• Your experiment is reproducible if others get precise measurements when they

repeat it.
STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION

STATIC FRICTION: Static or limiting friction is the maximum force that must be overcome before a
body can just begin to move over another.

KINETIC FRICTION: Kinetic or dynamic friction is the that must be overcome so that a body can move
with uniform speed over another body.

Example 1
A box of mass 50 kg is dragged on a horizontal floor by means of a rope tied to its front. If
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the floor and the box is 0.30, what is the force
required to move the box at uniform speed?
Solution
F = µR
R = weight = 50 × 10 = 500 N
F = 0.30 × 500 = 150 N

Example 2
A block of metal with a mass of 20 kg requires a horizontal force of 50 N to pull it with
uniform velocity along a horizontal surface. Calculate the coefficient of friction between the
surface and the block. (take g = 10 m/s)
Solution
Since motion is uniform, the applied force is equal to the frictional force
R = normal reaction = weight = 20 × 10 = 200 N
𝐹
Therefore, µ =𝑅 = 50/ 200 = 0.25.
Laws of friction
1.Friction is always parallel to the contact surface and in the opposite direction to the force
tending to produce or producing motion.
2.Friction depends on the nature of the surfaces and materials in contact with each other.
3.Sliding (kinetic) friction is less than static friction (friction before the body starts to slide).
4.Kinetic friction is independent of speed.
5.Friction is independent of the area of contact.
6.Friction is proportional to the force pressing the two surfaces together.
Applications of friction(advantages)
•Match stick
•Chewing food
•Brakes
•Motion of motor vehicles
•Walking
Disadvantages of friction
• It causes wear and tear in machine parts
• It leads to loss of energy and hence reduces efficiency in machine
• Causes heating of machine parts
Methods of reducing friction
•use of Rollers
•Ball bearings in vehicles and machines
•Lubrication / oiling
•Air cushioning in hovercrafts
CLASS WORK
A wooden box of mass 30 kg rests on a rough floor. The coefficient of friction between the
floor and the box is 0.6. Calculate
a) The force required to just move the box
b) If a force of 200 N is applied the box with what acceleration will it move?
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following statements about the concept of solid friction is NOT true/
A. It always acts in the direction of motion
B. It causes wear and tear in car tyres
C. It depends on the nature of the surface
D. It is independent of the area of the surfaces in contact
2. Which is NOT one of the laws of solid friction?
A. The frictional force between the surfaces opposes their relative motion
B. The ratio of frictional force to the normal reaction varies for two given surfaces.
C. The ratio of frictional force to the normal reaction is constant for two given media
D. The limiting frictional force is independent of the area of the surface in contact
3. What is the coefficient of static friction between a load of mass 2 kg and a horizontal
surface, if the limiting frictional force is 10N? (g=10m/s2)
A. 0.2
B. 0.5
C. 2.0
D. 5.0
4. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of force field?
A. Weight
B. Surface tension
 C. Gravitational pull
D. Magnetic force
5. Which of the following is not an example of a force?
A. Tension
B. Weight
C. Friction
D. Mass
6. The frictional force between two bodies
A. exists only when there is relative motion or tendency for motion
B. acts so as to oppose the motion
C. depends on the normal reaction between the two surfaces
D. is relatively independent of the area in contact
7. a body of mass 4kg is on the point of slipping down the plane inclined at 300. what force,
parallel to the plane will just move it up the plane?
A. 100N
B. 80N
C. 40N
D. 20N

WEEK 6
MOTION
• Distance
• Displacement
• Speed
• Velocity
• Distance-time graph
Distance: Distance is the total length of the path travelled without specifying the direction.

Distance is a scalar quantity

Displacement: Displacement is the distance travelled in a given or specified direction.
Displacement is a vector quantity.
Differences between distance and displacement

Distance Displacement
Distance travelled without specific Distance in a specify direction
direction
Scalar quantity Vector quantity

Similarities
Both are measured in the same unit i.e metre (m)
Speed: Distance travelled per time.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m/s or ms -1)
Bigger unit like kilometre per hour (km/h) can also be used.
Note: 1 km = 1000 m

Speed is a scalar quantity.

