INTRODUCTION

TO
CRIMINOLOGY

BASED ON ETIOLOGY

A C U T E C R I M I N A L – I S O N E W H O V I O L AT E S A C R I M I N A L L AW B E C A U S E O F
T H E I M P U L S E O R F I T O F PA S S I O N . T H E Y C O M M I T PA S S I O N AT E S C R I M E S O R
A N G E R O R S P E L L O F E X T R E M E J E A L O U S Y.

CHRONIC CRIMINAL – IS ONE WHO COMMITS CRIME ACTED IN CONSONANCE

O F D E L I B E R AT E D T H I N K I N G . H E P L A N S T H E C R I M E A H E A D O F T I M E . T H E Y
A R E TA R G E T E D O F F E N D E R .
T H E T E R M C H R O N I C C R I M I N A L R E F E R S T O A C E RTA I N S O RT O F C U L P R I T W H O
H A S A L E N G T H Y H I S T O RY O F C O M M I T T I N G C O M PA R A B L E C R I M E S .

B A S E D O N B E H AV I O R A L S Y S T E M

O R D I N A RY C R I M I N A L – I S C O N S I D E R E D T H E L O W E S T F O R M O F C R I M I N A L I N
A CRIMINAL CAREER. HE DOESN’T STICK TO CRIME AS A PROFESSION BUT
R AT H E R P U S H E D T O C O M M I T C R I M E S D U E T O A G R E AT O P P O RT U N I T Y.

O R G A N I Z E D C R I M I N A L – I S O N E W H O A S S O C I AT E S H I M S E L F W I T H O T H E R
C R I M I N A L S T O E A R N A H I G H D E G R E E O F O R G A N I Z AT I O N T O E N A B L E T H E M T O
C O M M I T C R I M E S E A S I LY W I T H O U T B E I N G D E T E C T E D B Y A U T H O R I T I E .
THEY COMMIT ORGANIZED CRIMES.
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL- IS A PERSON WHO IS ENGAGEDIN CRIMINAL
A C T I V I T I E S W I T H A H I G H D E G R E E O F S K I L L . H E I S U S U A L LY O N E W H O
P R A C T I C E S C R I M E A S A P R O F E S S I O N T O M A I N TA I N A L I V I N G .

BASED ON ACTIVITIES

PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS- ARE THOSE WHO PRACTICE CRIME AS A

PROFESSION FOR A LIVING.

A C C I D E N TA L C R I M I N A L S - A R E T H O S E W H O C O M M I T C R I M E S W H E N T H E
S I T U AT I O N I S C O N D U C I V E T O I T S C O M M I S S I O N .

HABITUAL CRIMINALS- ARE THOSE WHO CONTINUE TO COMMIT CRIME

BECAUSE OF DEFICIENCY OF INTELLIGENCE AND LACK OF SELF CONTROL.

B A S E D O N M E N TA L AT T I T U D E S

ACTIVE CRIMINALS- ARE THOSE WHO COMMIT CRIMES DUE TO

AGGRESSIVESNESS.

PA S S I V E I N A D E Q U AT E C R I M I N A L S - A R E T H O S E W H O C O M M I T C R I M E S
B E C A U S E T H E Y A R E P U S H E D T O I T B Y R E WA R D O R P R O M I S E .
SOCIALIZED DELIQUENTS- ARE CRIMINALS WHO ARE NORMAL IN
B E H AV I O U R B U T D E F E C T I V E I N T H E I R S O C I A L I Z AT I O N P R O C E S S O R
D E V E L O P M E N T.

BASED ON LEGAL POINT OF VIEW

H A B I T U A L D E L I N Q U E N T- I S A P E R S O N W H O , W I T H I N A P E R I O D O F T E N Y E A R S
F R O M T H E D AT E O F H I S R E L E A S E O R L A S T C O N V I C T I O N O F T H E C R I M E S O F
S E R I O U S O R L E S S S E R I O U S P H Y S I C A L I N J U R I E S , R O B B E RY, E S TA FA , O R
FA L S I F I C AT I O N , I S F O U N D G U I LT Y O F A N Y O F T H E S A I D C R I M E S O R A T H I R D
TIME AFFENDER.

