Energy Audit and Management in Buildings

Prof R Saravanan
IES, Anna University, Chennai &
DL – ISHRAE HQ New Delhi
 Learning Objectives..
To improve energy efficiency, reduce energy costs,
and minimize environmental impact in Buildings

• Some learning objectives for energy audits and

management in buildings include:

– Procedure for Energy Auditing

– Typical tools and time frames for energy audits
– Analyzing energy consumption patterns
– Energy Management Systems
– Monitoring and Verification of Energy Savings
Electricity Consumption by Sectors

Source: Energy Statistics 2023, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation

 Commercial buildings
• In general, approximately 8-9% of the total electricity
consumption is attributed to commercial buildings,
encompassing offices, hospitals, hotels, retail outlets,
educational buildings, government offices, and more.
• The collective built-up area of commercial buildings is
projected to reach 1.9 billion square meters by 2030.
• With one of the highest growth rates in the sector, it
becomes imperative to regulate and optimize energy
consumption in commercial buildings to ensure
sustainable development.
 Commercial buildings
• Various programs and schemes for building sector by Government
and Industry associations
ECBC Classified buildings
 Energy Audit
Αn energy audit is a systematic
inspection and analysis of energy use
and energy consumption of a building
with the objective of identifying energy
flows and the potential for energy
efficiency improvements and reporting
them
 Why carry out an energy audit?
• To improve energy performance and minimize the
environmental impacts of the building’s operations
• To identify technical opportunities by evaluating
significant process energy using components or
utilities including , HVAC plant, Lighting systems,
building performance, etc
• To gain a greater understanding of a part or all of
the building's energy usage patterns
• To identify potential for using renewable energy
supply technologies (e g NZEBs)
 Why carry out an energy audit?
• To identify behavioral change opportunities by evaluating
current operations and maintenance practices
• To meet customer and shareholder expectations
• To achieve compliance with legal requirements such as the
Energy Efficiency Directive i.e ECBC.
• To provide clear financial information regarding energy
savings opportunities in order to prioritize these items for
the building's decision making process
• To contribute to the process for certification to a formal
energy management system, as set out in ISO 50001
 Purpose of Energy Audit

The purpose of an energy audit

(sometimes called an “energy
assessment” or “energy study”) is to
determine where, when, why and how
energy is used in a building, and to
identify opportunities to improve
efficiency
 Energy Audit Steps..
1 Organise Audit Team
2 Establish Data Base
3 Organise Metering / Energy Audit Kit
4 Analyse Data
5 Survey Complete Plant
6 Conduct Sub-system Audits
7 Take a Fresh Look
8 Management Aspects
 Energy Audit : Organise Audit Team
ACTIVITY DETAILS OUTCOME

 GROUP  Team with :  Cohesive

SPECIALISTS  expertise specialist team :
FROM  authority in-house or
ELECTRICAL, external
 freedom for
THERMAL, data,
PROCESS, discussions,
INSTRUMENTATION measurements
& MANAGEMENT
 Energy Audit : Establish Data Base
ACTIVITY DETAILS OUTCOME
 INDUSTRY AND  Monthly consumption  a-b-c-
last 36 months & next prioritisation
EQUIPMENT / 24 months plan
SYSTEM SPECIFIC  understand en.
 Purchased/in-house
QUESTIONNAIRES  Utility bills sources:
Single-line diagrams  FUELS: solid,
 PLANT RECORDS 
 Performance data for liquid, gas, waste
SUMMARY major energy users  ELECTRICAL:
 Fuel analysis purchased/
 Annual equip.run generated
hours
 water (city,well,river)
 Energy costs
 Prodn/conspn. of each
major energy users
 Energy Audit : Organise Audit Kit/Metering

ACTIVITY DETAILS OUTCOME

 PORTABLE KIT  Energy Audit Kit:  Data
 Combustion analysers accuracy
 Power analysers
 Harmonic analysers  Energy
 Flow meters - air, gas & accountability
oil flow
 Humidity meters
 Assist develop
 Temperature energy saving
indicators concepts
 Lux meters
 Ultrasonic leak
detectors
 Pressure measuring
instruments,
tachometers'
 Energy Audit : Organise Audit Kit/Metering