Example: A car travels 600m in 30 s. What is its average speed?
Solution
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 600
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = = 20𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 30

Class work.
A car travels 30 km In 30 minutes; calculate the speed of the car in m/s.
Physical quantities that can be measured to determine speed are;

• Distance or length
• Time
Types of speed
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍
I. Average speed:
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏
II. Uniform speed: when the time rate of change of distance is constant the body
moves with a constant or uniform speed.
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅
𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏
e.g
Time 0 10 20 30
Distance 0 200 400 600

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎

𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = = = 𝟐𝟎𝒎/𝒔
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎
III. Instantaneous speed: This is the time rate of change of distance at an instant
Velocity: Velocity is speed measured in a given direction. It is defined as time rate
of change of displacement.
Velocity is a vector quantity because it has both magnitude and direction.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑠
𝑉=𝑡
The unit of velocity is metre per second (m/s)

Types of velocity
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
• Average velocity= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
 • Uniform velocity: velocity is said to be uniform if the time rate of change of
displacement is constant.
The body covers equal displacement in equal time interval

Difference between speed and velocity

Speed Velocity
Time rate of change of Time rate of change of
distance displacement
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Distance – time graph: On a distance time graph the gradient of the line is
numerically equal to speed.

∆𝑑

t
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Gradient or slope= = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Different types of distance – time graph

Increasing and decreasing speed

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. What is the correct equation for calculating speed?
A. Distance multiplied by time B. Time divided by distance C. Distance divided by time
2. What are the correct units for speed?
A. Miles per hour B. Metres per second C. Kilometre per hour
3. What is the correct equation for calculating time?
A. Distance subtracted from speed B. Distance multiplied by speed
C. Distance divided by speed
4. What is the correct equation for calculating distance?
A. Speed multiplied by time B. Speed divided by time C. Time divided by speed
5. What does a horizontal line in a distance-time graph show?
A. Fast moving B. Slow moving C. Stationary
6. What does a steep line in a distance-time graph show?
A. Stationary B. Slow moving C. Fast moving
7. What does a gently sloping line in a distance-time graph show?
A. Slow moving B. Fast moving C. Stationary
8. What goes on the x-axis in a distance-time graph?
A. Distance B. Time C. Speed
9. How do you calculate the relative speed of objects moving in the same direction?
A. Fastest speed minus slowest speed B. Slowest speed minus fastest speed
C. Slowest speed multiplied by fastest speed
10. How do you calculate the relative speed of objects moving in the opposite direction?
A. Add both speeds together B. Fastest speed minus slowest speed
C. Multiply both speeds together

CLASS WORK
Question 1
Find the distance travelled by a runner moving at 9 m/s for 4 seconds.

Question 2
Find the time taken to cover 256 m at a speed of 8 m/s.

Question 3
Find the velocity of a train if it covers 1,000 metres in a south direction in 25 seconds.

WEEK 7
MOTION
ACCELERATION
A body accelerates anytime the velocity increases.

Acceleration is the time rate of increase in velocity.

Acceleration is a vector quantity.
The unit of acceleration is metre per second per second (ms-2).
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Acceleration = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑉−𝑈
𝑎= 𝑡

𝑣 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Positive and negative acceleration
Positive acceleration: acceleration is positive if the time rate of change of velocity is
positive.
Negative acceleration: negative acceleration means that the body slows down from an initial
velocity such that its velocity decreases with time.
Negative acceleration is called deceleration or retardation.
Uniform acceleration: A body accelerates uniformly when the velocity increases at a
constant time rate.
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Non-uniform acceleration: the motion of a body is non-uniform if the time rate at which the
velocity changes is not constant

Example 1
A boy walks a total distance of 48km in 4 hours. Calculate his average speed for the whole
journey in:
a. Kilometre per hour
b. Metre per second
Solution
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
a. 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
48
𝑣= = 12𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
4

b. 48𝑘𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 48 × 1000

4 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 4 × 60 × 60
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = 3.33𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑑

Example 2
A train starts from rest and uniformly increases its velocity until it attains a velocity of
40𝑚𝑠 −1 in 5 seconds. Find the acceleration of the train.
Solution
a =? v = 40ms-1 u = 0 (because is at rest) t = 5 s
𝑣−𝑢 40−0
𝑎= = = 8𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑡 5

Example 3
A bus initially travelling at 70𝑚𝑠 −1 slows down until it comes to rest in 20 seconds.
What is the acceleration of the bus?