R E C I D I V I S T - I S O N E W H O , AT T H E T I M E O F H I S T R I A L F O R O N E C R I M E ,
S H A L L H AV E B E E N P R E V I O U S LY C O N V I C T E D B Y T H E F I N A L J U D G E M E N T O F
ANOTHER CRIME EMBRACED IN THE SAME TITLE OF THE REVISED PENAL
CODE.

I S C R I M I N O L O G Y I S A N A RT O R S C I E N C E ?
A N S W E R ; B O T H , C R I M I N O L O G Y I S A N A P P L I E D S C I E N C E I N U N D E R S TA N D I N G
CRIMES TO USED IN DIFFERENT SCIENCE LIKE
P S Y C H O L O G Y, S O C I O L O G Y, C H E M I S T RY A N D E T C . .
A N D A RT W H E N I T C O M E S T O I N V E S T I G AT I O N T H E I N V E S T I G AT O R U S E S
C R E AT I V E WAY S T O C O L L E C T O R E X T R A C T I N F O R M AT I O N T O S U S P E C T O R T O
THE VICTIM.
 C R I M I N O L O G Y I S A M U LT I D I S C I P L I N A R Y S T U D Y O F C R I M E S ( B A R T O L
1995)
- T H I S M E A N S T H AT M A N Y D I S C I P L I N E A R E I N V O LV E D I N T H E
COLLECTION OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CRIMINAL ACTION INCLUDING,
P S Y C H O L O G Y, S O C I O L O G Y, A N T H R O P O L O G Y, B I O L O G Y, N E U R O L O G Y,
POLITICAL SCIENCE AND ECONOMICS.

T H E V I C T I M ( O F F E N D E D PA R T Y )
- S T U D Y O F V I C T I M S O F C R I M E S FA L L S U N D E R A D I V I S I O N O F
C R I M I N O L O G Y K N O W N A S V I C T I M O L O G Y . V I C T I M O L O G Y I S S I M P LY T H E
S T U D Y O F V I C T I M S O F C R I M E S A N D T H E I R C O N T R I B U T O RY R O L E , I F
A N Y, I N C R I M E C A U S AT I O N .

THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF CRIME VICTIMS INCLUDING THE STUDY OF

T H E R E L AT I O N S H I P B E T W E E N V I C T I M A N D O F F E N D E R A N D O F T H E
CONSEQUENCES AND EFFECTS OF BEING VICTIMIZED.

THE PRE-CLASSICAL PERIOD

- T H E P R E - C L A S S I C A L S C H O O L WA S B A S E D O N T H E D E M O N O L O G I C A L T H E O RY
W H I C H S TAT E S T H AT A M A N I S . I N C A PA B L E O F C O M M I T T I N G C R I M E A N D
W H E N H E D O E S S O I T S H A L L B E P R E S U M E D T H AT S U C H A C R I M E H A S . B E E N
COMMITTED BECAUSE THE OFFENDER HAS BEEN POSSESSED BY A DEMON OR
AN EVIL SPIRITS WHICH.

CLASSICAL BEGINNING
- C L A S S I C A L C R I M E T H E O RY, E S P E C I A L LY A C C O R D I N G T O B E C C A R I A , I S
B A S E D O N T H E A S S U M P T I O N T H AT P E O P L E A R E F R E E O F W I L L A N D T H U S
C O M P L E T E LY R E S P O N S I B L E F O R T H E I R O W N A C T I O N S , A N D T H AT T H E Y A L S O
H AV E T H E A B I L I T Y T O R AT I O N A L LY W E I G H U P T H E I R A B I L I T I E S . C E S A R E
B E C A R R I A A R G U E D T H AT T H E T H E L AW M U S T A P P LY E Q U A L LY T O A L L , A N D
T H AT P U N I S H M E N T S F O R S P E C I F I C C R I M E S S H O U L D B E S TA N D A R D I Z E D B Y
L E G I S L AT U R E S . J E R E M Y B E N T H A M A R G U E D T H AT T H E P E O P L E A R E
R AT I O N A L B E I N G S W H O E X E R C I S E F R E E W I L L I N M A K I N G C H O I C E S .

