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Faunistics of Pierid Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with some New Records

from Swat, Pakistan

Article in University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) · December 2023

DOI: 10.57038/usjas.v7i04.6650

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 UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
DOI: https://doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v7i04.6650 ISSN (P): 2521-8328
Uni. Sindh. J. Anim. Sci., vol. 7(4); 74-82, 2023 ISSN (E): 2523-6067
Email: [email protected] Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro.

FAUNISTICS OF PIERID BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) WITH

SOME NEW RECORDS FROM SWAT, PAKISTAN

ABDUR REHMAN1*, USAMA KHAN 1, MUHAMMAD YASEEN1, NAZIR AHMAD 1, SUMARA

ASLAM2, AZAN KARAM 1, TAIMUR KHAN1, MUHAMMAD ATIF KHAN 3, WAQAS AHMAD 4,
JALAL HAYAT KHAN5
1
Department of Zoology, Government Post graduate Jahanzeb College, Swat, Pakistan
2
Honey bee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan.
3
Department of Zoology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
4
Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
5
Rangeland Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT
Article History: This study was conducted to explore the Pierid butterfly fauna of Swat over a one-year
Received: 7th August 2023 period from March 2021 to April 2022. A total of 100 specimens of butterflies were
Accepted: 11th November 2023
Published online: 31st December 2023 collected from different localities in Swat. Among the 100 specimens collected, 15
species spanning 10 genera categorized them into two subfamilies: Pierinae and
Author’s contribution
AR, WA, NZ design study, AR, WA, Coliadinae. Within the identified species, nine belonged to the subfamily Pierinae, while
UK, MY, TK help in data collection, AK the subfamily Coliadinae comprised six species. One species, Eurema brigitta (Stoll,
maintain collection, SA, JHK, MAK 1780), is reported for the first time from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, while five species—Pieris
Analyzed the data, Methodology, AR rapae (Linnaeus 1758), Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus 1764), Euchloe daphalis (Moore 1865),
WA, JHK, SA, prepared the manuscript.
Aporia nabellicahesba (Boisduval, 1836), Colias eratae (Esper 1805) are reported for the
Key words: first time from Swat.
Pieridae, Butterflies, Biogeography,
Swat, Pakistan

1. INTRODUCTION
They are also the best indications of undesired activity and
A healthy environment is essential for a healthy biological disruptions in the surroundings. (Kocher & Williams,
community. More than half of the world's species are 2000). The family Pieredae consists of medium-to-small
insects, which also serve as pollinators, seed dispersers, sized butterflies, mostly white and yellow in colours. They
biocontrol agents, and ecological indicators (Mengal et al., are characterized by the absence of cleaning spur on fore
2019). Lepidoptera is regarded as the most varied group of tuba and bifid claws, hindwings are without pre-costal
insects. (Gay et al.,1992). It includes butterflies and moths veins (Roberts, 2001). They are also generally known to be
(Shields, 1989). Butterflies account for one-tenth of all species of open areas. Members of the family Pieridae are
known Lepidoptera-species (Carter, 1992). About 19,238 distributed throughout the globe, except Polar regions
species of butterflies have been reported around the world (Khan et al., 2004). They act as pollinator, but some are
(Heppner, 1998). Butterflies are the most well-known serious pests of many crops and fruits in their larval stages.
insect to humans, due to their enormous size and dazzling Larva of Pieris brassicae, Pontia daplidice and Anaphaeis
vibrant colours (Bibi et al., 2021). As they fly from one aurota are the pest of many plant families like Cruciferae,
colour and sun-loving lifestyle. We are amused by their Leguminosae and Rhamnaceae. A large number of
plant to another, butterflies aid in pollination. The majority cabbage crop yield losses are due to the pests of Pieris
of butterfly species are seasonal and prefer a specific rapae (Shah & Rafi, 2016). Pieredae is second largest
environment. (Kunte,1997). family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing
approximately 1100 species (Evans, 1903).
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

74
 Rehman et al., (2023)

The Pieridae are generally divided in four subfamilies: Khwazakhela, as well as Bahrain. Swat has an average
Dismorphiinae, Pierinae, Coliadinae, Pseudopontiinae elevation of 980 meters (3,220 feet) (Mohiuddin, 2007)
(Braby, 2005). Only two subfamilies PierIne and
Coliadene represent their taxa in Pakistan (Shah & Rafi,
2016).

