DEVELOPMENT OF RECYCLED CELLULOSE BASED

COMPOSITE BY HAND LAY-UP PROCESS AND ANALYSIS OF

ITS ACOUSTIC & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Submitted By:

HASAN AL MEHEDI ROLL: 1521017

PIAL DUTTA ROLL: 1521004

Submitted To:

MONI SANKAR MONDAL

Assistant Professor
Department of Textile Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET)

A project report submitted to the Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University

of Engineering & Technology, Khulna in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of “Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering.”

Date of submission: 22.01.2021

i
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the thesis work entitled “Development of recycled cellulose based
composite by hand lay-up process and analysis of its acoustic & physical properties”
has been carried out by Hasan Al Mehedi & Pial Dutta in the Department of Textile
Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh. The
above thesis work or any part of this work has not been submitted anywhere for the aware
of any degree or diploma.

SUBMITTED BY

Date: 22-01-2021 Date: 22-01-2021

(Signature) (Signature)

Pial Dutta Hasan Al Mehedi

Roll: 1521004 Roll: 1521017.

SUPERVISED BY

Date: 22-01-2021
(Signature)

Moni Sankar Mondal

Assistant Professor
Department of Textile Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All the praises to the almighty who makes authors capable to complete this project work
successfully. The authors are very much indebted to their honorable supervisor Moni
Sankar Mondal, Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna
University of Engineering & Technology, Bangladesh, for his wise inspiration to do such
kind of project work. The authors express the cordial respect to him for his proper
guidance and all kind of support to perform and complete this project work and greatly
being debt to their honorable external supervisor Dr. Md. Ismail Hossain, Assistant
Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &
Technology, for his proper suggestions. The authors are extremely grateful to Dr. Md.
Abdul Hasib, Head of the Department, Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna
University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh, for providing such a good
opportunity to do the project work and for providing all other supports. They would like
to express deep and sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Mohammad Ariful Islam, Dean,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna, Bangladesh, for his proper supportive guidance and instruction.

They would also like to be thankful to their honorable Vice-Chancellor, Professor Dr.
Quazi Sazzad Hossain, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET),
Khulna, Bangladesh, for arranging the financial support to make the successful
completion of the project.

22 January, 2021 “Authors”

Hasan Al Mehedi

Pial Dutta

iii
 ABSTRACT
This research mainly characterizes a unique property of both jute and coir fiber
composites. The target of the paper was to justify that unique characteristic which
featured to be the sound absorption quality of those two fiber composites. The composites
involved jute and coir fibers as reinforcement and epoxy resin as polymer matrix. The
analysis of the binding capability of epoxy resin and its ability to provide net shape to the
composites was also an important concern for this paper. Composites of both 100% jute
and coir fiber and hybrid composites of different compositions of both the fibers were the
elements which had gone through the sound absorption test. The proper identification of
the chemical composition of the fibers and the realization of the effect of silica gel
coating applied on two of the pretreated fiber samples were also some of the distinctive
facts and FTIR was performed to examine that. The strength of the composites was also
observed through Tensile Strength Test. The outcome of the sound absorption test
included that, the value of the sound absorption co-efficient changed with the variety in
percentage of the fibers present in hybrid composites. There also lied a significant
difference in sound absorption quality of both the pure fiber composites. The maximum
sound absorbing coefficient has been found from 50% coir-50% jute fiber reinforcement
composite. And minimum sound absorbing coefficient among the composite has been
found from 100% jute fiber composite. Items made from these combinations can be used
in sound-absorbing rooms instead of plywood or wood furniture.

iv
 CONTENTS

TOPICS PAGE

Title Page …………………………………………………………………….……………i

Declaration…………………………………………………………………...……………ii
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………...………...…iii
Abstract………………………………………………………………...…………………iv
Contents………………………………………………………………...…………………v
List of Tables……………………………………………………...…………...………...vii
List of Figures………………………………………………………………...…………viii
Nomenclature………………………………………………….…………….……………ix

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction:......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives:........................................................................................................................3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................4
2.1 Chronological Context of composite................................................................................4
2.2 Composites........................................................................................................................5
2.3 Composites Properties......................................................................................................5
2.3.1 Matrix........................................................................................................................5
2.3.2 Reinforcement...........................................................................................................6
2.4 Classification of Composites............................................................................................6
2.4.1 Particulate Composites.............................................................................................6
2.4.2 Fiber Reinforced Composites...................................................................................7
2.5 Natural Fiber Reinforcement Composite..........................................................................7
2.5.1 Coir fiber reinforced composite................................................................................7
Jute fiber reinforced polymer composite..................................................................................7
2.6 Properties of Natural Fiber Composites............................................................................8
2.7 Processing Techniques......................................................................................................9
2.7.1 Resin Transfer Molding............................................................................................9
2.7.2 Hand Lay-up Technique...........................................................................................9
2.8 Study of Relevant Research Works:...............................................................................10
3 METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................13

v
 3.1 Material Specification.....................................................................................................13
3.2 Equipment Used..............................................................................................................13
3.3 Preparation of Coir Fiber................................................................................................16
3.4 Preparation of Jute Fiber.................................................................................................17
3.5 Preparation of silica-aerogel micro particle....................................................................18
3.5.1 Process Flow Chart:................................................................................................18
3.6 Application of silica gel micro particle by coating method............................................19
3.6.1 Process flow chart...................................................................................................19
3.7 Preparation of Composite...............................................................................................19
3.8 Sound Absorption Co-efficient.......................................................................................21
3.9 Strength Test of Composite............................................................................................24
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION...............................................................................................25
4.1 Sound absorption coefficient..........................................................................................25
4.2 Fourier transform-infra red spectroscopy (FTIR)...........................................................27
4.3 Strength Test...................................................................................................................29
5 CONCLUSION:......................................................................................................................30
6 REFERENSES:.......................................................................................................................31

