REVIEW ON VERTICAL FARMING: THE FUTURE OF

AGRICULTURE

BY

HAILE TAJEBE

ID. NO: NSR/1179/13

A SENIOR SEMINAR PAPER SUBMITTED TO ARBA MINCH

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR
THE COURSE OF SENIOR SEMINAR (COURSE CODE)

ADVISOR: Mr. KAMELO KANDO (MSc)

January, 2024

ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to thank and give my special gratitude and appreciations give to my advisor Mr.
Kamelo Kando (MSc) for who directly or indirectly excreted involved his great effort to the
accomplishment of this senior review paper. for his good comment and technical support.

I
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

USA (United States of America)

UAE (United Arab Emirates)

CNN (Cable News Network)

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)

UN (United Nations)

II
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................I
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................II
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................III
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................IV
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background........................................................................................................................1
1.2. Objective............................................................................................................................2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................3
2.1. History of vertical farming................................................................................................3
2.2. The trend of vertical farming in Ethiopia..........................................................................3
2.3. Types of Vertical farming systems....................................................................................3
2.4. Crop types..........................................................................................................................4
2.5. Media Used In Vertical Farming.......................................................................................5
2.6. Advantages of vertical farming.........................................................................................6
2.7. Challenges for sustainability of Vertical farming..............................................................8
2.8. Future of Vertical Farming................................................................................................8
3. SUMMERY................................................................................................................................9
4. FUTURE PROSPECTS...........................................................................................................10
REFERENCE...............................................................................................................................11

III
 ABSTRACT

Vertical farming, a contemporary agricultural practice, involves growing crops vertically in

protected indoor environments utilizing hydroponic, aquaponic, or aeroponic systems. This
paper was done to review how vertical farming can benefit us on shaping of the future of
agriculture. Its benefits include space efficiency, reduced water usage, shorter growing times,
and protection from extreme weather, addressing challenges posed by urbanization and
diminishing arable land. By 2050, with 70% of the population residing in urban areas, concerns
over food production and quality rise, accentuating the importance of vertical farming. Despite
its historical roots, modern vertical farming integrates advanced technologies and automation,
ensuring optimal conditions for crop growth and addressing food security concerns. Various
systems like aquaponics, hydroponics, and aeroponics facilitate the cultivation of a wide range
of crops, offering health benefits through pesticide-free produce and tailored nutrition.
Environmental advantages include reduced water consumption and space-saving designs, albeit
challenges such as the need for skilled labor and initial investment remain. Vertical farming
emerges as a sustainable solution, particularly for densely populated regions like Ethiopia,
where traditional agriculture faces challenges from climate change and urbanization.
Embracing vertical farming promises to revolutionize agriculture, ensuring food security,
healthier urban living, and sustainable environmental practices in the future.

Keywords: Agriculture, Aquaponics, Hydroponics, Aeroponics, Environments, Future

IV
 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Vertical farming is a modern agricultural practice of growing crops, stacked vertically in a
protected indoor environment, which mainly utilizes a hydroponic, aquaponic or aeroponic
cultivation system (Oh & Lu, 2022). Vertical farming offers numerous potential benefits,
including more efficient uses of space, reduced water usage, shorter growing times, reduced need
for pesticides/herbicides, and shelter from extreme weather(source ???). In addition, since
vertical farms can be set up practically anywhere, even underground, they could enable hyper-
localized production, thus shortening food supply chains and providing fresh and nutritious local
foods all year around (Eldridge et al, 2020; Shamshiri et al., 2018).

By 2050, it is estimated that 70% of the population, equivalent to 9 billion people, will reside in
urban centers as cities try to manage the challenges posed by the rapid increase in population
(Eigenbrod and Gruda 2015; Abdelfatah, 2022; Dahab et al. 2022). Starting from 0.52 ha per
person, the arable land worldwide is constantly shrinking in area, which is a matter of concern
(Thokchom, 2021; Qiu et al. 2021).

Based on Mulatu's et al. (2016) research conducted for Ethiopia, indicates that the impact of
CO2 emissions will decrease 3.5% to 4.5% the real agricultural GDP since it will lead to lower
the agricultural productivity and subsequently reduce the amount of traded and non-traded crops.
Such population increase certainly indicates a significant rise in the required food production,
raising concerns on the deficiency, the quantity, and the quality of future food products.

Vertical Farming has been drawing a lot of attention recently for several reasons: the majority of
the world population has shifted from living in rural to urban areas; the environmental impact of
agriculture is a matter of rising concern; and food insecurity, especially the accessibility of food,
remains a major challenge. Vertical Farming has often been proposed as a solution to some of
these issues (Hatfield et al, 2011).