ACTIVITY DETAILS OUTCOME

 METERING  Fixed Meters  Data

accuracy
 Data loggers
 Energy
 Fuel flow
accountability
meters
 Assist develop
 Steam flow
energy saving
meters
concepts
 Water flow
meters
 Energy meters
 Energy Audit : Analyse Data
ACTIVITY DETAILS OUTCOME
 Determine:  Establish
 DATA ANALYSIS
 Energy relative
consumption
costs/merits of
 Where, how,
when & why
different
energy is used? energy sources
 Unit energy cost  Energy saving
factors concepts
 Total &  Economics
incremental
energy costs
 Analyse all utility &
process systems
 Conduct Sub-systems Audit To Integrate Into
Comprehensive Energy Exercise
ACTIVITY DETAILS OUTCOME
 Thermal audit:
 SUB-SYSTEMS  Systematic
 Combustion
AUDIT equipment analysis
 Hot & cold streams  Correct picture
 Recovery
confirmation
• Electrical audit
• Sub-systems audit:
- Lighting
- Compressed air
- Pumping system
- Process
- Cooling water
- AC & refrigeration
- Vacuum system etc.
 Conduct Sub-systems Audit To Integrate Into
Comprehensive Energy Exercise
ACTIVITY DETAILS OUTCOME
 SUB-SYSTEMS  Process Energy  Practical
AUDIT Analysis: energy saving
 Flow sheet analysis
proposals
 Mass & material
balance
worked out in
 Energy balance detail - ready
 Energy use & to implement
discharge
 Waste heat streams
 Feed streams
 Heat integration
 Process modifications
 Energy Audit : Take a Fresh Look
ACTIVITY DETAILS OUTCOME
 CONSIDERATIONS:  Be open-minded  Reduce
 NEW OR EXISTING  Avoid biased energy cost
FACILITY thinking  Eliminate
 AVAILABLE AND NEW  Use your ingenuity
TECHNOLOGY avoidable
 Be innovative and losses
 THEORETICAL/EXPERI
MENTAL/PROVEN creative
 Operate
ENERGY COST /  Ask questions -

why?
efficiently/
AVAILABILITY - SHORT
& LONG TERM more
 Do not criticize
 AVAILABLE MONEY efficient
 BE CONSTRUCTIVE
AND MAN-HOURS equipment
 AUTOMATION  Improve yield
 Scope of Building Energy Audit
• Envelope (including infiltration, exfiltration, and stack effect pathways)
• Lighting (interior and exterior)
• HVAC (cooling, heating, air distribution, ventilation and exhaust systems)
• Building automation systems (BASs)
• Heating, chilled, condenser, and domestic water systems and associated pumps
• Steam systems
• Refrigeration (except for food processing refrigeration)
• Onsite power generation equipment, including renewable energy systems
• Uninterruptible power supplies, power distribution units, and critical power systems
• Data centers and information technology infrastructure
• Conveyance systems (escalators, elevators, baggage handling, moving sidewalks, and similar)
• Plug loads (including office equipment, personal computers, appliances
• Laundries
• Food preparation
• Pools, saunas, and spas
 Types of Energy Audits

• Walk Through Audit

• Utility Cost Analysis
• Comprehensive Energy
Audit
• Detailed Energy Audit
ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 211-2018
 Walk Through Audit
• Perform a brief walk-through survey.
• Determine if efficiency may be affected by functions that
differ from the original functional intent of the building.
• Identify low-cost/no-cost changes to the facility or to
operating and maintenance procedures, and determine the
savings that will result from these changes.
• Perform a rough estimate to determine the approximate
breakdown of energy use for significant end-use categories,
including weather and non-weather related uses.
• Identify potential capital improvements for further study,
and provide an initial estimate of potential costs and
savings.
 Energy Audit - Procedure

