Study Guide for the

“AFRICAN UNION”

Strategies for Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation

in Countries that Have Experienced Recent Conflict, including
the Role of the AU in Facilitating Stability and Development,
with a Focus on UN Peacekeeping Efforts.
A word from the Executive Board:

Esteemed Delegates,

Greetings from the Chairperson and the Vice-Chairperson of the African Union(AU) at
ULLENS Model United Nations 2023. It is with great honor and pleasure that we invite
you to this 3 day journey with us in the African Union, a journey of continuous learning,
intellectual progress and most importantly building connections. This year at
ULLENSMUN the organization will be talking about “Addressing Labor Rights in The
GIG Economy and Ensuring Decent Work for All”. We as the Executive Board
members of the AU expect you; delegates to be well versed with the Mandate of the
African Union and of your allocated countries as well as the beliefs that your allocated
representative possess and stands on.

As members of your Executive Board, we are still accessible to you if you need advice
or comments. Even if the diplomatic event only lasts a few days, you'll learn that the ties
you make are likely to last for many years, and if you're lucky, for a lifetime. While we do
want you to give your best in the committee room, we also expect you to interact with
the other delegates and us in a more casual setting at the social activities. Distinguished
Delegates, Being a part of the African Union(AU) at ULLENS Model United Nations
2023 with the topic “Strategies for Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Countries that
Have Experienced Recent Conflict, including the Role of the AU in Facilitating Stability and
Development, with a Focus on UN Peacekeeping Efforts.” at hand is an honor. We anticipate the
greatest calibre of discussion from each and every one of you throughout the course of
the next three days. To address this problem, collaboration, creativity, and teamwork will
all be necessary. Please come prepared to the conference prepared to discuss and argue
your positions on this topic as well as ready to compromise in order to achieve a
resolution. Make friends, plan ahead, and have fun!

The following three days will pass far more quickly than you anticipate. We hope that
after it's all
said and done, you'll look back and declare that the African Union was the conference's
top committee. We hope to see you soon and send our warmest wishes your way.

Welcome, delegates, to the most thrilling committee: the one where we stand up for
what is right
and think beyond the box.

Best of Luck Delegates!

With Regards,
ChairPerson: Mr. Prayush Shrestha (EMAIL)
Vice-Chairperson: Mr. Abhaas Sharma (EMAIL)
Table of Contents:
• Introduction to the Committee:
I. Mandate of the African Union,
II. General review on the AU’s role for the fulfillment of its Mandate,
III. Membership and Suspension in the African Union,
• Introduction to the Agenda:
I. A highlight on the key-terms of the Agenda,
- Post-Conflict Reconstruction,
- Post-Conflict Reconciliation,
- UN-Peace Keeping Efforts,
II. An overview on the Agenda,
III. The combined role’s of the AU and UN for the Agenda,
• A list of past conflicts in the African continent and international
involvements,
I. General List of Conflicts,
II. Elaborative List on Major conflicts,
- 1994's Rwandan Genocide,
- Sierra Leone Civil War (1991-2002),
- Somali Civil War (1991-present),
- Sudanese Civil War (1955–2005),
III. International Involvement in these conflicts (Additional information to Section II),
• Major Country Stances on the Agenda,
• Position Paper,
• Sample Position Paper,
Introduction to the Committee:
The concepts of unity and cooperation among the African states served as the foundation for the
African Union (AU), a continental organization. It was founded in 2001 to replace the Organization of
African Unity (OAU) and has since grown into a significant regional organization working to advance
security, stability, and prosperity throughout the African continent. One of the biggest international
organizations in the world in terms of membership is the AU, which has 55 member nations.

Increasing political and economic unity among African countries is one of the African Union's main
goals. The creation of the African Economic Community and the African Continental Free Trade Area
(AfCFTA), which intends to establish a single market for products and services throughout the
continent, are only two of the methods it plans to use to accomplish this. The AU seeks to promote
economic cooperation among African states in order to boost economic growth and combat poverty.

The AU's efforts in conflict resolution and peacekeeping is also extremely important. In many regions
of the continent, the organization sends peacekeeping forces and settles disputes to encourage stability
and avert violence. It contributes to the upkeep of peace and security in Africa by playing a crucial part
in tackling regional and global security concerns.

The African Union is dedicated to solving several social concerns, such as health, education, and gender
equality, in addition to its political and economic responsibilities. It works to raise the standard of living
for Africans and encourage sustainable growth all throughout the continent. The AU collaborates to
meet these problems and enhance the welfare of African countries and their people through its
numerous organizations and specialized agencies.

I. Mandate of the African Union:

The Constitutive Act of the African Union, which was enacted on July 11, 2000, in Lomé, Togo, and
took effect on May 26, 2001, outlines the mandate of the African Union (AU). The AU's goals, guiding
principles, and mandate are laid out in the Constitutive Act. The main elements of the AU's mandate
are outlined as follows:
• Promotion of Cooperation and Unity: The fundamental goal of the AU is to advance
African nations' solidarity and cooperation while encouraging deeper political, economic,
and social integration across the continent.
• Maintenance of tranquility and security: Conflict resolution, peacekeeping, and conflict
prevention are all tasks assigned to the AU in Africa. In times of serious circumstances,
such as genocide and war crimes, it has the power to act in member nations to restore
peace and security.
• Encouragement of Sustainable Development: The AU is dedicated to fostering
economic expansion and sustainable development throughout Africa. Through a number
of projects and programs, it aims to combat poverty, hunger, and underdevelopment.
• Protection of democracy and human rights: The AU is committed to promoting and
defending democratic values, human rights, and sound governance throughout the
continent. It backs initiatives to bolster democratic structures and procedures.
• Support for Economic and Social Integration: The AU promotes economic fusion
among African countries. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is one of its
endeavors to create a single market for products and services, enabling trade and economic
development.
• Coordinating African Positions on International Issues: The AU acts as a forum for
coordinating African nations' stances on international problems, such as climate change,
trade, and concerns of peace and security.
• Stabilizing Pan-African Solidarity and Identity: The AU recognizes the significance of
cultural history and diversity and works to develop a feeling of Pan-African identity and
unity among Africans.
 • The advancement of gender equality: The AU is dedicated to advancing gender equality
and giving women greater societal authority in all domains, including the political,
economic, and social ones.
• Assistance to Member States: The AU assists member nations in a number of areas, like
as capacity development, conflict resolution, and emergency preparedness.
These are the main components of the mandate of the African Union as stated in the Constitutive Act.
The AU is still working to meet these goals and deal with the particular problems that the African
continent is now confronting.

