CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Definition of Idiom

Idioms are a colorful and fascinating aspect of English, so they are a phrase that
is always displayed when referring to English. They are commonly used in informal
and formal, oral and written languages of all types. Therefore, the native speaker
always uses idioms in his daily communication. (Jabboori, 2019) stated that a
sentence that you people understand, probably come across a phrase, even if know
the definition of each word. Most languages in the world have phrases and sentences
that are literally incomprehensible. Even if people know every word in a sentence
and have a complete understanding of the entire grammar of the sentence, the
meaning can be confusing such phrases and sentences are said to be idiomatic. On
the other hand, says that idioms can be summarized as several words that have
different meanings than the individual meanings of each word (Seidl & McMordie,
1988). From all opinions, we can conclude that an idiom is an expression with a
pattern and its meaning deviates from its constituents. Idioms are widely used in
both formal and informal languages. Variations in idioms are common in phrases
rather than words. The meaning of idioms also depends on the context in which
they are used. Formulaic language has a fixed meaning.

B. Kind of Idiom

In this section, the unit deals with defining specific individual idioms based on
(McCarthy & O’Dell, 2010).
1. Simile
Simile is a term that compares two things. They always contain the word "as"
or "like". Parables can be used to color spoken and written English and to
make comparisons more powerful. Example: My brother is as thin as a
spoon. I don't want to ride with (very thin) Lizzie. She drives like a
madman! (Fast and bad driving).

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2. Binomial
Binomial is a phrase that connects two words with a conjunction (lip word).
The order of the two words is fixed. Example: We always say black and
white (separate and clear).
3. Proverbs
Proverbs are short sentences about what most people have experienced and
provide advice and warnings. Example:
1) Positive Situation In this conversation, the second speaker uses his
comments to repeatedly summarize what the first speaker said.
A: We all want to solve this problem and are confident that we can find
the situation.
B: Yes, there is a way you have the will (if you really want to achieve
what you can do)
2) Negative situation In this conversation, the second speaker is what the
first speaker says Use the saying to explain that you are repeating.
A: What a day! My car broke down and my wallet was stolen.
B: It's not raining, but it's raining. (Problems always occur together).
4. Euphemism
Euphemism is a type of idiom used to avoid offensive or offensive
words. Euphemisms are used to talk about topics that can be angry or
offensive, such as death. It was clear that he didn't take that long from this
world, but he never lost his sense of humor. (You will die soon) To avoid
using direct words for body function. I only use dimes. (Use the toilet
[British public toilet used to replenish the penny] to give the anecdote a
humorous effect. My boss has a confidential report from the media and
political agencies about the awkward situation. I was dazzled by the loss
of (curse). Many soldiers made the ultimate sacrifice for their country (I
died)
5. Cliffs
Cliffs are a comment often used in certain everyday situations. It's
not the original because it's a comment that most people are familiar with.

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 Cliffs, often used in everyday conversation, are often used to promote
slogans and newspaper headlines. A cliché is a phrase or opinion that is
overused and indicates a lack of original thought. We all use clichés in our
daily life. However, in a literary work, clichés can often be annoying to a
reader since they portray the writer’s lack of originality. Cliché is phrase
or opinion that is overused and indicates a lack of original thought. Clichés
are overused expressions that have been said so many times, by so many
people, that they’ve rather lost their meaning and don’t always say very
much. People use phrases like this so often that they don’t even realise it;
some like to spout clichéd advice such as “every cloud has a silver lining”
because they aren’t sure what else to say. It same with term “let’s face it”
when they’re about to state a regrettable fact about which one must be
realistic.
6. Fixed sentence
Fixed sentence often hear and use it in everyday conversation.
Example: Wear ice skates! (hurry up). Fixed expressions are groups of
specific words that are always used together to convey a specific meaning.
The words in fixed expressions cannot be altered or even be replaced by
synonymous terms because the meaning will completely differ, or the new
word combination will create an odd juxtaposition of words. For example,
to whom it may concern is a fixed expression. If the word whom is replaced
with whomever, the expression will sound odd as such: to whomever it
may concern. Alternatively, if the verb form is changed as to whom it is
concerning, the fixed expression sounds weird. Although both variations
have the same meaning as the fixed expression and are grammatically
correct, they are simply odd and unacceptable.