• Proper insulation of Hot

/ Cold Body
• Assess the building energy efficiency • Excess Air Control in
• To identify not only simple and low cost Boiler
improvements but also to list ECO, ECM, • Arresting Steam /
EEM for the detailed energy audit latter Compressed Air Leakages
• Visual inspection, Study of installed • Fine tuning of Utilities
equipment and operating data and detailed • DG Set Frequency
analysis of recorded energy consumption data Optimization, etc.
collected during Bench Marking
 Walk Through Audit
• Repairing broken insulation layers ,
windows, etc.
• Boiler A/F ratios Adjustment
• Lowering Cooling Preset Temperatures
• Identification of inefficient lighting
systems
• Hot air pocketing in Air-cooled
Condensers
 Energy Audit - Procedure

• Preliminary whole building energy

use
• Historic utility use and cost
• Comparison with the performance
of similar buildings
• Benchmarking
 Utility Cost Analysis
• Establish “Relation” between cost & Utility’s services
• Analyze Operating cost of the Utility
• Obtain data from:
– Energy Bills
– Peak Demands.
– Weather effects identified
• Utility Cost analysis steps include:
– Verify energy bills & ensure no mistakes made
– Determine dominant charges
– Peak demand saving measures
• Check if alternative cost effective fuels will help
 Utility Cost Analysis
• Classify the primary use of the building. Ensure that the
standard definition of gross area is used.
• Obtain copies of all utility bills and summarize them for at
least a one-year period, preferably three years.
• Review the monthly patterns for irregularities. Note if a bill
is missing or if it is estimated rather than actual
consumption.
• Complete the energy performance summary to develop the
energy index and the cost index for each fuel, or demand
type, and their combined total
 Utility Cost Analysis
• Compare the Energy Utilization Index (EUI) and the
cost index with buildings having similar characteristics.
• Derive target energy, demand, and cost indices for a
building with the same characteristics as this building.
• A range of methods are available for this work:
– Pick from any database of similar buildings those buildings
with the lowest energy index.
– Pick an index based on the knowledge of an energy analyst
experienced with this type of building.
• Compare the energy and cost savings for each fuel type
if the building were to reach the target Energy
Utilization Index. Using these value(s), determine if
further engineering analysis is recommended.
Utility Cost Analysis

EPI : kWh/sqm
Sample energy end uses—can be
indexed against similar building system
average loads to identify energy
savings opportunities.
Table for Star Rating of the Office Building
BEE Schedule for Star Rating of Office Buildings
 Star Rating of the Office Building
Medium Office Building :
(30000 sqm<BUA<10000 sqm) :: 65 % AC area
Climate 1 Star 2 Star 3 Star 4 Star 5 Star
Composite 131.5 118.5 105 91.75 78.5
Warm and 123.5 110.5 97 83.75 70.5
Humid
Temperate 136.25 123 109.75 96.5 83.25

kWh/sqm
 Utility Cost Analysis
Example on Electricity Consumption Analysis
 Utility Cost Analysis
Office Building, 130 kVA, Contract Demand : 400 kW, Monthly Working hours : 180 h
Month Consumption Demand Demand cost Energy Charges Total Cost
April 270 375 1,44,000 388800 5,32,800
May 300 375 1,44,000 432000 5,76,000
June 312 375 1,44,000 449280 5,93,280
July 302 375 1,44,000 434880 5,78,880
August 289 375 1,44,000 416160 5,60,160
Demand
September 260 375 1,44,000 374400 Cost +
5,18,400
400 1,53.600
October 270 375 1,44,000 388800 Electricity
5,32,800
November 260 375 1,44,000 374400 Cost
5,18,400
December 266 375 1,44,000 383040 5,27,040
January 250 375 1,44,000 360000 5,04,000
February 260 375 1,44,000 374400 5,18,400
March 266 375 1,44,000 383040 5,27,040

As per Traffic order Energy Cost : Rs 8.0 / kWh

Actual Cost including Demand Charges : Rs 11.10 / kWh
 Utility Cost Analysis

• Contract Demand : 400 kW

• Maximum Demand : 312 kW • Revise the Contract Demand : 350 kW
• Average Demand : 275 kW • Savings : Rs 2.35 lakhs / year
 Energy Audit - Procedure