II. General review on the AU’s role for the fulfillment of its Mandate:
A review of previous African Union (AU) decisions and legislation can shed light on the organization's
development, successes, and difficulties in carrying out its mission. It's crucial to remember that
depending on the political will, resource limitations, and complexity of the problems at hand, the AU
may or may not be effective in putting these resolutions and laws into action. Here is a broad summary:
• Security and peace: In resolving wars and crises in Africa, the AU has taken an active role.
African Standby Force (ASF) and Peace and Security Council (PSC) resolutions and
activities have been crucial to attempts at conflict prevention, mediation, and peacekeeping.
The full implementation of these resolutions, however, continues to face obstacles, and
conflicts in some regions continue to pose serious dangers to peace and stability.
• Economic Inclusion: Resolutions like the one establishing the African Continental Free
Trade Area (AfCFTA) show the AU's commitment to economic union. AfCFTA is a
remarkable accomplishment that aims to unite the African continent's markets, but its full
implementation and removing trade obstacles continue to be difficult tasks.
• Democracy and human rights: The AU has passed resolutions to advance democracy,
human rights, and good governance throughout the continent. The success of these
resolutions can vary, though, as certain member nations come under fire for violating
human rights and engaging in anti-democratic behavior.
• Gender Equality: Through resolutions like the Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in
Africa, the AU has demonstrated its commitment to gender equality. Although there has
been improvement in the participation of women in politics and leadership positions, there
is still gender-based violence and inequality.
• Health and Development: Through resolutions like the Africa Health Strategy, the AU
has tackled public health challenges. The goal of programs like the African vaccination
Acquisition Trust (AVAT) has been to increase vaccination accessibility. However, many
African nations continue to face development and health inequities.
• Environment and climatic Change: Through the African Climate Policy Centre, among
other initiatives, the AU has acknowledged the significance of tackling environmental and
climatic issues. Nevertheless, the continent is still being impacted by environmental
deterioration and climatic change.
• Continental Agenda 2063: The AU's Agenda 2063 establishes goals for the future of the
continent and offers a comprehensive development framework. Although it offers a
forward-looking strategy, implementation has been sluggish in certain places because of
resource limitations and governance issues.
• Impediments: The AU encounters a number of obstacles in enforcing its resolutions and
legislation, including financial limitations, a lack of enforcement tools, and conflicting
member state interests. Other issues include certain member nations' inconsistent
commitment to human rights and democratic values.
In conclusion, via its resolutions and rules, the AU has achieved tremendous progress in tackling
important concerns across the African continent. The full execution of these measures, however, still
faces obstacles, and the efficacy of the AU frequently rests on member states' commitment and their
capacity to resolve regional disputes and governance problems. To address the shifting needs and
objectives of African countries, the organization is constantly modifying and adapting its methods.
III. Membership and Suspension in the African Union:
Membership: 55 African countries make up the African Union (AU), which is a continental
association. These nations freely sign up with the AU, which encourages collaboration, unity, and
growth throughout the continent. A commitment to respecting the values contained in the AU's
Constitutive Act is a prerequisite for membership. The promotion of democracy, human rights, and
sound government are some of these ideals. Member nations take part in AU operations, pay to the
organization's budget, and get access to a range of initiatives for regional integration, economic growth,
and conflict resolution. The AU's broad membership reflects its desire to build a prosperous, unified
Africa where countries work together to address common issues and achieve common objectives. A
number of important procedures are involved in the voluntary process of becoming an African Union
member. Usually, a nation interested in joining the AU follows these procedures:
• Application: Submitting an application to the AU is the first step in formally expressing interest in joining
the organization.
• Evaluation: The AU evaluates the applicant's dedication to the values specified in the AU's Constitutive Act.
These values include democracy, respect for human rights, responsible leadership, and conformity to AU
directives.
• Member States' determination: The current member nations decide jointly whether to accept a new
member. The new membership is normally approved by a majority vote of the incumbent AU member states.
• Accession: Adherence to AU values and standards is expressed by the applicant's official acceding to the
AU's Constitutive Act upon approval.
• Participation: Once membership is granted, the new member state can take part in AU activities, engage in
diplomatic relations with other members, fund AU projects, and get access to a range of kinds of support
and collaboration.

Suspension: The African Union has procedures in place to deal with circumstances where a member
state's actions stray from the organization's fundamental values and endanger the peace and stability of
the region. This mechanism includes suspension. The AU has the power to decide to suspend a
member state's participation in AU activities when that country takes measures that threaten
democracy, infringe on human rights, or disturb the peace. This suspension is intended to encourage
the offending member state to change its behavior and resume adherence to AU ideals. It is a
diplomatic and political response. The AU frequently participates in diplomatic diplomacy and
mediation attempts during suspensions to settle the current disputes. The AU's commitment to
defending democratic standards and preserving regional stability is ultimately reflected in suspension,
which also serves as a vehicle to promote constructive change inside member states. When a member
state's activities conflict with the African Union's fundamental values, suspension from the organization
is the appropriate reaction. The following mechanisms are used in the suspension process:
• Recognition of Violations: Instances where a member state's actions contravene AU values may be
acknowledged by other member states or by AU organizations. These offenses frequently involve regressive
democratic practices, infringement of human rights, or behaviors that endanger regional stability.
• Consultations and Mediation: Prior to suspension, the AU ordinarily starts mediation and consultation
efforts to resolve the issues and promote a peaceful conclusion. Regional authorities, the AU Peace and
Security Council, and other parties may be involved in diplomatic discussions.
• Decision to Suspend: If these diplomatic attempts fail to provide a solution, the AU may meet to consider
whether to suspend the offending member state. The member states vote jointly to decide this matter,
frequently by a majority vote.
• Measures for Suspension: Once a member state has been suspended, it is not permitted to take part in any
AU activity, including meetings and decision-making. To coerce the suspended state into abiding by AU ideals,
the suspension is used as a diplomatic and political instrument.
• Monitoring and Engagement: While a member state is suspended, the AU nevertheless communicates
with them, asking them to take remedial action and address the problems that caused the suspension.
• Reintegration: Suspension is not meant to remain in place permanently. The suspended member state can
be reintegrated into the AU after it exhibits a dedication to AU ideals and takes action to resolve the issues
that prompted the suspension. Additionally, a majority vote of AU member states is normally required to
decide whether to allow reintegration.
Introduction to the Agenda:
AGENDA: “Strategies for Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Countries that Have Experienced
Recent Conflict, including the Role of the AU in Facilitating Stability and Development, with a Focus on UN
Peacekeeping Efforts.”