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Description Page

Table 2.1 Chemical composition of natural fibers 8
Table 2.2 Properties of natural fiber materials 9
Table 3.1 Constituents of the fibers in different stages 16
Table 3.2 Composition of fiber materials Composites 20

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Description Page

Fig, 3.1 Lab Dyeing Machine 13
Fig. 3.2 Dryer 14
Fig. 3.3 Stirrer 14
Fig. 3.4 Micro Filter 15
Fig. 3.5 Decibel Meter 15
Fig. 3.6 Pre-treated Coir Fiber 17
Fig. 3.7 a) Raw jute fiber 17
b) scoured jute fiber 17
Fig. 3.8 process Flow Chart of silica-aerogel micro particle 18
Fig. 3.9 silica-aerogel micro particle 18
Fig. 3.10 Process Flow Chart of Silica gel micro particle coating 19
method
Fig. 3.11 a) 100% coir fiber composite b) 75% coir fiber + 25% jute 20-21
fiber composite c) 50% coir fiber + 50% jute fiber d) 25%
coir fiber + 75% jute fiber e) 100% jute fiber composite
Fig. 3.12 Setup for sound absorption measurement 22
Fig. 3.13 Universal Testing Machine 24
Fig. 4.1 Sound absorption coefficient of different composites 25
Fig. 4.2 Noise reduction coefficient of different composites 26
Fig. 4.3 Sound absorption coefficient of 50% coir-50% jute fiber 26
composite and Foam
Fig. 4.4 ATR FTIR result of coir fiber treated with silica gel 28
Fig. 4.5 ATR FTIR result of jute fiber treated with silica gel 28
Fig. 4.6 Strength Test of Different fiber composite 29

viii
 Nomenclature

RTM = Resin Transfer Molding

HL = Hand lay-up process

SPL = sound pressure level

°C = Degree Centigrade
NRC = Noise Reduction Coefficient

ix
1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:

Noise is actually considered as an unwanted or unexpected sound or a set of sounds.

Noise can result into various unfavorable health effects such as hearing loss, sleeping
disturbance, tiredness, cardiovascular & psycho physiologic problems and many more.
Due to this an order of measures has been adopted to diminish noise worldwide. The goal
of this paper is to invent and execute new system that can absorb and give relieve from
noise producing from different sources. It is taking an initiative to generate natural fiber
(Jute and Coir) based composite comparing to conventional materials. A composite
material is considered to be the combination of two or more materials to produce a
distinctive mixture of properties. One part is made up of stiff, long fibers while the other
appears to be a binder which holds the fibers in place. When one or more discrete phases
get submerged in a continuous phase thus a multiphase material consisting of superior
properties is produced. These superior properties cannot be attained while any of the
constituent materials acting alone. The constituents are capable of retaining their identity
and properties whereas they also remain bonded together. The continuous phase is
designated as matrix and it is present in larger amount in composites. On the other hand,
the discrete phase is generally harder and stronger comparable to the continuous phase
and it is termed as the reinforcement. When it comes to the fact of determining the
effectiveness of the reinforcement, the geometry of the reinforced phase stands upright as
the vital parameter. The properties of the composites largely depend on the characteristics
of the constituents [1]. Nowadays, the use of natural fibers reinforced composites is
achieving popularity in different modern applications because it possesses the quality of
providing economic and environmental advantage over traditional inorganic
reinforcements and fillers [2]. Natural fiber composites include coir, jute, baggage,
cotton, bamboo, hemp. Plants are regarded as the source of natural fibers. These fibers
are proved to be eco-friendly, lightweight, strong, renewable, cheap and biodegradable.
Besides they contain lingo cellulose in their structure. The natural fibers can be utilized to
reinforce both thermosetting and thermoplastic matrices. Thermosetting resins such as
epoxy, polyester, polyurethane, phenolic are commonly used composites requiring higher
performance applications. They supply sufficient mechanical properties in particular
stiffness and strength at acceptably low price levels. The development of coir fiber
reinforced composites has become quite popular in recent times because it has proved to
be very beneficial while using it in industrial and socio economic applications. Due to its
high lignin content it expresses more life than other natural fibers. Besides coir fibers are
also more efficient as reinforcement.
1
But coir fiber has some disadvantages too and its high moisture content is seemed to be
the major of those. The performance of the coir fiber reinforced epoxy composites
basically relies on some pre-treatments and alkali treatment is supposed to be one of
them. Jute fiber reinforced composites also appear to be equally famous due to its
inclusion in inducing door, window, furniture, corrugated sheet, I-shaped beam,
trenchless rehabilitation of underground drain pipes and water pipes, false roofing, floor
tiles .It also exhibits the same characteristics as wood since it is a bast fiber. Jute fiber has
some promising characteristics such as high aspect ratio, high strength to weight ratio,
good insulation properties. When more than one reinforcing phase combine with a single
matrix phase or single reinforcing phase gets attached with multiple matrix phases or
multiple reinforcing combine with multiple matrix phases, then those are called hybrid
composites. Hybrid composites display better flexibility than single fiber containing
composites [3]. Different types of hybrid composites exist such as hybrids between
synthetic-synthetic fibers, synthetic-natural fibers, and natural-natural fibers [4] . The
natural fibers involved coir, jute, sisal, banana, bamboo, abaca[3]. The performance of
hybrid composites involves weighted sum of the individual elements in which there is a
more convenient balance between the structural advantages and disadvantages. The
lacking in properties of one type of fiber can be compensated by the benefits of the other
fiber and that is revealed as one of the greatest advantages of hybrid composites. Hence, a
proper and qualityful design can secure in a balance in cost and performance. The
hybridization also plays a vital role when it comes to the fact of enhancing mechanical
properties of composites. The mechanical behavior of hybrid composites is not only
dependent on the nature of a matrix and reinforcements but also on properties of the
interface between these components and the matrix [4]. The uses of synthetic fibers in
application of automotive, building industries, aircraft can be replaced or depreciated by
the induction of natural fiber hybrid composites [3]. Because synthetic fibers are
normally fabricated by the means of energy vigorous processes that produce noxious by-
products. Besides, the recycling of synthetic fibers reinforced composites are very
difficult and they are resistant to biodegradation. Hybridization of coir fibers composites
with jute fibers can improve the dimensional stability, extensibility and density than pure
coir composites [4]. Jute-coir hybrid composites are frequently found in railway coaches
for sleeper berth backing, for building interiors, doors and windows besides in
transportation sector as backings for seat and backrest in buses [3]. Coir as well as jute
are widely available and cheap amongst most commonly found natural fibers in
Bangladesh. They also cope up with the economic condition of Bangladesh. Cellulose,
lignin and hemicellulose are the main three constituents of these two fibers and so that
they are called lingo cellulosic fibers. Due to the presence of high content of lignin, coir
fiber is supposed to be high weather resistant when compared to jute fiber. Very few
natural fibers exhibit resistance to damage by salt water and coir fiber is meant to be one