Both vertical and traditional farming methods have environmental implications. With
Ttraditional farming contributes to deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, and water pollution
due to extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers. On the other hand, vertical farming uses 70%
less fertilizer and zero pesticides (Lofty, 2023). Though the capital required for starting up a
vertical is higher than that of a traditional farm, the benefits of vertical farming outweighs that of
traditional farming (Agrisiti, 2022). With Vvertical farming , production is more compact. This
means that it can increase production per square meter and . It uses less water and has better
control over both quality and quantity (Irfan, 2023).

Many countries, such as the United States, Japan, China, Netherlands, Dubai, United Kingdom,
and France, have implemented successful vertical farm systems (Swamy, 2023).Currently, the

1
country with the highest number of vertical farms is the USA (Piechowiak, 2021). In Asia, the
leading countries in the industry are Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and
Thailand. In Europe, vertical farms can be found among others in Germany, France, UK, and the
Netherlands. Countries from the Middle East also don’t lag behind with farms in Kuwait and
UAE (Piechowiak, 2021).

Thousands of vertical farms are operating mostly in countries with high population densities
such as South Korea, Japan, China and the Netherlands (Cherian, 2016). Sky Greens, the world’s
first commercial vertical farm, opened in Singapore in 2012 (CNN, 2012). Japan is home to the
second largest vertical farm, developed by General Electric that yields up to 10,000 heads of
lettuce a day (Cherian, 2016).

The 'world's largest vertical farm' has opened in Dubai. (Agenda,2022). The 30,000-square-metre
farm is set to produce more than 900 tonnes of leafy greens annually from spinach to arugula on
stacks of shelves in a process that uses 95% less water than crops grown in fields (Agenda,
2022).

To feed the future 9.7 billion citizens without totally exhausting our planet, we need to
change our farming ways worldwide. By 2050, there will be 2.,3 billion more mouths to feed
(Robin, 2023). Currently the vertical farming concept is pushing forward becoming more
and more important in shaping the future of agriculture, that is why it is so important to
make review a about this growing concept. Therefore,

1.2. Objective
To review vertical farming: the future of agriculture

2
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. History of vertical farming
Although the concept of vertical Farming began to emerge in recent times, it is not a new
innovation, but its roots extend across civilizations in previous times, the hanging gardens
are in the civilization of Mesopotamia 2600 years ago, one of the first vertical farm models
in the world (Cabannes, Y. (2006 ;), Barthel, S., et al., 2010).Nearly a thousand years ago,
Aztec people used a form of hydroponic farming known as “chinampas” to grow crops in
marshy areas near lakes. (Crumpacker , (2018) World War II sees hydroponic growing
systems used on a large scale for the first time in modern history. More than 8,000 tons of
fresh vegetables are produced hydroponically on South Pacific Islands to feed the Allied
forces stationed there . (Crumpacker, 2018). A more technologically advanced form of
vertical farming popped up in the 1600s. French and Dutch farmers developed ways to
grow warmer-climate fruits against stone walls that retained heat, creating their own
micro-climates (Dupuis & Technology, 2023). In the 1930s, William Gericke laid the
groundwork for hydroponic cultivation in his book the complete guide to soilless
gardening, which was a milestone in the history of vertical farming (Van Gerrewey et al.,
2021). In 2012, the world's first commercial vertical farm was opened in Singapore,
developed by Sky Greens Farms, and is three stories high. They currently have over 100
nine-meter-tall towers (CNN, 2012).

2.2. The trend of vertical farming in Ethiopia

Vertical growing structures have been constructed in Addis Ababa to maximize the limited
city space. The project focused on growing and consuming nutrient-dense and market-
oriented vegetables, herbs and spices and providing access to markets – and the results
have been impressive (Teshome, 2023). Similarly iIn Daye town, Sidama region practical
vertical garden was growing variety of vegetables (Hameso et al., 2023). Popularity and the
use of vegetable plants is on high boom in the farm and a large varieties of plants are
grown like, lettuce; tomato, cabbage, and onion etc. are used for the vertical structure
(Hameso et al., 2023). A project that was initiated by Soddo ATVET college has build a
vertical farm and trained 800 women about vertical farming that have low income,
moreover the initiative use waste materials to build the vertical farm (Dalhousie University,
2017).