I. A highlight on the key-terms of the Agenda:

Post-Conflict Reconstruction: A diverse and thorough process called post-conflict
reconstruction is used to rebuild and revitalize a community or a country after a conflict or war. It
includes a wide range of initiatives and tactics that address the negative effects of violent disputes on
the individual, the community, the economy, and politics. The essential elements of post-conflict
reconstruction are elaborated upon below:
• Infrastructure Rebuilding: Repairing, restoring, or developing essential infrastructure is frequently the first
step in post-conflict reconstruction. Rebuilding water supply systems, electricity networks, schools, hospitals,
bridges, and highways are all included in this. Rebuilding the infrastructure is essential for enhancing societal
welfare and fostering economic growth.
• Institutional Strengthening: A key component of post-conflict reconstruction is rebuilding governance
structures and institutions. To secure the rule of law, the preservation of human rights, and good governance,
this entails building or changing governmental organizations, law enforcement agencies, and judicial systems.
The key to preserving peace and stability is strengthened institutions.
• Demobilization and Reintegration: Former fighters in post-conflict environments require support
readjusting to civilian life. Reintegration programs provide former combatants training, job prospects, and
psychiatric assistance to help them peacefully reintegrate into society while demobilization programs assist in
disarming and disbanding armed units.
• Economic Recovery and Development: For long-term stability, the economy must be rebuilt. Creating
jobs, reviving industries, and luring investment are the main goals of post-conflict rehabilitation. Programs
for social development and poverty alleviation frequently coexist alongside economic development initiatives.
• Social Healing and Reconciliation: Addressing the social wounds created by conflict is a crucial
component of social healing and reconciliation. To look into previous crimes, encourage accountability, and
aid in community healing after a war, truth and reconciliation commissions may be created. These initiatives
seek to promote social cohesiveness and heal scars.
• Humanitarian assistance: In the early aftermath of a war, humanitarian assistance groups play a crucial role
in supplying displaced and vulnerable populations with food, housing, medical treatment, and other
important services. This assistance provides for immediate needs and stops additional harm.
• Education and HealthCare: Education and healthcare systems are among the post-conflict reconstruction
projects that are funded. For the sake of the future of the impacted people, it is crucial to rebuild schools,
train instructors, and provide access to a top-notch education. The public's health also depends on the
infrastructure and services of the healthcare system being restored.
• Security and peace-building: It's critical to sustain security in order to stop the revival of violence. To
increase safety and stability, peace-building initiatives frequently incorporate community policing,
disarmament, and reform of the security system.
• Political Reforms: In situations where political concerns were at the core of the war, post-conflict
rebuilding may entail political reforms to establish more inclusive and responsible political institutions, such
as constitutional amendments, election procedures, and power-sharing agreements.
Coordination between governments, international organizations, civil society, and impacted
communities is usually necessary for post-conflict reconstruction, which is a protracted and
complicated process. Successful rebuilding initiatives attempt to establish conditions that avoid future
wars, promote sustainable development, and provide the groundwork for long-term peace and
prosperity in addition to helping war-torn populations regain a feeling of normality.

Post-Conflict Reconciliation: A complex and sensitive process, post-conflict reconciliation aims

to restore trust between people and groups that have been previously torn apart by violence and
turmoil by addressing the profound social and emotional scars left behind by wars. It is an important
part of post-conflict rebuilding that aims to create social cohesiveness, long-lasting peace, and
sustainable development. A more thorough explanation of the essential elements of post-conflict
reconciliation is provided below:
 • Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs): To learn the truth about historical atrocities, violations
of human rights, and crimes committed during the war, many post-conflict communities form TRCs. TRCs
give offenders and victims a forum to discuss their experiences, which improves knowledge of the origins
and repercussions of the conflict. The commission's conclusions can aid in historical atonement, justice, and
accountability.
• Justice and Accountability: Addressing concerns of justice and accountability is a common part of
reconciliation. This may involve bringing charges against those involved in serious human rights breaches,
crimes against humanity, or war crimes. Holding offenders responsible while promoting community
reconciliation may be a delicate task, making the balancing of justice and reconciliation a difficult
undertaking.
• Psychosocial Support: Programs for combatants, survivors, and traumatized communities are part of post-
conflict reconciliation. These initiatives offer assistance, mental health services, and counseling to help people
deal with the emotional scars of conflict.
• Community-based Initiatives: Reconciliation initiatives at the local level must start at the grassroots level if
connections are to be restored. Community discussions, peace forums, and cross-cultural interactions can
foster collaboration between once hostile parties.
• Compensation and Reparation: Compensation and reparation programs may be formed to offer
recompense to war victims, assisting them in reestablishing their lives and communities. This may entail
monetary reparation, the return of land, or access to resources.
• Educational Initiatives: Promoting tolerance, diversity, and peace via education is a common component of
reconciliation initiatives. Prejudices and stereotypes can be fought by curriculum changes and intergroup
education.
• Cultural and Religious Reconciliation: Promoting tolerance and understanding among various cultural
and religious groups requires encouraging communication and cooperation. Promoting efforts that are
interfaith and multicultural can aid in bridging gaps.
• Political Reconciliation: It is frequently required to address the political grievances that gave rise to the war
through political reforms, power-sharing arrangements, and inclusive governance systems. Reconciliation
depends on ensuring that all societal groups may participate in politics.
• Reintegration of Ex-Combatants: Programs for reintegrating former fighters into society are a part of
reconciliation initiatives. Through these initiatives, former fighters can make a smooth transition to civilian
life by receiving training, job prospects, and support.
• International Support: NGOs and international organizations frequently play a vital role in assisting
attempts to reconcile after conflicts. They assist national reconciliation programs with money, knowledge, and
logistics.
Reconciliation after a conflict is a protracted process that needs the patience, dedication, and active
participation of all parties involved, including governments, civic society, religious leaders, and
impacted communities. Successful reconciliation initiatives attempt to provide the groundwork for a
more inclusive, peaceful, and harmonious future in addition to healing the past's wounds.