2
of them. Coir fibers also represent moderate water proofing ability. Both fibers are
biodegradable and recyclable. They are also renewable resources and CO2 neutral.
Furthermore, these fibers hold the reputation of being less abrasive in nature than glass or
carbon fibers. Moreover, jute fiber possesses low density and high mechanical strength
[5].

1.2 Objectives:

i. To investigate the sound absorption co-efficient of jute-coir fiber reinforced

hybrid composite.
ii. To develop a composite from usable product by recycling product from coir, jute
and jute stick.
iii. To analyze the mechanical strength of coir-jute fiber reinforced composite.
iv. To identify the chemical composition of both jute and coir fiber.
v. To analyze the effectiveness of epoxy resin as matrix in jute-coir fiber hybrid
composite.

3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Chronological Context of composite

The history of composite materials in manufacturing predates manufacturing as we know

it today. From B.C. to the present, different types of composites were developed and used
for a wide variety of applications.
The first known use of composites is credited to the Mesopotamians. These ancient
people glued wood strips at different angles to create plywood in 3400 B.C.
Around 1500 B.C., Egyptians and Mesopotamians builders and artisans used straw to
reinforce mud bricks, pottery and boats.
In 1200 AD, the Mongols invented the first composite bow. Using a combination of
wood, bone, and “animal glue,” bows were pressed and wrapped with birch bark. These
bows were powerful and accurate.
In between 1870 to 1890 the first synthetic resins that could be converted from liquid to
solid were developed. New synthetic resins were transformed from a liquid to solid state
in a cross-linked molecular structure using a process known as polymerization.
In the early 1900’s, chemical advances drove the development of plastics. Materials such
as vinyl, polystyrene, phenolic and polyester were created and reinforcement was needed
to provide strength and rigidity.
In 1935, Owens Corning introduced the first glass fiber and launched the fiber reinforced
polymer (FRP) industry. In 1936, unsaturated polyester resins were patented. Because of
their curing properties, unsaturated polyester resins are the dominant choice for resins in
manufacturing today. In 1938, other higher performance resin systems like epoxies also
became available.
By 1947, a fully composite body automobile was prototyped and tested, leading to the
development of the 1953 Corvette. Fiberglass preforms impregnated with resin and
molded in matched metal dies were used to build this classic car.
In early 1950’s, manufacturing innovation continued with the developments of
pultrusion, vacuum bag molding, and large-scale filament winding. These composites
continue to find applications today.
By the mid 1990’s, composite materials became more common in mainstream
manufacturing and construction. As a cost-effective replacement to traditional materials
like metal and engineered thermoplastics, thermoset composites were common
components within the appliance, construction, electrical and transportation industries.
In the mid-2000s, the development of the 787 Dreamliner validated composites for high-
strength and rigid applications and the continued development of finish technology, like

4
PVD and THERMTIAL™, expanded the number of applications in the automotive,
appliance and consumer products industries.

2.2 Composites

A composite material is made by combining two or more materials to give a unique

combination of properties, one of which is made up of stiff, long fibers and the other, a
binder or 'matrix' which holds the fibers in place. The composites should not be regarded
simple as a combination of two materials. In the broader significance; the combination
has its own distinctive properties. In terms of strength to resistance to heat or some other
desirable quality, it is better than either of the components alone or radically different
from either of them.
Van Suchetclan explained composite materials as heterogeneous materials consisting of
two or more solid phases, which are in intimate contact with each other on a microscopic
scale. They can be also considered as homogeneous materials on a microscopic scale in
the sense that any portion of it will have the same physical property.

2.3 Composites Properties

Composites consist of one or more discrete phases embedded in a continuous phase to

produce a multiphase material which possesses superior properties that are not obtainable
with any of the constituent materials acting alone. These constituents remain bonded
together but retain their identity and properties. The continuous phase which is present in
greater amount in composites is termed as ‘matrix’. The discrete phase is generally harder
and stronger than the continuous phase and is called the ‘reinforcement’ or ‘reinforcing
material’. The geometry of the reinforced phase is one of the major parameter in
determining the effectiveness of the reinforcement.
Properties of composites are strongly depend on the characteristics of their constituent
materials, their distribution and the interaction among them Further, the need of
composite for high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, lighter construction
materials and more seismic resistant structures has placed high emphasis on the use of
new and advanced materials that not only decreases weight but also absorbs the shock &
vibrations through tailored microstructures.

