Geodesy and Geodynamics 10 (2019) 205e212

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Geodesy and Geodynamics

journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/geog

Estuarine shoreline change analysis along The Ennore river mouth,

south east coast of India, using digital shoreline analysis system
Nithu Raj*, B. Gurugnanam, V. Sudhakar, Pereira Glitson Francis
Gandhigram Rural Institute, Deemed University, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, 624302, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Ennore river mouth is the largest estuary and it's located in Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, southeastern part of
Received 19 May 2017 India. The creek covers an area of 2.25 km2 where located 20 km north of the city centre and 2.6 km
Accepted 11 April 2019 south of the Ennore port. The studies are carried out using remote sensing and Geospatial technologies.
Available online 22 April 2019
The Landsat images acquired from 2013 to 2016 were used to demarcate the rate of shoreline dynamics
using GIS e based digital shoreline analysis system. The succeeding short term river mouth dynamics,
Keywords:
coastal erosion, and accretion rates have been considered for the years 2013e2016. The statistical
River mouth changes
analysis such as linear regression and end point rate were determined from the shoreline layers. The
Erosion
Accretion
physical parameters are played the main role in the dynamic activities of erosion and accretion. The
DSAS study area shows during last four years (2013e2016) erosion are more than the accretion of the shoreline
Ennore estuary occurred over the years.
© 2019 Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, etc. Production and hosting by Elsevier
B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction shape, catchment area connection to the sea and tidal regime.
Moreover, there is a great variety of human impacts like
The estuary is the partially enclosed coastal body of building of dams, impoundment, pollution, industrial and res-
brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into idential development, recreation and other activities in both
it and with a free connection to the open sea and these are the estuary and its catchment area [3]. The environmental in-
among the most productive ecosystem in the world. The water formation is important to the management and restoration of
object in which fresh river water masses mix with brackish or degraded coastal waters. Estuarine spatial environmental data
salt water masses of a receiving water body ocean, sea, are necessary and important to scientific study and manage-
brackish, or salt water lake may be called estuaries [1]. The ment [4]. Estuarine region has faced significant changes in the
estuaries are used as transport routes, which are fundamental last few decades due to diver's pressure from various sectors,
for economic and social development and improving the mainly of anthropogenic origin [5]. Tidal, wave and other
quality of life. At present, about 60% of the world's population marine powers interact with the coast in different ways and
live along the estuaries and the coast [2]. Estuaries have a affect estuary morphology as well as evolution. In the main
unique combination of physical features associated with their irregularities in water dynamics during tides and surges are
revealed, a specific change in the characteristic of tides and
surges along the estuary were established [6]. Assessment of
* Corresponding author. vulnerable coastal habitats impacted by sea level rise and
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Nithu Raj), [email protected] anthropogenic pressure requires both the accurate establish-
(B. Gurugnanam), [email protected] (V. Sudhakar), [email protected]
ment of the evidence base for current status [7]. Coastal area
(P. Glitson Francis).
Peer review under responsibility of Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake models are a vital tool used in this process, whereby the
Administration. simulation of past and future physical process such as tidal and
fluvial dynamics can be achieved a combination of spring tides,
high storm surge and increased freshwater runoff causing
significant localized floods. Such an event could also cause
Production and Hosting by Elsevier on behalf of KeAi
sediment erosion which may affect the subsequent

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2019.04.002
1674-9847/© 2019 Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, etc. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is
an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
206 Nithu Raj et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 10 (2019) 205e212

