Setyaningrum 2019

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Coastal ecosystem model based on environmental suitability and

carrying capacity of the fishpond in Banyuwangi Region, East Java,
Indonesia
To cite this article: E W Setyaningrum et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 236 012045
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The 1st International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 236 (2019) 012045 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/236/1/012045
Coastal ecosystem model based on environmental suitability

and carrying capacity of the fishpond in Banyuwangi Region,
East Java, Indonesia
E W Setyaningrum1,*, Maghdalena2, A T K Dewi1, M. Yuniartik1, E D Masithah3

1
Faculty of Agriculture and Fisheries, University of 17 Agustus 1945, Banyuwangi, Indonesia.
2
Faculty of Science Education, University of 17 Agustus 1945, Banyuwangi, Indonesia.
3
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract. Banyuwangi coastline (175.8 Km) is the longest coastal area in East Java. There are
various potential coastal resources, one of them is aquaculture. Unfortunately, the utilization of
the fishpond is not optimal and most of the fishpond areas were abandoned. The main cause is
a decline in water quality and/or changes in coastal habitats. This study aims: (1) to identify the
suitability and the carrying capacity of the fishpond and (2) to determine the coastal ecosystem
model in Banyuwangi based on the spatial analysis. A descriptive method was used and direct
observation and interview survey were conducted for collecting primary data. The data were
analyzed according to the suitability and carrying capacity of the study area. A GIS analysis
was used to determine the coastal ecosystem model. The results showed that Banyuwangi has
suitable coastal areas for developing aquaculture is 1,220.535 Ha with a carrying capacity of
898.71Ha. Therefore, Banyuwangi coastal area facing critical problems due to ecological
constraints of exceeding its carrying capacity limit for about 26.43% or 322.827 Ha.
1. Introduction
Banyuwangi is a regency with the largest area in East Java (around 5,782.50 km2) and borders with
Jember, Bondowoso, Situbondo, and Bali. In addition, Banyuwangi regency has the longest coastal
area in East Java (175.8 Km), which is located in nine different sub-districts; one sub-district faces
Indonesian Ocean, seven sub-districts face Bali Strait, and one sub-district faces the Java Sea. The
northern part, from Bajulmati to Wongsorejo village, almost 60% fishpond is not producing in the last
two years. While the eastern coastal area from Bulusan to Muncar Banyuwangi has around 30%
unproductive shrimp fishpond both the traditional or intensive ones due to disease, weather, and other
reason. Those fishponds are left by the owners.
Fishpond productivity has been increasing since 1985, however, there was a decrease in the 2000s
and started to increase afterward. The decrease in fishpond productivity in a given year needs
attention, especially related to fishpond carrying capacity in the Regency, so that fishpond carrying
capacity can be known earlier that fishpond area resources allocation can be determined more
precisely [1]. The final result is the concept of sustainable aquaculture can be realized in Banyuwangi
Regency. In the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 26 of 2008 concerning
National Spatial Planning, it has been determined that the policy of developing cultivation area
including development control of aquaculture activity so as not to exceed environment carrying
capacity. The spatial planning act covers both spatial and environmental issues.
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
Land suitability is the adaptability of land for a particular purpose, through land value
determination (class) and land use patterns linked to the area potential, thus, more directed land use
along with its sustainability can be attempted [2]. Ecological changes in the fishpond environment
will affect environmental carrying capacity which then affects fishpond production. Environmental
carrying capacity for fishpond is the natural ability to provide the existence of tolerable fishpond. This
natural ability will ultimately affect fishpond production [3]. Carrying capacity is an important concept
for ecosystem-based management which helps define the upper limits of aquaculture without causing
“unacceptable change” to both natural ecosystem and social functions and structures [4].
Carrying capacity is a factor with a major influence on development. In this context, carrying
capacity is a widely used concept that encompasses four aspects namely physical, production,
ecological, and social carrying capacity [5] [6] [7]. One of the natural resources and carrying capacity
is a physical environment in which the development carried out. Physical carrying capacity assumes
the entire water body is leased for aquaculture, being little more than the total area suitable for
aquaculture [3]. In the other hand, ecological carrying capacity as the maximum density of fish an
ecosystems can naturally support during the period minimum available habitat that effect to ecological
process, species, population, or communities in the environment [4] [8]. From this fact, a harmony
between development and physical carrying capacity is needed. To achieve this harmony, it is
important to know the physical carrying capacity of the environment. By doing so, suitable
development activities to that carrying capacity can be determined [9].
Therefore, the ecosystem model in the development of a coastal area in Banyuwangi is needed to
optimize the area to be more beneficial for community welfare, especially in the economic context.
2. Method
2.1 Research time and location
We applied the research in 9 sites of Banyuwangi coastal area (Figure 1). The research was conducted
from March to August 2018 at fishery laboratory University of Airlangga Surabaya and fishery
laboratory University of 17 August 1945 Banyuwangi.
2.2 Data collection