2.3.1 Matrix

The primary functions of the matrix are to transfer stresses between the reinforcing fibers,
to hold them together and protect the fibers from mechanical and/or environmental

5
damages. A basic requirement for a matrix material is that its strain at break must be
larger than the fibers it is holding.

2.3.2 Reinforcement

The objective of the reinforcement in a composite material is to enhance the mechanical

properties of the resin system. All of the distinct fibers that are used in composites have
distinct properties and so affect the properties of the composite in different ways. For
most of the applications, the fibers need to be arranged into some form of sheet, known as
a fabric, to make handling possible.

2.4 Classification of Composites

Classification of composite materials occurs at two different levels:

The first criterion of classification is based on the matrix (binder) constituent. And they
are:
 Organic matrix composites (OMCs),
 polymer matrix composites (PMCs)
 carbon matrix composites (carbon-carbon composites)
 Metal matrix composites (MMCs),
 Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs)

The second classification criterion refers to the reinforcement phases;

 Particulate composites (laminar composites)
 Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs)

2.4.1 Particulate Composites

Particulate composites constitute particles distributed or embedded in a binding matrix;

the particles can be flakes or in powdered. For this category, concrete and wood particle
boards are well-known examples. There are two subclasses of particulates, flake and
filled/skeletal. A flake composite is generally composed of flakes with large ratios of
platform area to thickness, suspended in a matrix material. A filled/skeletal composite is
composed of a Continuous matrix filled. Particle fillers are widely used to improve the
properties of matrix materials to modify the thermal and electrical conductivities,
improve performance at elevated temperatures, reduce friction, increase wear and
abrasion resistance, improve machinability, increase surface hardness and reduce
shrinkage.

6
2.4.2 Fiber Reinforced Composites

A fiber is defined by its length which is much greater than its cross-sectional dimensions.
Fibers are very effective in improving the fracture resistance of the matrix because
reinforcement having a long dimension opposes the growth of cracks normal to the
reinforcement that might otherwise lead to failure, particularly with brittle matrices.
Fibers, because of their small cross- sectional dimensions, are not directly usable in
engineering applications. They are, therefore, embedded in matrix materials to form
fibrous composites. The matrix serves to bind the fibers together, transfer loads to the
fibers and protect them against environmental attack and damage due to handling.

2.5 Natural Fiber Reinforcement Composite

The recent area of research is concentrated on plant fiber composites, which are blended
with resins. The natural fiber composites are seen as potential materials for many
engineering applications. The coir, jute and bagasse are discussed in details as follows:

2.5.1 Coir fiber reinforced composite

Coir comes from the husk of coconut fruit fiber. Coir has more life compared to other
natural fibers due to its high lignin content [1]. Coir fiber reinforced with both thermoset
and thermoplastic resins. The mechanical property of the composite depends on
interfacial adhesion of fiber to the matrix material. Coir fiber showed very high
interfacial adhesion under dry conditions. The interfacial adhesion characteristics of coir
fiber with polyester matrix were tested different aging solutions [8]. Coir fiber reinforced
polymer composites developed for industrial and socio-economic applications such as
automotive interior, paneling and roofing as building materials, storage tank, packing
material, helmets and postboxes, mirror casing, paper weights, projector cover, voltage
stabilizer cover [9],[8],[1],[7].

Jute fiber reinforced polymer composite

Jute has wood like characteristics as it is a bast fiber. Jute fiber has a high aspect ratio,
high strength to weight ratio, good insulation properties. Jute fiber reinforced polymer
composite has tested for door, window, furniture, corrugated sheet, I-shaped beam,

7
trenchless rehabilitation of underground drain pipes and water pipes, false roofing, floor
tiles [7],[11].

Hybrids composites are more than one reinforcing phase and a single matrix phase or
single reinforcing phase with multiple matrix phases or multiple reinforcing and multiple
matrix phases. They have better flexibility as compared to single fiber containing
composites [12]. Hybrid composites are includes multiple reinforcing such as natural as
well as synthetic fiber. Hybridization play important role for improving mechanical
properties of composites [13], [15]. Hybrid composites may replace or reduce utilization
of synthetic fibers in application of automotive, building industries, aircraft [14]. Jute-
coir hybrid composites find into railway coaches for sleeper berth backing, for building
interiors, doors and windows besides in transportation sector as backings for seat and
backrest in buses.

2.6 Properties of Natural Fiber Composites

Physical and mechanical properties of composites depend upon the one fiber chemical
composition (water content, hemicelluloses, cellulose, waxes, lignin, pectin, and other
useful properties according to grooving and extraction/ process methods conditions.
Condition of grooving recognized as the most effective parameter for the variability of
mechanical properties of the fibers. Many factors influence mechanical properties of
natural fibers. In many cases, they are different in experimental condition. The chemical
composition of given natural fibers is summarized in Table 2.1,

Table 2.1: Chemical composition of natural fibers [1]

Fiber Cellulose % Lignin % Diameter Hemicellulos Elongation

(μm) e% %
Coir 37 42 100-450 0.15 47
Banana 64 5 50-250 6-19 3.7
Sisal 70 12 50-200 10-14 5.1
Pineapple 85 12 20-80 16-19 2.8
Jute 71 13 15.9-20.7 13-20 3.0

Many factors influence mechanical properties of natural fibers. In many cases, the
experimental conditions are different. The mechanical properties of the natural fiber
material depend largely on lengths and diameters of individual fibers. The density and
tensile properties are tabulated in table 2.2.