Many researchers worked on the Pieredae butterfly’s fauna

of Pakistan. Malik (1970) reported 21 species while Iqbal
(1978) reported 12 species of Pieridae from Islamabad.
Hasan (1994) documented 13 species of Pieredae from
Murree and Islamabad. Shah & Rafi (2016) reported 10
piered species from district Kohat. A total of 320 species
of butterflies have been reported from Pakistan, including
56 species of Pieridae butterflies (Roberts, 2001). Naz et
al. (2001) recorded 10 species of Pierid from district
Buner. During a taxonomic study five species of piered
were recorded by Abbas et al. (2002) from Sakrdu region.
Similarly, in Azad Kashmir seven pierid species were
documented by Khan et al. (2007). Perveen & Ahmad
(2012) reported 11 species of pierid butterfly from Kohat
while from District Mansehra five species of Pierid
butterfly were recorded by Perveen & Fazal (2013). Fig 1 Map of study area
Swat
The butterfly fauna from Poonch Azad Kashmir was
recorded by Khan et al. (2014), yielding 13 species of Collection
Pierid butterfly. From District Chitral, five species of Butterflies were collected from the seven Tehsils of district
Pierid butterfly have been reported (Afshan et al., 2015). Swat: Babozai, Barikot, Kabal, Bahrain, Khwazakhela,
In District Dir Lower, of the total 24 species of butterflies Charbagh, and Matta, throughout a one-year period from
only five belonged to the family Pieridae (Khan, 2016). March 2021 to April 2022. Butterfly nets were used to
Recently, Mengal et al. (2017) conducted a study on collect butterflies, and photographs were shot in the field.
butterfly fauna of Quetta and found seven species of pierid The specimens were killed by pushing on the thorax.
butterflies. From District Battagram of the total eight However, sensitive species were stored in the refrigerator
species, 50 % were from family Pieredae (Bibi et al., overnight. On a thermophile setting board, dead specimens
2021). Most recently, out of the total 23 species of were stretched for Pinning. Butterflies were then labelled
butterflies from district Haripur seven belonged to the with the following information: common name, scientific
family Pieridae (Khalid et al., 2022) while Taj et al. (2022) name, date of collection, location of collection, and
reported eight species of Pierid butterfly from District collector. After labelling, the butterflies were moved to
Abbottabad. Tshikolovets & Pagès (2016) reported six rectangular wooden and plastic boxes with naphthalene
families of butterflies comprising of approximate 436 balls in one side to prevent pests from entering.
species of butterflies in Pakistan. Present study is an
approach to record diversity and distribution of Pierid Photography:
butterflies in various habitats of District Swat prepare a All photographs were taken using a digital camera model
Checklist for future study. "Nikon D7200" equipped with a 70-300mm AFP or lens
wide zoom optical moveable lens, and close-up images
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS were made with an Oppo A16.

Study Area Identification:

Swat is a popular tourist destination in Khyber The identification of butterflies in this study was done with
Pakhtunkhwa. Swat district covers a total size of 5,337 the help of available literatures (Inyatullah et al., 2002;
square kilometers (2,061 square miles). Swat is bounded Khan et al., 2004; Khan et al., 2014; Mengal et al., 2017;
administratively by Chitral, Upper Dir, and Lower Dir to
Roberts, 2001; Sabir et al., 2000; Tshikolovets & Pagès,
the west, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north, and Kohistan,
Buner, and Shangla to the east and southeast, respectively. 2016; Yu-Feng et al., 2020).
The district is divided into seven administrative Tehsils:
Babozai, Kabal, Barikot, Matta, Charbagh, and