C. Idiomatic Expression Meaning

All languages have expressions that are literally incomprehensible and cannot
be reliably used in that sense. They literally have no expected meaning and are
opaque or mutable. Whether you know the meaning of some words in a phrase and

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look at the entire national sentence pattern, the meaning of the phrase can still be
confusing. Such phrases or phrases are called phrases. Idioms are fixed
combinations of words, and it is often difficult to infer their meaning from the
meaning of individual words. The meaning of the phrase and the meaning of the
phrase. It is difficult to understand the true meaning.
Researcher want to explain a word or phrase that contains lexical and contextual
meaning in the newspaper so that the general public can better understand the
meaning of the word in accordance with the context. According to the researcher
lexical and contextual meanings is a science of language that is very interesting to
dig deeper. Because every word or sentence in a writing there is a meaning that we
unknowingly have the meaning of another word, whether it is lexical or contextual
meaning According from (Hidayat & Bayu, 2019) lexical meaning is the meaning
have a lexeme without any context. For example, horse has a lexical meaning "a
kind of four-legged animal that can be driven". A lexical meaning of is pencil "wood
and charcoal stationery". With some examples being used as true meanings,
meanings it can what our senses or meanings mean. According (Sucihati, 2020)
lexical meanings are meanings that fit with the concept described in the word.
Therefore, according (Masruroh, 2019) lexical meaning is the basic meaning of the
word corresponding to the dictionary. This basic meaning is attached to the word
base. The lexical meaning is also called the original meaning of a word which is the
keyword of the process of merging or merging with other words.
Besides, by (Syafruddin et al., 2021) contextual meaning which is also called
situational meaning arises as a result of the relationship between utterance and the
situation at the time the utterance is used or the meaning corresponding to the
context. The meaning of contextual is the meaning that appears in accordance with
the context of the word is used. That is, the meaning appears as an additional to the
true meaning of the impression that caused by certain situations Dictionaries are
useful for researchers looking for synonymous slang terms. Researchers can find
most of what they need by examining the spoken words, injecting thoughts into the
document, and following references to the phrases in the vocabulary itself. Here,
researchers use four reference dictionaries to find out the true meaning of an idiom.

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The researcher use online dictionary namely Cambridge International dictionary by
Cambridge University, Oxford dictionary by Oxford University.

D. The Kind of Meaning

There are certain kinds of meaning in language. the theory of meaning proposed
by (Leech, 1981) which is conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, stylistic
meaning, affective meaning, reflective meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic
meaning. (Lyon, 1968) stated that there are many types of meaning, such as lexical
meaning, philosophical meaning, contextual meaning, grammatical meaning,
sentence meaning, descriptive meaning, expressive meaning and social meaning. In
this study, the researcher focus on the theory of meaning that related with this study
is the lexical and contextual meaning.
1. Lexical Meaning
Lexical meaning is usually considered as being the meaning of
word. (Samsuri, 1987) stated that “Lexical meaning is the meaning of
word itself beyond the sentences composition. So the meaning of words
will be changed when the words are put in the sentence”. According to
(Lyon, 1968) lexical meaning is a meaning described in the lexicon or
dictionary. In addition, he also said that lexical meanings are the meaning
of a word or sentence which upon the meaning of its constituent lexemes.
(Zhengyuan, 2020) expressing the lexical meaning is the meaning of the
word that corresponds to what we encounter in the lexicon (dictionary).
Lexical meanings can be searched in the dictionary. (Abdul, 2012),
describes lexical meaning as a meaning that is owned or existed in lexeme
even without any context. The following will discuss some examples of
words in sentences that have lexical meanings. The phrase “the mouse got
killed by the cat” contains the word mouse that has the lexical meaning of
a rodent that can cause typhus. The word mouse in the sentence above
refers to the animal mouse and not to others. We can see these mice in dirty
places and usually roam inside the house especially in hidden places. If
you are not aware, these mice can damage foods and can cause disease

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 when touched / eaten by humans.

2. Contextual Meaning
Contextual meaning is the meaning of words according to the
situations in which they are used (Lyon, 1968) Different situations give
different meaning. On the other hand, in the particular situations the
sentences will be equal in meaning. In addition, contextual meaning also
defined as the information signaled about the kind of use a linguistic unit
has in its social context (Zhengyuan, 2020). It can be said that contextual
meaning have or according to the text. It involves the function of word in
sentence formation since different arrangement of the same word can
convey different context. So, we can conclude that the contextual meaning
is the meaning of the words according to the situation in which they are
used. Different situation may give different meaning in a sentence. (Abdul,
2012), expressing contextual meaning is the meaning of a lexeme or word
that is in one context. The contextual meaning in the form of word level
can be seen from the following example. The sentence that says "You
crocodile, he cheated his own mother!” has the contextual meaning of a
rebellious child. The word "crocodile" in the sentence above refers to a
child who willingly commits a crime of deception to his own parent
without feeling guilty.

E. Definition of Movie

Movies are literary works that provide information and ideas. Movies can also
develop ideas and explore visual quality and sound quality. This experience
challenges the viewer's mind and emotions. Over 1000 years of movies have killed
humans. It's an experience often triggered by stories that feature characters that are
important to people. According to David and Christine, movies have been a part of
human life since the 19th century, and it's hard to imagine a world without movies
(Thompson & Bordwell, 2008). People enjoy in theaters, homes, offices, cars, buses
and planes. Because movies are entertainment created to give the audience the

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imagination of different impacts and events. Animate objects and images and
experiment. The purest formats are not available to viewers of other media. The
purpose is to provide an experience.