8
 Table 2.2: Properties of natural fiber materials [7]

Material Density Tensile strength Young modulus (GPa) Failure strain (%)
(g/cm²) (MPa)
Flax 1.45 500-900 50-70 1.5-4.0
Hemp 1.48 350-800 30-60 1.6-4.0
Jute 1.3 300-700 20-50 1.2-3.0
Bamboo 1.4 500-740 30-50 2
Sisal 1.5 300-500 10-30 2-5
Coir 1.2 150-180 4-6 20-40

2.7 Processing Techniques

The two methods used for the fabrication of the epoxy composite were the Hand Lay-up
(HL) and the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) techniques.

2.7.1 Resin Transfer Molding

The first step before using the resin transfer mold is the coating of release agent. The
coating method includes applying a single coat and letting it set for approximately 5
minutes before applying another coat and leaving it to set before use. The coir fiber was
then placed into the mold. The fiber was measured to a specific mass to provide the right
volume fraction in relation to the volume of the mold. Fiber volume fractions used were
4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The fibers were fairly loose and so to produce an almost mat like
feature, the fibers were randomly distributed and then compressed in the mold using
weights. The setting up of the resin transfer mold was then carried out. However, prior to
the run time, the resin and the hardener must be mixed to form the polymerized epoxy
resin.

2.7.2 Hand Lay-up Technique

The hand lay-up process was slightly simpler and less tedious than the RTM process. The
fiber preparation followed the same approach used in the RTM process. Once the release
agent was dry, the chopped fibers were placed in a container with required volume
fraction. The resin to hardener ratio used for the hand lay-up process was 100:20. This
was meant to increase curing time to improve handling due to the slower process. The

9
mixture was then carefully laid in the mold which was then closed, locked with bolts and
left to cure.

2.8 Study of Relevant Research Works:

In 2009 Haydaruzzaman and some other researchers compare the mechanical properties
of Coir yarn-reinforced polypropylene (PP)-based unidirectional composites which were
prepared by compression molding process. They made several composites using different
volumes of coir fiber. They found that Coir yarn content in the composite was optimized
and 20% yarn content showed higher mechanical properties. Jute yarns (20%—100%)
were also incorporated into the coir-based composites. It was found that 20% coir and
80% jute-reinforced PP matrix composites gave the best results in terms of tensile
strength and hardness. [27]

The researches regarding natural fiber based composites are increasing day by day. The
most important reason behind this is some favorable properties like high strength, light
weight, biodegradability, low cost etc. of the natural fibers. In 2014, N. Anupama Sai
Priya, P. Veera Raju, and P. N. E. Naveen did a research is based on the development and
characterization of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites and it also includes the
evaluation of mechanical properties of those composites at five different volume fractions
with the help of UTM. The result of this research reveals that the incorporation of the
percentage of volume fraction of reinforcement has a huge impact on tensile strength,
static and water absorption quality of coir fiber composite. The composites having
volume of 5% coir fiber showed significant result when compared to high fiber loading
composites due to the effect of material stiffness. Natural frequency of composites was
found to be proportional to the tensile strength. The chemically treated fiber obtained
better tensile strength in comparison to untreated coconut coir fibers. [16]

An ideal composite demand some verification of its basic characteristics such as tensile
strength, elongation, flexural strength and the attempt of this research were to analyze
those basic instincts of a coir-jute-glass fiber reinforced hybrid composite. In 2017
K.Surya Rama Teja and some other researcher did this work also involved the inclusion
of polypropylene and the justification of its effectiveness as matrix was identified to be
the other goal of this paper. The hybrid composites at different weight fractions (15%,
20% and 25%) were fabricated according to ASTM standards. A slight improvement was
noticed in the tensile, flexural and impact properties of the composite which contained
polypropylene as matrix and coir, jute and glass fiber as reinforcement. The 25% fiber
content composite displayed highest tensile strength and impact energy and low flexural
strength whereas highest flexural strength was exhibited by the 15% fiber content. [29]

10
In March 2017 Shakil Ahmed, Ashraful Ahsan and Mahbub Hasan also analysis the
Physio-mechanical properties of coir and jute fiber reinforced hybrid polyethylene
composites. They manufactured the composites by using a hot press machine at three
levels of fiber loading (5, 10 and 15 wt. %). At all fiber loading levels they use two
different fibers at a fixed rate of 50% - 50%. From their overall experiment they
determined that the tensile strength of the composite decreased with an increase in fiber
loading. Conversely, Young’s modulus increased with the fiber loading. The flexural
strength, flexural modulus, charpy impact strength and hardness values all increased with
an increasing in fiber loading. The water absorption increased with the increase in fiber
loading. From The scanning electron microscopic analysis they found that the strongest
adhesion between the fiber and the matrix when the 15% fiber was reinforced into the
polyethylene matrix. After seeing all this, they came to the conclusion that, the 15% fiber
composite yielded the best set of mechanical properties compared to other composites.
[28]

In 2019 Mrinal Kanti Manik and other researchers compared the mechanical properties
between three different composites which were prepared by jute fiber, human hair and
coconut coir bonded with epoxy resin by hand lay-up process and. They found that the
jute fiber reinforced composite exhibit better toughness, tensile and shear strength than
human hair and coconut coir composites. They did more research and found out that
human hair composite has better hardness property than jute fiber and coconut coir
composites. Overall jute fiber and human hair composites show far better mechanical
properties than coconut coir composite. [26]

In 2017 N H Zunaidi and some other researchers investigate the effect of physical
properties of natural fiber to the sound absorption coefficient. They also wanted to see the
physical properties of natural fiber to wider the frequency range and increase the sound
absorption coefficient. They use two types of natural fiber; kenaf fiber and rice straw
fiber in their total experiment, and found that both fibers absorb sound. They concluded
that the absorption coefficient has a large effect on the sound of the fiber mass and
diameter. Based on the results, they came to the conclusion that the use of sound
absorption coefficients can be achieved by selecting the appropriate natural fiber
according to its suitable physical properties and other properties for proper application.
[22]