75
 Pierid Butterflies in Swat, Pakistan: New Records and Faunistic Overview

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION al., 2017), Tangi (Yu-Feng et al., 2020), Koaz Behram
(Haroon et al., 2014), Swat (Tshikolovets & Pagès, 2016).
In the current survey 100 specimen of Family Pieridae
were collected from the seven Tehsil of District Swat; 2. Pieris rapae (Linnaeus 1758)
Babozai, Barikot, Bahrain, Kabal, Matta, Khwazakhela Small Cabbage White
and Charbagh for one-year period from March 2021 to
Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa;
April 2022. Collected specimens were identified into two
Swat, Babozai, Mingora,22.ix.2021, 0.vii.2021; leg.
sub-families, 10 genera and 15 species (Table 1). Usama. Jahanabad 23.vii.2021, Matta, Balasoor,10.
x.2021, Khwazakhela, Chamtalai, 4.Ⅲ.2022; leg.A.
Sub-family Pierinae comprised of nine species Pieris Rehman
canidia (Linnaeus 1768), Pieris rapae (Linnaeus 1758),
Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus 1758), Belenois aurota Distribution in Pakistan: Azad Kashmir, Dhirkot
(Linnaeus 1758), Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus 1758), Ixias (Abbasi et al., 2019) ; Gilgit Baltistan Skardu (Abbas et
pyrene (Linnaeus 1764), Euchloe daphalis (Moore 1865), al., 2002) ; Punjab, Muree (Malik 1970) ,Potohwar (Shah
Aporia nabellicahesba (Boisduval,1836) while subfamily & Rafi, 2016); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat (Perveen &
Ahmad, 2012),Karak (Usman et al., 2017);Haripur
Coliadinae composed of six species Colias fieldii
(Khalid et al., 2022) ; Sindh (Mal et al., 2014) ;
(Menetries 1855), Colias eratae (Esper 1805), Eurema Baluchistan, Takhti Suliman (Roberts, 2001) ,Quetta
hecabe (Linnaeus 1758), Eurema brigitta (Stoll ,178), (Malik 1970; (Mengal et al., 2017), Ziarat (Tshikolovets &
Gonepteryx nepalensis (Doubleday, 1847), Catopsilia Pagès, 2016).
pomona (Fabricius, 1775), Catopsilia pyranthe. One Remarks; New record for Swat
species Eurema brigitta (Stoll ,178) is first time reported
3. Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus 1758)
from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa while 5 species Pieris rapae
Large Cabbage White
(Linnaeus 1758), Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus 1764), Euchloe
daphalis (Moore 1865), Aporia nabellicahesba Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa;
(Boisduval,1836), Colias eratae (Esper 1805) are reported Swat, Babozai, Mingora, Ingaradherai, 5.v.2021,
first time from Swat. Pieris canidia is the most abundant 10.vii.2021; leg. Atif. Manglawar,10.vi.2021, Kabal,
and Aporia nabellicahesba is comparatively rare. Highest Hazara,14.ix.2021, Khwazakhela, Topsin,25.ii.2022; leg.
number of collections was made in Tehsil Babozai. A. Rehman