The data needed include biological parameter, water quality, and substrate quality (Table 1). This
parameter measurement was carried out at 9 sites points along the coast of Banyuwangi Regency.
Besides primary data, secondary data from a biological parameter, water quality, and substrate were
also collected.
2.3 Data analysis

The analysis carried out includes the suitability analysis of coastal area for fishpond designation and
the carrying capacity analysis of fishpond area, then spatial analysis was conducted. Spatial data
processing in this research was data in the form of maps, satellite remote sensing data, and spatial
modeling for environmental suitability analysis.
The suitability analysis of fishpond area was intended to determine land and coastal area suitability
(physical, chemical, and biological) of designated aquaculture. This analysis was conducted by
measuring several environmental parameters of ecological requirements consisting of a physical
substrate, water quality, and hydro-oceanography for aquaculture development (Table 2).
2
Table 1. Parameters of observed aquatic environment and measurement tools/methods

Parameter Tool/method Remarks
Biology
1. Chlorophyll Filtration Laboratory Analysis
2. Mangrove Image & Ground Check Map Mangrove Mapping
Water Quality
1. Dissolved Oxygen DO meter/Winkler In-Situ/Laboratory
2. Salinity Salinometer In-Situ
3. pH pH meter In-Situ
4. TSS Spectrophotometer Laboratory Analysis
5. Ammonia Spectrophotometer Laboratory Analysis
6. Nitrate Spectrophotometer Laboratory Analysis
7. Phosphate Spectrophotometer Laboratory Analysis
8. Temperature Thermometer In-Situ
9.Heavy Metal Spectrophotometer Laboratory Analysis
Substrate Quality
1. pH pH meter In-Situ
2. Substrate Texture Fraction Analysis Laboratory Analysis
Table 2. Parameters of land and water suitability (score) for fishpond

