SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE

UNIT-IV
PASSIVE FILTERS
Part-A(2 marks)
1. A constant-K T-section high pass filter has a cutoff frequency of 10 KHz. The design impedance is 600 ohms.
Determine the value of L.
Sol:
Given: Rk = 600 ohms & fc =10 KHz
Formula for L= Rk/4 π fc
= 600/((4 π)x10x103)
= 4.774 m H

2. For a symmetrical network, define propagation constant and characteristic impedance.

Ans. Characteristic Impedance:The characteristic impedance of a symmetrical network is the impedance
measured at the input terminals of the first network in the chain of infinite networks in cascade.It is represented
by Zo.
Propagation constant: It represents the relationship between the currents entering and leaving the section which
is a vector quantity with both modulus and angle. It is represented in the form .
is a complex quantity.,𝛄=α+jβ
The real part is called attenuation constant α(measured in Nepers) and imaginary part is called phase constant
β(measured in radians)

3. What are called constants K filters and what are the demerits?
Ans: A T or π section in which the series and shunt arm impedances Z1 & Z2 satify the relationship Z1.Z2=Ro 2.,
where Ro is a real constant is called Constant-k prototype filters.
Other complex sections may be derived from prototypes.
Demerits:
 Attenuation does not sharply change in the attenuation/stop band. Hence frequencies near cut-off are
passed through the filter.
 The characteristic impedance changes with frequency in pass band.Hence filter cannot be terminated
properly.

4. What are the advantages of m-derived filters?

 The advantages of m-derived filters are
o Attenuation rises near cutoff frequency fC and its slope is adjustable by varying f∞
o The characteristics impedance will be uniform in the pass band when m-derived half section
having m = 0.6 is connected at the ends.
 Drawback : m-types have poor stop band rejection. For this reason, filters designed using m-type
sections are often designed as composite filters with a mixture of T-type and π-type sections and
different values of m at different points to get the optimum performance from both types.
 SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE

5. If Zoc =750Ļ30 Ω and Zsc =600Ļ20 Ω for a transmission line at 1600Hz, determine the Zo of the symmetrical
network.

6. Design a prototype low pass filter T section of design impedance Ro =500Ω and cutoff frequency fc=2000Hz

7. Determine the value of C required by a prototype high pass T-section filter having a cutoff frequency of 1KHz
to work into a 600ohms load resistance.
Ans: Given: Rk = 600 ohms & fc =1 KHz
Formula for C=1/4π Rk fc
=1/(4*π*600*1*10^3)
=
8. What are called cut-off frequencies in the design of filters?
Ans:The frequency at which Characteristic impedance Zo changes from real to imaginary is called cut-off
frequency. Or the frequencies at which the network changes from a pass network to stop network or vice versa is
called cut-off frequency.Denoted by fc(Hz)
The condition to determine cut-off frequency is given by X1=-4X2

9. Define neper. What is its relation with Decibels?

Ans: Decibel and Neper are logarithmic units used to measure power ratios. The Neper is defined in terms of
ratios of field quantities (for example, voltage or current), whereas the decibel was originally defined in terms
of power ratios.
The Relationship between Neper and Decibel is given by
SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE
1 Np=8.686 dB and
1 dB= 0.1151 Np

10. What is the significant of propagation constant in symmetrical network?

The current ratio or voltage ratio is expressed as v1/v2 (or) i1/i2.
Propagationconstant γ=α+jβ.
Where α-is the attenuation constant
β-is the phase constant.

11. What is filter?

Electronic filters are electronic circuits which performs signal processing functions. Specifically to
remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted once or both.

12. What are passive filters?

Passive implementations of linear filters are based on combination of resistor, capacitor, inductor.
These types are collectively known as passive filters, because they do not depend upon an external
power supply and/or they do not contain active components such as transistor.
SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE

UNIT I TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

1.What is wavelength of a line?

The distance the wave travels along the line while the phase angle is changing through 2π radians is
called a wavelength.

2.Define the line parameters?

The parameters of a transmission line are:Resistance (R),Inductance (L),Capacitance (C), Conductance
(G)
Resistance (R) is defined as the loop resistance per unit length of the wire. Its unit is ohm/Km
Inductance (L) is defined as the loop inductance per unit length of the wire. Its unit is Henry/Km
Capacitance (C) is defined as the loop capacitance per unit length of the wire. Itsunit is Farad/Km
Conductance (G) is defined as the loop conductance per unit length of the wire.Its unit is mho/Km

3.What are the secondary constants of a line? Why the line parameters are called distributed
elements?
The secondary constants of a line are:
Characteristic Impedance
Propagation Constant
Since the line constants R, L, C, G are distributed through the entire length of the line, they are called
as distributed elements. They are also called as primary constants.