Along with other applications of composites, noise control also seems to be an identical
signification and this paper focuses on that. Wastes generated from the textile, maize and
newspaper wastes are the main components of these composites in 2019. Poly Vinyl
Acetate (PVA) adhesives served the purpose of bonding of these raw materials. The
seven samples of different combinations and proportion were prepared with the diameter
and thickness of 99.5mm, 100mm respectively. A new establishment was made during

11
this experiment which added that sound absorbing capacity for these new composites
relays on the nature and proportion of the waste used. The sound absorption coefficient
for each sample was determined using impedance tube method. The test results indicated
that, the frequency increases with the sound absorption coefficients increases and it
proved to be true for all the samples. The maximum sound absorption coefficient (0.43)
at highest frequency and extreme Noise Reduction Coefficient (0.2875) are found in the
sample having 75% maize and 25% textile wastes as reinforcements. [21]

12
3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Material Specification

a) Coir Fiber
b) Jute Fiber
c) Jute Stick
d) Silica Aerogel
e) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
f) Sodium Chlorite (NaClO2)
g) Oxalic Acid
h) Wetting Agent
i) Sequestering Agent
j) Detergent
k) Epoxy Resin
l) Hardener
m) Thinner

3.2 Equipment Used

Lab dyeing Machine:

A lab dyeing machine is widely used in textile dyeing factory to stimulate the actual
dyeing production process, to improve the relevance of dyeing formula between lab
specimen dyeing results and mass production textile dyeing performance.

Fig, 3.1: Lab Dyeing Machine

13
Dryer

An oven is a thermally insulated chamber used for the heating, baking, or drying of a
substance, and most commonly used for cooking. Kilns and furnaces are special purpose
ovens used in pottery and metalworking, respectively.

Fig. 3.2: Dryer

Stirrer:

The lab stirrer is designed to mix volumes ranging from 1 to 50 gallons.

Fig. 3.3: Stirrer

14
Micro-filter:
Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate
solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can
pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate.

Fig. 3.4: Micro Filter

Decibel Meter:
A decibel meter is a measuring instrument used to assess noise or sound levels by
measuring sound pressure. Often referred to as a sound pressure level (SPL) meter,
decibel (dB) meter, noise meter or noise dosimeter, a sound level meter uses a
microphone to capture sound. The sound is then evaluated within the device and acoustic
measurement values are displayed.

Fig. 3.5: Decibel Meter

15
3.3 Preparation of Coir Fiber

 Alkali treatment of coir fiber

The first step in pre-treatment of coir fiber is to soak in 2% caustic soda at a temperature
of 25°C for 6 hours. This treatment will remove some amount of lignin, oil and wax from
the external layer of the fiber cell. Thus process of alkaline directly affects the cellulosic
fiber and the degree of polymerization and the pulling out the lignin and hem cellulosic
compounds. This treatment has two effects on fibers:
 Surface roughness is increased to result good mechanical properties
 This affects the strength of the fiber and its stiffness.

 Drying

After the alkali treatment, the wet coir fibers were dried at the temperature of 90°C for 5
hours.

 Bleaching

Alkaline treated and dried fibers are then prepared for bleaching. The fibers were
bleached with Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution under an acidic medium at the
temperature of 50°C for 1 hour. The bleaching process was performed to remove the
remaining lignin from the fiber.

Table 3.1: Constituents of the fibers in different stages

Fiber condition Cellulose (%) Lignin (%)

Raw coir fiber 39.3 (±4) 49.2 (±5)
Alkali treated coir fiber 50.5 (±3) 38.8 (±4)
Bleached coir fiber 88.3 (±3) 0.3 (±0.1)

16
 Fig. 3.6: Treated Coir Fiber

3.4 Preparation of Jute Fiber

Jute fibers were normally collected from local market. It contains a lot of oil, waxes, dirt,
dust and other impurities. To remove these residues from the fiber, it was scoured. This
process also improves absorbency of the fiber to enhance dye absorption and level and
uniform dyeing. The material liquor ration would be 1:10. The scouring process of Jute
fiber was done in an alkaline medium at 95°C for 45 minutes. Then the jute fibers
became ready for use in the composite.

Fig. 3.7: a) Raw jute fiber b) scoured jute fiber

17
3.5 Preparation of silica-aerogel micro particle

Silica gel is another ingredient used in composite. First the gels were crushed with a
blending machine or manually by mortar & pestle. This process had to continue until the
gels got a micro-sized powder form.

3.5.1 Process Flow Chart:

Collected large size silica aerogel

Grained by Mortar and pestle

Filtrated by micro-sieves

Obtain the desired micro-size particles between 0.1-43 microns

Fig. 3.8: process Flow Chart of silica-aerogel micro particle

Fig. 3.9: silica-aerogel micro particle

18
3.6 Application of silica gel micro particle by coating method

Then the crushed silica gels have to be stirred with magnetic stirrer with water at 120
r.p.m at 80°C temperature for 1 hour. After stirring have been completed the pre-treated
coir and jute fiber have to be immersed into the stirred silica gel. It forms a coating over
the fiber. The silica gel coating improves the durability of the fiber.

3.6.1 Process flow chart

Fiber weight

Crushed silica gel and water as per M:L

stirried silica and water at 80C for 1hour

Fabric and stirred solution take in canister

fiber immersed at 10 minutes

Excess material was removed by squeezing

dried at 50C for 5 minutes

Fig. 3.10: Process Flow Chart of Silica gel micro particle coating method

3.7 Preparation of Composite

In the pre-treatment stage both coir and jute fiber were cut into pieces of length 5-10 cm,
soaked in stirred gel and dried in dryer. In the preparation stage two different
compositions were bound with epoxy resin. The resin to hardener ratio used for the hand
lay-up process is 40:1. It was then pressed to obtain the exact 3*3 inch square shape. The
pressure was given only to get the required shape. All fabricated samples have exact 3*3
inch shape with the thickness of 7mm. These 5 samples have different fiber composition
based on weight percentage.