Solution
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Deceleration= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

a =? V = 0 u = 70ms-1 t=20 s
𝑣−𝑢 0−70
𝑎= = = −3.5𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑡 20

Class work
 1. An athlete ran 100m race in 10.08 s, calculate his average speed.
2. A bus accelerates uniformly from an initial velocity of 25ms -1 to 52ms-1 in 35 seconds,
calculate the acceleration of the bus.

VELOCITY – TIME GRAPH

Velocity or speed – time graph

The slope of this graph represents the acceleration of the body.

Velocity/
m/s

∆𝑉

Time/s
• On a speed or velocity time graph, the area under the graph gives total distance
travelled by the object.

Example: A bus starting from rest accelerates to a speed of 40m/s in 4 s. It travels at this
speed for 10 s before decelerating to a halt in 8 s.
 I. Sketch the velocity - time graph of the bus
II. Find the acceleration of the bus in 4s.
III. Calculate the total distance travelled by the bus.
IV. Deceleration of the bus.
Solution
i.
Speed/m/s

B
C
40

A D
0 4 14 22 Time /s

𝑉−𝑈
ii. Acceleration, 𝑎 = 𝑡
t = 4s
V = 40 m/s
U = o m/s
40−0
𝑎= = 10𝑚𝑠 −2
4
iii. Distance travelled = area under the graph i.e. area of a trapezium
1
Distance travelled = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ 2
a = 10
b = 22
h = 40m/s
1
distance travelled= 2 (10 + 22) × 40 = 640 𝑚
𝑉−𝑈
iv. Deceleration = 𝑡
But here,
V=0
U=40m/s
 t=8s
0−40 −40
deceleration= = = −5𝑚𝑠 −2
8 8
Note: The negative sign indicates that the bus is decelerating (coming to a halt)
Class work
1. List two physical quantities that can be deduced from a velocity – time graph.
2. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly for 10s, until it attains a velocity of
25m/s; it then travels with uniform velocity for 20s before decelerating uniformly to
rest in 5s.
I. Sketch a graph of the motion.
II. Calculate the acceleration during the first 10s
III. Calculate the deceleration during the last 5s
IV. Calculate the total distance covered throughout the journey

Class work
1.

Velocity/m/s

0 5 10 15 20 Time/s
25
The diagram above represents a velocity-time graph.
I. Calculate the acceleration in the first 10s
II. Find the deceleration in the last 5s
III. Determine the distance covered in the first 20s.(WAEC 2005)
2. A body at rest is given an initial acceleration of 6.0𝑚𝑠 −2 for 20s after
which the acceleration is reduced to 4𝑚𝑠 −2 for the next 10s. The body
maintain the speed attain for 30s.

I. Draw the velocity-time graph of the motion using the information given
above.
II. Calculate the maximum speed attained during the motion
III. Total distance traveled during the first 30s
IV. Average speed during the same time interval as in (III) above. (WAEC)
ASSIGNMENT
1. Define the following terms and state their units
I. Displacement
II. Speed
III. Velocity
IV. Acceleration
V. Uniform acceleration

2. a) State four examples of vectors and scalar quantities.

b) Distinguish between vectors and scalars.
3. Distinguish between:
I. Displacement and distance
II. Speed and acceleration
4. a) List FOUR types of motion
b) Explain briefly each of them giving in each case ONE example
5. a) List two physical quantities that can be deduced from a velocity-time graph
b) A body at rest is given an initial uniform acceleration of 8.0m/s s for 30seconds
after which the acceleration is reduced to 5m/s2 for the next 20 seconds. The body
maintains the speed for 60 seconds.
I. Draw the velocity-time graph of the motion using the information given
above.
Using the graph, calculate the:
II. Maximum speed attained during the motion
III. Average retardation as the body is being brought to rest.
IV. Total distance travelled during the first 50s.
V. Average speed during the same interval as in (IV).
6. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly for 5s until it attains a velocity of
30m/s. It then travels with uniform velocity for 15s before decelerating uniformly to
rest in 10s.
I. Sketch a graph of the motion
II. Acceleration during the first 5s
III. Deceleration during the last 10s
IV. Total distance covered throughout the motion
WEEK 8
Deriving Kinematic Equations of Motion

• The kinematic equations of motion are a set of four equations which can describe any
object moving with constant acceleration
• They relate the five variables:
o s = displacement
o u = initial velocity
o v = final velocity
o a = acceleration
o t = time interval
• It’s important to know where these equations come from and how they are derived:
A graph showing how the velocity of an object varies with time