UN Peacekeeping Efforts: The United Nations (UN) is a key player in international

peacekeeping initiatives, sending peacekeeping operations to areas impacted by conflicts all over the
world. These operations seek to preserve or reestablish peace and security, safeguard citizens, and aid in
the political processes required for long-term stability. An explanation of what the UN undertakes for
its peacekeeping efforts is provided below:
• Conflict Prevention and Mediation: The UN frequently participates in conflict prevention and mediation
activities prior to the deployment of peacekeeping deployments. In order to resolve conflicts, encourage
discussions, and stop confrontations from turning violent, diplomats and mediators work. Peacekeeping
operations may be avoided with the aid of early intervention.
• Deployment of Peacekeeping Missions: The UN sends out peacekeeping operations made up of military,
police, and civilian people when disputes do get out of hand. These missions have special mandates that are
adapted to the particulars of each crisis and are approved by the UN Security Council.
• Security Upkeep: In war zones, peacekeepers are in charge of upholding stability and security. To stop the
escalation of hostilities, they create safe zones, go on patrol, and keep an eye on ceasefires.
• Protection of Civilians: An essential component of UN peacekeeping is the protection of civilians. In
order to protect vulnerable groups like refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs), peacekeepers try to
provide safe settings. Instances of violence against civilians are also addressed by them.
• Disarmament and Demobilization: Peacekeepers frequently supervise disarmament and demobilization
procedures in post-conflict circumstances. This entails gathering and getting rid of weapons, reintegrating ex-
combatants into society, and aiding peace-building initiatives.
 • Support for Political Processes: Peacekeeping operations provide assistance to political initiatives designed
to address the underlying causes of conflict. This can entail supporting attempts for reconciliation,
constitutional change, and electoral support.
• Humanitarian Assistance: UN peacekeepers work alongside humanitarian organizations to deliver vital
services, such as food, housing, healthcare, and education, to populations devastated by armed conflict.
• Promotion of Human Rights: It is crucial for peacekeepers to keep track of and report on violations of
human rights. They keep track of transgressions, defend those who stand up for human rights, and promote
justice and responsibility.
• Gender Mainstreaming: The UN is dedicated to gender equality, and peacekeeping operations aim to
encourage the significant involvement of women in peace processes and guard against gender-based violence
against girls and women.
• Coordination with Other Actors: To maximize resources and skills for a comprehensive approach to peace-
building, peacekeeping operations work with a variety of partners, including host governments, regional
organizations, and non-governmental organizations.
• Monitoring and Reporting: Peacekeepers regularly update the UN Security Council on the state of the
conflict zone, their progress in carrying out their assigned task, and any difficulties they may have run across.
• Exit and Adaptation Plans: UN peacekeeping missions constantly modify their plans to account for
changing conflict dynamics. When the circumstances for a lasting peace are attained, they work toward
departure options with the intention of handing off responsibility to local authorities.
The UN's peacekeeping operations are an essential instrument for resolving disputes and advancing
global peace and security. Even though these operations encounter many difficulties, they show the
international community's commitment to working together to prevent and end conflicts, protect
civilians, and promote the long-term stability of conflict-affected areas.

II. An Overview of the Agenda:

In nations that have recently experienced violence, post-conflict rebuilding and reconciliation strategies
are multidimensional initiatives that are essential for mending societies and promoting long-term
stability. There are many interwoven parts to this complicated operation. In order to stop the
reappearance of violence and foster a climate favorable to recovery, the restoration of security must
come first. This is frequently made possible by international peacekeeping forces. Monitoring the cease-
fire, safeguarding civilians, and disarming and demobilizing former fighters are all included in these
peacekeeping tasks.

Through conversation and the development of trust between opposing parties, political reconciliation
initiatives, mediated by both national and international players, are essential in resolving the underlying
causes of conflict. Power-sharing arrangements, electoral modifications, or constitutional amendments
may result from these discussions in order to develop inclusive government systems that represent the
wide range of interests within the nation.

Truth and reconciliation commissions offer venues for recognizing past crimes, encouraging healing,
and bringing together fractured communities. These commissions look into cases of violations of
human rights, provide victims a chance to talk about their experiences, and hold offenders responsible
while promoting a climate of compassion and forgiveness.

In order to address the economic roots of war, economic recovery programs concentrate on reviving
damaged economies, promoting growth, and generating jobs. This frequently entails repairing
infrastructure, making investments in important sectors of the economy, and making an effort to draw
in foreign capital to accelerate economic growth and eradicate poverty.

The revival of the hospital and educational sectors is also given top priority in these programs, with a
focus on ensuring that all residents have access to basic services. For communities to recover and
flourish, it is crucial to restore schools, educate teachers, and provide healthcare services. These actions
promote social cohesiveness and human growth.

For institutions to be open and responsible and to serve the interests of all citizens, governance
changes are crucial. Achieving fair development and preserving long-term peace and security also
requires tackling gender discrimination and advancing the participation of excluded groups. A more
equitable and inclusive society may be created through empowering women and underprivileged
groups.

In conclusion, post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation methods constitute an all-encompassing

strategy for helping conflict-affected countries rebuild their society and foster a more peaceful,
prosperous future. These diverse initiatives, sponsored by the international community and governed by
international organizations, are crucial for mending the scars of violence and laying the groundwork for
permanent peace and development.