THE NEO-CLASSICAL ERA

- N E O - C L A S S I C A L C R I M I N O L O G Y I S A S C H O O L O F T H O U G H T T H AT P R E S E N T S
C R I M I N A L B E H AV I O R A S T H E R E S U LT O F I N D I V I D U A L C I R C U M S TA N C E S A N D
R AT I O N A L T H O U G H T A N D P L A C E S C R I M E O U T S I D E O F T H E F R A M E W O R K O F
S O C I E T Y. T H I S I S T H E B A S I S O F N E O C L A S S I C A L C R I M I N O L O G Y: A L L
C R I M I N A L B E H AV I O R I S S I T U AT I O N A L LY D Y N A M I C A N D I N D I V I D U A L LY
D E T E R M I N E D . A C C O R D I N G LY, T H E Y P R O P O S E D T H AT T H O S E W H O C O U L D N O T
D I S T I N G U I S H R I G H T F R O M W R O N G , PA RT I C U L A R LY C H I L D R E N A N D
M E N TA L LY I L L P E R S O N S .
- C E S A R E L O M B R O S O WA S T H E F O U N D E R O F T H E I TA L I A N S C H O O L O F
P O S I T I V I S T C R I M I N O L O G Y, W H I C H A R G U E D T H AT A C R I M I N A L M I N D WA S
I N H E R I T E D A N D C O U L D B E I D E N T I F I E D B Y P H Y S I C A L F E AT U R E S A N D
D E F E C T S . H E WA S S T U D Y I N G T H E C A D AV E R S O F E X E C U T E D C R I M I N A L S I N A N
E F F O RT T O S C I E N T I F I C A L LY D E T E R M I N E W H E T H E R L AW V I O L AT O R S W E R E
P H Y S I C A L LY D I F F E R E N T F R O M P E O P L E O F C O N V E N T I O N A L VA L U E S A N D
B E H AV I O R . L O M B R O S O , K N O W N A S T H E “ FAT H E R O F
CRIMINOLOGY”

C A RTO G R A P H I C A L T H O U G H T
- A D O L P H E Q U E T E L E T A N D A N D R E M I C H A E L G U E R RY
C A RT O G R A P H I C S C H O O L ( M E T H O D ) O F C R I M I N O L O G Y • F O C U S E D P R I M A R I LY
O N T H E M A P P I N G O F C R I M E A N D T H E R E L AT I O N S H I P B E T W E E N S O C I E T Y A N D
T H E P H Y S I C A L E N V I R O N M E N T. R E P R E S E N T E D A N I D E O L O G I C A L S H I F T, F R O M
A FOCUS ON BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS TO ONE ON SOCIAL CONDITIONS.

THE SOCIALIST CRIMINOLOGY

- E M I L E D U R K H E I M - A C C O R D I N G T O D U R K H E I M , C R I M E I S PA RT O F H U M A N
N AT U R E B E C A U S E I T H A S E X I S T E D D U R I N G P E R I O D S O F B O T H P O V E RT Y A N D
P R O S P E R I T Y. C R I M E I S N O R M A L B E C A U S E I T I S V I RT U A L LY I M P O S S I B L E T O
I M A G I N E A S O C I E T Y I N W H I C H C R I M I N A L B E H AV I O R I S T O TA L LY A B S E N T. H E
B E L I E V E D T H AT T H E I N E V I TA B I L I T Y O F C R I M E I S L I N K E D T O T H E
D I F F E R E N C E S ( H E T E R O G E N E I T Y ) W I T H I N S O C I E T Y. H E A L S O
A R G U E D T H AT C R I M E C A N B E U S E F U L A N D O N O C C A S I O N , E V E N H E A LT H Y
F O R S O C I E T Y.