The average velocity is halfway between u and v

The two terms ut and ½at2 make up the area under the graph
 This final equation can be derived from two of the others

Summary of the four equations of uniformly accelerated motion

Examples
1.A body moving with uniform acceleration of 10 m/s2 covers a distance of 320 m. if its
initial velocity was 60 m/s. Calculate its final velocity.
Solution
V2 = u2 +2as
= (60) +2×10×320
=3600+6400
= 10,000
Therefore v= (10,000)1/2
v= 100m/s
2.A body whose initial velocity is 30 m/s moves with a constant retardation of 3m/s.
Calculate the time taken for the body to come to rest.
Solution
v = u + at
0= 30-3t
30=3t
t= 30 seconds.
3.A body is uniformly accelerated from rest to a final velocity of 100m/s in 10 seconds.
Calculate the distance covered.
Solution
s=ut + ½ at2
=0 × 10 + ½ ×10 × 102
= 1000/2=500m

Motion under gravity.

1. Free fall
The equations used for constant acceleration can be used to become,
v =u + g t
s =ut + ½ gt2
v2= u + 2gs
2. Vertical projection
Since the body goes against force of gravity then the following equations hold
v =u- g t ……………1
s =ut - ½ gt2 ……2
v2= u-2gs …………3
N.B time taken to reach maximum height is given by the following
t=u/g since v=0 (using equation 1)

Time of flight
The time taken by the projectile is the time taken to fall back to its point of projection. Using
eq. 2 then, displacement =0
0= ut - ½ gt2
0=2ut-gt2
t (2u-gt)=0
Hence, t=0 or t= 2u/g
t=o corresponds to the start of projection
t=2u/g corresponds to the time of flight
The time of flight is twice the time taken to attain maximum height.
Maximum height reached.
Using equation 3 maximum height, Hmax is attained when v=0 (final velocity). Hence
v2= u2-2gs;- 0=u2-2gHmax, therefore
2gHmax=u2
Hmax=u2/2g

Velocity to return to point of projection.

At the instance of returning to the original point, total displacement equals to zero.
v2 =u2-2gs hence v2= u2
Therefore v=u or v=±u
Example
A stone is projected vertically upwards with a velocity of 30m/s from the ground.
Calculate,
i. The time it takes to attain maximum height
ii. The time of flight
iii. The maximum height reached
iv. The velocity with which it lands on the ground. (take g=10m/s)
Solution
i. Time taken to attain maximum height
T=u/g=30/10=3 seconds
ii. The time of flight
T=2t= 2×3=6 seconds
Or T=2u/g=2×30/10=6 seconds.
iii. Maximum height reached
Hmax= u2/2g= 30×30/2×10= 45m
iv. Velocity of landing (return)
v2= u2-2gs, but s=0,
Hence v2=u2
Therefore v = (30×30)1/2=30m/s
Horizontal projection
The path followed by a body (projectile) is called trajectory. The maximum horizontal
distance covered by the projectile is called range.

The horizontal displacement ‘R’ at a time ‘t’ is given by s=ut+1/2at2

Taking u=u and a=0 hence R=u t, is the horizontal displacement and h=1/2gt2 is the vertical
displacement.
NOTE
The time of flight is the same as the time of free fall.
Example
A ball is thrown from the top of a cliff 20m high with a horizontal velocity of 10m/s.
Calculate,
a) The time taken by the ball to strike the ground
b) The distance from the foot of the cliff to where the ball strikes the ground.
c) The vertical velocity at the time it strikes the ground. (take g=10m/s)
Solution
a) h= ½ gt 20= ½ × 10 × t 40=10t2 t2=40/10=4 t=2 seconds
 b) R=u t =10×2 =20m
c) v=u +a t=g t = 2×10=20m/s

WEEK 9
WORK
When a force causes a body to move, work is being done on the object by the force. Work is
the measure of energy transfer when a force ‘F’ moves an object through a distance ‘d’. So
when work is done, energy has been transferred from one energy store to another, and so:
Energy transferred = work done
Energy transferred and work done are both measured in joules (J).
Calculating work done
The amount of work done when a force acts on a body depends on two things:

i. the size of the force acting on the object

ii. the distance through which the force causes the body to move in the direction of the
force
The equation used to calculate the work done is:
work done = force × distance
W= 𝐹 × 𝑑
This is when:
➢ work done (W) is measured in joules (J)
➢ force (F) is measured in newtons (N)
➢ distance (d) is in the same direction as the force and is measured in metres (m)
work is a scalar quantity
EXAMPLE

