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Squirrel AI (2014), developed by Yixue Group in China, is an adaptive learning platform
designed to personalize K-12 education through the use of artificial intelligence. It works by
identifying and addressing students' specific learning gaps and adapting the pace of content
delivery according to each learner's needs. The AI engine analyzes students' learning
behaviors, such as their responses to quizzes and the time spent on various activities, to create
a personalized learning path that evolves in real-time. By breaking down subjects into micro-
concepts, the platform ensures a mastery-based learning experience, allowing students to
build a solid foundation before progressing to more advanced material. The system uses
Bayesian networks and deep learning algorithms to predict the likelihood of a student's
success with a particular concept. Its development followed an iterative design process,
starting with pilot programs that helped fine-tune the adaptive models based on user feedback
before scaling up.
Cognii (2013), developed in Boston, offers a Virtual Learning Assistant powered by natural
language processing (NLP), providing real-time tutoring and feedback, particularly for open-
ended tasks like essay writing. The platform engages students through conversation-based
learning, asking questions, evaluating responses, and giving hints or feedback according to
the content's alignment with learning objectives. This approach is particularly effective for
subjects where standard assessments are insufficient for gauging understanding. The project
was built using a combination of rule-based systems and machine learning techniques, with
the initial focus on creating domain-specific language models. The NLP algorithms were then
trained with large datasets of student responses to improve accuracy in feedback.
Development involved continuous testing and iteration, using real classroom data to enhance
the quality of assessments.
Century Tech (2013), developed in London, is an AI-powered platform that aims to

personalize education for K-12 and higher education through adaptive learning and real-time
data analytics. The platform collects data on student performance, such as quiz scores and
time on tasks, to identify areas of strength and weakness. The AI then dynamically adjusts the
content and difficulty based on the learner’s needs, while providing teachers with insights to
adapt their instructional methods in real time. The development of Century Tech used a
modular approach, with components like content recommendation systems, user interfaces,
and data analytics being developed separately before integration. The team followed agile
methodologies, with iterative sprints that incorporated user feedback to continuously refine
the personalization algorithms and ensure content alignment.
Knewton Alta (2018), developed by Knewton, is an adaptive learning platform designed to

enhance college-level education in areas like mathematics, science, and economics. The AI
adapts the learning path in real time based on students' understanding of concepts, providing
prerequisite content when necessary to reinforce foundational knowledge. Knewton Alta uses
a knowledge graph to map the relationships between different concepts, enabling the system
to target specific gaps in students' understanding. The platform's development followed a
data-driven approach, with AI models trained on datasets comprising learning sequences and
student outcomes. Knowledge engineering was used to design content mapping and
interconnections between concepts, with iterative testing cycles that refined the adaptive
algorithms based on user data and feedback.
Carnegie Learning (1999), developed from a research project at Carnegie Mellon University,
applies AI-driven cognitive tutoring systems to enhance math education for middle and high
school students. The platform provides individualized tutoring by analyzing students'
problem-solving behaviors and offering hints or feedback tailored to their specific learning
needs. The AI uses machine learning algorithms to detect patterns in students' responses and
adjusts its tutoring strategies using reinforcement learning techniques. Cognitive science
principles guided the development, emphasizing how students learn and retain concepts. The
system was iteratively built, with early versions focusing on specific types of problems before
expanding to cover broader subjects. Feedback from real classroom trials played a crucial
role in refining the AI’s algorithms to better detect common errors and improve the tutoring
experience.
References
Reference example: Yuxue Group (2019). Squirrel AI learning: Using AI for adaptive
education in China. International Society for Technology in Education. Available at:
https://www.iste.org.
Cognii. (2018). Improving learning outcomes with AI-powered virtual learning assistants.
Retrieved from https://www.cognii.com
Century Tech. (2020). AI in education: How Century Tech is personalizing learning. Century
Tech Whitepaper. Retrieved from https://www.century.tech
Knewton. (2019). Personalizing higher education with adaptive learning technology.

Knewton Alta Overview. Retrieved from https://www.knewton.com
Carnegie Learning. (2020). Cognitive science principles in AI tutoring for math education.
Retrieved from https://www.carnegielearning.com

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Squirrel AI (2014), developed by Yixue Group in China, is an adaptive learning platform

Century Tech (2013), developed in London, is an AI-powered platform that aims to

Knewton Alta (2018), developed by Knewton, is an adaptive learning platform designed to

Knewton. (2019). Personalizing higher education with adaptive learning technology.

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