HKGXKT ISI

FKLKMK@ BQHQL............................................................................... i
FKLKMK@ ZA@EASKFK@................................................................. ii
OKXK ZA@EK@XKT............................................................................. iii
KDSXTKOSI........................................................................................... iv
HKGXKT ISI........................................................................................... vi
HKGXKT XKDAL................................................................................... vii
HKGXKT EKMDKT.............................................................................. ix
DKD I ZA@HKFQLQK@
;.; Lktkr Dalkok
Dalkok`e......
`e..............
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;.4 Zarumu
Zarumusk`
sk` Mksklkf.....
Mksklkf............................
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;.3 Dktksk`
Dktksk` Mkskl
Mksklkf.....
kf............
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;.8 Xubuk` Zrnyao Kofir.......
Kofir...............
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;.1 Mk`gkkt
Mk`gkkt Zrnyao Kofir........
Kofir...............
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DKD II HKSKT XANTI
4.; Maok`is
Maok`isma ma Masi` Kmplks Kmplks....... ..............
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4.;.; Xi`bkuk`
Xi`bkuk`..........................................................................
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4.;.4 Za`eartik`
Za`eartik`.......................................................................
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4.4 Za`eart
Za`eartik`
ik` Tk`eok..
Tk`eok.......................
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4.3 Mnma`..........
Mnma`.................
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4.8 Stktiok.......
Stktiok..............
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4.1 Ekyk...
Ekyk..........
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Lukr.......................................................................
4.1.; Ekyk Lukr .......................................................................
Hklkm....................................................................
4.1.4 Ekyk Hklkm ....................................................................
4.7 Xumpuk`.
Xumpuk`........
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4.7.; Xumpuk` Tnl Tnl..................................................................
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4.7.4 Xumpuk` Sa`hi...............................................................
4.7.3 Xumpuk` Bapit Bapit.................................................................
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4.5 Za`ealksk`.....................
Za`ealksk`......................................................
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4.6 Gkotnr Oakmk`k` (Skgaty gkctnr) gkctnr) .....................................
DKD III ZATA@CK@KK@ HK@ EKMDKT

3.; Hikerkm
3.4 Klur Zrnsas
Soamk Zarklktk` Zara`ck`kk`..........................................
Zara`ck`kk`............ ...............................
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3.4.; Oark`eok Qtkmk.............................................................
Qtkmk.............................................................
3.4.4 Sistam Xrk`smisi Xa`kek................................................
Xa`kek................................................
3.4.3 Za`kmpk`e Kmplks Kmplks........................................................
........................................................
Listrio...................................................................
3.4.8 Mntnr Listrio ...................................................................
3.4.1 Zullay
Zullay..............................................................................
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Dakri`e............................................................................
3.4.7 Dakri`e ............................................................................
Za`eearko..............................................................
3.4.5 Znrns Za`eearko ..............................................................
3.4.6 Ork` Kir..........................................................................
Kir..........................................................................
3.4.9 Za`caokm Za`kmpk`e
Za`kmpk`e....................................................
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3.4.;: Xutup Za`kmpk`e Kmplks............................................
Kmplks............................................
3.3 Zarfit
Zarfitu`ek`
u`ek` hk` Zara`ck`kk`
Zara`ck`kk` Lks......................
Lks...........................................
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DKD IW ZTNSAS ZTNHQOSI
8.; Zarklk
Zarklktk`
tk` yk`e hieu`kok`......
hieu`kok`.............. ...............
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 8.4 Zrnsas Zamdukt
Zamduktk` k` Tk`eok..
Tk`eok.........
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8.3 Astim
Astimksi
ksi Hk`k Zrnsas Zarmasi Zarmasi`k` `k` Oark`eok...........................
Oark`eok...........................
8.8 Zarkwktk` Masi`...................................
Masi`.............................................................
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DKD W ZA@QXQZ
1.; Oasimp
Oasimpulk`...
ulk`..........
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1.4 Skrk`..........
Skrk`.................
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HKGXKT ZQSXKOK.............................................................................
LKMZITK@
 ZATK@CK@EK@ TK@EOK ZKHK MASI@ KMZLKS
ZTNYAO KOFIT
Hikbuok` u`tuo mama`ufi parsykrktk` eu`k mamparnlaf ealkr Kfli Mkhyk (K.Mh)
Zrnerkm Stuhi HIII Xao`io Masi`

Hisusu` nlaf2

Giork` Yk`hy Skputrk (I6;;8:44)

ZTNETKM SXQHI H3 XAO@IO MASI@ ZTNHQOSI

GKOQLXKS XAO@IO MASI@
Q@IWATSIXKS SADALKS MKTAX
SQTKOKTXK
4:;6
 DKD I
ZA@HKFQLQK@
;.; Lktk
Lktkrr Dalkok
Dalkok`e
`e
Sadutk` u`tuo Masi` Kmplks / Znwar Sk`har / Kdrksiva Mkcfi`a suhkf tihko

ksi`e lkei hklkm rk`kf pari`hustrik` hi saluruf hu`ik. Masi` Kmplks mamilioi gu`esi
yk`e fkmpir skmk ha`ek` masi` eari`hk. Dahk`yk khklkf, Masi` Kmplks marupkok`
prnsas pa`eioisk` yk`e darski`e ha`ek` matnha pa`eioisk` yk`e lki`, hk` duok`
marupkok` nparksi pa`yalaskik` saparti pa`eeari`hkk` ktku pa`eensnok` (lkppi`e
( lkppi`e))
yk`e on`va`sin`kl
on`va`sin`kl.. Nparks
Nparksi`yk
i`yk tihko tardkt
tardktks
ks pkhk rnhk ioktk` (dn`hah
( dn`hah wfaal)
wfaal) skbk,
tkpi tarmksuo prnsas kmplks lkpis (cnktah
( cnktah)) hk` prnsas kmplks dadks. Sahk`eok`
masi`
masi` ear
eari`h
i`hkk darkrti
darkrti ma`eensn
ma`eensno,
o, ma`
ma`ekus
ekusok`
ok` ha`ek`
ha`ek` easaok`
easaok` ktku
ktku ma`eksk
ma`ekskf.
f.
Hklkm krti lki` buek hkpkt hikrtiok` sadkeki palapksk` lnekm nlaf suktu rnhk kmplks
putkr, hk` earkok``yk mirip pamntn`e grkis.

Masi
Masi`` kmpl
kmplks
ks yk`e
yk`e khk hi Lkdnr
Lkdnrkt
ktnr
nrim
im Mkta
Mktari
rikl
kl sk
skkt
kt i`
i`ii talk
talkf
f ma`ek
ma`eklk
lkmi
mi
oaruskok` dkio hkri saei rk`eok hk` masi``yk. Oaruskok` masi` i`i hisadkdok` nlaf
masi` yk`e bkrk`e hieu`kok` okra`k suhkf tarek`tiok` nlaf masi` eari`hk yk`e ladif
prkotis. Nlaf okra`k itu, tubuk` hkri prnyao kofir i`i dartubuk` u`
u`tuo
tuo mamdukt masi`
kmplks yk`e ladif saharfk`k hk` ladif prkotis.
Ha`ek` khk`yk masi` kmplks i`i hifkrkpok` hkpkt mamparmuhkf pa`ekmplksk`
da`hk oarbk u`tuo prkotioum hi Lkdnrktnrium Mktarikl. Zkhk prnyao kofir i`i hipilif
sistam trk`smisi okra`k pkhk masi` kmplks hifkrkpok` hkyk yk`e hidutufok` disk
tarpa`ufi safi`eek masi` hkpkt darbklk` ha`ek` dkio.