III. The combined role’s of the AU and UN for the Agenda:

In order to achieve long-term stability and prosperity, the African Union (AU) and the United Nations
(UN) play crucial roles in the post-conflict rehabilitation and reconciliation of nations that have
recently undergone conflict. Both organizations work closely together to address the complex issues
that develop after armed wars in an effort to mend war-torn communities, rebuild them, and provide
the foundations for lasting peace.
• Conflict analysis and evaluation: An in-depth comprehension of the conflict's underlying causes is
essential for successful post-conflict reconstruction. In order to determine the root causes of a conflict and
the amount of the harm done, the AU and UN conduct conflict analysis and assessment.
• Security and peacekeeping: In post-conflict situations, UN peacekeeping missions that have been approved
by the Security Council are essential. They support maintaining security, observing ceasefires, safeguarding
people, and fostering an atmosphere favorable to healing and reconciliation. throughout order to support
security initiatives, the AU regularly sends peacekeeping teams to conflicts throughout Africa.
• Peacemaking in Politics: The AU and UN frequently serve as mediators and facilitators in peace
negotiations, promoting communication and rapprochement between contending parties. They aid in
establishing trust, bridging gaps, and advancing political resolutions to disputes. Building a base of long-
lasting stability requires this approach.
• Commissions for Truth and Reconciliation: Both groups are in favor of forming truth and reconciliation
commissions. These commissions allow both victims and offenders a forum to discuss their experiences,
confess to previous crimes, and ask for forgiveness. Processes of truth-telling and restitution aid in healing
and national catharsis.
• Reintegration and Demobilization: Demobilization and reintegration of former fighters into society are
supported by the AU and UN. Programs for education, job placement, and vocational training are all included
in this to give ex-combatants the chance to pursue peaceful lifestyles.
• Economic Development and Recovery: Stability following a conflict depends on fostering economic
recovery. In order to boost growth and eliminate poverty, the AU and UN engage in infrastructure
development, job creation, and economic revival, tackling some of the underlying causes of violence.
• Community involvement and social healing: Local communities and leaders are involved in grassroots
reconciliation programs, which are frequently funded by both groups. At the communal level, these initiatives
foster communication, comprehension, and social cohesiveness.
• Establishing Institutions and Governance: The key to post-conflict reconstruction is to strengthen
governance institutions, advance the rule of law, and promote good governance practices. Structures for
effective and responsible governance are essential for long-term stability and growth.
• Social Inclusion and Gender Equality: Both groups stress the value of social inclusion and gender-
sensitive methods. Promoting fairness and inclusion requires ensuring the meaningful involvement of women
and other oppressed groups in all facets of reconstruction and reconciliation.
• Education and Health: For all individuals to have access to necessary services and opportunities, it is
critical to rebuild the healthcare and education systems. It is essential for human growth and societal cohesion
to have access to high-quality healthcare and education.
• Resource and Land Management: For the sake of averting new conflicts over important resources, it is
imperative to address land disputes and property rights concerns. Effective land management is supported by
both groups.
• Sustainability of the environment: Environmental sustainability in post-conflict circumstances is valued by
the AU and UN. They advocate for ecologically beneficial behaviors and deal with conflict's impact on the
environment's degradation.
In conclusion, the AU and UN work closely together to promote peace, stability, and development by
utilizing diplomatic, political, and humanitarian resources in post-conflict rebuilding and reconciliation.
Their actions reveal a dedication to reuniting post-conflict societies and promoting a peaceful and
prosperous future for post-conflict countries.
A list of past conflicts in the African continent and International
involvements:
Conflicts can be complicated, with numerous stages or long-lasting effects. Throughout its history,
Africa has had numerous conflicts, and the following lists only include some of the more significant
ones (Section I) and ones that have causes a huge stir in the global society have been explained throughly
(Section II).

I. General List of Conflicts:

• Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962): Algeria fought a brutal war against French
colonial rule, ultimately gaining independence in 1962.
• Congo Crisis (1960-1965): A period of political turmoil and violence in the newly
independent Democratic Republic of the Congo, involving various internal and external
actors.
• Biafra War (Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970): Conflict between the Nigerian government
and the secessionist state of Biafra, resulting in significant casualties and famine.
• Mozambican Civil War (1977-1992): A protracted conflict between the Mozambique
Liberation Front (FRELIMO) and the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO).
• Angolan Civil War (1975-2002): A prolonged conflict between the Angolan government
(MPLA) and rebel groups, including UNITA and FNLA.
• Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1991): The overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie led to a
period of political instability and conflict, culminating in the Ethiopian People's
Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) taking control.
• Sudanese Civil War (1955-2005): Decades-long conflict between the Sudanese
government and various rebel groups, leading to the eventual independence of South
Sudan.
• Rwandan Genocide (1994): A horrific genocide in which ethnic Hutu extremists killed an
estimated 800,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
• Sierra Leone Civil War (1991-2002): A brutal civil war marked by widespread atrocities
and the use of child soldiers, ultimately ending with UN intervention.
• Liberian Civil Wars (1989-1997 and 1999-2003): A series of civil wars that resulted in
significant instability, characterized by brutal violence and warlord rule.
• Ivorian Civil War (2002-2007): A conflict involving government forces, rebel groups, and
UN peacekeeping forces in Côte d'Ivoire.
• Somali Civil War (1991-present): Ongoing conflict in Somalia, involving multiple
factions, foreign interventions, and piracy off the coast.
• Darfur Conflict (2003-present): Ongoing violence in the Darfur region of Sudan, leading
to humanitarian crises and mass displacement.
• Central African Republic Conflicts (various): Periodic conflicts and instability in the
Central African Republic, including the Seleka and anti-Balaka clashes.
• South Sudanese Civil War (2013-2018): Conflict between government forces and
opposition groups, resulting in a fragile peace agreement.