Replacement of
Inefficient Motors • To provide a comprehensive and detailed
analysis of the facility, a breakdown of energy
Process Modifications use
• First quantitative evaluation of ECO, EEM –
Furnace Redesigning
selected to correct the defects or improve the
VFDs Installations existing installation
• On-site measurement and analysis using any
Revamping of Piping software tool
Systems, etc.
 Comprehensive Energy Audit
• Comprehensive Analysis of Energy Systems
• Development of Baseline (of the building’s
energy use)
– Identification of Energy Uses
– Evaluation of Energy Savings
– Cost Effectiveness of Selected E.E.M
• Various Mathematical Tools are used
– Degree day methods
– Linear regression Methods
– Simple Pay Back Analysis
 Comprehensive Energy Audit
• Review mechanical and electrical system design,
installed condition, maintenance practices, and
operating methods.
• Review existing operating and maintenance
problems.
• Measure key operating parameters and compare
to design levels, for example, operating schedules,
heating/cooling water temperature, supply air
temperature, space temperature and humidity,
ventilation quantities, and light level at the task.
• Such measurements may be taken on a spot basis,
or logged, manually or electronically.
 Comprehensive Energy Audit
• Prepare a breakdown of the total annual energy use
into end-use components,
• List all possible modifications to equipment and
operations that would save energy.
• Review the list of practical modifications with the
owner/operator and select those that will be
analyzed further. Prioritize the modifications in the
anticipated order of implementation.
• For each practical measure, estimate the potential
savings in energy cost and its energy index.
 Comprehensive Energy Audit
• Estimate the cost of each practical measure.
• Estimate the impact of each practical measure
on building operations, maintenance costs,
and non-energy operating costs.
• Estimate the combined energy savings from
implementing all of the practical measures
and compare to the potential derived
• Prepare a financial evaluation of the estimated
total potential investment using the owner’s
chosen techniques and criteria
 Common Energy Audit findings,
Solutions & Savings
Audit Findings Solutions – ECM Savings

Too cold in summer. Set thermostat to desired room 10-30 %

Measured room temperature temperature of 26°C; or
21oC repair/replace the thermostat if it is
not functional
Excessive air pressure drop Clean air filter 5 to 20% fan power
across air filter of AHU
Hot air pocketing around air Proper air flow arrangement, No 3-8 % increase in
cooled condenser obstruction, Minimum heat rejection
4L capacity
Chillers set to provide 6°C Re-set operating temperature to 8°C 3 to 6% chiller
water outside summer HVAC power
Installation
 Common Energy Audit findings,
Solutions & Savings
Audit Findings Solutions – ECM Savings

Excessive water leaving chilled Check & improve shaft seal A flow of 1 L/min.
water pump glands excessive flow
means 1000 kWh
per year
Overcooled spots due to Balance the air supply system, Add 15 to 25%
improper air balancing dampers as appropriate
Air flow of VAV /AHU Add inverter type variable speed drive 10 to 30% fan power
controlled by inlet guide vanes
Secondary chilled water pump Add inverter type speed drive (with 10 to 30% pump
driven by constant speed motor controlling sensor at strategic point downstream and at power
setting such that adequate pressure at low load
condition can be provided far away from cooling coil)
 Conserve energy by optimizing fresh air intake
to select AHUs through CO2 monitoring
• Present System
– There are around 50 AHUs are installed in the
Hotel at various locations for air conditioning
– Typically in all AHU rooms there is fresh air
opening and fresh air is added constantly at
around 15 % of total circulated air to maintain
CO2 level in the air conditioned area
– Fresh air dampers are provided with manual
control and are kept open always irrespective of
actual fresh air requirement
 Conserve energy by optimizing fresh air intake
to select AHUs through CO2 monitoring
• Fresh air supply to AHUs constitute
substantial heat load as the air is to be
conditioned from ambient temperature to
23-25oC and higher enthalpy due to
humidity
• CO2 level varies in the air conditioned area
due to operational changes and occupancy
• As per ASHRAE specification the CO2 level
in air conditioned area should not be more
than 1000 PPM
 Conserve energy by optimizing fresh air intake
to select AHUs through CO2 monitoring
• Proposal
– Install motorised fresh air dampers in all AHU rooms
and automate with CO2 level in the return air
– CO2 sensors positioned in return air duct will measure
CO2 level and give feedback to motorised damper to
open or close through microprocessor or PLC control
• This automation will accrue the following
advantages:
– Avoiding manual operation
– Maintaining stipulated comfort level in air
conditioned area always
– Reduces substantial fresh air load for AHUs
 Conserve energy by optimizing fresh air intake
to select AHUs through CO2 monitoring
Description Unit Formula Value
Present fresh air supply in all AHUs @ 15%
62000
fressh air supply CFM A
Proposed fresh air supply by saving of 50 % CFM B 31000
VLI load index for Delhi (annual) ton hrs/cfm C 17.594
D=B
Total fresh air load reduction considering xCX5000/87 3,11,309
average operation of 5000 hrs for all AHUs ton hrs 60
Power consumed per TR kW/TR E 0.85
Power cost Rs. F 8.5
G=DxEx
22,49,210.13
Recurring annual savings Rs. Lacs F
One time cost of implementation Rs. Lacs H 2500000
Payback months I=H/J x12 13
 Energy Audit - Procedure