;.4 Zarumus
Zarumusk`
k` mksklkf
mksklkf
Zarumusk` mksklkf hklkm Zrnyao Kofir i`i khklkf mark`ck`e trk`smisi pkhk
pamduktk` masi` kmplks yk`e ladif prkotis hk` saharfk`k hklkm pa`earbkk``yk.
Zkhk pa`earbkk` Zrnyao Kofir i`i ladif ma`ekrkf oa park`ck`ek` rk`eok masi`
kmplks.
;.3 Dktk
Dktksk`
sk` Mksklkf
Mksklkf
Dktksk` mksklkf hkri Zrnyao Kofir i`i khklkf 2
k. Mark
Mark`c
`ck`e
k`e rrk`
k`eok
eok m
mas
asi`
i` kmpl
kmplks
ks..
d. Masi` i`i fkmpir skmk ha`ek` masi` eari`hk fk`yk skbk tarhkpkt pardahkk`

pkhk ckrk oarbk hk` gu`esi`yk.

 c. Zkhk masi`
masi` i`i fk`yk disk
disk hie
hieu`kok`
u`kok` u`tuo
u`tuo ma`ekmplks
ma`ekmplks da`hk ubi prkoti
prkotioum.
oum.
;.8 Xubuk` Zrnyao Kofir
Xubuk` hkri Zrnyao Kofir i`i khklkf 2
k. Mamd
Mamdukt
ukt rk
rk`e
`eok
ok mas
masi`
i` kmpl
kmplks
ks..
d. Ma`eatkfui hk` mamkfkmi satikp onmpn`a`-onmpn`a` yk`e hidutufok`
pkhk pamduktk` rk`eok masi` kmplks.
;.1 Mk`g
Mk`gkkt
kkt Zrny
Zrnyao
ao Kofir
Mk`gkkt hkri Zrnyao Kofir i`i khklkf 2
k. Hkpkt mamdukt masi` kmplks ha`ek` ma`eatkfui
ma`eatkfui satikp
satikp tkfkp-tkfkp
tkfkp-tkfkp
pa`earbkk` tarutkmk pkhk prnsas pamduktk` rk`eok.
d. Mamuhkfok` pa`ekmplksk` da
da`hk
`hk oarbk eu`k prkotioum hi Lkdnrktnrium
Mktarikl.
 DKD II
HKSKT XANTI
4.; Maok`isma Masi` Kmplks
4.;.; Xi`bkuk`

Zkhk hkskr`yk masi` kmplks skkt i`i mksif tarenln`e sk`ekt mi`im bumlkf`yk
okra`k suhkf tarek`tiok` nlaf masi` eari`hk pnrtkdal yk`e ladif prkotis hk` muhkf
hidkwk oamk`k-mk`k. Okra`k hilifkt hkri saei gu`esi`yk yk`e fkmpir skmk ykitu
masi`
masi` kmplks
kmplks dar
dartub
tubuk`
uk` u`t
u`tuo
uo prnsas
prnsas pa`eioi
pa`eioisk`
sk` sahk`eo
sahk`eok`
k` pkhk masi`
masi` ear
eari`h
i`hkk
dartubuk` u`tuo ma`eensnok`, ma`ekuskok`
ma`e kuskok` ha`ek` easao
easaok`
k` ktku ma`ekskf.
4.;.4 Za`eartik`
Masi`
Masi` kmpl
kmplks
ks daoarb
daoarbkk ha`ek`
ha`ek` ma`e
ma`eeu`k
eu`kok`
ok` mnt
mntnr
nr li
listr
strio
io yk`e hif
hifudu`
udu`eok`
eok`
ha`ek
`ek` pullay yk`e
yk`e tarf
tarfud
udu`
u`e
e ha
ha`e
`ek`
k` W-Dalt lklu
lklu hita
hitaru
ruso
sok`
k` oa pnrns
pnrns u`
u`tu
tuo
o
ma`eearkok`
ma`eearkok` pa`kmpk`e
pa`kmpk`e kmplks safi`eek tnrsi yk`e hidut
hidutufok`
ufok` tihko tarlk
tarlklu
lu daskr

hk` tihko mamarluok` hkyk yk`e tarlklu daskr pulk. Okra`k masi` kmplks fk`yk
mam
mamdutu
dutufok`
fok` tnrsi
tnrsi sadask
sadaskrr 3::-1::
3::-1:: r.p
r.p.m
.m kekr fksil kmplks
kmplks hkpkt
hkpkt sasuki
sasuki yk`e
hifkrkpok` hk` tihko tarlklu capkt putkrk``yk.
4.4 Za`e
Za`earti
artik`
k` Tk`eok
Tk`eok
Tk`e
Tk`eok
ok khklkf
khklkf str
struot
uotur
ur hktkr
hktkr yk`e tar
tarhir
hirii hkr
hkrii sab
sabuml
umlkf
kf dktk`e-
dktk`e-dkt
dktk`e
k`e yk`e
hiskmdu`e-skmdu`e sktu ha`ek` yk`e lki` pkhk ubu`e`yk, safi`eek mamda`tuo
suktu
suktu rk`
rk`eok
eok ononf.
ononf. Tk`eok
Tk`eok dareu`k
dareu`k sadkeki
sadkeki pa`yk`ee
pa`yk`eekk utkmk
utkmk ma`bkh
ma`bkhii tam
tampkt
pkt
darpuskt`yk samuk rasultk` ekyk hkri samuk onmpn`a`. Zkhk on`hisi dadk` yk`e
rktk ekyk kosi rakosi hihagi`isiok
hihagi`isiok`
` sadkeki dadk` mi`imum, sahk`eok` pkhk on`hisi

dadk` yk`e darearko ktku sahk`e tarbkhi da`turk` on`hisi dadk` hihagi`isiok`
sadkeki
sadkeki dadk
dadk`
` mkosim
mkosimum.
um. On`his
On`hisii pamdadk`
pamdadk`k`
k` sapa
saparti
rti i`i dar
darlk`
lk`esu`
esu`e
e sackrk
sackrk
darulk`e, fi`eek mktarikl rk`eok ma`eklkmi oalalkfk` (gktieua) oamuhik` tarbkhi
oaekeklk` (gkilura)
(gkilura).. Oa
Oaeke
ekekl
klk`
k` yk
yk`e
`e hisa
hisadk
dkdok
dok`
` oal
oalal
alkf
kfk`
k` mkta
mktari
rikl
kl sk
sk`ek
`ektt
mamdkfkykok`, okra`k oalalkfk` ma`ekoidktok` pktkf yk`e tarbkhi tk`pk hikwkli
hagnrmksi pkhk mktarikl tarsadut. Dadarkpk fkl yk`e ma`yadkdok` oalalkfk` tarbkhi
lkdi
lkdif
f capkt
capkt,, yk
ykit
itu
u dadk`
dadk` mkos
mkosim
imum
um yk`e
yk`e cu
cuoup
oup ti`ee
ti`eei,
i, vkr
vkrik
iksi
si ktku
ktku gluot
gluotuks
uksii
taek`ek
taek`ek`
` yk`e cuoup daskr.
daskr. Salki`
Salki` itu vkr
vkrikd
ikdal
al lki` yk`e ma`yadk
ma`yadkdok`
dok` tarlklu
tarlklu
capkt`yk tarbkhi oalalkfk` saparti on`sa`trksi taek`ek`, onrnsi, sufu, taek`ek` sisk

hk` eanmatri pkhk rk`eok itu sa`hiri.

4.3 Mnma`
Mnma`
Hi skmpi`e ca`haru`e u`tuo ma`eearkok` suktu da`hk pkhk krkf daoarbk`yk,
sadukf ekyk ca`haru`e u`tuo mamutkr suktu da`hk tarfkhkp suktu sumdu. Sumdu i`i
hkpkt marupkok` samdkrk`e ekris yk`e tihko darpntn`ek` mkupu` sabkbkr ha`ek`
ekris oarbk ekyk tarsadut.
tarsadut. Oaca`haru`ek`
Oaca`haru`ek` u`tuo darntksi i`i hioa`kl sadkeki mnma`
(M) hkri ekyk tarsadut.
tarsadut. Mnma` buek hioa`kl sadkek
sadkekii pu`tir
pu`tirk`
k` (tnrqua). Hkpkt hilifkt
pkhk Ekmdkr 4.;.