hydrodynamics [8]. Some morphological element in the estu- and DSAS- GIS techniques. The impact of wind movement on
arine system depending on their morphodynamic behavior, the erosion and accretion process was also evaluated for better
intertidal flats have their vertical growth making them prone understanding of the coastal process. Different GIS techniques
to erosion by waves and current [9]. Seasonal morphological tools are used to analyze for accurate assessment of erosion
variations and effect of oceanographic processes such as and accretion rate [15] (Figs. 1 and 2).
erosion or accretion along beaches and river mouth are highly
dynamic in terms of both physical energy and morphologic
variability [10]. The shoreline dynamics in estuary were driven 2. Study area
by two type of forces, natural forces, and human forces [11].
The shoreline undergoes natural phases of erosion and depo- The study area Ennore estuary located in the Thiruvallur
sition process. The Ennore coastline with its typical convex- district, southeast coast of India. The Ennore estuary is targeted
shaped orientation exhibits wide variations in nearshore sedi- in the study for shoreline mapping to quantify the erosion and
ment transport pattern resulting in complex shoreline oscilla- accretion over a period of four years (2013e2016). The study is
tions Ennore coast with a series of alternative zones of erosion located in 13130 5500 N, 80190 4900 E latitude and longitude. The
and deposition caused by the presence of man e made river mouth area Ennore predominantly contains small and
breakwater and the naturally formed offshore shoals [12]. heavy industries mixed with residential zone the climate of the
Shoreline is defined as the physical interface of land and water area both the monsoon occurs here and in the summer heat is
is dynamic in nature and provides economic and social security considerably moderate in the coastal area because of the sea
to the coastal habitation [13]. The landward displacement of breeze. During April and May, the temperature may go up to
the shoreline caused by the forces of waves and currents is 40  C and during winter the temperature does not fall below
termed as coastal erosion. Shoreline or coastline the boundary 18  C and the annual rainfall is around 1200 mm. The entire
between land and sea keeps changing its shape and position coast is affected by gales and cyclones during the northeast
continuously due to the dynamic environmental condition. The monsoon [16]. The Ennore creek separate from the Ennore port
shoreline is the key element in coastal GIS and provide the and Attipattu, Pudhunagar. The Ennore river mouth has every
information on coastal landforms dynamics therefore, accurate year of severing changes in the mouth region and the study
detection and frequent monitoring of shorelines are essential focused mainly on a detailed analysis of shoreline changes at
to understanding the coastal process and dynamic of various the mouth area. The area has been affected several times by
coastal features [14]. While the effect of waves, currents, tides, various natural phenomena like cyclone, flood, tidal fluctuation
and winds are primarily the natural factors and anthropogenic etc. High rate of shoreline change has been affecting the human
activities that influencing the coast. The shoreline layer settlement and coastal ecosystem along the areas of the river
extracted from images acquired on different dates is used to mouth [17]. A unique feature of the adjacent Bay of Bengal is the
show the status of its changes. The statistical measurement of occurrence of tropical cyclones during OctobereNovember, and
shoreline changes can be carried out using a predefined soft- AprileMay. Storm surges that are generated by the cyclones in
ware. In this study shoreline changes in spatial and temporal the Bay of Bengal cause tremendous destruction along the east
aspects were analyzed, in the study area using remote sensing coast of the India [18].

Fig. 1. Location map with study area.

 Nithu Raj et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 10 (2019) 205e212 207

Fig. 2. Images shows change variations of the river mouth in different periods.

3. Materials and methodology 3.2. River mouth change analysis

The baseline maps were prepared using Survey of India (SOI) The shoreline was carefully digitized and exported to shapefile
toposheet. Images acquired for the period 2013e2016 were used as format and shoreline extracted were used as input for the DSAS
primary data sources for shoreline extraction. Aerial photos from model to calculate the rate of change. Baseline was constructed
the 2013e3016 were obtained from the Earth Explorer (USGS) and landward and parallel to the general trend of all the shoreline
they are collected in multiple time periods. The details of data are [20]. In order to assess the shoreline trend, an onshore baseline
given in Table 1. was created with a position of approximately 3 km distance
behind the shorelines. Based on the baseline and shoreline, the
erosion and accretion regimes were calculated for 100 m transects
3.1. Software used along the coastline. The risk ratings were allocated based on the
erosion and accretion rates obtained from the shoreline analysis
In this study area, data has been processed in Arc GIS software. [21]. Since, it gives both qualitative and quantitative information.
All the image sets are projected in UTM projection with zone no The rate of shoreline variations was calculated using the linear
44N and WGS 1984 datum. The integrated remote sensing, GIS and regression rate (LRR) and end point rate (EPR) method in GIS to
DSAS technology (software is developed by United States Geolog- identify erosion and accretion and stable coast along the study
ical survey - USGS 2005) [19] it was used as an effective platform to area. Based on the EPR and LRR, the study area has been classified
evaluate the shoreline changes from 2013 to 2016. Moreover, the into very high erosion, high erosion, moderate erosion, stable,
wind direction and speed for the entire study area were analyzed to moderate accretion, high accretion, very high accretion coast are
explore the influence of the shoreline change process. described in Table 2.

Table 1 Table 2
Details of data sources. Shoreline classification based on EPR and LRR.