2.3. Types of Vertical farming systems

2.3.1. Aquaponics

Aquaponics is a sustainable farming method that combines aquaculture (the cultivation of

aquatic organisms like fish) with hydroponics (the growing of plants in nutrient-rich water
without soil). This combination creates biological processes that occur in both systems to

3
create a closed-loop environment where fish and plants thrive together (Vergeer, 2023).The
only input into an aquaponics system is fish food for aquaponics. The fish eat the food and
excrete waste, which is converted by beneficial bacteria to nutrients that the plants can use.
In consuming these nutrients, the plants help to purify the water. Herbicides, pesticides or
other harsh chemicals are not in use for this aquaponics system, making the fish and plants
healthful and safe to eat (Nelson and Pade, Inc., 2022).

Aquaponics systems are made out of units that can come in many different shapes and
sizes. From small devices on kitchen benches with goldfish and herbs, to larger systems
growing silver perch fish and lettuce. On an industrial scale, more complex units can also
produce tonnes of fish and thousands of plants per month (youmatter, 2020).

2.3.2. Hydroponics

Hydroponics involves growing plants in nutrient solutions that are free of soil. Th e plant
roots are submerged in the nutrient solution, which is frequently monitored and circulated
to ensure that the correct chemical composition is maintained by Birkby, J, . (2016).This
allows growers to provide fresh, safe and nutritious food year-round whilst promoting crop
yield and profitability without interference from soil-borne pathogens (Treftz & Omaye,
2016).

From an environmental perspective, the hydroponic system can be grown in non-arable

areas of the world, such as dry or urban areas. It is estimated that up to 65 per cent of the
land’s surface area is classified as arid, and the amount of people living in urban areas is
currently 54 per cent and is expected to increase to up to 66 per cent by 2050 (FAO of UN,
2012).

2.3.3. Aeroponics

When compared to soil-cultivated plants, these cultivation systems provide improved

growth, yield, quality, and metabolite production (Partap et al., 2020; Thakur et al.,
2019).Aeroponics does not necessitate containers or trays to retain water because it uses
mist or nutrient solutions rather than water (Mir et al, 2022).Aeroponics uses a similar
approach to hydroponics with some modifications. Instead of relying on the submersion of
the roots, in aeroponics, the roots are suspended in air and exposed to a mist environment
(Birkby, 2016). Due to this, it can save up to 90% of irrigation solutions compared to
hydroponic systems (Birkby, 2016).With up to 90% less water than even the most effective
hydroponic systems, the aeroponic system is by far the most efficient plant-growing system
for vertical farms (Chole et al., 2021)

4
 2.4. Crop types

Vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, leafy greens, strawberries, cucumber, herbs, tomatoes,
etc., are now the crops most grown under vertical farming (Naqvi et al., 2022). These crop
types are well suited to cultivation in Vertical farming systems because their small size
allows them to be grown in facilities such as stacked horizontal systems or cylindrical
growth units where space, particularly in the vertical dimension, is at a premium. Small
plant size also allows a higher number of plants, and so potentially increased income, per
unit area horizontally ( Beacham et al., 2019). Long, heightened plants such as avocado,
olive, banana and other trees are limited to growing indoors; however, other controlled
techniques such tunnel or greenhouse farming can be applied for tree farming (Naqvi et al.,
2022).

2.5. Media Used In Vertical Farming

The best media to select for a vertical farming system is one that promotes good air
porosity, drainage, and nutrient retention (Wallace-Springer, 2023). This is necessary to
assure that plants do not stay drenched for prolonged periods of time, while also providing
a good structure for newly developing root systems to grow in (Wallace-Springer, 2023).

2.5.1. Peat Moss

Peat moss is a widely used organic medium known for its water retention capabilities
(Limited, 2023). It is an excellent medium for retaining water (Mir et al, 2022). Once peat
moss is dry it’s very hard to rehydrate and can have aeration and pH issues. For this
reason, it is almost always used in blends, usually with perlite and vermiculite along with a
pH buffer (Future Harvest, 2019).

2.5.2. Vermiculite

It is a member of smectite group of minerals, having abundant amount of potassium and

magnesium .(Mir et al, 2022).It has a relatively high cation exchange capacity and holds
nutrients for later use. It is very porous, has a strong capillary action and has excellent
water-holding capacity.(Thakulla et al., 2023)

2.5.3. Coconut Coir

itIt is an organic product and is completely renewable resource . (Mir et al, 2022).Since it is
a natural by-product of coconuts; it is also one of the greenest soilless media on the market
(Spring-Admin, 2020). It can be used either as a stand-alone medium or as an ingredient in
a mix for the cultivation of vegetables and cut flowers. It can also serve as a rooting

5
medium for cuttings under mist and in high humidity chambers (Thakulla et al., 2023). It is
capable of holding lots of moisture, and while aeration can be okay, one should be careful
not to over water as the aeration levels will quickly decreases (Future Harvest, 2019).