Solar Cooling system

Vapour compression
• Investment Grade Audit
heat pump for hot
water generation • Detailed intensive modifications focusing on
potential costly ECO, ECMs requiring rigorous
On-site power energy study.
generation

Waste to energy
projects
 Detailed Energy Audit
• Most Comprehensive & Time Consuming
• Use of hand held / stationary instruments
• Sophisticated Computer Simulations
• Carried out for:
– Evaluating Energy use
– Identifying Potential savings
– Recommending Energy Retrofits
– Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Energy
Retrofits
 Renewable Energy Intervention for
HPB – Case Study
• Tapping waste heat sources available at the site would
provide substantial heat sources
• Solar and Heat Pumps coupled with the existing
systems would lead to lifecycle cost savings
• This eliminate the use of expensive commercial
energy for hot water generation.
• Therefore, the potential for savings could be from
50% to as high as 100%.
• Also, heat pumps are an efficient and cost effective
option for supplementary needs.
Renewable Energy Intervention for HPB –
Case Study
 Renewable Energy Intervention for
HPB – Case Study
Electrical
Description Boiler Heat pump
heater
Input kW 10 10 10
Efficiency % (COP) 0.85 0.95 3.5
Heating output kW 8.5 9.5 35.0
ikW/kW of heating (only heating) 1.18 1.05 0.29

Heat observed from evaporator kW (cooling

0 0 25
generated)

COP of comparable split AC - - 3.5

Net power consumption of heat pump for

- - 2.9
only heating with cooling as by product kW

ikW/kW of heating with cooling

1.18 1.05 0.08
utilization
Renewable Energy Intervention for HPB –
Case Study
 Renewable Energy Intervention for
HPB – Case Study
Before Implementation
After Implementation
DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE
DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE
Fuel consumption for Hot litres/yr 81,617 Annual fuel savings litre/yr 81,617
Water boilers
Net energy consumption kWh/yr 1,24,500
Electricity consumption kWh/yr 32,850 for heat pumps and
for Jacuuzi pool heating auxiliaries
Annual cost of heating Rs.lacs 8.75
Fuel cost Rs/litre 90
Recurring annual Rs.lacs 68.25
Unit power cost Rs./kWh 7.0 Cost savings

Annual cost of heating Rs.lacs 77 Investment Rs.lacs 114

Payback Years 1.67

Solar Cooling Systems –
Resource efficiency
 System Design
a) Determine Cooling Requirements
b) Site Assessment
c) Solar Thermal Collector Selection / Solar PV Panel sizing,
selection and auxiliaries
d) Cooling systems / Storage – Thermal or Battery
e) Systems control and Monitoring
f) Installation and commissioning ( piping net work etc)
g) Maintenance and operational cost
h) Life cycle cost analysis and TEWI Estimate – CDM
 Solar PV system - VCRS
 Average Solar Energy Available at the Location : 5.5 kWh/m2/day
 Energy Production @ 10 % efficiency of the collector : 0.55 kWh/ m2 / day
 Cooling production considering AC VCRS @ COP of 3 : 1.65 kWh / m2 / day
 For WC VCRS @ COP of 4.5 : 2.475 kWh / m2 / day

Solar PV cooling systems are versatile and can be used in various applications,
including residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. They are more commonly
employed for smaller cooling loads and can be integrated with existing cooling
systems.

