Module 2-2

MODULE 2
1. Foundation of Cognitive Computing

2. Design Principles for Cognitive Systems - II
3. Natural Language Processing in Support of a Cognitive System, - quite big to add
ss. Book se dekh lena . Aaya nahi hai paper me abhi tak
4. Representing Knowledge in Taxonomies and Ontologies - I
5. Applying Advanced Analytics to Cognitive Computing - quite big to add ss. Book
se dekh lena . Aaya nahi hai paper me abhi tak
6. The Process of Building a Cognitive Application(Healthcare example) – II

7. Define Cognitive Computing. Draw a neat diagram of elements of the cognitive
system and explain the elements. – I
8. Difference between cognitive and traditional systems
1. Design principles for cognitive systems:
2. Elements of cognitive system and definition
Elements of Cognitive system
A cognitive system consists of many different elements, ranging from the hardware and
deployment models to machine learning and applications. Although many different
approaches exist for creating a cognitive system, there are some common elements that need
to be included.
a. Infrastructure and Deployment Modalities
In a cognitive system it is critical to have a flexible and agile infrastructure to
support applications that continue to grow over time. As the market for
cognitive solutions matures, a variety of public and private data need to be
managed and processed. In addition, organizations can leverage Software as a
Service (SaaS) applications and services to meet industry‐specific
requirements. A highly parallelized and distributed environment, including
compute and storage cloud services, must be supported.
b. Data Access, Metadata, and Management Services

Because cognitive computing centers around data, it is not surprising that the
sourcing, accessing, and management of data play a central role. Therefore,
before adding and using that data, there has to be a range of underlying
services. To prepare to use the ingested data requires an understanding of the
origins and lineage of that data. Therefore, there needs to be a way to classify
the characteristics of that data such as when that text or data source was
created and by whom. In a cognitive system these data sources are not static.
There will be a variety of internal and external data sources that will be
included in the corpus. To make sense of these data sources, there needs to be
a set of management services that prepares data to be used within the corpus.
Therefore, as in a traditional system, data has to be vetted, cleansed, and
monitored for accuracy
c. The Corpus, Taxonomies, and Data Catalogs
Tightly linked with the data access and management layer are the corpus and
data analytics services. A corpus is the knowledge base of ingested data and is
used to manage codified knowledge. The data required to establish the
domain for the system is included in the corpus. Various forms of data are
ingested into the system (refer to Figure 1-2). In many cognitive systems, this
data will primarily be text‐based (documents, textbooks, patient notes,
customer reports, and such). Other cognitive systems include many forms of
unstructured and semi‐structured data (such as videos, images, sensors, and
sounds). In addition, the corpus may include ontologies that define specific
entities and their relationships. Ontologies are often developed by industry
groups to classify industry‐specific elements such as standard chemical
compounds, machine parts, or medical diseases and treatments. In a cognitive
system, it is often necessary to use a subset of an industry‐based ontology to
include only the data that pertains to the focus of the cognitive system. A
taxonomy works hand in hand with ontologies. A taxonomy provides context
within the ontology
d. Data Analytics Services

Data analytics services are the techniques used to gain an understanding of the
data ingested and managed within the corpus. Typically, users can take
advantage of structured, unstructured, and semi‐structured data that has been
ingested and begin to use sophisticated algorithms to predict outcomes,
discover patterns, or determine next best actions. These services do not live in
isolation. They continuously access new data from the data access layer and
pull data from the corpus. A number of advanced algorithms are applied to
develop the model for the cognitive system.
e. Continuous Machine Learning

Machine learning is the technique that provides the capability for the data to
learn without being explicitly programmed. Cognitive systems are not static.
Rather, models are continuously updated based on new data, analysis, and
interactions. A machine learning process has two key elements: hypothesis
generation and hypothesis evaluation.
f. Hypothesis Generation and Evaluation

A hypothesis is a testable assertion based on evidence that explains some
observed phenomenon. In a cognitive computing system, you look for
evidence to support or refute hypotheses. You need to acquire data from
various sources, create models, and then test how well the models work. This
is done through an iterative process of training the data. Training may occur
automatically based on the systems analysis of data, or training may
incorporate human end users. After training, it begins to become clear if the
hypothesis is supported by the data. If the hypothesis is not supported by the
data, the user has several options. For example, the user may refine the data
by adding to the corpus, or change the hypothesis. To evaluate the hypothesis
requires a collaborative process of constituents that use the cognitive system.
Just as with the creation of the hypothesis, the evaluation of results refines
those results and trains again
g. The Learning Process

To learn from data you need tools to process both structured and unstructured
data. For unstructured textual data, NLP services can interpret and detect
patterns to support a cognitive system. Unstructured data such as images,
videos, and sound requires deep learning tools. Data from sensors are
important in emerging cognitive systems. Industries ranging from
transportation to healthcare use sensor data to monitor speed, performance,
failure rates, and other metrics and then capture and analyze this data in real
time to predict behavior and change outcomes.
h. Presentation and Visualization Services

To interpret complex and often massive amounts of data requires new
visualization interfaces. Data visualization is the visual representation of data
as well as the study of data in a visual way. For example, a bar chart or pie
chart is a visual representation of underlying data. Patterns and relationships
in data are easier to identify and understand when visualized with structure,
color, and such. The two basic types of data visualizations are static and
dynamic. In either or both cases, there may also be a requirement for
interactivity. Sometimes looking at the visualized representation of the data is
not enough. You need to drill down, re‐position, expand and contract, and so
on. This interactivity enables you to “personalize” the views of the data so
that you can pursue non‐obvious manifestations of data, relationships, and
alternatives. Visualization may depend on color, location, and proximity.
Other critical issues that impact visualization include shape, size, and motion.
Presentation services prepare results for output. Visualization services help to
communicate results by providing a way to demonstrate the relationships
between data. A cognitive system brings text or unstructured data together
with visual data to gain insights. In addition, images, motion, and sound are
also elements that need to be analyzed and understood. Making this data
interactive through a visualization interface can help a cognitive system be
more accessible and usable.
i. Cognitive Applications
A cognitive system must leverage underlying services to create applications
that address problems in a specific domain. These applications that are
focused on solving specific problems must engage users so that they gain
insights and knowledge from the system. In addition, these applications may
need to infuse processes to gain insight about a complex area such as
preventive maintenance or treatment for a complex disease. An application
may be designed to simulate the smartest customer service agent. The end
goal is to turn an average employee into the smartest employee with many
years of experience. A well‐designed cognitive system provides the user with
contextual insights based on role, the process, and the customer issue they are
solving. The solution should provide the users insights so they make better
decisions based on data that exists but is not easily accessible.
3. Representing Knowledge in Taxonomies and Ontologies
4. The Process of Building a Cognitive Application
5. Difference Between cognitive and traditional systems
6. Applications of cognitive systems

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MODULE 2

1. Foundation of Cognitive Computing

6. The Process of Building a Cognitive Application(Healthcare example) – II

Elements of Cognitive system

b. Data Access, Metadata, and Management Services

d. Data Analytics Services

e. Continuous Machine Learning

f. Hypothesis Generation and Evaluation

g. The Learning Process

h. Presentation and Visualization Services

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