Suitability
Environmental Characteristics
S1 (4) S2 (3) S3 (2) N (1)
Soil
Slope (%) 0–3 3–6 6–8 >8
Depth (cm) >150 100 – 150 75 – 100 < 75
Texture Quite Fine Medium Fine Coarse
Distance from the coast (m) 200 – 300 >300 – 4000 <200 >4000
Distance from a river (m) 0 – 1000 >1000 – 2000 >2000 – 3000 >3000
Periodically Rather rarely
Drainage Rarely inundated Uninundated
inundated inundated
Water
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) >5 3–5 1–<3 <1
0
Salinity ( /00) 12 – 20 >20 – 35 >35 – 50 >50
>30 – 35 <12
Temperature (0C) 28 – 30
18 – <28 12 – <18 >35
>8.5 – 10 >10 – 11 <4
pH 7.5 – 8.5
6 – <7.5 4 – <6 >11
Ammonia (mg/l) <0.3 0.3 – 0.4 >0.4 – 0.5 >0.5
Hydro-oceanography
1 – <1.5 0.5 – <1.5 <0.5
Tidal Amplitude (m) 1.5 – 2.5
>2.5 – 3.0 >3.0 – 3.5 >3.5
1000 – <2000 <1000
Rainfall (mm/th) 2500 – 3000 2000 – <2500
>3000 – 3500 >3500
Dry Season (<60 mm) 1–2 >2 – 3 >3 – 5 >5
Source: Modification from Bakosurtanal (1996); Hardjodiwegeno and Widiatmaka (2007).
Note: S1: Very suitable, S2: Quite suitable, S3: Conditionally suitable, N: Not suitable
3
Figure 1. Map of the research area showing the sampling sites located in Banyuwangi coastal area
The coastal area carrying capacity for aquaculture in Banyuwangi Regency was calculated by the
ideal land suitability approach in that coastal area. This carrying capacity analysis was carried out on
land with S1 (very suitable) and S2 (suitable) suitability. While S3 (conditionally suitable) and N (not
suitable) were not recommended for aquaculture development. Land carrying capacity for
development was influenced by land suitability. The equation used to calculate fishpond area carrying
capacity is:
DDT =
Note:
DDT: Fishpond Area Carrying Capacity
Spi: Score of parameter i
n: The number of parameters used
4
3. Results and discussion

3.1 Water quality of Banyuwangi coastal area
Environmental parameter data taken are water quality such as temperature, salinity, pH, DO, NH4,
NO3, PO4, Alkalinity (CO3, HCO3) and TOM in Banyuwangi coastal area with 9 sites of data
collection points represented all districts along the Banyuwangi coast with three replication (Table 3).
Table 3. Water quality of Banyuwnagi coastal area.

Water Quality Temp Alkalinity
NH4 NO3 PO4
DO eratur pH Salinity CO3 HCO3 TOM
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
Research Location e (ppm) (ppm)
Alas Buluh High 59.04
6.7 30.3 7.6 26 0 1 0 12 116
Low 52.45
6.5 29.7 7.3 25 0 0 0 36 112
Kampe High 56.7
7.1 30.1 7.3 22 0 0 0 24 100
Low 51.19
7 28.8 7 23 0 0 0.1 12 144
BP3 High 55.61
8 27.3 7.2 20 0 0 0 24 116
Low 59.04
6.1 27.5 7.1 20 0 0 0.1 16 136
High 54.98
Cemara Beach 7.5 31 9 25 0 0 0.1 80 88
Low 6.4 29.3 8 25 55.61
0 0 0 32 100
Pakem Kertosari High 7.7 31.6 7.2 24 54.98
0 0 0 12 112