Ekmdkr 4.; Mnma`

(T.S. Ofurmi hk` B.O. Euptk, 4::4)

Mnma` khklkf suktu vaotnr M yk`e taeko lurus tarfkhkp dihk`e da`hk. Krkf M
khklkf tarek`t
tarek`tu`e
u`e pkhk krkf darputkr`
darputkr`yk
yk da`hk koidkt ekyk G. Mnma` M ma`eiouti
ma`eiouti
samuk okihkf pa`bumlkfk` vaotnr hk` hkpkt hiti`bku sadkeki vaotnr easar ha`ek`
ekris oarbk yk`e darimpit ha`ek` sumdu mnma`. Sktuk` hkskr hkri mnma` hklkm
sktuk` SI khklkf `awtn`-matar (@m).

M = r x G ……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……… (4.;)

Himk`k2
M 2 Mnma` (@.m)
r 2 Bkri-bkri ktku bkrko k`tkrk puskt mnma` yk`e tareko lurus tarfkhkp
ekyk taok`. (m)
G 2 Ekyk taok` (@)
4.8 Stktio
Stktiok
k
Stktiok khklkf ilmu yk`e mampalkbkri ta`tk`e stktiok suktu dadk` tarfkhkp ekyk-
ekyk hk` dadk` yk`e mu`eoi` khk pkhk dkfk` tarsadut . Hklkm stktiok, ekyk-ekyk
yk`e mam
mampa`e
pa`ekruf
krufii sis
sistam
tam ma`
ma`bkh
bkhii suktu
suktu ndya
ndyao.
o. Sahk`eok
Sahk`eok`
` hklkm
hklkm par
parfit
fitu`ek
u`ek`
`
oaouktk` rk`eok, ekyk-ekyk yk`e hiparfitu`eok` khklkf ekyk lukr hk` ekyk hklkm.
Ba`is dadk` hkpkt hidkei ma`bkhi2
k. Dad
Dadk`
k` stkt
stktis
is khklkf
khklkf dadk` yk`e
yk`e daskr kt
ktku
ku krkf`yk
krkf`yk tih
tihko
ko darudkf
darudkf tarfkhk
tarfkhkp
p
wkotu.
d. Dadk` tarpuskt khklkf dadk` yk
yk`e
`e daoarbk pkhk suktu titio.
c. Dadk` tardkei
tardkei khklkf d
dadk`
adk` yk`e tardkei
tardkei mark
marktk
tk skm
skmkk pkhk sa
satikp
tikp sktuk`
sktuk` lluks.
uks.
h. Dad
Dadk`
k` mnma`
mnma` khklkf fksil
fksil eky
ekykk ha`ek` bkr
bkrko
ko k`tkr
k`tkrkk ekyk ha`ek
ha`ek`
` titio
titio yk`e
hiti`bku.
a. Dad
Dadk`
k` tnrsi
tnrsi khkl
khklkf
kf da
dadk`
dk` kkoid
oidkt
kt pu`ti
pu`tirk`
rk`..
Zri`sip stktiok oasaimdk`ek` pkhk da`hk yk`e daoarbk pkhk suktu titio dadk`
pkhk Ekmdkr 4.4.

Ekmdkr 4.4 Zri`sip stktiok oasaimdk`ek`

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

4.1
4.1 Ek
Ekyk
yk
Hklkm parfitu`ek` oaouktk` rk`eok kok` hiparfitu`eok` ekyk lukr hk` ekyk
hklkm.
4.1.; Ekyk Lu
Lukr
Ekyk lukr khklkf ekyk yk`e daoarbk hilukr on`struosi. Ekyk lukr hkpkt darupk
ekyk vartiokl, ekyk fnrizn`tkl, mnma` la`tur hk` mnma` pu`tir. Zkhk parskmkk`
stktis tarta`tu u`tuo ma`efitu`e daskr`yk ekyk yk`e daoarbk fkrus mama`ufi sykrkt
oasatimdk`ek` 2

∛ G V= :
∛ G Y= :
∛ M= :
4.1.4 Ekyk Hklkm
Ekyk hklkm khklkf ekyk – ekyk yk`e daoarbk hi hklkm on`struosi
on`struosi sadkeki rakosi
tarfkhkp ekyk lukr. Takosi yk`e timdul k`tkrk lki` sadkeki dariout 2
k. Ek
Ekyk
yk `nr
`nrmk
mkll (@
(@))
Ekyk `nrmk
`nrmkll mar
marupko
upkok`
k` ekyk hklkm yk`e daoa
daoarbk
rbk sakrk
sakrkf
f sum
sumdu
du hk`

daoarbk taeko lurus tarfkhkp dihk`e dklno.

d klno.
- Ekyk `nrmkl
`nrmkl pnsi
pnsitig
tig (+) bio
biokk sad
sadkeki
keki ekyk tkr
tkrio
io pkhk
pkhk Ekmdk
Ekmdkrr 4.3
4.3..

Ekmdkr 4.3 Ekyk `nrmkl pnsitig

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

- Ekyk `nrmkl
`nrmkl `aekt
`aektig
ig ((-)
-) bbiok
iok ssadk
adkeki
eki ekyk
ekyk h
hask
asko
o pkhk
pkhk Ekm
Ekmdkr
dkr 4.8.
4.8.

Ekmdkr 4.8 Ekyk `nrmkl `aektig

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

d. Ekyk Easar (S)

Ekyk easar marupkok` ekyk hklkm yk`e daoarbk taeko lurus sumdu dklno.
 - Ekyk e
easa
asarr hik
hik`eek
`eekp
p pnsitig
pnsitig ((+)
+) bi
biok
ok ca`har
ca`haru`e
u`e darput
darputkr
kr sa
sakrk
krkf
f bkr
bkrum
um bkm
pkhk Ekmdkr 4.1.

Ekmdkr 4.1 Ekyk easar pnsitig

(Si`ear hk` K`hraw, ;991)

- Ekyk e
easa
asarr hik
hik`eek
`eekp
p `aek
`aektig
tig (-)
(-) bbiok
iok ca
ca`har
`haru`e
u`e darpu
darputkr
tkr d
darl
arlkwk
kwk`k`
`k` kr
krkf
kf
bkrum bkm pkhk Ekmdkr 4.7.

Ekmdkr 4.7 Ekyk easar `aektig

( Si`ear hk` K`hraw ;991)

c. Mn
Mnma
ma`
` lla`
a`tu
turr ((M)
M)
Mn
Mnma
ma`
` la`t
la`tur
ur khklk
khklkf
f eky
ekykk parlk
parlkwk
wk`k`
`k` hkr
hkrii dadk`
dadk` sa
sadk
dkeki
eki pa
pa`kf
`kfk`
k`
la`turk` yk`e tarbkhi pkhk dklno/pa`kfk` tarfkhkp oala`eou`ek`.
- Mn
Mnma
ma`
` la`t
la`tur
ur pnsit
pnsitig
ig (+) bi
biok
ok ca`h
ca`har
aru`e
u`e mamda
mamda`eo
`eonok
nok`
` dktk`e
dktk`e cao
caou`e
u`e
oa dkwkf pkhk Ekmdkr 4.5.
 Ekmdkr 4.5 Mnma` la`tur pnsitig
(Si`ear hk` K`hraw, ;991)

- Mnma`
Mnma` la`tur
la`tur `
`aekt
aektig
ig (-
(-)) biok
biok ca`
ca`har
haru`e
u`e mamda`
mamda`eono
eonok`
k` dkt
dktk`e
k`e camdu
camdu`e
`e
oa ktks pkhk Ekmdkr 4.6.