Sl. No Satellite images Date of acquisition Sl. No Shoreline classification EPR and LRR rate of
shoreline change (m/yr)
1 Earth Explorer (USGS) Image 01/02/2013
2 Earth Explorer (USGS) Image 17/06/2013 1 very high accretion >2
3 Earth Explorer (USGS) Image 14/03/2014 2 high accretion 1e2
4 Earth Explorer (USGS) Image 19/11/2014 3 moderate accretion 0e1
5 Earth Explorer (USGS) Image 21/01/2015 4 stable 0
6 Earth Explorer (USGS) Image 14/12/2015 5 moderate erosion 1~0
7 Earth Explorer (USGS) Image 10/06/2016 6 high erosion 2~ 1
8 Earth Explorer (USGS) Image 30/11/2016 7 moderate erosion <2
208 Nithu Raj et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 10 (2019) 205e212

3.3. Change rate calculation EPR and LRR 4.1. Identification of periodic river mouth erosion and accretion

This is the most common and widely used method for shore- The Ennore river mouth has been occurring periodic river
line change calculation and future shoreline prediction. End point mouth dynamics. The shoreline changes of this area due to
rate and linear regression rate of change statistics were considered various natural and anthropogenic causes. In this study, it has
for the computation of rate of shoreline changes. EPR was calcu- observed along the river mouth, dynamic shoreline analysis
lated by dividing the distance of horizontal shoreline movement provides zone wise erosion and accretion during different time
by the time elapsed between the earliest and latest measurement. periods. Also, the dynamic river area is divided into two zones
(IOM) [22]. LRR was determined by correct a least squares that are, zone I which is represents the northern part of the
regression line to all the similar shoreline points of the different study area and the southern part is represented by zone II (Fig.
period for particular transects. The positive EPR and LRR value 4). The northern zone I dominated by high erosion during
represent the rate of accretion and a negative value indicates the 2013e2016 (Fig. 5), and accordingly, in the same period ac-
rate of erosion [23]. cretion is predominating in zone II. All the four periods are
dominated by high accretion with high erosion observed in
4. Results and discussion zone I and zone II, respectively in the following time periods
(Fig. 6). Accretion predominates in the zone I, 21/1/2015 to 14/
Investigation of the shoreline Ennore river mouth has been 12/2015 and also equally accreted areas are observed in zone II
delineated from (Landsat USGS, resolution 30 m) imageries of during 14/3/2014 to 19/11/2014 and from 1/2/2013 to 17/6/2013
different years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016. The coastal erosion and both zones has been dominated by high erosion. The analysis
accretion both were found in the northern and southern part of this study shows the area of erosion decreases up to the
of the Ennore mouth. The direction of shoreline change was recent past when compared to the initial to the final period
quantified from two aspects, periodic river mouth dynamics, 2013e2016. From 1/2/2013 to 17/6/2013 is the only period
and erosion and accretion of the study area for a period of four when the river mouth closer was observed during the observed
years from 2013 to 2016 using Remote Sensing and GIS [24]. interval of time and the remaining period shows that the river
The significant shoreline change in different parts of the mouth was opened with significant displacement of the
coastal area is driven by the process of movements of sedi- opening unit. The mouth has bridge landmark and it is shown
ments due to the action of physical parameters. The coast has in the middle portion of the river mouth opening. In the
been affected by sea waves, winds, sea currents, tidal activities period of the 2013 year the opening point is becoming closer
etc (Fig. 3). to the bridge and now in the recent year the opening point

Fig. 4. Accretion of the river mouth.

Fig. 3. Shorelines of river mouth 2013e2016.
 Nithu Raj et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 10 (2019) 205e212 209

Fig. 5. Erosion of the River Mouth.