Low 7.4 29.3 7.4 27 49.92
0 0 0 16 124
Santen Island High 7.2 29.7 7.2 26 61.93
0 0 0 36 92
Low 6.5 29.2 7.4 26 63.2
0 0 0 36 100
High 52.45
Blimbingsari 6.1 30.3 8.9 27 0 0 0.1 12 120
Low 30.1 8.4 27 53.75
6.4 0 0 0.1 12 140
Pangpang Bay High 56.88
7.04 30.3 6.9 23 0.7 0 0 24 98
Low 56.88
6.9 29.17 6 18 0.8 0 0 24 116
Lampon High 50.56
6.9 30.6 7.1 25 0 0 3 44 84
Low 63.2
6.8 30.7 6.9 26 0 0 0 44 80
Data collection of water quality is categorized in 2 conditions, namely at highs and lows. Based on
the data above, it can be seen that there is indeed a difference between the value of water quality at
high tide, but the difference is not significant.
The research location is in the waters along the coast of Banyuwangi Regency, where coastal
waters are a very narrow part of the ocean when compared to the area of the waters. This region is a
meeting area between the influence of land and sea and has very diverse properties with changes in the
natural environment occurring very quickly in time and space. Not only experience periodic drying
and soaking every day, but also the temperature difference is greater both daily and yearly than in
other parts of the sea.
Water temperature can affect the life of aquatic biota indirectly, through its influence on the
solubility of oxygen in the water. The higher the water temperature, the lower the solubility of oxygen
in the water, and conversely the higher the solubility of oxygen, the lower the water temperature.
Temperature indirectly affects metabolism, the solubility of gases and various chemical reactions in
water [10].
Photosynthesis is not directly proportional to the intensity of light. In the water column 10-15 m
upward, the speed of photosynthesis is lower than the 15-30 m layer, because light at sea level is too
intensive for most biota that can be injured by ultraviolet light. Photosynthesis occurs up to 100
meters, where light intensity is only 1% of the surface [11]
5
NH4 is a form of nitrogen in natural waters. Nitrogen in seawater is absorbed by marine organisms
to meet the need for nitrogen as one of the main components of amino acid formation which is the
beginning of protein formation. And that happened at the location of the research conducted as stated
by Kennish [12]. that nutrient sources were obtained from river water input, through soil washing and
rock decay.
Salinity is a very important factor for the growth of plankton. Changes in salinity in the waters
cause plankton maintaining the balance of osmotic pressure between protoplasm and water. Therefore
salinity can affect plankton abundance and distribution. Naturally, the fluctuations of salinity in tidal
areas are caused by two things: heavy rain and large evaporation [13].
3.2 Mangrove Distribution in Banyuwangi Regency