EDWIN SUTHERLAND WHO IS KNOWN

AS THE DEAN OF MODERN
C R I M I N O L O G Y.

HE IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST

INFLUENTIAL CRIMINOLOGISTS OF
T H E 2 0 T H C E N T U R Y. H E WA S A
SOCIOLOGIST OF THE SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONIST SCHOOL OF
THOUGHT AND IS BEST KNOWN FOR
DEFINING WHITE-COLLAR CRIME AND
D I F F E R E N T I A L A S S O C I AT I O N , A
G E N E R A L T H E O RY O F C R I M E A N D
D E L I N Q U E N C Y. H E E M P H A S I Z E D T H AT
C R I M I N A L B E H AV I O R I S L E A R N E D I N
INTERACTION WITH OTHERS,
U S U A L LY I N S M A L L G R O U P S A N D
SUTHERLAND WROTE “WHEN PERSONS
BECOME CRIMINAL, THEY DO SO
B E C A U S E O F C O N TA C T S W I T H
C R I M I N A L PA T T E R N S A N D A L S O
BECAUSE OF SIOLATION FROM ANTI-
C R I M I N A L PA T T E R N S ”
T H I S C O N TA I N M E N T T H E O R Y B Y
WA LT E R C . R E C K L E S S - C O N S I S T S O F
INNER SELF CONTROLS AND OUTER
SOCIAL CONTROLS, SUCH AS A
PERSONAL SENSE OF RIGHT AND WRONG
TO OTHERS WHO INFLUENCE THE
I N D I V I D U A L T H AT M AY H I N D E R A N
INDIVIDUAL FROM COMMITTING A
CRIME.

T R AV I S H I R S C H I ' S S O C I A L
C O N T R O L T H E O RY
H Y P O T H E S I Z E S T H AT T H E
STRONGER ONE'S SOCIAL
B O N D S T O FA M I LY A N D
RELIGIOUS, CIVIC, AND OTHER
G R O U P S – T H E L E S S L I K E LY
ONE IS TO COMMIT CRIME.
H I R S C H I A R G U E S T H AT S O C I A L
BONDS PROMOTE CONFORMITY
WITH THE COMMUNITY'S
S H A R E D VA L U E S A N D N O R M S .
 THE PHILIPPINE LEGAL SYSTEM

C O D E O F K A L A N T I A O - T H E C O D E O F R A J A H K A L A N T I AW WA S A
S U P P O S E D L E G A L C O D E I N T H E E P I C H I S T O RY M A R A G TA S T H AT I S
S A I D T O H AV E B E E N W R I T T E N I N 1 4 3 3 B Y D AT U K A L A N T I AW , A C H I E F
ON THE ISLAND OF NEGROS IN THE PHILIPPINES.

M A R A G TA S C O D E - M A R A G TA S C O D E T H E M A R A G TA S C O D E W H I C H
WA S W R I T T E N B Y D AT U S U M A K T E L O F PA N AY I N 1 2 5 0 I N A N E X A M P L E
O F A W R I T T E N L AW. T H I S I S T H E F I R S T L AW E V E R W R I T T E N W H I C H
F O C U S E S O N T H E P E N A LT Y F O R T H O S E W H O A R E L A Z Y.

QUIZ !!! STRICTLY NO ERASURE !!