4.What is a finite line? Write down the significance of this line?

A finite line is a line having a finite length on the line. It is a line, which is terminated, in its
characteristic impedance (ZR=Z0), so the input impedance of the finite line is equal to the
characteristic impedance (Zs=Z0).

5.What is an infinite line?

An infinite line is a line in which the length of the transmission line is infinite.A finite line, which is
terminated in its characteristic impedance, is termed as infinite line. So for an infinite line, the input
impedance is equivalent to the characteristic impedance.

6.What are the types of line distortions?

The distortions occurring in the transmission line are called waveform distortion or line distortion.
Waveform distortion is of two types:
a) Frequency distortion
b) Phase or Delay Distortion.

7.How frequency distortion occurs in a line?

When a signal having many frequency components are transmitted along the line, all the frequencies
will not have equal attenuation and hence the received end waveform will not be identical with the
input waveform at the sending end because each frequency is having different attenuation. This type of
distortion is called frequency distortion.

8.What is delay distortion?

SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE
When a signal having many frequency components are transmitted along the line, all the frequencies
will not have same time of transmission, some frequencies being delayed more than others. So the
received end waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the sending end because some
frequency
components will be delayed more than those of other frequencies. This type of distortion is called
phase or delay distortion.

9.What is the drawback of using ordinary telephone cables?

In ordinary telephone cables, the wires are insulated with paper and twisted in pairs, therefore there
will not be flux linkage between the wires, which results in negligible inductance, and conductance. If
this is the case, the there occurs frequency and phase distortion in the line.

10.How the telephone line can be made a distortion less line?

For the telephone cable to be distortion less line, the inductance value should be increased by placing
lumped inductors along the line.

11.What is Loading?
Loading is the process of increasing the inductance value by placing lumped inductors at specific
intervals along the line, which avoids the distortion

12.What are the types of loading?

a) Continuous loading
b) Patch loading
c) Lumped loading
SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE

UNIT II & III

1.What is standing wave ratio?

The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of voltage or current on a line having standing
waves called standing waves ratio.

2.What is dissipationless line?

A line for which the effect of resistance R is completely neglected is called dissipationless line.

3. State the assumptions for the analysis of the performance of the radio frequency line.
1.Due to the skin effect ,the currents are assumed to flow on the surface of the conductor. The internal
inductance is zero.
2.The resistance R increases with Ö f while inductance L increases with f.Hence wL>>R.
3.The leakage conductance G is zero

4.What are nodes and antinodes on a line?

The points along the line where magnitude of voltage or current is zero are called nodes while the the
points along the lines where magnitude of voltage or current first maximum are called antinodes or
loops.

5.State the relation between standing were ratio S and reflection co-efficient k.
The relation between standing wave ratio S and reflection co-efficient k is,
S =1+ k/1-k

6.Why the point of voltage minimum is measured rather than voltage

maximum?
The point of a voltage minimum is measured rather than a voltage maximum because it is usually
possible to determine the exact point of minimum voltage with greater accuracy.

7. What is the use of eighth wave line?

An eighth wave line is used to transform any resistance to an impendence with a magnitude equal to
Roof the line or to obtain a magnitude match between a resistance of any value and a source of Ro
internal resistance.

8. Why is a quarter wave line called as impendence inverter?

A quater wave line may be considered as an impendence inverter because it can transform a low
impendence in to ahigh impendence and vice versa.

9. What do you mean by copper insulators?

An application of the short circuited quarter wave line is an insulator to support an open wire line or
the center conductor of a coaxial line .This application makes se of the fact that the input impendence
of a quarter wave shorted line is very high ,Such lines are sometimes referred to as copper insulators.

10. Explain impendence matching using stub.

SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE
In the method of impendence matching using stub ,an open or closed stub line of suitable length is
used as a reactance shunted across the transmission line at a designated distance from the load ,to tune
the length of the line and the load to resonance with an antiresonant resistance equal to Ro.

11.What are the two independent measurements that must be made to find the location and
length of the stub.
The standing wave ratio S and the position of a voltage minimum are the independent measurements
that must be made to find the location and length of the stub.

12.What is the use of a circle diagram?