F. London Has Fallen Movie

After the White House incident (in the movie Olympus Has Fallen), Mike
Banning (Gerard Butler) returns to duty as a Secret Service agent. Mike's life is
starting to run normally and he is waiting for the birth of his first child. The conflict
began when Mike and US President Benjamin Asher (Aaron Eckhart) received
news of the death of the British Prime Minister. As head of state, Benjamin had to
go to London to attend the funeral of the British PM. Benjamin leaves accompanied
by Mike and several staff, including Allan Trumbull (Morgan Freeman) who is now
serving as vice president. This group went to London and gathered with the leaders
of other countries who were also present at the funeral.
The gathering of these leaders was apparently taken advantage of by a
terrorist named Aamir Barkawi. Barkawi also launched various attacks with the
motive of revenge. The first attack was the detonation of a bomb that destroyed the
Canadian Prime Minister's limousine. Next, a number of terrorists disguised as
police and royal guards began shooting at state leaders and civilians. This brutal
attack killed a number of important officials, from the Chancellor of Germany, the
Prime Ministers of Japan and Italy, to the President of France. Benjamin himself
managed to escape from death thanks to the escort of Mike Banning. On the other
hand, terrorist attacks continue to hit a number of places in London and kill more
people. Mike is now desperately protecting Benjamin, who is being targeted by
Barkawi's gang.

G. Previous Studies
First, a study by Julia Holmkvist, an idiomatic expression in fiction: a
textual analysis of the use and effects of idioms in Donna Tartt's novel "The Secret
History" (Holmqvist, 2014). The results of the study show that researchers are
investigating how idioms can be used in fiction and how they can affect fiction

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reading. Researchers use the novel itself as the primary source of research, and the
project's secondary sources consist of dissertations, several articles, books, and
websites on various aspects of the subject. Initially, there were other studies of the
novels of choice, but they dealt almost exclusively with non-linguistic topics such
as the subject matter and characters of interest. Previous studies in Sweden include,
for example, "Greek Mythology in the Twilight Zone: Liminality in the Secret
History of Donatart" and "Gray Haze and Light: Narration Mode and Mood in the
Secret History of Donatart” is included contribution of two conferences by (Dodou,
2020).
Therefore, the language itself in the book has not been studied much. In fact,
only one previous study focusing on their language was found. It was the master's
paper "Translating Idioms: A Case Study on Donna Tartt's The Secret History and
its Finnish Translation by Sanna Mustonen, which covered various strategies for
translating the original idioms from English in the novel. Finnish. Mustonen (2010,
p. 83) discovered in that three different strategies were used in this task. First, the
most common method was to translate the idiom with the non-idiom phrase. Then
there was a way to translate idioms into idiom equivalents. Finally, the least
common method is a literal translation of the idiom, and as a result, the idiom was
lost in the translation.
Idiomatic expression found in the lyrics album Let Go 2002 of Avril
Lavignes Song, a second study by (Daulay et al., 2017). In their study, Avril
Lavigne's 2002 album "Let Go" featured the founding idioms, and the result of the
study was that "56 idioms were found, most of which have context." This study
focuses on the types of idioms found by researchers and their meanings. In this
study, we used descriptive qualitatives to analyze the data. And to investigate the
types of idioms, this study used (Palmer, 1981) theory. As a result, researchers
discovered 50 idioms and found that all meanings of idioms have contextual
meaning. This is because you can't see the context word for word. Therefore,
researchers conclude that idioms have contextual meaning. Also, to find the type of
idiom, it has similarities, but a different theory is used in this study. In addition, this
research analysis focuses on lexical and contextual meaning.

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 The next study by (Erviana & Sumartini, 2017) explores idioms and
explains the meaning of these idioms found in movies. The frozen script is the data
for in this survey. Researchers used the theory of (Stevens, 1898) to analyze the
stories and dialogues used in the movie Frozen. Researchers then used (Beate,
2009) theory to study the meaning of idioms. A qualitative method was used to
analyze the data. As a result, this study was 57 times for the phrasal verb idiom, 4
times for the tornouli idiom, 3 times for the irreversible binary idiom, 7 times for
the phrasal verb compound idiom, and the last 10 times including the verb idiom. ,
It turns out that the meaning of these idioms is an idiom. A contextual expression
of the conversation and narration is found in the screenplay of a frozen movie. The
difference between the preliminary study and the main study can already be seen
from the data and theory. In addition to the subject matter of the preliminary study,
there are also differences.

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