Phylum Arthropoda Distribution in Pakistan ; Azad Kashmir from district

Muzaffarabad & Azad Kashmir by (M. Khan et al., 2004)
Class Insecta
similary (Khan et al., 2014) from Poonch Malik (1970)
Order Lepidoptera
from Rawalpindi Gilgit Baltistan Skardu (Abbas et al.,
Family Pieridae
2002) Punjab , Lahore (Ahsan & Iqbal 1975), Potohwar
Sub-family Pierinae
(Rafi, 2016); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Abbottabad (Taj et
al., 2022), Buner (Naz et al., 2001), Malakand & lower
1. Pieris canidia (Linnaeus 1768)
Swat (Inyatullah et al., 2002; Roberts, 2001) , Dir Lower
Indian Cabbage White
(M. I. Khan, 2016), Dir Upper (Attaullah et al., 2018),
Karak (Usman et al., 2017) , Haripur (Khalid et al., 2022)
Material examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:
; Sindh (Mal et al., 2014), Swat (Malamjabba, Kalam &
Swat, Mingora, 24.ix.2021, 0.vii.2021; leg. Abdur
Miandam) (Tshikolovets & Pagès, 2016); Baluchistan ,
Rehman. ; leg. Usama 12.vii.2021; leg. Usama, Matta,
Quetta (Mengal et al., 2017).
Balasoor, 9. x.2021; leg .A. Rehman
4. Belenois aurota (Fabricius 1758)
Distribution in Pakistan: Gilgit Baltistan , Gilgit by
Pioneer White
(Hasan, 1997); Azad Kashmir, Poonch (Khan et al.,
2014); Punjab from Lahore (Ahsan & Iqbal, 1975; Puri,
Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa;
1931) , Attock (Rahman et al., 2011), Murree Rawalpindi
Swat, Babozai, Mingora, Marghozar, 20.iii.2021,
& Islamabad (Hasan, 1994; Iqbal, 1978) , Potohwar (Rafi,
25.vii.2021, Barikot, Amlookdara, 21. viii.2021,
2016); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Abbottabad (Taj et al.,
Charbagh;leg.Usama. Badar,9.ix.2021, Matta,Beha,
2022), Peshawar by Malik (1970), Buner (Naz et al.,
13.x.2021,Kabal,Hazara,17.ix.2021;leg.A.Rehman
2001), Chitral (Afshan et al., 2015), Shabqadar (Ullah et

76
 Rehman et al., (2023)

Distribution in Pakistan: Azad Kashmir Poonch (Khan et 8. Aporia nabellicahesba (Boisduval,1836)

al., 2014) ; Gilgit Baltistan ; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ,Swat The Dusky Blackvein
(Roberts, 2001) ,Kohat (Perveen & Ahmad, 2012) , Dir
lower (Khan, 2016), Tangi Charsadda (Yu-Feng et al., Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa;
2020) ; Baluchistan , Quetta (Mengal et al., 2017; Roberts, Swat, Kalam, 25.vii.2021. leg.A.Rehman
2001). Distribution in Pakistan: Kaghan Valley, Shograh,
Chitral (Roberts, 2001; Tshikolovets & Pagès, 2016).
5. Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus 1758) Remarks: New record to Swat
Bath White

Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Subfamily Coliadinae

Swat, Babozai, Mingora,28.iv.2021, Marghozar 9. Colias fieldii (Menetries 1855),
10.vii.2021, Barikot, Amlookdara, 21.viii.2021; leg.Azan Dark Clouded Yellow
.Charbagh ,Badar, 9.ix.2021, Matta Beha,13.x.2021,
Bahrain,Utrur,8.viii.2022,Kabal,Hazara,28.Ⅶ.2021, Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa;
Khwazakhela,Behar,17.vi.2021;leg.A.Rehman Swat, Babozai, Mingora, 22.iii.2021, 29.vii.2021; leg.
Taimur. Barikot, Amlookdara, 21.v.2021, Charbagh,
Distribution in Pakistan : Hassan (1997) reported it Badar, 9.ix.2021, Matta, Beha, 13.v.2021,
from Rawalpindi Islamabad and Murree hills ;Azad Bahrain,Mankiyal,15.iii.2022,Kabal, Hazara,17.ix.2021;
Kashmir , Poonch (Khan et al., 2007) , Dhirkot (Abbasi leg.A.Rehman
et al., 2019) ; Gilgit Baltistan ,In Gilgit by Hasan (1997),
Skardu (Abbas et al., 2002) ; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Distribution in Pakistan: Azad Kashmir, kotli, Mirpur &
Buner (Naz et al., 2001) Chitral, Swat (Roberts, 2001) , Bhimber (Khan et al., 2007), Poonch (Khan et al., 2014) ;
Shabqadar (Ullah et al., 2017), Dir Upper Doag Dara Gilgit Baltistan Skardu (Abbas et al., 2002) ; Punjab
(Attaullah et al., 2018), Manshera (Perveen & Fazal, ,Lahore (Ahsan & Iqbal, 1975), Murree (Roberts, 2001) ;
2013), Battagram (Bibi et al., 2021); Punjab , Potohwar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ,Buner (Naz et al., 2001) ,Hazara
(Shah & Rafi, 2016). (Roberts, 2001) Koaz Behram (Haroon et al., 2014), Dir
Lower (Khan, 2016),Swat (Tshikolovets & Pagès, 2016),
6. Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus 1764) Tangi Charsadda (Yu-Feng et al., 2020) ; Baluchistan,
Yellow Orange Tip Suleiman range (Roberts, 2001).

Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; 10. Colias erate (Esper 1805),
Swat, Babozai, Mingora, Saidu Sharif,10.ix.2021, Pale Clouded Yellow
Marghozar, 10.vii.2021; leg. Usama. Barikot,
Amlookdara, 21.viii.2021, Charbagh Badar; 9.v.2021; Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa;
leg.Yaseen. Kabal, Hazara, 17.iii.2021; leg. A.Rehman. Swat, Babozai, Mingora,17.vi.2021, Takhtab 10. v.2021;
leg. Usama Badar, 9.ix.2021, Kabal, Kanju, 5.iii.2022,
Distribution in Pakistan; Azad Kashmir; Gilgit Baltistan; Khwazakhela, Behar, 13.x.2021. leg.A. Rehman
Punjab, Lahore Ahsan & Iqbal (1975) Taxila (Roberts,
2001); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Buner (Naz et al., 2001), Distribution in Pakistan: Azad Kashmir (kotli, Mirpur
Abbottabad, Hevellian (Roberts, 2001); Sindh (Mal et al., and Bhimber) (Khan et al., 2007) ,Poonch (Khan et al.,
2014) 2014) ; Gilgit Baltistan Skardu (Abbas et al., 2002) ;
Remarks: New record to Swat Punjab ; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ;Buner (Naz et al., 2001),
Takht-i-nasrat (Roberts, 2001) Tangi Charsadda (Yu-Feng
7. Euchloe daphalis (Moore 1865), et al., 2020) , Abbottabad (Taj et al., 2022), Malakand
Pearl White (Inyatullah et al., 2002) Dir Upper (Attaullah et al., 2018)
; Dir Lower, Chitral (Tshikolovets & Pagès, 2016); Sindh
Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; (Malik, 1970 ; Mal et al., 2014).
Swat, Babozai, Marghozar,3.iii.2021, Charbagh ,Badar, Remarks: New record to Swat
19.ii.2022; leg.A.Rehman
Distribution in Pakistan; It has been reported in Chiltan, 11. Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus 1758)
karakoram Baluchistan, Torghar, Saiful Maluk, Chitral Common Grass Yellow
(Roberts, 2001), Gilgit, Chitral, Astore (Tshikolovets &
Pagès, 2016). Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa;
Remarks: New record to Swat Swat, Babozai, Mingora,25.Ⅳ.2021, Marghozar,
10.vii.2021; leg. Usama. Badar, 9.viii.2021,

77
 Pierid Butterflies in Swat, Pakistan: New Records and Faunistic Overview

Matta,Beha,13.x.2021,Bahrain, Mankiyal,15.iii.2022, (Usman et al., 2017), Tangi Charsadda (Yu-Feng et al.,

Kabal, Hazara,17.ix.2021, Khwazakhela, Behar, 2020) ; Sindh, Karachi (Malik 1970;Mal et al., 2014) ;
9.vi.2021.leg.A.Rehman Baluchistan , Quetta (Mengal et al., 2017; Roberts, 2001)

Distribution in Pakistan; Azad Kashmir Poonch (Khan 15. Catopselia pyranthe Linnaeus
et al., 2014) Gilgit Baltistan Punjab Khyber Mottled Emigrant
Pakhtunkhwa , Buner (Naz et al., 2001) , Lower Swat
,Charbagh (Inyatullah et al., 2002), Kohat (Perveen & Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa;
Ahmad, 2012) , Manshera (Perveen & Fazal, 2013) , Koaz Swat, Babozai, Mingora, 10.iii.2021, Saidu
Behram (Haroon et al., 2014) Chitral (Afshan et al., 2015) sharif,10.vi.2021; leg. Usama, Kabal, Hazara, 2.viii.2021.
,Dir Lower (M. I. Khan, 2016) , Karak (Usman et al., 2017) leg. A. Rehman.
Tangi Charsadda (Yu-Feng et al., 2020) Abbottabad (Taj
et al., 2022) ; Sindh (Mal et al., 2014) ; Baluchistan Distribution in Pakistan: Azad Kashmir, Poonch (Khan
,Quetta (Mengal et al., 2017). et al., 2014); Islamabad , Muree Hills (Hasan 1994) Gilgit
Baltistan ; Punjab, Multan , Bahawalpur, Taxila
12. Eurema brigitta (Stoll ,178) (Tshikolovets & Pagès, 2016) ; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Small Grass Yellow, Kabal (Inyatullah et al., 2002), Swat (Roberts, 2001) Koaz
Behram(H. Khan & Perveen, 2015), Shabqadar (Ullah et
Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; al., 2017) , Tangi Charsadda (Yu-Feng et al., 2020); Sindh
Swat, Babozai, Mingora, 25.iii.2021; leg. Usama Badar, (Mal et al., 2014).Baluchistan (Roberts, 2001).
9.iv.2021, Kabal, Hazara, 17.vii.2021. leg. Waqas
4. CONCLUSION
Distribution in Pakistan; Punjab, Lahore (Ahsan & Iqbal,
1975; Roberts, 2001); Islamabad, Margalla Hills, Poonch It is stated that the research area's high level of vegetation
(Tshikolovets & Pagès, 2016). contributes to the diversity of the butterfly fauna. To fully
Remarks: This species is documented for the first time understand the butterflies of the Swat Valley, more in-
from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. depth research is advised.

13. Gonepteryx nepalensis (Doubleday, 1847) 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Himalayan Brimestone
The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Muhammad
Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Ather Rafi (Ex-Director, National Insect Museum,
Swat, Babozai, Marghozar, 5.iii.2021, Islampur, National Agriculture Council, Islamabad) for his
10.vii.2021;leg.Usama.Malamjabba,7.x.2021,Matta,Jarog invaluable support during the preparation of the
oValley,19.ix.2021,Khwazakhela,Behar,2.iv.2022. leg. manuscript of this study. We would also like to thank
Taimur Muhammad Akram Awan, who helped us at each and
every step during the field studies. Again, we will always
Distribution in Pakistan: Azad Kashmir, Dhirkot be grateful to the faculty and students of the Zoology
(Abbasi et al., 2019). Gilgit Baltistan ; Punjab ; Khyber Department.
Pakhtunkhwa, Buner (Naz et al., 2001), Marghuzar (Swat)
(Inyatullah et al., 2002) ; Sindh Baluchistan
6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
14. Catopsilia Pomona (Fabricius, 1775) All authors have declared that there is no conflict of
Common Emigrant interests regarding the publication of this article.

Material Examined: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa;

Swat, Babozai, Mingora,5.viii.2021, Odigram,10.ix.2021,
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 Rehman et al., (2023)

Figure 1 A, Pieris canidia (Linnaeus 1768); B, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus 1758) ; C, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus 1758) ;
D, Belenois aurota (Linnaeus 1758) ; E, Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus 1758) ;F, Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus 1764) ; G Euchloe
daphalis (Moore 1865) ; H, Aporia nabellicahesba ; I, Colias fieldi

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 Pierid Butterflies in Swat, Pakistan: New Records and Faunistic Overview

Figure 2, J, Colias eratae (Esper 1805); K Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus 1758); L, Eurema brigitta (Stoll ,1778) ;
M, Gonepteryx nepalensis (Doubleday, 1847) ; N, Catopsilia pyranthe ; O, Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius,
1775),

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