Fig. 6. Both Accretion and Erosion of the River Mouth.

were separated by the land and river mouth has shifted

significantly around 181 m downwards. The field investigation zone II also proves that average EPR is positive value 1.0017 m/
in river mouth occurred accretion and erosion and the year and the area shorelines moves towards the Bay of Bengal
deposited transversely. The silt, tidal flat with fine sands there (Fig. 10).
are deposited due to under the action of physical parameters
like a wave, wind, littoral current etc., the wind is one of the
factors of influencing for shifting shoreline position of the river 4.3. Influencing physical parameters of shoreline changes
mouth. The zone I and zone II showed the area of accretion
and erosion in km2 and it is represented in Table 3, Fig. 7. The coastal dynamics influence different physical parameters
meteorological and biological activities. The waves are recognized
as one of the main drivers of shoreline wind direction and climatic
4.2. Rate of shoreline changes in Ennore river mouth changes resulting waves play the main role in the river mouth
changes in the different time of periods. The wind movement is also
The Ennore estuary is located southeast coast of India and it playing a major part of sand volume transport. The direction and
has been divided into two zones, zone I and zone II for a wind speed have been making sediments to transport one place to
detailed study. In this study, the shoreline change per year and another place and the continuous of this process causes the
the end point rate and linear regression rate of shoreline deposition and erosion along the coastal areas. Wind climate is
changes are estimated zone wise period of 2013e2016. The zone widely expected to be associated with receding coastlines, creating
I caused northeast part of the Ennore mouth 142 transects. Zone
II have been detected 176 transects in the southern part of the
study area (Fig. 8). Table 3
Shoreline area changes in km2 values.
The DSAS processed shoreline status for four years. Zone
wise variations in EPR and LRR for 2013e2016 along Ennore Sl. Period and Zone I Zone II Total
estuary are given in Table 4 & Fig. 9. The comparison of values No Date of Acquisition
Erosion Accretion Erosion Accretion
Area
km2
of LRR shows relatively high erosion and accretion occurring in
the zone I and zone II respectively shows relatively high ac- 1 1-2-2013 to 17-6-2013 0.0246 0.0057 0.0068 0.01214 0.04924
2 14-3-2014 to 19-11-2014 0.0047 0.017 0.00325 0.019 0.04395
cretion and erosion. Average EPR is a negative value for zone I
3 21-1-2015 to 14-12-2015 0.0027 0.0238 0.00235 0.01029 0.03914
with average of 1.87 m/year. This also proves that the zone I 4 10-6-2016 to 30-11-20116 0.008 0.007 0.00249 0.0127 0.03019
Ennore mouth have landward erosion and respectively the
210 Nithu Raj et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 10 (2019) 205e212

Fig. 7. Graphical representation of coastal erosion and accretion during the time period 2013e2016.

a planning need for coastal change prediction [25]. Wind generated

waves and it also generated wave current, these processes are more
Table 4
responsible for coastal erosion and accretion. Here the river mouth Statistical calculation of EPR and LRR.
dynamics of Ennore estuary we used monthly wise wind speed and
Rate (m/year) Zone I Zone II
direction for the short term 2013 to 2016 periods. All wind speed
observations are denoted in km/h and wind direction in the per- LRR EPR LRR EPR
centage. The monthly wind speed averages have been reported Average 4.17 1.87 0.216 1.0017
2013e9.0 km/h, 2014e9.3 km/h, 2015e9.1 km/h, 2016e8.6 km/h Minimum 64.9 61.11 20.8 24.7
the average temperature was recorded in the same period Maximum 35.21 29.8 42.8 46.6
2013e33.5  C, 2014e33.7  C, 2015e33.6  C, 2016e34.1  C (www.
Weatheronline) (Figs. 11 and 12).

Fig. 8. Cast transects perpendicular to the baseline.

Fig. 9. Shoreline classification map based on the EPR and LRR.
 Nithu Raj et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 10 (2019) 205e212 211

Fig. 10. Graphical representation of end point rate and linear regression rate of the river mouth.

5. Conclusion

The study area showed the high erosion process occurred in

the northern part of the river mouth and accretion undergoes
mainly southern part of the study area. The shoreline movement
of the Ennore creek eroded due to ocean activity. Shoreline
movement has been predicted by using EPR and LRR method for
the year of 2013e2016. DSAS will be useful for calculation and
analyze erosion and accretion pattern of the coastal areas, which
is economically important. The influence of wind is one of the
causes for shifting shoreline position of the river mouth. The
northern part of the study area zone I shows erosion and
respectively zone II southern part shows accretion. Continuous
monitoring shoreline is essential for the coastal areas of the
coastal zone management because of the entire coastal regions of
India facing severe erosion by the influence of natural and
anthropogenic activities. This study reveals the Ennore creek
have erosion occurred more than the accretion.

Fig. 11. Wind direction 2013e2016.

Fig. 12. Wind speed and temperature variations of 2013e2016.

212 Nithu Raj et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 10 (2019) 205e212

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