2.5.4. Rock Wool

Hydroponically, rock wool, also known as mineral wool, is the most commonly used
medium (Mir et al, 2022). It’s very lightweight and retains water well and also it works best
with mature plants with established root systems (Spring-Admin, 2020). However, unlike
Coco Peat, rockwool does not have the same level of organic matter and nutrient content
(Limited, 2023).Rock wool is a key component in a new hydroponic system known as ‘drain
to waste’ (Future Harvest, 2019). In a drain to waste system any pests, spores, bacteria, or
viruses will likely be flushed out. This greatly minimizes plant to plant infections (Future
Harvest, 2019).

2.5.5. Perlite

It is often used interchangeably with vermiculite as a rooting medium, although it is more

porous so it helps water drain better (Spring-Admin, 2020). Depending on the application,
it can be used either loosely or in plastic sleeves submerged in water for a short period of
time (Mir et al, 2022).one of the best oxygen retention levels of all growing mediums and
also It is very porous and has a strong capillary action. It can hold three to four times its
weight of water (Thakulla et al., 2023).

2.6. Advantages of vertical farming

2.6.1. Health
Vertical farms employ hydroponics or aeroponics systems, allowing precise control over
nutrient supply, temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. This optimal growing
environment ensures that crops receive the ideal conditions for growth, resulting in higher-
quality produce with enhanced nutritional content (Guru, 2022).

Indoor vertical farms can create a far safer growing environment for crops. They can
prevent food recalls by protecting crops from potential contamination. When crops
aren’t degraded by pollution, runoff, and other sources, consumers can be confident of
their safety. another way that indoor vertical farms keep our food safer than
traditional farming: zero chemical and/or pesticed use. Greenhouses and other
structures keep pests and weeds out naturally. This means that growers don’t have to
apply dangerous herbicides and pesticides to their plants (Eden Green Technology ,
2023).

6
Vertical farming allows for the production of foods tailored to specific dietary needs.
Researchers and growers collaborate to optimize light recipes, such as increasing
vitamin levels in lettuce or nitrate levels in arugula and spinach. Moreover, specialized
crops like low potassium kale for renal dysfunction patients demonstrate how vertical
farming can cater to diverse dietary requirements. With Vertiseed Farms, you can
personalize your diet and enjoy food-as-medicine alternatives (Guru, 2022).

2.6.2. Food security

In conventional agriculture farming, crop losses caused by disease, pests, and weeds, range
from 20% to 40% of the yield that would otherwise be harvested. This represents a massive
challenge to food security and food safety (cultivatd, 2022).

Controlled conditions within vertical farms provide a natural barrier that keeps insects out
and prevents fungal growth. Because pesticides are not needed, this guarded approach
results in extraordinary crop performance which yields healthier and safer produce for
consumers (cultivatd, 2022).

The role of vertical farming in enhancing food security encompasses various aspects.
Firstly, it facilitates year-round cultivation of crops, guaranteeing a consistent and stable
food provision, which is crucial for maintaining food security. (Vertical, 2023)

Secondly, vertical farming can be implemented in urban areas, minimizing the

requirement for extensive land use and mitigating the effects of agricultural land scarcity.
Moreover, it utilizes considerably less water compared to traditional farming methods,
promoting the sustainable utilization of resources (Vertical, 2023).

Vertical farming also addresses the challenge posed by population growth by enabling
high-yield production in a compact space, thereby making a significant contribution to the
global food supply. Additionally, localizing food production diminishes the need for long-
distance transportation, thereby reducing food spoilage and ensuring that communities
have access to fresh and nutritious produce (Vertical, 2023).

In essence, vertical farming emerges as a sustainable, efficient, and innovative solution to

enhance food security. It offers a viable pathway to ensure the stability and sustainability
of our global food supply in the face of the numerous challenges we encounter (Vertical,
2023).

2.6.3. Technological Advancements and Automation

Vertical farming technology is experiencing rapid and diverse advancements. The initial
phase of indoor farming was primarily concentrated on monitoring and controlling factors
such as lighting, nutrients, temperature, and humidity. However, recent developments have
led growers to adopt novel technologies for data collection and analysis, aimed at
optimizing crop yield (Kalantari, F, 2017). This trend is particularly promising for
enhancing food sustainability in urban areas and presents opportunities to positively

7
impact the environment, society, and economy (Al-Kodmany, K 2018, Sandison, F, 2023).
Although vertical farms have demonstrated their potential for producing a wide array of
crops, further research is essential in order to achieve technical and economic optimization.