In this example, a force of 10 N causes the box to move a horizontal distance of 2 m, so:
W=F x d
W=10 × 2 =20J
One joule of work is done (or one joule of energy is transferred) when a force of one
newton causes a body to move through a distance of one metre in the direction of the
force.
Question 1
A horizontal force of 50 N causes a trolley to move a horizontal distance of 30 m. How much
work is done on the trolley by the force?
Question 2
12,000 J of energy is supplied to move a small truck a distance of 80 m. What is the size of
the force applied?
 If the direction of the force and the distance moved are not in the same direction (inclined
at an angle 𝜽 )

F
Wobject
= F dcos 𝜽
θ
s
The point of application of force,
the distance d
F moves distance d cos 𝜽 when the object moves through

When work is done against gravity the energy tranfered is given by :

Work done = mass x height x gravity
W = mgh
Example 2

A girl of mass 50 kg walks up a flight of 12 steps. If each step is 30 cm high, calculate the

work done by the girl climbing the stairs.

Solution

Work done = force × distance

= (50 × 10) × (12 × 30) ÷ 100 = 500 × 3.6 = 1,800 J

Force – displacement graph

Work is done any time an applied force causes a body to move in the direction of the force
Area under the graph is the work done by the applied force
Using the force – displacement diagram shorn above, calculate the work done.
Solution
The diagram above is a right angle triangle
:. Area of triangle = 1⁄2 base x height
= Work done
1
= 2 x 20 x 4
= 40J.

WEEK 10

ENERGY

Energy is needed to move objects, to change their shape or to warm them up.

Work is a measurement of the energy required to do a particular task.

work done = energy change

unit: joule (J)

Conservation of Energy
The principle of the conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed.

Energy can change from one form to another.

All forms of energy are scalar quantities

Some examples of forms of energy

Kinetic energy (KE): Energy due to a body’s motion.

Potential energy (PE): Energy due to a body’s position

Thermal energy: Energy due to a body’s temperature.

Chemical energy: Energy associated with chemical reactions.

Nuclear energy: Energy associated with nuclear reactions.

Electrical energy: Energy associated with electric charges.

Elastic energy: Energy stored in an object when it is stretched or compressed.

All of the above forms of energy (and others) can ultimately be considered to be variations
of kinetic or potential energy.

Kinetic Energy (EK):

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion and mass.

kinetic energy = ½ x mass x (speed)2

EK = ½ m v2

Note: v = speed NOT velocity.

The direction of motion has no relevance to kinetic energy.

Example

Calculate the kinetic energy of a car of mass 800 kg moving at 6 ms -1

EK = ½ m v2

= ½ x 800kg x (6ms-1)2 = ½ x 800 x 36 = 400 x 36

kinetic energy = 14 400 J

Question 1

Calculate the speed of a car of mass 1200kg if its kinetic energy is 15 000J

Gravitational Potential Energy (gpe)

Gravitational potential energy is the energy an object has because of its position in a
gravitational field.

change in g.p.e. = mass x gravitational field strength x change in height

ΔEP = m g Δh
This is when:

➢ change in gravitational potential energy (∆GPE) is measured in joules (J)

➢ mass (m) is measured in kilograms (kg)
➢ gravitational field strength (m) is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg)
➢ change in vertical height (∆ℎ) is measured in metres (m)

Example

Calculate the change in g.p.e. when a mass of 200 g is lifted upwards by 30 cm.

(g = 9.8 Nkg-1)

Solution

ΔEP = m g Δh

= 200 g x 9.8 Nkg-1 x 30 cm = 0.200 kg x 9.8 Nkg-1 x 0.30 m

change in g.p.e. = 0.59 J

Questions
1. How much kinetic energy does a 30 kg dog have when it runs at 4 m/s?
2. Galileo takes a 5 kg cannonball to the top of the Tower of Pisa for one of his
experiments. The tower is 56 m high. How much gravitational potential energy has
the cannonball gained? (g = 10 N/kg)
3. How much gravitational potential energy does a 500 g book gain when it is lifted up
1.5 m onto a shelf?

