TECHNICAL DRAFTING NCII adjoining properties.

The process is
REVIEWER defined as providing temporary
support to the structure or ground
Technical Terms Encountered in
during excavation.
Foundation Plans
Foundation
Footing
are important components in the
is an expansion at the lower end of a
construction of a building. It is the
wall, pier, or column to distribute or
foundation that carries the load of the
spreads the load into the ground or
building.
soil.
Spread Foundation
The materials and tools used in
laying out are the following: includes all those types where the load
is distributed into the soil by slender
Stakes
vertical members of timber, concrete,
are wooden sticks or posts driven to or steel called piles.
the ground.
Pier Foundation
Batter Boards
is one where the load is distributed
are wood sticks nailed horizontally to into the soil by slender vertical
the stake. members of timber, concrete, or steel
called piles. It is in this foundation
Level transit were concrete piers
is for establishing reference point. Slab Foundation
Plastic water hose is a solid slab of concrete poured
which is transparent and ¼"Ø filled directly on the ground with footings
with water to establish level of placed where extra support is needed.
horizontal lines. Cellar
String or chord the portion of a building between floor
for connecting established points. and ceiling which is wholly or partly
below grade and so located that the
Shallow excavation vertical distance from grade to the
floor is equal to or greater than the
includes wall footing, and column
vertical distance from grade to ceiling
footings, whether they are
independent, or combined and for T- Foundation
which digging of the soil extends to
1.50 meters. consists of a footing upon which is
placed a concrete wall or a concrete
Deep excavation block wall forming an inverted T. This
type of foundation is popular in
is for large building projects as this
structures with basement.
requires almost total extraction of the
soil at the site. This requires sheeting Mat Foundation
and shoring of the ground to project
assembles a mat in that the is one which supports two column
foundation is spread over the entire loads and consists of two footings
area of the building floor. connected by a beam often called a
strap.
Continuous footing
Footing
is one which supports a row of three or
is a portion of the foundation of a
more columns.
structure which directly distributes the
weight of a building over large area.
Concrete is commonly used for
Raft or mat footing
footings because it can be poured to
maintain a firm contact with the is one which extends under the entire
supporting soil. building area and supports all the wall
and column loads from the building.
Piers and Columns
Compression Test
are vertical members usually made of
concrete, brick, steel, or wood. They determines behavior of materials
are used to support the floor systems under crushing loads.
and can be used as sole support of the
structure. Concrete Slump Test

Soffit is an empirical test that measures the

workability of fresh concrete. It
the other term for the underside of a measures the consistency of the
beam concrete in that specific batch. The
test is popular due to the simplicity of
Footings and columns
apparatus used and simple procedure.
carry the load of the building resting
Concrete
on the foundation.
the term for a mixture of cement, lime
Wall footing
water, aggregate and other approved
is a footing which supports a wall by materials
extending along the entire length of
Floor Joist
the wall.
parts of floor system placed on the
Isolated footing
girders where the floorboards are
is one which supports a single column, fastened
post, pier, or other concentrated load.
Dead Load
Combined footing
refers to all the weight in a structure
is one which supports two column made up of immovable materials.
loads, or sometimes three column
Framing
loads not in a row.
is the wood skeleton of a building
Cantilever footing
constructed one level on top of
another.
Girder a type of beam or girder that is placed
over an opening in a wall, which
is the horizontal beam or structural
supports the wall above
piece which supports the floor joints or
walls over opening Purlins
Heel Plate are horizontal structural members
which hold rafters together.
is the plate at the end of a truss.
Ridge
Hip Roof
is the top edge of the roof where
is a roof with four sloping sides.
rafters meet.

Jack Rafter
is a short rafter, usually used on hip
Slab
roofs.
is a foundation reinforced concrete
Joist
and foundation floor.
is a horizontal structural member that
Mezzanine floor
supports the floor system or ceiling
system. term for the partial intermediate floor
of a building with an area of not more
Lally Column
than 1/2
is a steel column used to support
Span
girders and beams.
is the distance between structural
Pier
supports.
is a block of concrete supporting the
Valley
floor of a building.
is the internal angle formed by two
Pilaster
slopes of a roof.
is a decorative column attached to a
Valley Jacks
wall.
is a rafter that runs from a ridge board
Piles
to a valley rafter.
are long posts driven into the soil in
Valley Rafters
swampy locations upon which the
foundation footing is laid. is the diagonal rafter forming the
intersection of two sloping roofs.
Pillar
Load Bearing Wall
is a column used for supporting parts
of a structure. walls that support or carry loads as in
exterior walls
Lintel
Wall bearing
a type of wall which supports any load is a modified gable roof having two
other than its own weight slopes.
Non-Load Bearing Wall mansard roof
does not carry or support a load as in has the sides of the roof slope steeply
partitions or interior walls. on each side.
sill Ogee roof
is a wood member fastened to the is a pyramid having steep sides
beam by anchor bolts. It may also be sloping to the center.
fastened to a foundation wall.
Dome
trimmer
is a hemispherical type of roof
carries an end portion of a header in a commonly used in observatory
stairwell while a header supports the buildings.
cut-off joist at a stairwell hole. The
flooring refers to the tongue and
groove wood common as flooring
materials.
French or concave mansard roof
Shed or Lean- to
is a modified mansard roof where the
is the simplest form. sides are concave.
Gable or pitch Common rafter
is the most common type and extended at right angles from the
economical. plate or girt to the ridge.
Saw-tooth roof Hip rafter
is an adaptation of a series of lean-to are laid diagonally from the corners of
roofs. a plate to the ridge.
A double gable Valley rafter
is a gable roof modified. does not extend from the plate or girts
to the ridge.
Hip roof
Octagonal rafter
has the sides sloping and used in
modern houses. are those placed on an octagonal.
Hip and valley roof Jack rafters
is a combination of hip and gable. this makes up the frame between the
hip rafter and the girt.
Pyramid roof
Purlins
is a modification of the hip.
gambrel roof
it is a structural member placed on top It is an instrument to draw an arc or
of the rafters or top chord of a truss. It circles
supports the roof sheathing
Triangle
Valley jack
it is an instrument forming line
is the frame between the ridge and
Drawing Table
the valley rafter.
it is a flat board spread to draw
Cripple jack
Monitor
is that between the hip and valley
rafter. it is a type of computer hardware
Cut stringer Array
used in modern building design. It is a command to create a copy
object or follow pattern
Cleated stringer
Chamfer
used for very rough work.
It is a command to connect object
M Line
Rabbeted stringer
It is a command to multiple line
adopted for fine work.
X Line
Built up
It is a command to create infinite line
Stringer - with blocks cut from outside
stringers. Offset
Baluster New object to specify distance
a small post supporting the handrail or Move
a coping
Handrail
it is a rail running parallel with the
inclination of the stairs. It holds the
baluster
Ramp
it is a slope surface that rises and
twists simultaneously
T-Square
it is a T shape instrument
Compass
Displays and specify direction
Block
It is a set of metal list group together
in compound object
Explode
it is a command on its component
Copy
Duplicate an object