19
 Table 3.2: Composition of fiber materials Composites

Sample Materials (Type of waste and % by weight)

1 100% coir fiber
2 75% coir fiber + 25% jute fiber
3 50% coir fiber + 50% jute fiber
4 25% coir fiber + 75% jute fiber
5 100% jute fiber

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

20
 (e)

Fig. 3.11: a) 100% coir fiber composite b) 75% coir fiber + 25% jute fiber composite c)
50% coir fiber + 50% jute fiber d) 25% coir fiber + 75% jute fiber e) 100% jute fiber
composite

3.8 Sound Absorption Co-efficient

Sound is created by the vibration of substance and is spread by sound wave produced
through the sympathetic vibration of the medium. When sound is spreading, part of it is
gradually diffused and part of it is weakened due to the absorption of air molecules,
which are more apparent in the open air; but in indoors sound is much less diffused or
weakened, instead it is mainly absorbed by the surface of materials.
When sound wave meets the surface of a material, part of it is reflected, part of it passes
through the material, and the rest of it is transferred to the material. The part of sound
wave transferred to the material enters the pores of the material and causes the friction
and viscosity resistance between the air molecules and the wall of pores, thus certain part
of sound energy is converted into heat energy and is absorbed in this way.

Basically the measurement setup consists of sound source, impedance tube, decibel
meter. The equipment’s were connected to each other before starting the measurement.
Firstly, the fiber composite were placed at the middle of the impedance tube. Secondly,
the sound of the specific intensity such as 100 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1250Hz and 1500
Hz are generated. Lastly, the amount of noise emanating from the source was determined
by the decibel meter.

21
 Fig. 3.12: Setup for sound absorption measurement

The sound absorption coefficient of materials is correlated with frequency, and it varies
with different frequencies. The sound absorption coefficient frequency characteristic
curves can be used to illustrate the sound absorption properties of different frequencies
exactly. It is not convenient to compare and state, so the average sound absorption
coefficient, which is the average of an acoustic material's absorption coefficients at a
specified set of frequencies, is used for simplification. The average sound absorption
coefficient is represented byα .
The sound absorbed capacity of a certain building element is characterized by sound
absorption A. To find the sound absorption coefficient, the sound absorption needs to be
measured first. The equations for determining sound absorption are given below:

1st process:

( A 2 – A 1)
α=
S

Here, A2 = Absorption of Tube after the specimen has been installed in m2

A1 = Absorption of the empty reverberation tube in m2
S = Total area of the specimen in m2

0.92∗VD
A= C

22
C= 20.047√ 273.15+T ° C

Here, A= Sound Absorption

V= Volume of reverberation area in m3
C= Speed of Sound
T = Temperature of the room.
2nd process:

The sound absorption coefficient of a composite can be measured in other ways. It is the
ratio of absorbed energy to incident energy and is represented by α. If the acoustic energy
can be absorbed entirely, then α = 1.

Generally sound absorption coefficient is adopted as the index for evaluating the sound
absorbing performances of a material. It is the ratio of the sound energy absorbed by a
material (E) to the overall sound energy previously spread and reaching the surface of the
material (E0), also called sound absorption coefficient (α). Mathematically it is expressed
as:

E
α= E0

In the formula: α is the sound absorption coefficient of a material.

E is the sound energy absorbed by material.
E0 is the overall sound energy previously spread and reaching the
surface of a material.

Any material has certain ability of sound absorption. What is different is the sound
absorbing capacity. Generally, hard, smooth and heavy materials in dense structure have
weaker sound absorption quality but stronger reflecting power, such concrete,
cement rendering wall surface etc.; whereas rough and soft porous materials with
interpenetrated pores inside and outside have better sound absorbing performance but
weaker reflecting power, such as animal fiber, foam, resin and wood etc.

However, identifying the better sound absorbing materials is so tedious since there are
many ups and downs in the values of sound absorption coefficients at different frequency
ranges [17]. To solve this problem, the ability of material to absorb sound can be
indicated using a single value known as the Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) [18]. The
NRC is defined as the arithmetical average of the sound absorption coefficients (α) in the
central frequency bands such as 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz which can be calculated
using the following equation.

23
NRC = (100 + 500 + 1000 +1200+1500)/5

3.9 Strength Test of Composite

Tensile testing is the most common mechanical testing for determining the physical
properties of materials. Tensile strength refers to the amount of stress a material can
handle before it breaks and cracks. The tests consist of applying a constant strain on the
fibers and measure the load. Tensile strength varies by material and is measured in
megapascals (MPa). The materials were made to conduct shear test on Universal Testing
Machine. Samples were positioned by a specially designed mounting in between the
upper and lower cross bar of UTM as shown in the figure 3.7.

Fig. 3.13: Universal Testing Machine

24
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Sound absorption coefficient

Sound absorption coefficient is used to evaluate the sound absorption efficiency of

materials. The absorption coefficient of each individual combination is determined for
different sound bands such as 100 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1250 Hz, and 1500 Hz.
Measured data is plotted in figure 4.1. It is observed that different fiber compositions of
two different fibers have dissimilar properties with respect to the surface and inner
reinforcement bonding nature. As both fibers have sound absorbing characteristics, each
composite made by these fibers has the unique property of absorbing sound. At first, it is
seen that in lower frequency the composite containing 25% coir and 75% jute fiber
absorb the highest amount of sound. However, the composite made of 50% coir and 50%
jute fiber has the highest amount of sound-absorbing capability. The complete jute
fibrous composite has the lowest sound-absorbing capacity.