Ekmdkr 4.6 Mnma` la`tur `aektig

(Si`ear hk` K`hraw, ;991)

4.7 Xumpuk
Xumpuk`
`
On`str
On`struos
uosii rk`
rk`eok
eok dartuek
dartuekss ma`
ma`huou
huou`e
`e dadk
dadk`
` ktku
ktku ekyk yk`e daoa
daoarbk
rbk pkhk
sadukf sistam tarsadut. Dadk` tarsadut fkrus hitumpu hk` hilatkook` pkhk palatkok`-
palatkok` tarta`tu kekr hkpkt mama`ufi tueks`yk. Dadarkpk palatkook` k`tkrk
k `tkrk lki`2
4.7.; Xumpuk` Tn
Tnl

Khk
Khklkf
lkf tum
tumpuk`
puk` yk`e hkpk
hkpktt ma`kfk`
ma`kfk` ekyk taok` yk`e krkf`y
krkf`ykk taeko
taeko lurus
lurus
dihk`e tumpuk`yk. Xumpuk` rnl tihko hkpkt ma`kfk` ekyk yk`e krkf`yk sabkbkr
ha`ek` dihk`e tumpuk` hk` mnma` pkhk Ekmdkr 4.9.

Ekmdkr 4.9 Xumpuk` rnl

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

4.7.4
.7.4 Xumpu
puk
k` Sa`
Sa`hi
Khk
Khklkf
lkf tum
tumpuk`
puk` yk`e mkmpu ma`kfk`
ma`kfk` ekyk yk`e krkf`y
krkf`ykk sam
samdkr
dkrk`e
k`e pkhk
dihk`e tumpuk`. Xumpuk` sa`hi hkpkt ma`umpu ekyk yk`e krkf`yk taeko lurus
mkupu` sabkbkr ha`ek` dihk`e tumpuk` pkhk Ekmdkr 4.;:.

Ekmdkr 4.;: Xumpuk` sa`hi

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

4.7.3
.7.3 Xumpu
puk
k` Ba
Bapit

Khklkf tumpuk` yk`e hkpkt ma`kfk` ekyk hklkm saeklk krkf hk` hkpkt ma`kfk`
mnma` pkhk Ekmdkr 4.;;.

Ekmdkr 4.;; Xumpuk` bapit

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

4.5 Za`e
Za`ealks
alksk`
k`
Za`e
Za`ealk
alksk`
sk` khkl
khklkf
kf suktu
suktu skmdu`e
skmdu`ek`
k` yk`e parmk`
parmk`a`
a` yk`e mk`k
mk`k darksk
darkskll hkr
hkrii
paladurk` hkri huk dkeik` yk`e hiekdu`eok` darskmk ha`ek` ktku tk`pk pa`eeu`kk`
pa`aok`k` hk` pa`eisik` mktarikl. Zkhk prnsas pa`earbkk` prnyao kofir i`i
ma`eeu`
ma`eeu`kok`
kok` lks lis
listri
trio
o u`t
u`tuo
uo mamdukt
mamdukt rk`eok fk`hla,
fk`hla, rk`eok ktks, hk` rk`eok
dkwkf.
Lk
Lkss yk`e
yk`e hieu
hieu`k
`kok
ok`
` hk
hklk
lkm
m pa`e
pa`eal
alks
ksk`
k` rk`e
rk`eok
ok masi
masi`
` pa
pa`e
`eup
upks
ks dk
dkwk
wk`e
`e

ma`eeu`kok` lks listrio, dariout i`i marupkok` ba`is-ba`is lks listrio2

k. Mas
Masi`
i` llks
ks kkrus
rus dnl
dnlko-d
ko-dkli
klio
o (Ma
(Masi`
si` KC)
Masi` mamarluok` krus listrio dnlko-dklio ktku krus KC yk`e hifksilok`
nlaf
nlaf pamdk`eo
pamdk`eoit
it li
listr
strio,
io, lis
listri
trio
o ZL@ ktk
ktku
u ea`a
ea`arkt
rktnr
nr KC, hkpkt
hkpkt hie
hieu`ko
u`kok`
k`
sadkeki sumdar ta`kek hklkm prnsas pa`ealksk`. Daskr`yk taek`ek` listrio
yk
yk`e
`e hifks
hifksil
ilok`
ok` nlaf
nlaf sumd
sumdar
ar pam
pamdk
dk`eo
`eoit
it list
listri
rio
o da
dalu
lum
m sa
sasu
suki
ki ha`
ha`ek`
ek`
taek`ek` yk`e hieu`kok` u`tuo pa`ealksk`.
Oadk`ykok` sumdar listrio, dkio listrio ZL@ mkupu` listrio hkri sumdar
yk
yk`e
`e lki`
lki`,, ma
mamp
mpu`
u`yki
yki taek
taek`ek
`ek`
` yk`e
yk`e cu
cuoup
oup ti`ee
ti`eei,
i, pkhkfk
pkhkfkll oadut
oadutuf
ufk`
k`
taek`ek` yk`e hioalukrok` nlaf masi` lks u`tuo pa`ealksk` fk`yk 11 vnlt
skmpki 61 vnlt. Krus yk`e hieu`kok` u`tuo parklktk` lks saoitkr ;: kmpara
sk
skmp
mpki
ki 1:: kmpar
kmpara.
a. Dask
Daskr`
r`yk
yk krus
krus li
list
stri
rio
o hk
hkpkt
pkt hikt
hiktur
ur sa
sasu
suki
ki ha
ha`ek
`ek`
`
oaparluk` lks.
d. Masi` lks krus sakrkf (Masi` HC)
Krus listrio yk`e hieu`kok` u`tuo mamparnlaf `yklk dusur listrio khklkf
krus sakrkf. Krus sakrkf i`i darkskl hkri masi` darupk hi`kmn mntnr listrio
sakrkf. Hi`kmn hkpkt hiearkook` nlaf mntnr listrio, mntnr da`si`, mntnr
hiasal, ktku klkt pa`eearko yk`e lki`. Masi` krus yk`e ma`eeu`kok` mntnr
li
listr
strio
io sadkeki
sadkeki pa`e
pa`eear
earko
ko mul
mulk`yk
k`yk mam
mamarl
arluok`
uok` par
parklk
klktk`
tk` yk`e dar
dargu`e
gu`esi
si
sa
sadk
dkek
ekii pa
pa`y
`yak
akrk
rkf
f krus
krus.. Za`y
Za`yak
akrk
rkf
f kr
krus
us ktku
ktku ractigiar dargu`
dargu`esi
esi u`tuo
ma`eudkf krus dnlko-dklio (KC) ma`bkhi krus sakrkf (HC).
c. Masi
Masi`
` lks
lks ek`h
ek`hkk (M
(Mas
asi`
i` KC-
KC-HC
HC))
Masi` lks i`i mkmpu malkyk`i pa`ealksk` ha`ek` krus sakrkf (HC) hk`
pa`ealksk` ha`ek` krus dnlko-dklio. Masi` lks ek`hk mampu`yki
trk`
trk`sg
sgnr
nrmk
mktn
tnrr sk
sktu
tu gksk
gksk hk` sa
saduk
dukf
f klkt
klkt pa
park
rktk
tk hklkm
hklkm sk
sktu
tu u`it
u`it masi
masi`.
`.
Oalukrk` krus dnlko-dklio hikmdil hkri tarmi`kl lilitk` saou`har trk`sgnrmktnr
malklui raeulktnr krus. Khkpu` krus sakrkf hikmdil hkri oalukrk` klkt parktk
krus. Za`ekturk` oalukrk` krus dnlko-dklio ktku krus sakrkf hkpkt hilkouok`
ha`ek` muhkf, ykitu fk`yk ha`ek` mamutkr klkt pa`ektur krus hkri masi`
lks. (fttp2//ih.wioipahik.nre/wioi/Lks^listrio)
Ba`is – ba`is skmdu`ek` lks k`tkrk lki` saparti pkhk Ekmdkr 4.;4 hi dkwkf i`i2
 Ekmdkr 4.;4 Ba`is Skmdu`ek` Lks
(T.S. Ofurmi hk` B.O. Euptk, 4::4)

