9M404.5-Testing of Materials

Department of Technical Education
Andhra Pradesh
Name :B. Tulasi Rao
Designation : Lecturer.
Branch :Mechanical Engineering
Institute :Govt. polytechnic, Visakhapatnam
Year/semester :IV semester
Subject :Engineering materials.
Subject code :M 404
Major Topic :Testing of materials
Duration :50 min.
Sub Topic :Testing of materials
Teaching aids :PPT & Diagrams
Revised by : K.Vijya
9M404.5
Bhaskar 1
1
Recap
In the previous class, we have discussed about
• The observable characteristics of material are called

properties
• The characteristics of materials under influence of
external loads are mechanical properties
9M404.5 2
Objectives
On the completion of this period, you would be

able to know
• To know the strength of the materials by conducting
various tests
• The difference between destructive and non destructive
tests
9M404.5 3
Introduction
• Strength is a basic property of all solid materials

• Strength is the ability of a material to sustain loads
without distortion or failure
• Usually it is articulated in terms of load per unit area
i.e., in N/mm2 or KN/mm2
9M404.5 4
Introduction
• The components designed to sustain loads must have

the necessary mechanical strength to satisfy the service
requirements
• In other words the strength and other properties such as

hardness , toughness…etc are determined by
conducting mechanical tests
9M404.5 5
Types of Tests
• Two types of tests devised for various testing resources
1. Destructive tests
2. Non-destructive tests
• Destructive test:
This type of test will result the specimen
to fracture under loads and no longer further useful
9M404.5 6
Destructive Test
By conducting this test ,we can assess the mechanical
properties such as
• Strength
• Toughness
• Hardness
• Stress
• Strain
9M404.5 7
Classification of Destructive Tests
According to the nature of load applied they are classified
as ,
1. Static tests:-
Load is applied on the specimen shell be gradually
increasing
(i) Tension
(ii) Compression
(iii) Shear
(iv) Hardness
(v) Bending and
(vi) Torsion tests
9M404.5 8
Classification of Destructive Tests
2. Impact (Dynamic) Tests :-
The specimen is subjected to shock load.
(i) Charpy test
(ii) Izod
3. Cyclic (fatigue) Test :
The load is repeatedly varies in magnitude and direction
during the test.
(i) Fatigue test
4. Creep Test (High temperature test):
The specimen is kept under initial load and effects of
varying high temperature stresses will be studied.
9M404.5 9
Non-destructive Test (NDT)
• Introduction:-
Nondestructive test is an examination of an object in any
manner which will not impair the future usefulness of the
object.
• It is an indirect measurement of mechanical properties
• It’s a method to detect faulty materials before it is formed
or machined into a component
• NDT is conducted to make products more reliable, safe
and economical
9M404.5 10
• Increased reliability improves the public image of the

manufacturer, which leads to greater sales and profits.
• Manufacturer use these tests to improve and control

manufacturing processes .
9M404.5 11
• NDT is employed for finished products to determine

internal defects such as, blow holes, slag inclusion,
surface defects , cracks , porosity, …..etc. without
destructing the product.
• The range of NDT is wide, varying from simple visual

inspection to sophisticated techniques such as
radiography,….etc.
9M404.5 12
Non Destructive Testing
• These test are used to determine internal and surface

defects without destructing the material
• Types of nondestructive tests :

• Radiography test
• Ultrasonic test
• Magnetic test
• Penetrant test
• Spark test
9M404.5 13
• In radiography testing x-rays and gamma rays are used
for detecting the surface defects
• The defect appears on the photographic film which is
generated by the rays which pass through the material
• In ultrasonic testing ultrasonic waves are passed through
the material
• The generated electric impulses are fed into a cathode
ray oscilloscope to study the defects
9M404.5 14
• Magnetic test is used for detecting defects in ferrous

metals
• In penetrant test the surface defects are detected by
penetrating the liquid into crack
• In spark test the metal defect is identified by observing
the sparks emitted between the metal and grinding
wheel when it is pressed against it
9M404.5 15
Destructive Tests Vs Non-Destructive Tests
Destructive Tests
• In destructive testing, material (specimen) fails after
testing
• Specimen can not be re-used
• It is less costlier
• It is basically meant for finding mechanical properties
9M404.5 16
Destructive Tests Vs Non-Destructive Tests
• It is more quantitative reading such as finding tensile
strength, finding impact strength
• Various destructive tests are tensile ,compressive, shear,
Impact, fatigue
9M404.5 17
Non-destructive Tests
• Specimen does not fail after testing

• Specimen can be reused
• It is costlier
• It is basically meant for finding the internal defects
9M404.5 18
Non-destructive Tests
• It is qualitative such as it tells whether the specimen is

good or bad usable or not usable
• Various non-destructive tests are penetrant, magnetic
flux radiography, ultrasonic test etc
9M404.5 19
Summary
• In this class, we discussed about
• Engineering materials are tested to study mechanical,
physical properties and behavior under external loads.
• Material are tested by two methods namely Destructive
and Non- Destructive tests.
• In the Destructive test specimen will be damaged and it
is no longer useful after testing.
• In the Non-destructive testing, the material is fit for use
after testing.
• NDT is employed for finished products to determine
external and internal defects.
• Difference between destructive and non destructive
9M404.5 20
Quiz
9M404.5 21
Quiz
1.Which of the following is a Destructive test ?

a) Impact test
b) Radiograpy test
c) Penetrant test
d) Ultrasonic test
9M404.5 22
Quiz
2. Which of the following is a nondestructive test?

a) Tension test
b) Hardness test
c) Impact test
d) Ultrasonic test
9M404.5 23
Quiz
3. In impact test the strength of a material depend upon
a)The amount of energy absorbed
b)Depth of indentation
c)Load
d)None
9M404.5 24
Quiz
4. The type of indentor used in Rockwell's hardness test is

a)Diamond
b)Metal
c)Both
d)None
9M404.5 25
Frequently Asked Questions
1) Why testing of materials is required?
2) What are the different test adopted for testing materials?
3) List out the destructive tests.
4) List out the non –destructive tests.
5) Distinguish between Destructive and Non-Destructive
tests?
9M404.5 26
Frequently asked questions
6. Write few differences between destructive and non-

destructive testing.
7. Name five important mechanical tests which will give
valuable information about metals and alloys.
9M404.5 27
Assignment
1. Suggest the non destructive tests to reveal the following

defects.
a) Slag inclusion in steel castings
b) Small cracks in steel plates
c) Surface cracks in steel plates
Give reasons for your method of choice in each case.
9M404.5 28

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Department of Technical Education

In the previous class, we have discussed about

• The observable characteristics of material are called

On the completion of this period, you would be

• Strength is a basic property of all solid materials

• The components designed to sustain loads must have

• In other words the strength and other properties such as

• Increased reliability improves the public image of the

• Manufacturer use these tests to improve and control

• NDT is employed for finished products to determine

• The range of NDT is wide, varying from simple visual

• These test are used to determine internal and surface

• Types of nondestructive tests :

• Magnetic test is used for detecting defects in ferrous

• It is more quantitative reading such as finding tensile

strength, finding impact strength

• Various destructive tests are tensile ,compressive, shear,

• Specimen does not fail after testing

• It is qualitative such as it tells whether the specimen is

1.Which of the following is a Destructive test ?

2. Which of the following is a non- destructive test?

4. The type of indentor used in Rockwell's hardness test is

6. Write few differences between destructive and non-

1. Suggest the non destructive tests to reveal the following

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