Solar PV cooling systems have become more affordable due to advancements in

PV technology and economies of scale. The costs mainly involve PV panel
installation and the cooling equipment required.

[email protected] _ SC_COP28 55
 Solar Thermal system - VAM
 Average Solar Energy Available at the Location : 5.5 kWh/m2/day
 Energy Production @ 50 % efficiency of the collector :
2.75 kWh/ m2 / day
 Cooling production considering SE VAM @ COP of 0.7 :
1.925 kWh / m2 / day
 For DE VAM @ COP of 1.2 : 3.3 kWh / m2 / day

 Commercial Buildings / Industrial applications

 Costly Compared to Solar PV Cooling System
 Over 1100 TR Solar DE VAM are installed and in operation in India (Scheffler
Dishes, PTC, ARUN)
Estimation-TEWI Calculations
 Estimation-TEWI Calculations
Parameters Solar Thermal VAM Solar PV WC Chiller VCRS WC Chiller –
Grid Connected
Capacity 100 TR 100 TR 100 TR
No of Years 20 20 20
Operating hours / Year 2900 2900 2900
Working fluid H2O-LiBr R134a R134a
Power consumption (kW) 5 kW 318 kW 318 kW
( 0.9 kW/TR) ( 0.9 kW/TR)

Refrigerant Charge 1000 100 100

GWP100 0 1430 1430
Emission factor 1.1 1.1 1.1
(kg CO2/kWh)
Direct Emission (kg) 0 57,200 57,200
Indirect Emission (kg) 3,19,000 0 57,42,000

Total TEWI ( kg) 3,19,000 57,200 57,42,000

 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• Organizations that target behavioral and organizational
barriers, as well as technological, can achieve continuous
improvement in energy performance .
 Energy Management Plan

PLAN DO CHECK ACT

Obtain Insight
(Audits) Create Awareness
Correct Deficiencies
Review Results
Get Mgmt Commitment Train Key Resources
Review Original
Verify Energy Policies
Nominate Energy Implement Projects
Effectiveness
Champion
Monitor Progress Review Objectives &
Examine Targets
Policy,Objectives Opportunities
Structure Lock In The Gains
For Continual Review Energy Program
Set New Targets
Improvement
Assign Responsibilities
Communicate Results Update Action Plan
Develop Programs
Celebrate Success Start The Cycle Anew
Set Targets & Measures