1 . T H E T E R M C R I M I N O L O G Y I S D E R I V E D F R O M L AT I N W O R D C R I M E N W H I C H
MEANS _ AND THE GREEK WORD LOGIA IS _.
A. CRIME AND STUDY OF B. ARREST AND STUDY OF
C . A C C U S AT I O N A N D S T U D Y O F D. CRIMINAL AND STUDY OF

2. HE IS THE ONE WHO COINED THE WORD CRIMINOLOGY AS A

CRIMINOLOGIA
A . PA U L T O P I N A R D B . R A F FA E L E G A R O FA L O
C.EDWIN SUTHERLAND D. CESARE LOMBROSO

3 . A N A C T O R O M I S S I O N T H AT I S P U N I S H A B L E B Y T H E R E V I S E D P E N A L C O D E
A. CRIME B. OFFENSE
C. FELONY D.MISDEAMEANOR

4 . A C T S T H AT A R E I N V I O L AT I O N O F S I M P L E R U L E S A N D R E G U L AT I O N S
U S U A L LY R E F E R R I N G T O A C T S C O M M I T T E D B Y T H E M I N O R O F F E N D E R S .
A. DELIQUENCY/MISDEAMEANOR B. OFFENSE
C. CRIME D. FELONY
5 . I S A N A C T O R O M M I S S I O N T H AT I S P U N I S H A B L E B Y T H E S P E C I A L L AW S
A. CRIME B.OFFENSE
C. FELONY D . I N F R A C T I O N O F L AW

6 . I S A N A C T O R O M I S S I O N I N V I O L AT I O N T O C R I M I N A L L AW I N I T S L E G A L
P O I N T.
A. CRIME B. FELONY
C. OFFENSE D . I N F R A C T I O N O F L AW

7 . FAT H E R O F C R I M I N O L O G Y
A . PA U L T O P I N A R D B. CESARE BECARRIA
C. CESARE LOMBROSO D. EDWIN SUTHERLAND

8. DEAN OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY

A. CESARE BECARRIA B. CESARE LOMBROSO
C.EDWIN SUTHERLAND D . PA U L T O P I N A R D

9 . H E S T U D I E D T H E FA C I A L F E AT U R E S O F C R I M I N A L S T O D E T E R M I N E
W H E T H E R T H E S H A P E O F E A R S , N O S E , E Y E S A N D T H E D I S TA N C E B E T W E E N
T H E M W E R E A S S O C I AT E D W I T H
A N T I S O C I A L B E H AV I O R . ( P H Y S I O G N O M I S T S )
A. PHILIPPE PENIL B . H E N RY M A U D S L E Y
C . C H A R L E S D A RW I N D . J . K L AVAT E R

1 0 . A N E N G L I S H P H Y S I C I A N W H O B E L I E V E D T H AT I N S A N I T Y A N D C R I M I N A L
B E H AV I O R W E R E S T R O N G LY L I N K E D .
A . C H A R L E S D A RW I N B . J . K L AVAT E R
C.PHILIPE PINEL D . H E N RY M A U D S L E Y

C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C R I M E S ( 1 0 P O I N T S )
CHAPTER 2 (THEORIES OF CRIME)
SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES
ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH-ANTHROPOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY
( S O M E T I M E S R E F E R R E D T O A S C R I M I N A L A N T H R O P O L O G Y, L I T E R A L LY A
C O M B I N AT I O N O F T H E S T U D Y O F T H E H U M A N S P E C I E S A N D T H E S T U D Y O F
CRIMINALS) IS A FIELD OF OFFENDER PROFILING, BASED ON PERCEIVED
L I N K S B E T W E E N T H E N AT U R E O F A C R I M E A N D T H E P E R S O N A L I T Y O R
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF THE OFFENDER.

M E D I C A L A P P R O A C H - T H E A P P L I C AT I O N O F M E D I C A L E X A M I N AT I O N S O N T H E
I N D I V I D U A L E X P L A I N T H E M E N TA L A N D P H Y S I C A L C O N D I T I O N O F T H E
INDIVIDUAL PRIOR AND AFTER THE COMMISSION OF THE
CRIME(POSITIVIST).

B I O L O G I C A L A P P R O A C H - T H E E VA L U AT I O N O F G E N E T I C I N F L U E N C E S O N
C R I M I N A L B E H AV I O R . I T I S N O T E D T H AT H E R E D I T Y I S O N E F O R C E P U S H I N G
THE CRIMINAL TO THE CRIME (POSITIVIST).

PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH -