CALCULUS II

INTRODUCTION TO LINEAR ALGEBRA [MATRICES]

This document is designed to simplify the concept of matrices for mathematical science students
who aim to deepen their understanding of this topic. Matrices are an essential part of linear algebra,
typically studied at the second or third-year level. The purpose of this document is to provide
mathematical science students with a solid foundation in matrices, ensuring they do not encounter
difficulties when advancing to more complex topics in linear algebra. SIYATHOKOZA NGEMA,
currently a student at the University of Zululand, has written this document to share his
understanding of matrices. “I hope you find this document insightful and beneficial for learning
matrices."

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices…………………………………………………………………………………. 01

Addition of Matrices………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 02

Subtraction of Matrices…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03

Multiplication of Matrices by a Scalar………………………………………………………………………………… 04

Multiplication of Matrices by a Vector………………………………………………………………………………… 05

Multiplication of Two Matrices……………………………………………………………………………………………06

Special Matrices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………07

Linear Equations in Matix Form………………………………………………………………………………………… 08

Solution of a System of Linear Equation by a Row Reduction ………………………………………………… 09

Inverse Matrices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

Determinant of a Square Matrix …………………………………………………………………………………………11

 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

Addition of Matrices

When adding two matrices, specific rules must be followed to ensure accurate results. Failing to
adhere to these guidelines will lead to errors. Please follow these restrictions:

1. Ensure that the dimensions of each matrix are the same.

The matrices must have the same number of rows and columns to be added together.

2. Add each of the corresponding elements of the matrices.

This means adding the elements in the same position from each matrix.

Note:

 The commutative law applies to matrix addition. If matrices A and B are both of size n × m,
then A + B = B + A.

 The associative law also applies. If matrices A, B, and C are all of size n × m, then (A + B) +
C = A + (B + C).

Subtraction of Matrices
Matrix subtraction also requires that the matrices have the same size of dimensions.

To subtract matrix B from matrix A

1. Ensure that the dimensions of each matrix are the same.

The matrices must have the same number of rows and columns to be added together.

2. Add each of the corresponding elements of the matrices.

This means adding the elements in the same position from each matrix.

Example 1.1:
 𝟑 𝟖 −𝟑 𝟖
If A= 𝟒 𝟐 and B= 𝟐 𝟖 Determine C=A−B
𝟏 𝟖 𝟖 𝟒
Solution:

𝟑 − (−𝟑) 𝟖 − 𝟖 𝟔 𝟎
C=A−B= 𝟒−𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟖 = 𝟐 −𝟔
𝟏−𝟖 𝟖 − 𝟒 −𝟕 𝟒

NOTE: A−B≠B−A, THIS IS NOT COMMUTATIVE STAY ALERT PLEASE NEVER MAKE THIS MISTAKE

Exercise Set 1
1.Consider these matrices

𝟐 −𝟗 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
A= 𝟕 𝟔 𝟑 B= 𝟐 −𝟒 𝟒 C= 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 −𝟓 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟔 𝟓 𝟒

𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
D= E= 𝟎 𝟕 𝟏𝟐 F= 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

Find the following if possible, if not state a reason to show your understanding about this concept:

(a) A+B

(b) C−B

(c) E +D

(d) E+F

(e)C−F

(f) B−A

Multiplication of Matrices
Multiplication of Matrices by a Scalar
A scalar is a single number. To multiply a matrix by a scalar simply multiply each element of the
matrix by a scalar.

Example 2:

𝒂 𝒃 𝒂𝒋 𝒃𝒋
Suppose j is a particular but arbitrarily chosen scalar such that: j× = note this
𝒄 𝒅 𝒄𝒋 𝒅𝒋
applies to any types of dimensions
Now let use numbers for application purposes

Solution:

4 5 −3 8 10 −6
2× −7 0 2 = −14 0 4
3 10 −1 6 20 −2

NB: the dimensions does not cange

Multiplication of Matrices by a Vector

Definition:
Multiplication of a matrix by a vector involves multiplying a matrix A by a vector v to produce another
vector. This operation is defined only when the number of columns in the matrix matches the
number of elements in the vector, but we will not cover multiplication of matrices by a vector in this
document.

Multiplication of Two Matrices

Please learn this carefully it is very important to master, note we have seen that to multiply two
matrices do not have to be the same dimension(unlike in subtraction and addition).However one
condition about dimension that is required is that the number of columns of a matrix must equal
the number of rows of the second matrix

If this is not the case the matrix product is not defined.

Now let do some examples

Example 3:

Suppose we have matrix A and B such that:

A:(4×3) and B:(3×1)

Notice the inner dimensions are equal 3=3, C=R thus the product of matrix is defined so the results
will be the outer dimensions (4×1), so always take the dimensions into account before finding the
product of a matrix

Let now do some applications of this fundamental

Practical example:

𝟐 𝟒
−𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
A= 𝟏 𝟎 B=
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟕
𝟑 𝟒
Solution:

A: (3× 2) and B: (2×3)

So, the inner dimensions are equal 2=2 thus the result product will be the outer dimensions

AB= (3× 3)

The product AB is computed by multiplying each element in the rows of A with each corresponding
element in the columns of B and summing up the results:

(𝟐)(−𝟑) + (𝟒)(−𝟏) (𝟐)(𝟓) + (𝟒)(𝟐) (𝟐)(𝟑) + (𝟒)(𝟕) −𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟖 𝟑𝟒

AB= (𝟏)(−𝟑) + (𝟎)(−𝟏) (𝟏)(𝟓) + (𝟎)(𝟐) (𝟏)(𝟑) + (𝟎)(𝟕) = −𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
(𝟑)(−𝟑) + (𝟒)(−𝟏) (𝟑)(𝟓) + (𝟒)(𝟐) (𝟑)(𝟑) + (𝟒)(𝟕) −𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟑 𝟑𝟕

Special Matrices
1 A square matrix is one with the same number of Rows and Columns
2 A transpose matrix is the transpose of the original matrix

Examples:

𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏 𝟎
A= −𝟐 𝟎 B= 𝟒 𝟕 𝟗 C=[𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏] D=
𝟎 𝟏
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏

Solutions

𝟏 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟎
𝑨𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 = 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑 𝑪𝑻 = 𝟐 𝑫𝑻 =
𝟑 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏
𝟒 𝟗 −𝟏 −𝟏
NB: A and D matrices are square matrices same number of rows and columns.

Also note that if we take the transpose of 𝑨𝑻, 𝑩𝑻, 𝑪𝑻 and 𝑫𝑻 we obtain A,B,C and D which are the
original matrices.

3 Zero matrix or null matrix is a matrix of any dimension ,all whose elements are zero thus the
Addition(A+B) ,subtraction(B−A) ,product(AB) of null matrices is zero

Example:

𝟎 ⋯ 𝑶 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎
A= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ B= 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 C=
𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 ⋯ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

4 The Identity matrix is a square matrix of any dimension in which in all elements 𝒂𝒊𝒋 are zero
except those when i =j. when i=j ,the element is 1.We usually use I for an identity matrix and
subscript n to show the size of the matrix .

Example:
 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
NB:

The non zero elements(one’s) are on the leading diagonal of the identity matrix.

5 A matrix is Symmetric if corresponding elements above and below the leading diagonal are the
same ( A=𝑨𝑻 )

Example

𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
A= 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟐 𝑨𝑻 = 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟐
𝟖 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟖 −𝟐 𝟎

6 Inverse of a matrix. A square matrix , X , is said to be invertible if there exists another matrix of
the same dimension , denoted 𝑨 𝟏
such that A𝑨 𝟏= I the matrix 𝑨 𝟏
is called the inverse of
matrix A

NB: to have an inverse a matrix must be a square but not all matrices have inverses

Example :

1 2 3 −2
If A= prove that B= is 𝑨 𝟏
1 3 −1 1

Solution

1 2 3 −2 1 0
AB= = =I
1 3 −1 1 0 1

Recall the multiplication of matrices have been explained on the previous slides also recall it rules
before taking any attempt

Exercise

1 1 1 2 − 1
1(a)If A= 2 0 2 ,prove that B= 1 − 0
2 −2 1
−2 2 −1

(b) What is matric A called and what is the AB called ?

2 3 2 3
2. 𝐀 = B=
3 4 3 4

(a) what is the relationship between matrix A and B ?

(b) find A+B

(c) find A-B and 3B+2A

WELL THANKS FROM SIYATHOKOZA NGEMA” I HOPE YOUR’LL

ENJOYED OUR FIRST PART OF MATRICES”