Based on the spatial analysis results, the distribution of mangrove in Banyuwangi is almost evenly
distributed along the coast from north to south. The area of mangrove along the coast is 2,608.846 Ha,
and that area is larger than fishpond area in Banyuwangi.
Figure 2. Mangrove distribution in Banyuwangi Regency
6
3.3 Coastal chlorophyll in Banyuwangi regency

After the sampling collection, it was then taken to Universitas Airlangga Surabaya laboratory to be
analyzed. For chlorophyll measurement results, there are three types of chlorophyll in Banyuwangi
coastal area, namely chlorophyll-a which produces blue-green color, chlorophyll b which produces
yellowish green color, and chlorophyll c which produces brown-green color. Chlorophyll-a is a
complex compound between magnesium and porphyrin which contains cyclopentanone ring (ring V).
The four nitrogen atoms are bonded together. Chlorophyll-a is a form of chlorophyll which is found in
all autotrophic plants. Chlorophyll b is the second chlorophyll found in green plants. Chlorophyll b is
also bound to proteins in a cell. It is found in Chlorophyta green algae and terrestrial plants.
Chlorophyll a and b are the strongest to absorb red and purple light spectrum, a green spectrum is the
least absorbed. Therefore, when white light shines on structures containing chlorophyll such as leaves,
a green light will be sent and reflected so that the structure appears green. Carotene is in the
chromoplast which is a colored plastide containing pigments besides chlorophyll. Chlorophyll c is
found in Phaeophyta brown algae and Bacillariophyta diatoms.
Table 4. Data of Chlorophyll Analysis in Banyuwangi Coastal Area in 2018
Chlorophyll type
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
Total Chlorophyll
-a -b -c
Research location
0.06138 0.07764 0.635417 0.23052
Alas Buluh
0.23125 0.30776 0.62979 1.1688
1.188194 0.37722 0.43438 0.9827
Kampe
0.24125 0.49149 0.50901 1.24175
0.117361 0.05198 0.16242 0.2313
BP3
0.283333 0.33241 0.16434 0.53755
0.11172 0.14986 0.31964 0.31964
Cemara Beach
0.4734 0.04749 0.18366 0.70455
0.22056 0.06712 0.20936 0.49704
Pakem Kertosari
0.26148 0.11888 0.27036 0.65072
0.03768 0.0885 0.09484 0.22102
Santen Island
0.03223 0.01779 0.05335 0.10337
0.00853 0.02865 0.05669 0.09387
Blimbingsari
0.00588 0.01583 0.04321 0.08734
0.04451 0.13286 0.19279 0.37034
Pangpang Bay
0.120622 0.360051 0.522461 1.003621
0.11399 0.11865 0.19987 0.43251
Lampon
0.03069 0.03882 0.04575 0.11526
3.4 Heavy metals (Cu, Hg, Pb, and Sn) in Banyuwangi Coastal Area
Heavy metals analyzed in this research is copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and lead (Sn). The
following is the results of heavy metal tests conducted in the laboratory of Research Institute and
Industry Standardization Surabaya.
In general, the source of heavy metals on the coast can be divided into two, namely sources that
enter naturally to the waters and artificial marine waters. While heavy metals that enter the ocean
waters can come from three sources, namely:
- Input from the coastal area originating from the river and the results of coastal abrasion by wave
activity.
- Inputs from the deep sea include metals released by volcanic activity in deep seas and metals
released from particles through chemical processes.
- Inputs from nearshore land environments, including metals originating from the atmosphere as
dust particles.
7
While the source of artificial metals is metal that was released during the metal and rock industry
process. Some industries only use certain heavy metals for their production activities. However, in
general, most industries use various types of heavy metal elements, making it difficult to trace the
origin of sources of pollution.
Of the four heavy metals mentioned above, different concentrations of heavy metals are obtained in
seawater. This difference in concentration is possible due to the variability of metals in water caused
by currents, adsorption, tides, or deposition [13].
Table 5. Test Results of Heavy Metals (Cu, Hg, Pb, and Sn) in Banyuwangi Coastal Area in 2018
Test Results
P. 2169 P. 2170
P. 2171 P. 2172 P. 2173 P. 2174
Alas Alas
Parameter Unit Kampe Kampe BP 3 BP 3 Test method
buluh buluh
(high (low (high (low
(low (high
tide) tide) tide) tide)
tide) tide)
Copper (Cu) mg/L <0.0223 0,026 0,032 <0.0223 0,026 0,026 SNI 6989.6 : 2009
SNI 6989.78 :
Mercury (Hg) mg/L <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005
2011
Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.012 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.015 SNI 6989.46:2009
APHA Ed.21.311
Lead (Sn)* mg/L <0.1050 <0.1050 0.469 <0.1050 <0.1050 <0.1050
B,2005
Test Results
P. 2176 P. 2179
P. 2175 P. 2177
P. P. 2178 P. P. 2180
Parameter Unit P. Santen P. Pakem Test method
Santen P. Pakem Cemara P. Cemara
(high (high
(low (low tide) (high (low tide)
tide) tide)
tide) tide)
Copper (Cu) mg/L <0.0223 <0.0223 0,026 <0.0223 0,03 <0.0223 SNI 6989.6 : 2009
Mercury
mg/L <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 SNI 6989.78 : 2011
(Hg)
Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.017 0.018 0.017 0.022 0.018 0.018 SNI 6989.46:2009
APHA Ed.21.311
Lead (Sn)* mg/L <0.1050 <0.1050 <0.1050 <0.1050 <0.1050 4.136
B,2005
Note:
- Parameters were tested according to the parameter
- Symbol “<” shows Limit Of Quantity value of the tests
3.5 Fishpond Land Suitability in Banyuwangi Regency