II. Elaborative List on Major conflicts:

• 1994's Rwandan Genocide: The Rwandan Genocide was one of the most horrifying and tragic
historical occurrences. Extremist Hutu groups started a systematic effort to wipe off the ethnic Tutsi
population and moderate Hutus in April 1994, which is when it all started. An estimated 800,000 individuals
were ruthlessly slaughtered over the period of around 100 days, frequently using machetes and other primitive
weapons. The response of the international community received harsh criticism for its tardy and ineffective
assistance. The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a mostly Tutsi rebel force, finally took control of the nation,
putting an end to the genocide. Massive obstacles had to be overcome in order to reconstruct a destroyed
country and pursue justice for war crimes in the wake of the genocide.
• Sierra Leone Civil War (1991-2002): The Sierra Leone Civil War, which lasted from 1991 to 2002,
was defined by its severe cruelty, which included the deployment of child soldiers and the rebel groups'
pervasive use of amputations. When the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) overthrew the government, the
battle erupted. Numerous atrocities occurred throughout the war, including killings, sexual assault, and the
 use of blood diamonds as a means of financing the struggle. The Lomé Peace Accord, which was signed in
1999, and the intervention of British and UN soldiers brought about its final conclusion. After the war, Sierra
Leone had to overcome several obstacles, including as the disarming and reintegration of former fighters,
truth-and-reconciliation investigations, and the reconstruction of the nation's institutions and infrastructure.
• Somali Civil War (1991-present): One of Africa's longest-running and most complicated wars has
been the Somali Civil War. It started when President Siad Barre was overthrown in 1991, and it has continued
with several groups striving for power ever since. A great deal of misery has been brought on by the conflict,
including starvation, displacement, and widespread violence. With several parts under the authority of
different organizations, Somalia continues to be a country that is mainly ungoverned and chaotic. The African
Union and the UN have both made several attempts to promote peace and aid in the nation's reconstruction,
but a long-term solution has remained elusive.
• Sudanese Civil War (1955–2005): One of Africa's longest-running wars, the Sudanese Civil War
pitted the Sudanese government against southern insurgents who wanted more autonomy and ultimately
independence. Shifting alliances, racial tensions, and involvement of outside players were its defining
characteristics. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), which was signed in 2005, put an end to the
war. In 2011, South Sudan held a referendum and approved its independence. However, internal conflicts and
governance issues in the recently established South Sudan have brought to light the difficulties of post-
conflict rehabilitation and nation-building.

III. International Involvement in these conflicts (Additional information to Section II):

There are various ways that the international community might get involved in conflicts in Africa,
including peacekeeping operations, humanitarian aid, diplomatic mediation, and military interventions.
Depending on the situation and the level of commitment from the world community, this kind of
participation has varying degrees of impact.
• 1994's Rwandan Genocide:
- There was very little international engagement in the Rwandan Genocide. The UN established a
peacekeeping force in Rwanda called UNAMIR, but owing to a lack of political will, insufficient funding,
and stringent engagement regulations, UNAMIR was unable to stop the genocide or successfully respond
to it.
- Prior to the genocide, France was accused for supporting the Hutu-led government, and then for taking
part in Operation Turquoise, a controversial humanitarian operation.
- Early in the massacre, Belgium withdrew its peacekeeping personnel, adding to a feeling of abandonment
by the international community.
• Sierra Leone Civil War:
- The civil war was finally put an end thanks in large part to Operation Palliser, a military intervention by
the United Kingdom in Sierra Leone. The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) insurgents were put down,
and some semblance of order was established with the aid of British soldiers.
- A supportive role in the peace process was provided by UNAMSIL, a peacekeeping force of the United
Nations.
- In addition to sending soldiers to the UN operation, other West African nations, most notably Nigeria
and Guinea, participated in regional peacekeeping activities.
• Somali Civil War:
- Early in the 1990s, Operation Restore Hope and then UNOSOM II, led by the United States and the UN,
took place in Somalia. The "Black Hawk Down" event in 1993 was just one of several difficulties the
operation experienced, and it finally came to an end without resolving the war.
- Through its operation, AMISOM (African Union operation in Somalia), which included troops from
many African countries, the African Union has played a crucial role. Al-Shabaab has been pushed back
and sections of Somalia have become more stable thanks in large part to AMISOM.
- Ethiopia has occasionally intervened in Somalia to defend the internationally recognized government
against Al-Shabaab and other rebel organizations.
• Sudanese Civil War:
- International engagement in the Sudanese Civil War was minimal, and few foreign governments made
direct interventions. Numerous regional and international peace attempts were made throughout the
conflict, although they frequently had mixed results.
- Negotiations between the Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM)
led to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2005, which put an end to the conflict and cleared
the path for South Sudan's independence.
Major Country Stances on the Agenda:
These stances may shift in response to altering regional and global dynamics, but they
provide an overview of the objectives and roles of these African countries in post-
conflict reconstruction and reconciliation initiatives.
• Republic of Sudan: Given its own history of wars and division, Sudan may have a mixed
viewpoint. Although it could be wary of outside involvement, it might encourage attempts
at peace and reconciliation in nearby nations.
• Republic of South Sudan: South Sudan may fervently support peace and rehabilitation
initiatives as a nation that has just come out of a bloody civil war. To stabilize and develop
the country, it can look to international support and collaboration, especially from the AU
and UN.
• Federal Republic of Somalia: Conflict and instability have plagued Somalia for a very
long time. In its efforts to restore and reestablish a functioning government, it may
welcome foreign assistance, particularly from regional players like the AU and surrounding
nations.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Given its history of hostilities spilling over
from surrounding nations, the DRC could have a significant interest in regional stability. It
may help the AU and UN's function in maintaining peace and resolving disputes.
• Republic of Mali: Mali has seen its fair share of internal wars. It may support
international initiatives for post-conflict healing and reconstruction, especially those steered
by the AU and UN.
• The Central African Republic (CAR): The Central African Republic (CAR) has
consistently been unstable. To resolve continuing disputes and promote peace, it can go to
the international community for assistance, including peacekeeping forces.
• State of Libya: Libya's attitude could be influenced by the current political climate. While
attempting to recover and rebuild after its own civil conflict, it could also take part in
international peace initiatives.
• Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast): Leveraging its own expertise in resolving a
lengthy crisis, Côte d'Ivoire may help projects for peace and prosperity. Additionally, it
could support local stability.
• Republic of Burundi: There have been racial and political problems in Burundi. It could
be open to international rebuilding and mediation efforts, especially when conducted
through African and UN channels.
• Republic of Sierra Leone: After enduring a devastating civil war, Sierra Leone may be a
powerful ally of the AU and UN in attempts to bring about peace and reconciliation in its
neighbors' nations.
• Republic of Liberia: Given its own experience with resolving disputes and promoting
peace, Liberia might serve as an example for other countries. It could support the function
of international agencies in development and peacekeeping.
• Republic of Mozambique: Considering its own turbulent past, Mozambique could be
motivated by regional stability. It may help AU and UN efforts in reconstruction and
peacekeeping.
• Republic of Angola: Having gone through a lengthy civil war, Angola may be able to
relate to other countries suffering from violence and support initiatives spearheaded by the
AU and UN to bring about peace and prosperity.
• Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Ethiopia is a prominent regional player. It
may actively promote the peace and stability of its neighbors and take part in peacekeeping
operations.
• State of Eritrea: Depending on its affiliations and regional interests, Eritrea's position may
change. It may take part in diplomatic initiatives to advance stability in the Horn of Africa.
• Republic of Rwanda: Due to its post-genocide development, Rwanda can end up
supporting measures for peace and reconciliation. It might work with the AU and UN on
these initiatives.
• Federal Republic of Nigeria: Nigeria, a regional heavyweight, may actively assist
peacekeeping operations and send troops on missions abroad in areas where there are
conflicts.
• Republic of Niger: As part of its commitment to peace on the continent, Niger may
advocate for regional stability and take part in AU and UN peacekeeping missions.
• Republic of Chad: Owing to its advantageous position, Chad may assist the work of
international organizations like the AU and UN and take part in regional peace initiatives.
• Republic of Guinea-Bissau: Given its own history of political instability, Guinea-Bissau
may aid attempts to bring about peace and rebuilding in its neighbors, notably in West
Africa.
• Republic of Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe may support measures for peace and development,
aligning with the AU and UN, but also taking regional dynamics and interests into account.
• Republic of Cameroon: Cameroon may help with post-conflict reconstruction in
surrounding nations, particularly in Central Africa.
• Republic of Uganda: By relying on its own conflict management experience, Uganda
may contribute to regional peacekeeping operations and conflict resolution.
• Republic of Kenya: As a center in the area, Kenya has the potential to actively participate
in peacekeeping and development projects, notably in East Africa and the Great Lakes
region.
• Republic of Tunisia: By supporting AU and UN-led efforts, Tunisia may be a voice for
peace and development in North Africa and the larger Arab area.
• People's Democratic Republic of Algeria: Given its experience mediating local
disputes, Algeria might actively participate in promoting peace efforts across North and
West Africa.
• Arab Republic of Egypt: Egypt is a major role in the Arab world and Africa, and as such,
Egypt may take part in diplomatic missions and peacekeeping operations all across the
continent.
• Republic of Senegal: Senegal, in accordance with regional and international
organizations, may actively assist peace and development activities in West Africa.
• Republic of The Gambia: The Gambia may participate in peacekeeping missions with
the AU and UN and help efforts to bring peace and stability to West Africa.
Position Paper:
The format to write the Position Paper should be Font Size: 12 and Font: Times New Roman.
Please revert to the Sample on the next page for any queries regarding the position paper.