2.6.4. Environmental
Vertical farming offers more than just higher yields from smaller crops. The following are
some of the most significant ways in which vertical farming can benefit our environment by
saving space through stacking layers of vegetation. Not everyone has the privilege and
access to backyard space, vertical farms can allow anyone to grow their own produce
whether or not they have a backyard garden. (NGUYEN, 2022).

Farming irrigation systems consume significant amounts of water due to hot temperatures
and inefficient watering methods. Controlled temperatures and smart systems that are
available in vertical farming will help decrease water loss and consumption (NGUYEN,
2022).

Vertical farming also allows us to cultivate multiple crops at once, and increase our food
production. We are no longer forced to choose between plants to fit our limited gardening
space. And with effective feeding and watering techniques, we’ll get more out of your
crops. (NGUYEN, 2022).

2.7. Challenges for sustainability of Vertical farming

Vertical Farming involves advanced solutions such as cameras, sensors, automated
systems, artificial intelligence, hydroponic, aquaponics, or aeroponic systems. To operate, a
knowledgeable and skilled workforce is essential. Maintenance of machines and computers
requires people who are technically well-trained and equipped with all upgrading know-
how. Lack of a skilled labour has affected different areas globally, and vertical farming is
not an exception. Also, most farmers venture into this market with their systems, which are
inefficient in design and costly. Vertical Farms need to be up-to-date in different farming
aspects to sustain and remain competitive in the market. (Supraja, 2022).

Good deal of vertical farming technology already exists. We can size the pumps, we can
flow water, we can measure and supply nutrients. But to make vertical farming work at
scale, we need a lot of automation. The future of vertical farming is a factory where the
technology for seeding, watering, harvesting, getting rid of bad plants, and packaging the
good ones for sale runs with little human intervention. (McClelland, 2023)

2.8. Future of Vertical Farming

Vertical farming has been called “future farming” by many, and with good reason. This is
especially true given that by 2050, a major portion of the world’s population will have

8
moved to cities. In such a setting and an ever-expanding population, the desire for
conformity will grow too for food that is both organic and natural. (NGUYEN, 2022),

3. SUMMERY
Vertical farming is the way of growing food upward by using controlled factor like the
light, temperature and water supply in order to get year around product without
depending on rain or other climatic factors. This vertical farming is not new concept as
legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon was more than 2,500 years ago. But hydroponic
growing systems wasn’t used on a large scale until World War II In 2012, and after world
war II Singapore was the first country to open commercial vertical In recent year the
world population is growing so fast especially in urban areas and this growth come with its
demand for food and living space. The expansion on urban areas influence the rural farm
lands as the land that was a farm land is turning into a site for buildings. In the future
horizontal farm alone can’t feed all the global population that is why vertical farming must
be the future of agriculture, by using techniques of soil-less cultivation like aeroponics,
aquaponics and hydroponics it is possible to grow more product than horizontal farming.
This vertical farming with its benefits of health as vertical farm do not use any chemical
pesticide, grow crops that are free from contamination and high in nutrient value crops. In
food security vertical farm can produce more yield in small space in all season of the year
this activities are carried easily with technological advancements and automation of
vertical farming that are was primarily concentrated on monitoring and controlling factors
such as lighting, nutrients, temperature, and humidity. All this vertical farming activities
are environmental friendly as they save water use and save space, they also don’t release
toxic waste that can contaminate the environment. These benefits come with some
challenges lack of knowledgeable and skilled workforce to operate this advanced techs, also
Maintenance of machines and computers requires people who are technically well-trained
and equipped. And high initial cost. Our country Ethiopia can greatly get benefit from
vertical farming as there is fast growing population around urban area; lack of farm land
is not the issue in Ethiopia but our agriculture is highly depend on seasonal rain. As global
warming is highly affecting our agriculture vertical agriculture is a best way to go not only

9
the environmental problem around urban areas it is hard to get fresh and clean vegetable
and fruits which vertical farming can solve.

4. FUTURE PROSPECTS
Vertical farming is playing a great role in shaping the way of agriculture in the future
advancements of farm activities, the developed countries are adapting and developing this
farming concept in large scale; however in our country it is a new developing concept that
should be adapted to our agriculture industry. Therefore, in the future doing more review
and research on how vertical agriculture ensures our food security and also it is better to
review how vertical agriculture creates healthy urban life.

10
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