Set Priorities

Develop Action Plan

ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

ISO 50001:2018 Energy Management

 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• Clearly Stated Energy-environmental
Policy
• For ISO Certification, it is mandatory to
spell and display Company’s policy on
quality. Therefore, it is widely seen.
Whereas, for energy it needs to be
proactive
• Individuals therefore to proactively pursue
to evolve and help pronouncement for
Energy Efficiency
 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• Give guidelines to Management to have a
sound environmental & energy
management system
• Aim is to protect environment & improve
company’s bottom line. This attitude adds
a new dimension in strategic corporate
governance
• Targets to be set : say, energy saving of
20%, pollution reduction of 10%, in a
specified time-frame
 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Approach To Implementation
• Take measures to achieve the energy &
environment objectives - be part of action
to know the present & prospective
opportunities
• Short & long term action plan should be
made
• Implementation & monitoring of measures
taken care of & report to top management
 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
In the strategic approach the company should
• include consumers & supplier’s EE efficiency
• buy products which are produced in harmony
with nature
• consider end use of the product
• explore waste treatment of the product
• Encourage recycling to save energy &
resources; improvement of environment, e.g.
paper, old aluminium or glass
 MONITORING AND VERIFICATION
OF SAVINGS
• The International Performance Measurement and Verification
Protocol is a guidance document describing common practice
in measuring computing and reporting savings achieved
• The IPMVP presents a framework and measurement and
verification (M&V) Options for transparently, reliably and
consistently reporting a project’s saving
• M&V activities include site surveys, metering of energy or
water flow monitoring of independent variable(s), calculation,
and reporting When adhering to IPMVP’s recommendations,
these M&V activities can produce verifiable savings reports
• The IPMVP is intended to be used by professionals as a basis
for preparing savings reports
 MONITORING AND VERIFICATION
OF SAVINGS
• meter installation calibration and
maintenance,
• data gathering and screening,
• development of a computation method
and acceptable estimates,
• computations with measured data, and
• reporting, quality assurance, and third
party verification of reports
 Four M&V Options
• Four M&V options defined in the 1997 IPMVP
• No option is necessarily better or more/less
expensive than another
• Each M&V option is applicable to different
situations
• ESCOs use the option that is least expensive and
which the Customer can/will accept
 Option A
• Project where verifying the potential to
generate savings is the major concern (or the
risk to be mitigated)
• Actual energy or cost savings are not
verified; they are predicted
• Option A includes primarily verification
activities and updating/improving estimates
 Option B
• Projects where actual savings during contract
need to be determined
• Involves long-term measurements
• Savings are determined by end-use
• A retrofit isolation method
• Same procedures as Option A, plus measurement
of pre- and post-installation energy use
 Option C
• Project where actual savings during the contract
needs to be determined
• Utility whole-facility meter analysis
• Savings are determined by whole facility
• Same procedures as Option A plus measuring
actual energy use during the term of the contract
 Option D
• Use of calibrated simulation tool to estimate before
and/or after energy use
• Simulation for a whole building or just an end-use
• Building simulation model (e.g., DOE-2), or a
spreadsheet, or heat loss program, etc.
• Calibration is done by comparing the simulation
results with metered data
 Comparing M&V Options
• Option A: Verifying potential for acceptable
savings
• Options B and C: Measuring actual post-
installation energy use
– Option B - by end-use
– Option C - whole building
• Option D: Calibrated simulation - perhaps a
hybrid of A and B or C
 Lighting Project
Option A - Stipulated Parameters
• Baseline is 1000, 100 Watt bulbs
• Retrofit is 1000, 25 Watt CLFs
• Wattage verified by “nameplate data”
• Assumed operating hours are 3000/year
– Prior study, a week or two of monitoring, estimated by owner, agreed to by both parties

Savings = 3000 x (100-25) x 1000 = 225,000 kWh/year

• Verify lamps still operating over time

 Lighting Project
Option B - End Use Metering
• Baseline is 1000, 100 Watt bulbs
• Retrofit 1000, 25 Watt CFLs
• Wattage is measured
• Measured operating hours are 3,150 per year

Savings = 3150 x (100-25) x 1000 = 236,250 kWh/year

 Lighting Project
Option C - Billing Analysis
• Baseline utility bill (adjusted for post-
installation conditions) is 1,250,000
kWh/year
• Post-installation utility bill is 1,000,000
kWh/year
Savings = 1,250,000 - 1,000,000 = 225,000 kWh/year
 Lighting Project
Option D - Simulation

• Input information on lights and HVAC system into

simulation program
• Calibrate model with metered data
• Model predicts pre- and post-installation lighting and
interactive HVAC energy use for determining savings.
Savings now includes:
– Savings from CFLs + A/C Savings from reduced cooling load in
space
MONITORING AND VERIFICATION
OF SAVINGS
 MONITORING AND VERIFICATION
OF SAVINGS
• When there is little doubt about the
outcome of a project, or no need to
prove results to another party M&V
may not be necessary.
• However, it is still wise to verify that
the installed equipment is able to
produce the expected savings
 Closing Thoughts

 Where there is a will, there is a way.

 It is in “my hands” to get what I want.
 My success is my organization's success.
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[email protected] / [email protected]