What is a Position Paper?

ANS: A position paper is a document that delegates submit to their individual committees before to the
conference in Model United Nations (MUN). The report outlines the delegation's nation's position on
the committee's agenda items. Delegates get the chance to learn about and evaluate their nation's
position on the issues through the position paper, as well as to outline potential remedies and
recommendations. Delegates utilize their research to craft convincing arguments that they may use to
negotiate on behalf of the conference. Position papers are a crucial part of the MUN experience since
they show how prepared and knowledgeable the delegate is on the subject. They also act as a reference
point for delegates throughout the conference, enabling them to successfully represent their nation's
stance and participate in discussion and negotiation with other delegates.

Why do delegate’s make a Position Paper?

ANS: In Model United Nations (MUN), delegates create a position paper for a number of reasons:
• To demonstrate knowledge: Position papers give delegates the chance to demonstrate
their knowledge of the stance taken by their nation on the committee's agenda items. This
calls for in-depth investigation, analysis, and critical thinking all of which are necessary for
an effective MUN delegate,
• To prepare for debate: Position papers give delegates a base from which to engage in
discussion and negotiation with other delegates throughout the conference. Delegates can
successfully convey their opinion and reply to other delegates' comments by outlining their
nation's position, justifications, and suggested solutions,
• To enhance diplomacy skills: MUN is a diplomatic exercise, and position papers aid
delegates in doing so. Delegates gain skills in diplomatic communication, successful
negotiation, and finding common ground with other delegates via the process of
conducting research for and producing their position papers,
• To achieve success: Position papers are frequently evaluated for awards at MUN
conferences. Delegates who present excellent position papers that show a thorough
comprehension of the problems and provide novel solutions are more likely to succeed at
the conference and take home awards.
In summary, position papers are an essential part of the MUN experience since they provide delegates
the chance to show off their expertise, practice for debate, sharpen their diplomatic chops, and win the
conference.

How to write a Position Paper?

ANS: The following is a general outline for creating a position paper:
• Reading and Understanding the Agenda: Read and comprehend the subjects on the
agenda that were given to your committee. You may use this information to determine the
issues' breadth and tailor your study accordingly,
• Research: Learn everything you can about the issues on the agenda and how your
assigned nation feels about them. Utilize trustworthy sources, and make thorough notes,
• Outline: Draft an outline including an introduction, background details, your nation's
stance on each item on the agenda, justifications for your viewpoint, plausible
counterarguments, suggested solutions, and a conclusion,
• Introduction: Introduce the items on the agenda and your nation's viewpoint in an
attention-grabbing opening speech. Provide some background information and discuss the
significance of the subjects,
• Your Country’s Stance on the Agenda and Related matters: Clearly and succinctly state
the stance of your nation on each item on the agenda. To back up your claims, use data
from your study,
 • Arguments in Favor of Your Position: Create arguments in support of your nation's
stance on each item on the agenda. Each claim should be backed up with facts and
examples,
• Counter-argument’s: Consider probable counterarguments for each item on the agenda
and answer them in your position paper. This displays that you have thought about the
issues from all sides,
• Solutions: Provide solutions that are consistent with your nation's perspective on each
item on the agenda. Be explicit and offer doable instructions,
• Conclusion: Outline the stance, justifications, and solutions put forth by your nation for
each item on the agenda.