The area of aquaculture fishpond in Banyuwangi Regency in the last 5 years (2012 – 2016) has been
stable as well as the number of fishery households (FH) in the same period, that is 498 RTP.
Reviewed from the number of FH compared to the fishpond area, the ratio of fishpond area per FH in
Banyuwangi Regency has also been stable, which is 2.77 ha/FH. It shows that the area managed by
each FH for the last five years has tended to be stagnant.
The potential of the fishpond in Banyuwangi Regency is relatively high considering the vast
fishpond area and relatively good fishpond condition. Due to the problem of fishpond management,
shrimp disease, there are many fishponds that are currently not operating.
8
Fishpond Distribution Map
Figure 3. Fishpond area in Banyuwangi Regency
9
Table 6. The Development of Area and Number of Fishery Households (FH) in Banyuwangi Regency
from 2012 to 2016
Year Fishpond Area (ha) Number of Fishery Business Area Ratio
Households (people) (ha/FH)
2012 1381.34 498 2.77
2013 1381.76 498 2.77
2014 1381.76 498 2.77
2015 1381.76 498 2.77
2016 1381.76 498 2.77
Source: Processed from the Department of Fisheries and Food Security Banyuwangi Regency (2018)
Carrying capacity analysis was carried out on the lands with S1 (very suitable) and S2 (suitable)
suitability. While land with conditionally suitable category (S3) and not suitable (N) was not
recommended for fishpond land development. Land carrying capacity for development is influenced
by land suitability level.
Table 7. Suitability Parameter of Area and Water (score) for Fishpond
Suitability
Wongsorejo Banyuwangi Blimbingsari Pangpang Lampon
Environment Sub-district Sub-district Sub-district Bay Coast Coastal Area
Characteristics Coastal Area Coastal Area Coastal Area (Muncar and (Pesanggaran
Tegaldlimo Sub-district)
Sub-district)
Soil
Slope (%) 13.39 (N) 3.11 (S2) 3.12 (S2) 2 (S1) 15 (N)
Depth (cm) 25 (N) 100 (S2) 25 (N) 20 (N) 150 (S1)
Texture Medium Quite fine Quite fine Quite fine Rough (N)
(S2) (S1) (S1) (S1)
Distance from the < 200 (S3) >300 (S2) >300 (S2) >300 (S2) >300 (S2)
coast (m)
Distance from a 3000 (S3) 500 (S1) >1000 (S2) 0 – 1000 (S1) 0 – 1000 (S1)
river (m)
Drainage Not flooded Periodically Rarely Periodically Periodically
(N) flooded (S1) flooded (S2) flooded (S1) flooded (S1)
Water
Dissolved 6.9 (S1) 7.12 (S1) 6.1 (S1) 4.88 (S2) 6.85 (S1)
oxygen (mg/l)
Salinity (0/00) 22.67 (S2) 25.5 (S2) 27 (S2) 20.67 (S2) 25.5 (S2)
0
Temperature ( C) 28.95 (S1) 30.02 (S2) 30.3 (S2) 30.12 (S2) 30.65 (S2)
pH 7.25 (S2) 9 (S2) 8.9 (S2) 6.9 (S2) 7 S2)
Ammonia (mg/l) 0 (S1) 0 (S1) 0 (S1) 0.45 (S3) 0 (S1)
Hydro-
oceanography
Tidal Amplitude 3 (S2) 1.08 (S2) 1.08 (S2) 1.08 (S2) 4 (N)
(m)
Rainfall (mm/th) 179.21 (N) 179.21 (N) 179.21 (N) 179.21 (N) 179.21 (N)
Dry Season 2 (S1) 2 (S1) 2 (S1) 2 (S1) 2 (S1)
(<60mm/year)
Note: S1: Very suitable, S2: Suitable, S3: Conditionally suitable, N: Not suitable
Assessment analysis of fishpond land suitability category was conducted on all coastal land in
Banyuwangi Regency. From the total of 175.8 km coastal land with 1,381.76 Ha fishpond area, based
10
on the suitability category, estimated fishpond area in Banyuwangi with conditionally suitable (S2)
category is 1,220.535 Ha.
The recommended suitability of fishpond designated area is the land with S1 (very suitable) and S2
(suitable) category. However, based on the suitability analysis, the fishpond area along the coast fell
into S2 (suitable) category is 1,220.535 Ha meaning that the coastal area in Banyuwangi is suitable for
developing fishpond.
Until 2016, according to the Department of Fisheries, this figure is different from the fishpond area
in Banyuwangi which is 1381.76 Ha. This difference is in accordance with the survey result and
ground check carried out in this research that in 2018, there are some fishpond areas are not operating
due to the damage, both facilities, and infrastructure. In addition, another serious issue that should be
addressed immediately is the occurrence of input channel silting, both in the fishpond irrigation
channel and river mouths in some fishpond areas. This problem was also caused by the absence of
optimal irrigation arrangements for the fishpond area development. In principle, the designated area
for aquaculture must fulfill physical, chemical, biological, technical, social, economic, hygienic, and
legal requirements. In order to meet those requirements, according to Fauzi et all [2] , three are four
main aspects that need to be considered as criteria in determining fishpond location, namely
ecological, soil, biological, and social aspects. Those four aspects are supporting elements for
developing aquaculture in Banyuwangi coastal area and can be used as assessment bases in designing
land suitability model.
In addition, another factor affecting the decrease in fishpond production was land-use change,
mostly becoming housing. Dwipradnyana [15] explained that land-use change is an issue that can
give significant effects on production, as well as social and environmental aspects. Land-use change is
a serious threat to food security since the effect is permanent. Since this change affects more on spatial
suitability, long-term economic benefit and other alternative measures can be taken to make it more
beneficial instead of giving major damage.
3.6 Fishpond Carrying Capacity in Banyuwangi Regency