0.60

0.50
Sound absorption coefficient

0.40
100% coir
0.30
75% coir+ 25% jute
50% coir + 50% jute
0.20 25% coir + 75 % jute
100% jute
0.10

0.00
100 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 1250 Hz 1500 Hz
Frequency

Fig. 4.1: Sound absorption coefficient of different composites

25
The noise reduction capability of each composite sample is shown in Figure 4.2. The
value of the maximum Noise Reduction Coefficient is 0.304 for the sample of 50% coir
and 50% jute fiber-reinforced composite.
0.350

0.300
Noise Reduction Coefficient
0.250

0.200

0.150

0.100

0.050

0.000
100% coir 75% coir+ 50% coir + 25% coir + 75 100% jute
25% jute 50% jute % jute

Fig. 4.2: Noise reduction coefficient of different composites

Since the sound-absorption capacity of 50% coir and 50% silica combination is higher
than other combinations, the sound-absorption capacity of foam is compared with this
combination. And the difference in sound absorption capacity of two substances of the
same size is illustrated by the figure 4.3.

0.60

0.50
Sound absorption coefficient

0.40
50% coir +
50% jute
0.30
Foam
0.20

0.10

0.00
100 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 1250 Hz 1500 Hz
Frequency

26
Fig. 4.3: Sound absorption coefficient of 50% coir-50% jute fiber composite and Foam

4.2 Fourier transform-infra red spectroscopy (FTIR)

The FTIR spectra were recorded on an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform
infrared (ATR-FTIR) instrument in the range of 400–4000 cm−1 with a resolution of 4
cm−1 and 20 no of scans. The samples were ground into powder by a fiber microtome
and then blended with KBr followed by pressing the mixture into ultra-thin pellets. In
FTIR process vertical axis represents Transmittance % and horizontal axis represents
wavenumbers. ATR FTIR spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify
organic materials which provides information about the chemical bonds and molecular
structure of a material. In FTIR, the intensity–time output of the interferometer is
subjected to a Fourier transform to convert into the families of intensity frequency. This
helps to identify the atomic arrangement and the concentrations of the chemical bonds
present in the sample. The existence of a specific chemical bond in any material is
indicate from the presence of a peak at a specific wavenumber after scanning the test
samples in the infrared light source.

Silica presents a characteristic region of peaks from 1250 to 700 cm−1 that can provide
structural characteristics of the network. Specially, when related to the main bands
between 1250 and 1000 cm−1 corresponding to the asymmetric ν(Si–O–H) and their
deconvolution on LO at ~1130 cm−1 and TO at 1047 cm−1 modes. The silica spectrum
presents intense bands in the region of ~3500 cm−1 assigned to the O–H vibrations of
Solano groups and adsorbed water; and in the region of 1200–800 cm−1, where the Si–O
stretching’s are observed. As a result of these strong bands and the frequently low
concentrations of the encapsulated compounds, it is common to observe an overlapping
of their signals by the silica ones avoiding this type of evaluation.

FTIR spectra of silica gel finished coir fiber are shown in Fig. 4.4. FTIR spectrum
containing silica aerogel shows peak shifts with intense absorption bands at 1033, 1122
cm-1. Presence of peak at 1022 cm-1 may be assigned to Si-O stretch is observed. It can
be expected from this coir fiber that it contains silica gel.

27
 Fig. 4.4: ATR FTIR result of coir fiber treated with silica gel

FTIR spectra of silica gel finished jute fiber are shown in Fig. 4.5. FTIR spectrum
containing silica aerogel shows peak shifts with intense absorption bands at 1049, 1107,
1159, 2918 and 3428 cm-1. Presence of peak at 1049, 1107 and 1159 cm-1 may be
assigned to Si-O stretch is observed. From this it is expected that fiber silica gel exists
Presence of peak at 2918 cm-1 may be assigned to C–H asymmetric and symmetric
stretching in methyl and methylene group stretch is observed. And presence of peak at
3428 assigned to O-H stretching. That means jute fiber contains cellulosic group.

Fig. 4.5: ATR FTIR result of coir fiber treated with silica gel

28
4.3 Strength Test

Five different coir and jute fiber composite were made to conduct shear test on Universal
Testing Machine. Result based on the tensile test is shown in figure 4.6 and the result
represents that tensile strength of coir fiber and the composite containing high amount of
coir fiber is very low as compared to jute fiber composites.

30

25
Tensile Strength (MPa)

20

15

10

0
100% coir 75% coir fiber 50% coir fiber 25% coir fiber 100% jute
fiber + 25% jute + 50% jute + 75% jute fiber
fiber fiber fiber

Fig. 4.6: Strength Test of Different fiber composite

29
5 CONCLUSION:

Two types of natural fibers were involved in this study. The first goal was to develop a
100% coir fiber reinforced composite, a 100% jute fiber reinforced composite and coir-
jute fiber based hybrid composites which involved different compositions of both the
fibers. But the major part of this study included the determination of sound absorbency
of these composites and the comparison of sound absorption coefficients between the
composites. An impedance tube was used through which sounds of different frequency
ranged from were supplied when the experiment took place. 50% jute +50% coir fiber
reinforced composite was the stand out performer because the value of sound absorption
coefficient of this composite was the best among all achieving the reward of being the
best sound absorbent composite. On the other hand, 100% jute fiber exhibited the lowest
sound absorption coefficient value and it all ended with that. The sound absorption
quality of the composites varied due to different compositions of the two fibers (like 75%
jute blended with 25% coir; 50%of both ones; 75% coir mixed with 25% jute; pure 100%
coir and pure 100% jute) and it also relied on the physical properties of both the fibers.

30
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