The circle diagram may be used to find the input impendence of a line m of any chosen length.
SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE

UNIT V WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS

1. What are guided waves? Give examples

The electromagnetic waves that are guided along or over conducting or dielectric surface are called
guided waves. Examples: Parallel wire, transmission lines

2. What is TE wave or H wave?

Transverse electric (TE) wave is a wave in which the electric field strength E is entirely transverse. It
has a magnetic field strength Hz in the direction of propagation and no component of electric field Ez
in the same direction

3. What is TH wave or E wave?

Transverse magnetic (TM) wave is a wave in which the magnetic field strength H is entirely
transverse. It
has a electric field strength Ez in the direction of propagation and no component of magnetic field Hz
in the same direction

4. What is a TEM wave or principal wave?

TEM wave is a special type of TM wave in which an electric field E along the direction of propagation
is also zero. The TEM waves are waves in which both electric and magnetic fields are transverse
entirely but have no components of Ez and Hz.it is also referred to as the principal wave.

5. What is a dominant mode?

The modes that have the lowest cut off frequency is called the dominant mode.

6. Give the dominant mode for TE and TM waves

Dominant mode: TE10 and TM10

7. What is cut off frequency?

The frequency at which the wave motion ceases is called cut-off frequency of the waveguide.

8. What is cut-off wavelength?

It is the wavelength below which there is wave propagation and above which there is no wave
propagation.

9. Mention the characteristics of TEM waves.

a) It is a special type of TM wave
b) It doesn’t have either e or H component
c) Its velocity is independent of frequency
d) Its cut-off frequency is zero.

10. Define attenuation factor

Attenuation factor = (Power lost/ unit length)/(2 x power transmitted)
SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE

11.Mention the applications of wave guides

The wave guides are employed for transmission of energy at very high frequencies where the
attenuation caused by wave guide is smaller.Waveguides are used in microwave transmission.Circular
waveguides are used as attenuators and phase shifters

12. Distinguish TE and TM waves

TE TM
Electric field strength E is Magnetic field strength H is entirely
entire transverse transverse.
It has z component of It has z component of electric field Ez
magnetic field Hz
It has no z component of It has no z component of magnetic field
electric field (Ez=0) (Hz=0)

13.Why is circular or rectangular form used as waveguide?

Waveguides usually take the form of rectangular or circular cylinders because of its simpler forms in
use and less expensive to manufacture.

14.What is the dominant mode for the TE waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1 , n=0)

15.What is the dominant mode for the TM waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TM wave is TM11(m=1 , n=1)

16.What is the dominant mode for the rectangular waveguide?

The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1 , n=0) whereas the lowest mode for TM wave is
TM11(m=1 , n=1). The TE10 wave have the lowest cut off frequency compared to the TM11 mode.
Hence the TE10 (m=1 , n=0) is the dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide.Because the TE10
mode has the lowest attenuation of all modes in a rectangular waveguide and its electric field is
definitely polarized in one direction everywhere.

17.Which are the non-zero field components for the for the TE10 mode in a rectangular
waveguide?
Hx, Hz and Ey.

18. Which are the non-zero field components for the for the TM11 mode in a rectangular
waveguide?
Hx, Hy ,Ey. and Ez.

19. Define characteristic impedance in a waveguide

The characteristic impedance Zo can be defined in terms of the voltage-current ratio or in terms of
power transmitted for a given voltage or a given current. Zo (V,I) = V/I
SUB: Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PPG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB CODE: EC 6503 DEPT OF ECE

20.Why TEM mode is not possible in a rectangular waveguide?

Since TEM wave do not have axial component of either E or H ,it cannot propagate within a single
conductor waveguide.

21.Explain why TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist.
For TM modes in rectangular waveguides, neither m or n can be zero because all the field equations
vanish ( i.e., Hx, Hy ,Ey. and Ez.=0). If m=0,n=1 or m=1,n=0 no fields are present. Hence TM01 and
TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist.

22. Mention the application of waveguides.

The waveguides are employed for transmission of energy at very high frequencies where the
attenuation caused by a waveguide is smaller.
Waveguides are used in microwave transmission. Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and
phase shifters.

23. Define wave impedence.

Wave impedence is defined as the ratio of the electric field intensity to the magnetic field intensity
Zxy=Ex/Hy; Zyx=Ey/Hx; Zzx=Ez/Hx
The wave impedance in the opposite direction are the negative of those given above
Zxy=-Ex/Hy; Zyx=-Ey/Hx; Zzx=-Ez/Hx;

24. Why waveguide is taken circular or rectangular form?

Waveguides usually take the form of rectangular or circular cylinders because of its simpler forms in
use and less expensive to manufacture.