Energy dissipation
No system is perfect. Whenever there is a change in a system, energy is transferred and
some of that energy is dissipated.
Dissipation is a term that is often used to describe ways in which energy is wasted. Any
energy that is not transferred to useful energy stores is said to be wasted because it is
transferred to the surroundings.
Energy Resources
Descriptions & Forms

• Energy resources are large banks of energy that can be transferred into a form that
can be used by society, such as electrical energy
• The table below gives a brief description of the main energy resources, along with
the form of energy contained in that resource

Advantages and Disadvantages

• All energy resources have advantages and disadvantages associated with them
• Some points to note:
o A renewable energy resource is one that is replenished at a faster rate than
the rate at which it is being used
As a result of this, renewable energy resources cannot run out
o A reliable energy resource is one that can produce energy at any time
Non-reliable resources can only produce energy some of the time (e.g. when
it’s windy)
WEEK 11

Power (P)

Power is the rate of transfer of energy.

𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 ∆𝑬
power = P = ∆𝒕
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

unit: watt (W)

power is a scalar quantity.

Power is also the rate of doing work.

𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 ∆𝑾
power = P = ∆𝒕
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

Example

Calculate the power of an electric motor that lifts a mass of 50 kg upwards by 3.0 m in 20
seconds.

g = 9.8 Nkg-1

solution

ΔEP = m g Δh

= 50 kg x 9.8 Nkg-1 x 3 m = 1470 J

P = ΔE / Δt

= 1470 J / 20 s power = 74 W

Question1

Calculate the power of a car engine that exerts a force of 40000N over a distance of 20 m
for 10 seconds.

Power and velocity

power = work done / time

but: work = force x displacement

𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 ×𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
Therefore: power = 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
but: displacement / time = velocity

therefore:

power = force x velocity

P=Fv

Example

Calculate the power of a car that maintains a constant speed of 30 ms -1 against air
resistance forces of 2000N

Solution

𝑃 = 𝐹 × 𝑉 = 30 × 2000 = 60000𝑊

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency is a measure of how usefully energy is used by a device.

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒

As the useful energy can never be greater than the energy supplied the maximum efficiency
possible is 1.0

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100%
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕

𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

In all cases:

percentage efficiency = efficiency x 100

PRACTICE QUESTIONSs
1. The law of conservation of energy states that when one form of energy is converted into another.
A. Energy is destroyed in the process
B. Energy is created in the process
C. No energy is destroyed in the process
D. Energy is lost in the process
2. Which energy-conversion process occurs whenever coal is burned at a power station?
A. chemical to nuclear
B. chemical to sound
C. chemical to electrical
D. mechanical to electrical
3. The energy associated with motion is called
A. Kinetic energy
B. Elastic potential energy
C. Gravitational potential energy
D. Nuclear energy
4. Light is an example of _________
A. thermal energy
B. radiant energy
C. mechanical energy
D. nuclear energy
5. When you rub your hands together on a cold day, you use friction to convert

A. Mechanical energy into thermal energy

B. Thermal energy into nuclear energy
C. Nuclear energy into electrical energy.
D. Electrical energy into radiant energy
6. Which of the following is defined as work done per unit time?
A. energy
B. force
C. power
D. work
7. 50 J of work is done lifting a 2.0 kg book in the air. How high was it lifted? (g=9.8m/s2)
A. 2.6 m
B. 3.6 m
C. 1.0 m
D. 25 m
8. How much energy is expended when a 10.0 kg box is moved 2.0 m? (g=9.8m/s2)

A. 20.0 J
B. 5.0 J
C. 0.20 J
D. 2.5 J
9. What are two things required for work to be done? Check all that apply.

A. Force
B. Distance
C. Constant Speed
D. Momentum
10. How much work is done in holding a 15 N sack of potatoes while waiting in line at the grocery
store for 3 minutes?

A. 15 J
B. 45 J
C. 0 J
B. 5 J
11. If 150 Joules of work is needed to move a box 10 meters, what force was used?

A. 1500 N
B. 15 N
C. 1.5 N
D. 150 N
12. At which point on the roller coaster is the kinetic energy at its maximum?

13. A student with a mass of 62 kg walks up a flight of stairs with a height of 3.4 meters. How can he
decrease his power?
A. walk slower
B. walk faster
C. carry his friends’ books
14. A student with a mass of 62.0 kg walks up a flight of stairs with a height of 3.40 meters. If it takes
him 7.00 seconds to get to the top, how much power did he generate?
A. 30.1 W
B. 295 W
C. 2070 W
15. Check all of the things that can affect power
A. Work
B. Time
C. Velocity
D. Force
E. Distance
16. A roller coaster whose average speed is 32 m/s is at the top of a 72m hill and weighs 966N. At
the top of the hill the coaster car has ___________________ energy.
A. only kinetic energy
B. only potential energy
C. mostly kinetic energy
D. both kinetic and potential energy

17. Which statement does not illustrate power?

A. A farmer plowing the rice field all day.

B. A Siberian husky pulling a sled all day.
C. A principal sitting on a chair while observing several classes all day.
D. A teacher encoding his power point presentation in his laptop all day
18. Which statement illustrates work done?

A. A weightlifter holds a barbell above her head.

B. A teacher applies a force to a wall and becomes exhausted.
C. A rolling marble hits a note card and moves it across a table.
D. A waiter carries a tray full of meals across a dining room at a constant speed
19. A weightlifter holds a 100 kg barbell above her head. Is work done?
A. Yes because there is a force applied to the barbell and the force causes a displacement of the
barbell.
B. Yes because there is an upward force applied to the barbell and the barbell moves vertically.
C. No because no displacement occurred.
D. No because there is no force applied.
20. Energy that is stored is called...

A. Kinetic
B. Potential
21. If 68 Joules were necessary to move a 4 Newton crate, how far was the crate moved?

A. 272 m
B. 17 m
C. 4.05 m
D. 272 cm
22. If 150 Joules of work is needed to move a box 10 meters, what force was used?

A. 1500 N
B. 15 N
C. 1.5 N
D. 150 N
23. Which one is not energy?

A. electrical energy
B. solar energy
C. heat energy
D. water energy
24. Which situation shows energy being transferred?

A. a crane that is not moving

B. a windmill standing still
C. a pot of boiling water on the stove
25. A solar panel used to heat water is an example of

A. motion
B. electricity
C. erosion
D. transfer of energy
26. What is the work done in a 20-Newton object that is being moved in a 4 -meter
distance?
A. 5 Joules
B. 16 Joules
C. 24 Joules
D. 80 Joules
27. The change in energy is called ______.
A. work
B. power
C. force
D. energy
 Work, energy and power questions

1. A man of mass 75 kg expends energy at the rate of 200 W in ascending a vertical height of 44
m. Determine the time taken to ascend the height. (g=10m/s2)
A. 33.0 s
B. 117.3 s
C. 165.0 s
D. 340.9 s
2. The kinetic energy of a bullet fired from a gun is 40J. if the mass of the bullet 0.1 kg,
calculate the initial speed of the bullet.
A. 4.0 m/s
B. 20.0 m/s
C. 28.28 m/s
D. 40.0 m/s
3. Electrical resistance is a property of an electrical conductor that causes electrical energy to
be converted into
A. Mechanical energy
B. Heat energy
C. Magnetic energy
D. Chemical energy
4. A crate is pulled a distance d along a smooth horizontal floor by a force of magnitude F,
inclined to the horizontal at an angle 𝜃. The work done is
A. 𝐹𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
B. 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
C. 𝐹𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
D. 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
5. How long will it take a 60 kg man to climb a height of 22 m if he expends energy at the rate
of 0.25KW? (g=10m/s2)
A. 5.3 s
B. 20.0 s
C. 34.5 s
D. 52.8 s

Force N
6.
100 B

A
0 10 20 Displacement m

Using the force – displacement diagram shown above, calculate the work done.

A. 2000J
B. 1000J
C. 20 J
D. 5 J
7. To keep a Lorry moving at a constant speed V, requires power P, from the engine. The force
provided by the engine is.
1
A. 2
𝑉
B. 𝑝𝑣
𝑝
C. 𝑉
D. 𝑝𝑣 2
8. A stone of mass m kg is held h metres above the floor for 50 s. The work done in joules over
this period is
A. 𝑚ℎ
B. 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑚𝑔ℎ
C. 50
D. 0
9. Power is defined as the
A. Capacity to exert a force
B. Product of force and time
C. Ability to do work
D. Energy expended per unit time
10. Which of the following units has the same unit as the watt?
A. Force x time
B. Force x distance
C. Force x acceleration
D. Force x velocity