Fishpond development with the concept of sustainability requires resource utilization under the area
carrying capacity. Besides, fishpond area has exceeded the carrying capacity of Banyuwangi coastal
area.
Table 8. Carrying Capacity and Recommendation Fishpond Area in Banyuwangi Regency
Suitable fishpond area (Ha) Carrying Fishpond area in
Location Capacity (%) accordance with
carrying capacity (Ha)
Wongsorejo 211.039 64.29 135.677
Banyuwangi 350.031 82.14 287.515
Rogojampi 226.202 75 169.652
Pangpang Bay
(Muncar and
430.503 75 322.877
Tegaldlimo Sub-
district)
Lampon
(Pesanggaran Sub- 3.76 71.43 2.686
district)
Carrying capacity 1,221.535 73.57 898.71
The fishponds in Banyuwangi Regency have exceeded environment carrying capacity showed by
mangrove ecological function, irrigation system, and not optimal production. The area carrying
capacity for aquaculture development in Banyuwangi Regency is 73.57% of the total area suitable for
11
developing fishpond. From the suitable fishpond area (1,221.535 Ha) can be developed based on the
carrying capacity in Banyuwangi Regency 898.71 Ha.
Based on Table 8, it can be seen that from several coastal areas with aquaculture potential, almost
all of them have exceeded the carrying capacity in which the fishpond utilization needed to be
reduced. For fishpond in Wongsorejo coastal area, since the area is large, the reduction of land
utilization was greater too, reaching 64.29% or around 35.71% Ha to make it suitable to carrying
capacity and fishpond sustainability. Likewise, land utilization should be reduced up to 70%-80% in
the coastal areas in Banyuwangi, Rogojampi, Muncar, Tegaldlimo, and Pesanggaran.
Thus, from 1,221.535 Ha suitable area, around 26.43% or 322,827 Ha area should be restored to
support fishpond environment. The buffer area is recommended as a green area which is mangrove
vegetation.
Figure 4. Map of Fishpond Carrying Capacity in Banyuwangi Regency.
12
The buffer area needs to be provided in an aquaculture bed. This buffer area is an area borders with
the sea or river that is not used for aquaculture, instead of the place of mangrove vegetation which is
the native of the area. Mangrove is a natural buffer which can withstand the storm and strong wind as
well as being care area and foraging place for an economic commodity such as shrimp, crab, fish, and
oysters. This buffer area also functions to trap sediment, protect water quality, hold toxic materials,
and slow down surface water flow [1].
Presidential Decree Number 32 of 1990 concerning Management of Protected Areas explains that
buffer area is needed as median with the minimum width of 130 x average value of the annual
difference between the highest and the lowest in meters measured from the lowest ebb line. This is
also in accordance with the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 26 of 2008
concerning National Spatial Plan that is the strategy to prevent negative impacts of human activities
may cause environmental damage such as protecting environment ability to absorb substances, energy,
and or other components that are disposed of into it.
4. Conclusion
The results showed that the Banyuwangi coastal areas were suitable for developing brackish water
pond culture is 1.220,535 Ha, with a carrying capacity of 898,71 Ha. Therefore, the Banyuwangi
coastal area being faced with critical problems due to ecological constraints of exceeded its carrying
capacity limit for about 26,43% or 322,827 Ha.
5. References
[1] Mustafa A and Tarunamulia 2009 Journal Riset Akuakultur 4 3 395-406