NOTE: Don't forget to review your position paper and request input from peers or advisers before submitting it for the
conference.
Sample Position Paper:
Position Paper

COMMITTEE: United Nations Security Council

COUNTRY: Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (IEOA)
AGENDA: Addressing the situation in Afghanistan post US withdrawal.

The Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan is a landlocked country situated in the heart of Asia (In
between the Central Asia and South Asia), abiding by the islamic, statutory, and customary rules
presented to the country though its rich history, with regards to the sharia law being put into order
as the supreme law of the land. Afghanistan has been a battlefield throughout its history, whether it
be for the western nations, or Deobandi Islamic fundamentalist and Pashtun nationalist militant
political movements. Following decades of political unrest affecting every element of the country,
the ruling government of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan, which ruled over 3/4 of it between
1996 and 2000 and the whole nation from 2021 until the present, has finally managed to preserve a
common political footing.

While the nations observing the country as a non-dejure government, the Islamic Emirates of
Afghanistan was made the defacto government (still not recognized by the UN), which successfully
established 26 ministries, to establish a proper executive body in the nation. With that in place, the
government was able to successfully establish an acting judicial body with some parts taken from
the Afghan Constitution of 1964. This allowed the government to govern the nation while ensuring
that the chosen sections were compliant with sharia law and any other applicable laws or customs.
In reference to the above given statement, the current afghani government in regards to Article 25
(i.e. right to equality), Article 26 (i.e. right to liberty), Article 30 (i.e. freedom to secrecy), Article 31
(i.e. freedom of thought and expression) and other articles, the country is not running in dictatorship
but rather a much more improvised form of rule in comparison to its previous reign during
1996-2001.

In addition to being able to stand on its own two feet following the invasion and change of
governments, the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan were also able to complete one of the quickest
approaches of distributing humanitarian aid to its citizens thanks to the ongoing assistance and
support from the United Nations through the UNAMA(United Nations Assistance Mission in
Afghanistan) and other UN organs. With a significant amount of time being spent on the formation
of a proper governing body, the reigning government was successful to re-establish 2 service
branches within 2 months of the hostile takeover. While re-establishing itself in various aspects, the
IEOA failed to reestablish itself in the sector of its rapidly declining economy(with a rate of-20.7%
as of 2020), with $9 billion dollars frozen by the United States, this amount would be one of the
most important assets that could go towards the development of the country’s economic
development. Collecting a total of around $400 million dollars in revenue within just 4 months
(i.e.21 September 2021 to 21 December 2021), even thought it is less than half of what the previous
revenue collective presented (i.e. $900 million - $1,100 million dollars) before the transition in
power during the same financial quarter a year before. With the ministry in line and all the financial
offices set in order, the government is expecting to mobilize $1.2 billion - $1.5 billion dollars from
revenue’s alone. With the geographical advantage Afghanistan is not only rich when it comes to
farming vegetables, rather the climate present here is the perfect for the production of Opium which
can be used to form various medications, while the stream seems small the Islamic Emirates of
Afghanistan has a lot of potential to expand its economy.

With the constant help being provided to the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan by the UN, its allied
organizations and all of its organs, these are some more ways the country could benefit and create
an impact on the global society:
• Formation of the IEOACF (i.e. the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan Co-operation Fund), and
organization that grants the government of the country to carry out various development
projects for the benefit of its citizens (the mandate for the following organization would be
presented to the Security Council),
• Recognizing the reigning government of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan, as a legitimate
government and giving the government a proper standing in the UN conferences to forth its
views in international peace and order,
• Issuing a memorandum of association between the Security Council and the IEOA to establish
scientific research facilities under the General Assembly inside of Afghanistan to research the
possible future of medication through opium,
• With the help of the Organization of Islamic Corporation, establish a new constitution with
reference to other Islamic countries following the sharia law,

Bibliography:
A. The following resolutions were kept in regard while drafting this document: S/RES/2593 (2021),S/RES/
2596 (2021), S/RES/2611 (2021), S/RES/2615 (2021), S/RES/2626 (2022), S/RES/2678 (2023), S/RES/
2679 (2023), S/RES/2681 (2023).
B. b. VOA. (n.d.). Taliban Say They Will Use Parts of Monarchy Constitution to Run Afghanistan for Now.
[online] Available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-say-they-will-use-parts-of-monarchy-
constitution-to-run-afghanistan-for-now/6248880.html
C. TOLOnews. (n.d.). Taliban Announces Head of State, Acting Ministers. [online] Available at: https://
tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556 [Accessed 31 Jul. 2023]
D. TOLOnews. (n.d.). Political Party Leaders Protest Cabinet Choices. [online] Available at: https://
tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan-174566 [Accessed 31 Jul. 2023].
E. datacommons.org. (n.d.). Afghanistan - Place Explorer - Data Commons. [online] Available at: https://
datacommons.org/place/country/AFG/?
utm_medium=explore&mprop=amount&popt=EconomicActivity&cpv=activitySource
F. MSNBC.com. (n.d.). The U.S. is out of Afghanistan. Now Afghanistan is out of food. [online] Available
at: https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/afghanistan-s-hunger-crisis-problem-u-s-can-fix-n1283618
G. Nytimes.com. (2021). The Interpreter: An American-made famine? [online] Available at: https://
messaging-custom-newsletters.nytimes.com/template/oakv2?
campaign_id=30&emc=edit_int_20211029&instance_id=44044&nl=the-
interpreter&productCode=INT&regi_id=57806557&segment_id=72971&te=1&uri=nyt%3A%2F%2Fn
ewsletter%2Fde4d3c8a-f805-5843-bf23-
d2fd9a6bcf70&user_id=9aa4b6ac6a6bfa9626d966e353fed48b[Accessed 31 Jul. 2023].
H. www.cbsnews.com. (n.d.). Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by
starvation.Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghanistan-taliban-blames-us-as-1-million-kids-
face-starvation/
I. United States Institute of Peace. (n.d.). Taliban Are Collecting Revenue — But How Are They
Spending[online] Available at: https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/02/taliban-are-collecting-revenue-
how-are-they-spending-it