Oatark`ek`2
(k). Skmdu`ek`
Skmdu`ek` lks suhut hklkm
(d).Skmdu`ek` lks suhut lukr
(c). Skmdu`ek`
Skmdu`ek` lks tumpk`e
(h).Skmdu`ek` lks X
4.6 Gkot
Gkotnr
nr Oakm
Oakmk`k`
k`k` (Skgaty
(Skgaty gkctnr
gkctnr))
Gkot
Gkotnr
nr yk`e hieu`ko
hieu`kok`
k` u`tuo
u`tuo ma`eavk
ma`eavkluk
luksi
si kekr par
para`c
a`ck`kk
k`kk`
` alama`
alama` masi`
masi`
tarbkmi` oakmk`k``yk ha`ek` hima`si yk`e mi`imum. Gkotnr oakmk`k` alama` hk`
sistam struotur sk`ekt tarek`tu`e pkhk oatkfk`k` stuotur ( T2 dkfk` hk` eanmatri)
hk` dadk` yk`e daoarbk ( S2 dadk` mkti, dadk` fihup, dadk` eampk, dadk` k`ei` hk`
sadkeki`yk). (Bnsapf Z Wihnsic “ Mkcfi`a Hasie` Zrnbacts”)

Xkdal 4.; Gkotnr oakmk`k` dkfk`

Sumdar 2 Ofurmi, T.S. & Euptk, B.O. 4::1, K Xaxtdnno Ng Mkcfi`a Hasie`, p;:4
 DKD III
MAXNHA ZALKOSK@KK@
3.; Hikerkm Klur
Klur Zrnsas Zara`ck`k
Zara`ck`kk`
k`
Hikerkm klur prnsas para`ck`kk` disk hi lifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 3.;.
3 .;.

Ekmdkr 3.; Hikerkm klur prnsas para`ck`kk`

Zkhk prnsas pamduktk` prnyao kofir i`i hikwkli ha`ek` hita`tuok``yk suktu
tamk
tamk u`t
u`tuo
uo hib
hibkhi
khiok`
ok` par
parmks
mksklk
klkfk`.
fk`. Xamk
Xamk yk`e hik`eok
hik`eoktt khkl
khklkf
kf mam
mampar
parmuhk
muhkf
f
pa`earbkk` pa`ekmplksk` da`hk oarbk u`tuo oaparluk` prkotioum hi Lkdnrktnrium
Mktari
Mktarikl.
kl. Za`u
Za`ulis
lis malkouo
malkouok`
k` oaei
oaeiktk
ktk`
` yk`e
yk`e darupk
darupk nds
ndsarv
arvksi
ksi tar
tarfkhk
fkhkp
p dada
dadarkp
rkpkk
on`s
on`sap
ap/e
/ekm
kmdk
dkrk
rk`
` hk
hkri
ri pa
para
ra`c
`ck`
k`kk
kk`
` masi
masi`
` kmpl
kmplks
ks yk
yk`e
`e suhk
suhkf
f kh
khk.
k. Sa
Sata
talk
lkf
f

malkouo
malkouok`
k` oaei
oaeiktk
ktk`
` tar
tarsadu
sadutt mkok
mkok on`sap/
on`sap/ekm
ekmdkrk
dkrk`
` hkr
hkrii masi`
masi` kmpl
kmplks
ks sa`hir
sa`hirii
mamilioi dardkeki mkckm da`tuo mulki hkri yk`e darda`tuo pnrtkdal skmpki ha`ek`
masi`
masi` kmp
kmplks
lks huhuo.
huhuo. Satalk
Satalkf
f itu hil
hilkouo
kouok`
k` sur
survai
vai ladif
ladif hkl
hklkm
km sackrk
sackrk lk`esu
lk`esu`e
`e
ta`tk`e dkekimk`k ckrk oarbk masi` kmplks yk`e suhkf khk. Hkri survai yk`e talkf
hilkouok` pa`ulis disk ma`ek`klisk mu`cul`yk dadarkpk parmksklkfk` yk`e khk
pkhk masi` kmplks yk`
yk`ee sadalum`yk. Oamuhik` tim mampartimdk`eok` pamduktk`
haski` sadukf klkt yk`e kok` hieu`kok` u`tuo mamdk`tu mamparmuhkf pa`earbkk`
pa`ekmplksk` ha`ek` mampartimdk`eok` dadarkpk fkl hi k`tkrk`yk khklkf da`tuo
yk`e ladif saharfk`k.
Salk`but`yk hiduktlkf suktu klkt u`tuo mamparmuhkf pa`earbkk` pa`ekmplksk`.
Oamuhik` himulki u`tuo ma`efitu`e saluruf onmpn`a` yk`e maliputi pa`a`tuk`
hkyk mntnr listrio yk`e kok` hieu`kok`, parfitu`ek` hikmatar puli, pk`bk`e skduo
yk`e hidutufok` hk` parcapktk` putkrk` pkhk piri`ek` kmplks yk`e kok` hieu`kok`.
Salk`but`yk hilkouok` park`ck`ek` masi` ha`ek` ma`eekmdkr soatsk hkri masi`
sackrk mk`ukl, oamuhik` ma`eekmdkr hklkm da`tuo ekmdkr tao`io hklkm da`tuo
4H. Zark`c
Zark`ck`ek
k`ek`
` haski`
haski` 3H masi`
masi` ma`eeu`
ma`eeu`kok
kok`
` sngtwkra SnlihUnros kekr hkpkt
hiavkluksi kpkokf suhkf sasuki ha`ek` spasigioksi yk`e hifkrkpok` hk` buek disk
ma`efitu`e bumlkf mktarikl yk`e hiparluok` hklkm pamduktk` masi`. Biok samuk
onm
onmpn`a
pn`a`
` suhkf
suhkf salask
salaskii hidukt
hidukt mkok hip
hiparl
arluok`
uok` pa`eubi
pa`eubik`
k` hkri
hkri mas
masi`
i` tar
tarsad
sadut.
ut.
Kpkdilk khk yk`e ourk`e sasuki ha`ek` rk`ck`ek` kwkl hkri masi` disk hiavkluksi
oamdkl
oamdklii mk`k yk`e ourk`e sasuki ha`ek` ha`ek` rk`ck`ek` kwkl kekr saeark u`tuo
hipardkioi.
3.4 Soa
Soamk
mk Zarkl
Zarklktk`
ktk`
Zara`ck`kk`
Zara`ck`kk` soamk parklk
parklktk`
tk` prnyao kofir ha`ek` buhul Masi` Kmplks mamukt
ta`tk`e maok`isma earkok` hk` daskr`yk hkyk yk`e hidutufok` pkhk masi` kmplks.
Tk`ck`ek` masi` hkpkt hilifkt pkhk ekmdkr 3.4.
 6
9
;

7 4

;:

8
3
Ekmdkr 3.4 Soatsk Masi` Kmplks

Oatark`ek` 2
;. Tk`eok/Grkma
4. Mnt
Mntnr Li
List
strrio
3. W-dalt
8. Zullay
1. Znrn
Znrnss Za`e
Za`eea
earrko
7. Za`cao
Za`caokm
km Z
Za`k
a`kmp
mpk`e
k`e Km
Kmpl
plks
ks
5. Za`k
Za`kmp
mpk`
k`e
e Km
Kmpl
plks
ks
6. Xutup
Xutup Za`
Za`km
kmpk`
pk`e
e Kmp
Kmplk
lkss
9. Ork` Kir
;:. Dak
Dakri
ri`e
`e
Masi
Masi`
` Kmpl
Kmplks
ks mami
mamili
lioi
oi gu
gu`e
`esi
si yk
yk`e
`e fk
fkmpi
mpirr skmk
skmk ha`ek
ha`ek`
` masi
masi`
` ea
eari
ri`hk
`hk..
Dahk`yk khklkf, Masi` Kmplks marupkok` prnsas pa`eioisk` yk`e darski`e ha`ek`
matnha pa`eioisk` yk`e lki`, hk` duok` marupkok` nparksi pa`yalaskik` saparti
pa`eeari`hkk` ktku pa`eensnok` (lkppi`e
lkppi`e)) yk`e on`v
on`va`s
a`sin`
in`kl.
kl. Npar
Nparksi
ksi`yk
`yk tih
tihko
ko
tardktks pkhk rnhk ioktk` ((dn`hah wfaal) skbk, tkpi tarmksuo prnsas kmplks lkpis
dn`hah wfaal)
(cnktah)
cnktah) hk` prnsas kmplks dadks. Sahk`eok` masi` eari`hk darkrti ma`eensno,
ma`ekusok` ha`ek` easaok` ktku ma`ekskf. Hklkm krti lki` buek hkpkt hikrtiok`
sadkeki
sadkeki palapk
palapksk`
sk` lne
lnekm
km nlaf
nlaf suk
suktu
tu rnh
rnhkk kmplks
kmplks putkr,
putkr, hk` ear
earkok`
kok``yk
`yk mirip
mirip
pamntn`e grkis. Sackrk gu`esin`kl onmpn`a`-onmpn`a`
onmpn`a`-onmpn `a` utkmk masi` kmplks, ykitu 2
3.4.;
.4.; Oark`eok
`eok Q
Qtk
tkm
mk

Ekmdkr 3.3Oark`eok/Grkma
3.3Oark`eok/Grkma

Dargu`
Dargu`esi
esi sad
sadkeki
keki tampkt
tampkt ma`
ma`npk`
npk`e
e dkei
dkeik`-d
k`-dkei
keik`
k` mas
masi`
i` kmp
kmplks
lks saok
saoklie
lieus
us
ma`h
ma`huou
uou`e
`e on
onmp
mpn`a
n`a`
` lki`
lki` sa
sack
ckrk
rk oas
oasal
alur
urufk
ufk`.
`. Sal
Salkm
kmkk dar
darbk
bklk
lk``y
``ykk pr
prns
nsas
as
pa`ekmplksk`, rk`eok klkt i`i fkrus stktis hk` muhkf u`tuo hipi`hkfok` malklui
rk`ck`ek` da`tuo rk`eok yk`e agisia`.
3.4.
3.4.4
4 Sist
Sistam
am Xr
Xrk`
k`sm
smis
isii Xa`
Xa`kek,
kek

Ekmdkr 3.8 W-Dalt

Masi` i`i ma`eeu`kok` skduo v-dalt u`tuo ma`yklurok` hkyk hkri sumdar ta`kek
darupk mntnr pa`eearko oa pnrns pa`eearko
p a`eearko pa`kmpk`e kmplks.
3.4.
3.4.3
3 Za`k
Za`kmp
mpk`
k`e
e Km
Kmpl
plks
ks

Ekmdkr 3.1 Za`kmpk`e Kmplks

Dargu`
Dargu`esi
esi u`tuo
u`tuo mar
marktk
ktkok`
ok` da`h
da`hkk oar
oarbk
bk yk`e talkf
talkf hipntn
hipntn`e
`e ha`ek`
ha`ek` ear
earekb
ekbi.
i.
Za`kmpk
Za`kmpk`e
`e i`i ma`eeu`kok`
ma`eeu`kok` kir yk`e ma`ekl
ma`eklir
ir kek
kekrr da`h
da`hkk oarbk
oarbk yk`e sahk`e
hikmplks tihko capkt pk`ks sartk hadu fksil pa`ekmplksk` hkpkt lkrut darskmk kir
sisk pa`ekmplksk`.
3.4.8
.4.8 Mntnr
ntnr List
stri
rio
o

Ekmdkr 3.7 Mntnr listrio

masi` kmp
Zkhk masi` kmplks
lks sumdar
sumdar pa`e
pa`eear
earko
ko yk`e hieu`kok`
hieu`kok` khklkf
khklkf mnt
mntnr.
nr. Mntnr
listrio khklkf klkt u`tuo ma`eudkf a`arei listrio ma`bkhi a`arei oi`atio.

3.4.1 Zullay
 Ekmdkr 3.5 Zullay

Zullay hieu`kok` u`tuo ma`trk`smisiok` hkyk hkri mntnr oa pnrns pa`eearko.

3.4.7 Dakri`e

Ekmdkr 3.6 Tnllar dakri`e

Tnllar dakri`e hieu`kok` sadkeki tumpuk` pnrns hk` pa`kmpk`e kmplks oatiok
darputkr.
3.4.
3.4.5
5 Znrn
Znrnss Za`e
Za`eea
eark
rko
o

Ekmdkr 3.9 Znrns pa`eearko

 Dargu`esi u`tuo ma`trk`smisiok` hkyk hkri pullay yk`e tarfudu`e hkri mntnr oa
pa`kmpk`e kmplks.
3.4.6 Ork` Kir

Ekmdkr 3.;: Ork` Kir

Dargu`esi u`tuo ma`eklirok` kir oa pa`kmpk`e kmplks.

3.4.
3.4.9
9 Za`c
Za`cao
aokm
km Za`k
Za`kmp
mpk`
k`e
e

Ekmdkr 3.;; Za`caokm Za`kmpk`e Kmplks

Dargu`esi u`tuo ma`caokm kmplks ha`ek` pa`kmpk`e hk` hkpkt hidn`eokr

pksk`e u`tuo pa`eek`tik` parmuokk`
pa rmuokk` kmplks.
3.4.;
3.4.;:
: Xutu
Xutup
p Za`kmp
Za`kmpk`e
k`e Kmp
Kmplks
lks

Ekmdkr 3.;4 Xutup Za`kmpk`e Kmplks

Dargu`esi u`tuo mali`hu`ei ciprktk` kir skkt pa`kmpk`e kmplks darputkr, tutup
i`i tardukt hkri plkt dasi.

3.3 Zk k Zkckk Lk

Zarfitu`ek` hklkm para`ck`kk` lks hkpkt hilifkt sadkeki dariout2

Ekmdkr 3.;3 Da`tuo pa`ealksk` rk`eok

(T.S. Ofurmi hk` B.O. Euptk, 4::4)
4::4 )

Ma`efitu`e tadkl lks hkri da`tuo pa`ealksk` yk`e saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr
3.;3 hkpkt hifitu`e ha`ek` parskmkk`2
Zuskt titio darkt hkpkt hifitu`e ha`ek` parskmkk`2


x=
 x  +  
 

y=
 x  +  

mkok,

r; = DE = l – x

r4 = −  KD + DE 


cnsζ = ……………………………………......……………(4.4)


Oatark`ek`2
l = ladkr plkt (mm)
d = tadkl plkt (mm)
ζ = suhut mkosimum pa`ealksk`
Mnma` i`arsik`yk ((BB ) hifitu`e ha`ek` parskmkk` sadkeki dariout2
  

B = t   +   ∔    …………………………………….....…(4.3)
   +  

Oatark`ek`2
B = mnma` i`arsik (mm8)

t = tadkl lks (mm)

Xaek`ek` easar ( ψ  h`ψ ) hifitu`e ha`ek` parskmkk` sadkeki dariout2

Z
ψ = …………………………………………..……......….(4.8)
K

himk`k K hiparnlaf ha`ek` parskmkk` sadkeki dariout2

K=t . l + t . d ……………………………………………........(4.1)

hk` ψ 4hiparnlaf hkri parskmkk` sadkeki dariout2

Z x a x 
ψ =
4 ................................................... .........................(4.7)
B

Oatark`ek`2
ψ  = taek`ek` easar `nrmkl/taeko lurus oa krkf erkvitksi (@/mm 4)
ψ = taek`ek` easar taeko lurus oa krkf E/sasuki mnma` koidkt hkri
4

pamdadk`k`yk (@/mm 4)

Z = ekyk yk`e mamdadk`i (@)