[2] Fauzi Y, Susilo B and Mayasari Z M 2009 Journal Forum Geografi 23 2 101-111
[3] Yulianda F 2008 Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia 15 2 157-163
[4] Byron C J and Costa-Pierce B A 2010 Carrying capacity tools for use in the implementation of
an Ecosystems Approach to Aquaculture (UK: FAO Expert Workshop University of Stirling
UK, 6-8 December)
[5] Inglish G J, Hayden B J and Ross A H 2000 An overview of factors affecting the carrying
capacity of coastal embayments for mussel culture (New Zealand: NIWA)
[6] McKindsey C W, Thetmeyer H, Landry T and Silvert W 2006 Aquaculture 261 451-462
[7] Guyondet T, Comeau L A, Cedric B, Grant J, Rosland R, Sonier R and Filgueira R 2014
Estuaries and Coasts 38 (5) 1593-1618
[8] Ayllon D, A Almodóvar, GG Nicola, I Parra and B Elvira 2012 Journal of Fisheries Research
134-136 95-103
[9] Susetyo A D and Santoso E B 2016 JURNAL TEKNIK ITS 5 1 2301-9271 Print
[10] Gufran MH dan Baso BT 2007 Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dalam Budidaya Perairan (Jakarta:
Rineka Cipta
[11] Romimohtarto K dan Juwana S 2009 Biologi Laut, Ilmu Pengetahuan tentang Biota Laut
(Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan)
[12] Kennish M J 1994 J. Coastal Res, Special Issue 12
[13] Nybakken J W 1992 Biologi Laut Suatu Pendekatan Biologis (Jakarta: PT Gramedia)
[14] Sagala SL, R Bramawanto ARTD, Kuswardani dan WS Pranowo 2014 Jurnal Ilmu dan
Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 6 (2) 297 – 310
[15] Dwipradyana I M M 2014 Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Konversi Lahan Pertanian serta
Dampaknya terhadap Kesejahteraan Petani (Denpasar: Universitas Udayana)
13
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank The Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education who has
provided the opportunity to conduct research through Higher Education Research Collaboration 2018
scheme.
14

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Coastal ecosystem model based on environmental suitability and

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This content was downloaded from IP address 81.22.46.228 on 12/04/2019 at 23:19

Coastal ecosystem model based on environmental suitability

E W Setyaningrum1,*, Maghdalena2, A T K Dewi1, M. Yuniartik1, E D Masithah3

2.2 Data collection

2.3 Data analysis

Table 1. Parameters of observed aquatic environment and measurement tools/methods

Table 2. Parameters of land and water suitability (score) for fishpond

3. Results and discussion

Table 3. Water quality of Banyuwnagi coastal area.

3.2 Mangrove Distribution in Banyuwangi Regency

Figure 2. Mangrove distribution in Banyuwangi Regency

3.3 Coastal chlorophyll in Banyuwangi regency

3.5 Fishpond Land Suitability in Banyuwangi Regency

Fishpond Distribution Map

Figure 3. Fishpond area in Banyuwangi Regency

3.6 Fishpond Carrying Capacity in Banyuwangi Regency

Figure 4. Map of Fishpond Carrying Capacity in Banyuwangi Regency.

[1] Mustafa A and Tarunamulia 2009 Journal Riset Akuakultur 4 3 395-406

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