 K = tfrnkt krak (mm)
a = bkrko ekyk ha`ek` puskt titio darkt E (mm)
r4 = rkhius lks mkosimum hkri titio E (mm)

Tas
Tasult
ultk`
k` u`t
u`tuo
uo taek`ek
taek`ek`
` eas
easar
ar mkos
mkosimk
imkll hkpk
hkpktt hif
hifitu
itu`e
`e ha`ek`
ha`ek` par
parskm
skmkk`
kk`
sadkeki dariout2

ψ =−  ψ ¾¾  + ψ ¾¾  +  ψ  ψ  cns ζ ¾ ¾ …………………....……(4.5)

(T.S. Ofurmi hk` B.O. Euptk, 4::4)

3.3.
3.3.;
; Zutk
Zutkrk
rk`
` Mntn
Mntnrr oa
oa Zn
Znrn
rnss
Hktk
Hktk para`ck
para`ck`kk`
`kk` sad
sadkeki
keki dariou
darioutt u`tuo
u`tuo mampar
mamparnla
nlaf
f suhut on`tko hk` X; X4
u`tuo himksuook` pkhk parfitu`ek` ekyk dadk` rk`eok2
Hkyk mntnr listrio (Z) 2 31: wktt
Zutkrk` mntnr listrio (@;) 2 ;8:: rpm

Bkrko sumdu pnrns (x) 2 31: mm

Hikmatar puli mntnr (H ;) 2 1: mm
Hikmatar puli pnrns (H4) 2 ;45 mm
@ H
=
@ H

 
=
@ 1

@4 = 11;.4 rpm

3.3.
3.3.4
4 Zarf
Zarfit
itu`
u`ek
ek`
`ZZnr
nrns
ns
Hioatkfui hktk sadkeki dariout 2
Hkyk mntnr (Z) 2 31: wktt
Zutkrk` mntnr listrio (@;) 2 ;8:: rpm
Zutkrk` pnrns (@4) 2 11;.4 rpm
Dkfk` pnrns 2 SX 7:
Dkfk` pnrns stki`lass σyialh 2 4:1 Mpk
Hikmatar puli mntnr (H ;) 2 1: mm
Hikmatar puli pnrns (H4) 2 ;45 mm
k. Ma`ck
Ma`ckri
ri Oaca
Oacapkt
pktk`
k` Li`i
Li`iar
ar Sk
Skdu
duo
o
ϊ . H . @ 
=

. x .1❛ x ❛
= 
W = 3.5 m/s

d. Ma`ckri Ekyk Xkrio pkhk Znrns yk`

yk`ee hisadkdok` nlaf Zuli hk` Skduo.
Soamk puli hk` skduo hitu`buook` pkhk Ekmdkr 3.;8.

Ekmdkr 3.;8 Soamk puli hk` skduo

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

- Ma`ck
Ma`ckri
ri suhut
suhut on`
on`tk
tko
o pkhk
pkhk p
pul
ulii h
hk`
k` skd
skduo.
uo.
H; = 1: mm r; = 41 mm

H4 = ;45 mm r4 = 73.1 mm
x = 31: mm
 ∔  
si` λ =
x
.1∔1
¾
1
.1
¾
1
si`  =, 
 =.1 º
 ζ = º ∔ 
¾  º∔  x .1
.1ºº 
¾  º∔ º
¾  º
ϊ
¾ º
 º x  º
¾ . h

- Ma`e
Ma`efi
fittu`e
u`e taek`
aek`ek
ek`
` si
sisi
si oa
oa`c
`ck`
k`e
e (X;) hk` taek`ek` sisi oa`hnr (X 4)
pkhk v-dalt
v-dalt..
Hkyk mntnr (Z) 2 351 wktt
Onagisia` easao (μ) 2 :,3:
Suhut on`tko puli (ζ) 2 4.9; rkh
Suhut klur v-dalt () 2 ;9º

,lne =  xζ
 si` δ
 , x ,
,lne =
 si`ºº
si`
 .
lne =
 . x .1

lne =.


=1.

 =1.  

Z= ¾) v
1 O   /   = ( 1.  ∔  ) x .  / 

1 O  / 
 
=( .   ) x .  / 
 
1 O  / 
.  =
.  / 
.1
 =
.
  =. @

 =1.  

 =1.  . @ 

 =.11 @

3.3.; Zarfitu`ek` Ekyk yk`e Daoarbk

Ekmdkr rk`eok Masi` kmplks yk`e daoarbk hkpkt hilifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 3.;8.

Ekmdkr 3.;1 Tk`eok yk`e daoarbk

 DKD IW
ZTNSAS ZTNHQOSI

8.; Zarklktk
Zarklktk`
` yk`e hieu`kok`
Zarklk
Zarklktk`
tk` yk`e hieu`ko
hieu`kok`
k` hklkm
hklkm palkosk
palkosk`kk`
`kk` prnsas
prnsas prnhuos
prnhuosii masi`
masi` kmplks
kmplks
khklkf sadkeki dariout2
k. Earekbi
kbi Da
Dasi
d. Eari`hk Xk`ek`
c. Dnr Xk`ek`
h. Masi
Masi`
`LLks
ks Li
List
stri
rio
o
a. Okwkt Lks
g. Masi` Dudut
8.4 Zrnsas Zamduktk`
Zamduktk` Tk`eok
Tk`eok

Dkfk` yk`e hieu`ko

hieu`kok`
k` hklkm palkosk`kk
palkosk`kk`
` prnsas
prnsas prnhuos
prnhuosii masi` kmplks khklkf
sadkeki dariout2
k. Dasi fnllnw ha`ek` uourk` pk`bk`e ;::: mm, ladkr 3: mm , tadkl 4 mm.
d. Dasi plkt ha`ek` uourk` pk`bk`e 5:: mm, ladkr 1:: mm, tadkl 4 mm.
Lk`eokf pa`earbkk` hkri pamduktk` rk`eok masi` kmplks, ykitu2
k. Mamn
Mamntn
tn`e
`e dasi
dasi fn
fnll
llnw
nw ;:::
;::: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm ha`e
ha`ek`
k` uou
uourk
rk`
`
pk`bk`e sadkeki dariout2
 51: mm, 8 dukf

 68: mm, 4 dukf

 7:4.63 mm, 4 dukf

 88: mm, 44 dukf

 35: mm, 4 dukf

 9:: mm, 4 dukf

d. Mamntn`e dasi plkt 5:: mm x 1:: mm x 4 mm ha`ek` uourk` sadkeki
dariout2
 68: mm x 88: mm, ; dukf

 88: mm x 71.6: mm, 8 dukf

35: mm x 71.6: mm, 4 dukf

  88: mm x 88: mm, ; dukf
c. Mar
Mark`eo
k`eoki
ki da
dasi
si fnllnw
fnllnw uo
uourk`
urk` 9::
9:: mm x 3
3:
: mm x 4 mm (4 duk
dukf)
f) ha
ha`ek`
`ek`
dasi fnllnw uourk` 88: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) hilks safi`eek
mamda`tuo rk`eok parsaei pk`bk`e saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.;.

Ekmdkr 8.; Tk`eok Ktks

h. Mark`eoki
Mark`eoki dkeik`
dkeik` pa`yk
pa`yk`eek
`eek ktks
ktks ha`ek
ha`ek`
` dasi fnllnw
fnllnw 88: m
mm
m x 3: mm x
4 mm (; dukf) ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.4.

Ekmdkr 8.4 Tk`eok Za`yk`eek Ktks

a. Mar
Mark`eo
k`eoki
ki dkeik`
dkeik` okoi rrk`eo
k`eokk ha`ek
ha`ek`
` dasi fn
fnlln
llnw
w uourk`
uourk` 51: mm x 3:
mm x 4 mm (8 dukf) hk` dasi fnllnw
fnllnw uour
uourk`
k` 7:4.63
7:4.63 mm x 3: mm x 4
mm ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.3.

Ekmdkr 8.3 Tk`eok Okoi

g. Mar
Mark`eo
k`eoki
ki dkeik`
dkeik` rk
rk`eok
`eok h
hapk`
apk` ha
ha`ek`
`ek` dasi
dasi fnll
fnllnw
nw uourk`
uourk` 88: mm
mm x 3:
mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) hk` dasi fnllnw uourk` 35: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm
ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.8.

Ekmdkr 8.8 Tk`eok Za`yk`eek Hapk`

e. Mark
Mark`eo
`eoki
ki dk
dkei
eik`
k` rk
rk`eo
`eokk pa`yk`
pa`yk`eek
eek skmp
skmpi`
i`e
e hk` ta`ekf
ta`ekf ha`
ha`ek`
ek` dasi
fnllnw uourk` 88: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm (;: dukf) ha`ek` hilks saparti
tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.1.
 Ekmdkr 8.1 Tk`eok Za`yk`eek Skmpi`e

f. Mar
Mark`eo
k`eoki
ki dkeik`
dkeik` rk`eo
rk`eokk dkeik` ta
ta`ekf
`ekf u`t
u`tuo
uo dkeik
dkeik`
` saln`
saln`esn`
esn`e
e pnrns
ha`ek` dasi fnllnw uourk` 88: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) ha`ek`
hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.7.

Ekmdkr 8.7 Tk`eok Xa`ekf

i. Mark`eo
Mark`eoki
ki dkeik`
dkeik` rk
rk`eok
`eok pa
pa`yk`
`yk`eek
eek dkeik`
dkeik` dkwkf
dkwkf ha
ha`ek`
`ek` da
dasi
si fnllnw
fnllnw
uourk` 68: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt
pkhk Ekmdkr 8.5.
 Ekmdkr 8.5 Tk`eok Za`yk`eek Dkwkf

b. Mark`eoki dkeik` pa`utup kmplks ha`ek` dasi fnllnw uourk` 88

88:: mm x

3: mm x 4 mm (8 dukf) ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.6.

Ekmdkr 8.6 Tk`eok Za`utup Kmplks

o. Mark
Mark`eo
`eoki
ki rk`e
rk`eok
ok pa`utu
pa`utup
p kmpl
kmplks
ks ha`ek`
ha`ek` dasi plkt
plkt uou
uourk
rk`
` 88: mm x
88:mm x 4 mm ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.9.
 Ekmdkr 8.9 Za`utup Kmplks

l. Malu
Maludk
dk`e
`eii dk
dkei
eik`
k` ta`e
ta`ekf
kf pa
pa`u
`utu
tup
p kmpl
kmplks
ks ha
ha`e
`ek`
k` hikm
hikmat
atar
ar 33:
33: mm
saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.;:.

Ekmdkr 8.;: Za`utup Kmplks yk`e Xalkf hiludk`ei

m. Malu
Maludk`
dk`ei
ei dasi
dasi plkt uourk
uourk`
` 68: mm x 88: mm x 4 mm u`tu
u`tuo
o dkei
dkeik`
k`
saln`esn`e pnrns hk` sklurk` kir saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.;;.
 Ekmdkr 8.;; Zlkt Klks Tk`eok

`. Mark
Mark`eo
`eoki
ki dkei
dkeik`
k` pa`utu
pa`utup
p dkw
dkwkf
kf rk`e
rk`eok
ok ha`ek
ha`ek`
` da
dasi
si plkt uourk
uourk`
` 68:
mm x 88: mm x 4 mm yk`e talkf hiludk`ei ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt
pkhk Ekmdkr 8.;4.

Ekmdkr 8.;4 Tk`eok yk`e Xalkf hitutupi Zlkt Klks

n. Mar
Mark`eo
k`eoki
ki dkei
dkeik`
k` pa`utup
pa`utup skmpi`e
skmpi`e kmplk
kmplkss ha`ek` dasi
dasi plkt uourk`
uourk` 88:
mm x 71.6: mm x 4 mm (8 dukf) hk` dasi plkt uourk` 35:mm x 71.6:
mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.;3.
 Ekmdkr 8.;3 Tk`eok yk`e Xalkf hitutupi Zlkt

8.3 Astimksi Hk`k

Hk`k Zrnsas Zarmasi`k`
Zarmasi`k` Oark`eok
Oark`eok
Astimksi hk`k prnsas parmasi`k` oark`eok khklkf dikyk yk`e hidutufok` u`tuo
mamdali bksk prnsas parmasi`k`. Astimksi hk`k prnsas parmasi`k` hkpkt hilifkt pkhk
tkdal

8.8 Zarkwkt
Zarkwktk`
k` Masi`
Zarkwkt
Zarkwktk`
k` ruti`
ruti` mar
marupko
upkok`
k` oaeiktk
oaeiktk`
` parkwk
parkwktk`
tk` yk`e hilkouo
hilkouok`
k` sackrk
sackrk rut
ruti`,
i`,
hklkm fkl diksk hilkouok` tikp fkri ktku satalkf pamkokik` maliputi2
k. Zamdars
arsifk
fk`
`
Zam
Zamdar
darsif
sifk`
k` hil
hilkouo
kouok`
k` tar
tarfkhk
fkhkp
p sam
samuk
uk onmpn`a
onmpn`a`,
`, tar
tarutk
utkmk
mk kir hk`
mktarikl sisk pa`ekmplksk`. Zamdarsifk` sk`ekt pa`ti`e u`tuo ma`bkek mabk
kmplks hkri okrktk` yk`e sari`e tarbkhi koidkt tarti`eekl`yk ea`k`ek` kir sartk
sisk mktarikl pa`ekmplksk`.
d. Zalumksk`

Za`
Za`eek
eek`t
`tik
ik`
` palum
palumks
ksk`
k` pkhk
pkhk dakri
dakri`e
`e ha`ek`
ha`ek` ma`e
ma`eeu`
eu`kok
kok`
` mi
mi`yk
`yko
o
palumks (nli) sackrk daroklk. Zalumksk` sk`ekt pa`ti`e kekr putkrk` pnrns
tihko mkcat.
c. Za
Za`ee
`eek`t
k`tik
ik`
` oart
oartks
ks kmpl
kmplks
ks
Za`e
Za`eek`t
ek`tik`
ik` oar
oartks
tks kmp
kmplks
lks sat
satikp
ikp sat
satalk
alkf
f pamkoki
pamkokik`
k` mas
masi`
i` kmplks
kmplks..
Za`eek`tik` i`i hilkouok` sackrk fkrik` ha`ek` tubuk` kekr oartks kmplks
tihko muhkf sndao satalkf malkouok` pa`ekmplksk`.
 DKD W
ZA@QXQZ

1.; Oasi
Oasimpul
mpulk`
k`
Hk
Hkri
ri fk
fksi
sill pa
pamd
mduk
uktk
tk`
` masi
masi`
` kmpl
kmplks
ks mkok
mkok,, pr
prny
nyao
ao ko
kofi
firr i`i
i`i hk
hkpk
pktt hi
hikm
kmdi
dill
oasimpulk` sadkeki dariout2
k. Mkta
Mktari
rikl
kl on`t
on`tru
ruos
osii yk
yk`e
`e hieu
hieu`k
`kok
ok`
` pk
pkhk
hk klkt
klkt i`i
i`i kh
khkl
klkf
kf da
dasi
si fnll
fnllnw
nw
ha`ek` hima`si ;::: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm.
d. Tk`eok yk`e hieu`kok` khklkf fnllnw ha`ek` hima`si ;::: mm x 3:
mm x 4 mm kmk` u`tuo ma`kfk` dadk`.
c. Za`e
Za`ealk
alksk`
sk` pkhk rk`eok
rk`eok ma`eeu`
ma`eeu`kok`
kok` al
alaot
aotrnh
rnhkk lks ba`i
ba`iss TH4
TH47:
7: ha`ek`
ha`ek`
Ö 4.: kekr fksil lksk` oukt sasuki ha`ek` parfitu`ek`.

1.4 Skrk`