BIODIVERSITY

 Biodiversity is defined as ‘the variability among living

organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine
and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological
complexes of which they are a part.

 This includes diversity within species, between species

and of ecosystems.

 Biodiversity is variation, inequality and ecological

complexity in living organisms found on Earth surface.

 Biodiversity is a dynamic concept that increase and

decrease as genetic component increase and decrease.

 Raymond F. Desman Used the word biological Diversity

of the very first Time in 1968.

 Walter G. Rosen used the word Biodiversity in 1985.

 As a concept, the term biodiversity was first used by the

famous insect scientist E.O. Wilson in 1986.

 Since then the term was adopted by bio-scientist,

environmentalists, politicians etc.
 Biodiversity consists of 3 levels

1. Genetic level:-

 It is concerned with the variation in genes within a

particular species.

 Genetic diversity allows species to adapt to changing

environments.

 All living organisms are identified on the basis of their

genetic structure and this Genetic structure gives
specificity to organism.

 The variation in living organism of same species is

considered as Genetic level diversity.

 Like : Variety found in various varieties of wheat, rice

etc.

2. Species level:-
 It is a broad scale expressing biodiversity. It refers to the
variety of living organisms on earth. Species differ from
one another, markedly in their genetic makeup, do not
inter-breed in nature.

 Variation in different species is the diversity of species

level.

 Like:- Variety found among various amphibian species.

Amphibian diversity is higher in western ghats than the
eastern ghats.

3. Ecological level:-

 This refers to the different types of habitats. There are

several kinds of habitats around the world. Corals,
grasslands, wetlands, desert, mangrove and tropical rain
forests are examples of ecosystems.

 As the environment changes, species best adapted to that

environment becomes predominant. Thus the variety or
diversity of species in the ecosystem is influenced by the
nature of the ecosystem.

 The diversity found among the organism living in

different geographical area is the biodiversity of ecological
level.

 Like: - diversity among plant species found in desert and

grasslands.

Measurement of bio-diversity

 Measurement of biodiversity refers to the numbers of

species and its richness.
 Under this measurement, the data is to compile the
number of species in a particular region and their median
similarity.

Measurement of
bio-diversity

Alpha Gamma
biodiversity Beta Biodiversity Biodiversity

 Bio-diversity can be measured by 3 type , the term alpha,

beta, gamma was introduced by R.H.Whittarker.

1. Alpha Biodiversity:-

 The total number of species found in particular

community or ecosystem is known as Alpha biodiversity.

 Biodiversity is measured at very small level in this

method.

 It is helpful in comparative study of biodiversity in

different region.

 Like: If total species of forest ecosystem = 105. Alpha

biodiversity = 105.

2. Beta Biodiversity:-
 It is a comparison of diversity between ecosystems,
usually measured as the change in amount of species
between the ecosystems.

3. Gamma Biodiversity:-

 It is the total no. of species found in various community of

large geographical area or globally is known as Gamma
biodiversity.

 It is the largest level for measurement of Biodiversity.

 Biodiversity = [S1+S2+S3+S4] – C

 S - No of species

 C - No of Common species

Pattern of biodiversity

 The diversity of plants and animals is not uniform

throughout of the world.

 In general, species diversity decreases as we move away

from the equator towards the poles.

 Species richness decrease with increasing altitude.

 Within a region species richness increased with increasing

explored area, but only up to a limit.

 The largely tropical Amazonian rain forest in South

America has the greatest biodiversity on earth. It is called
the ‘lungs of the planet’
 Other regions with high biodiversity Coral Reefs,
Wetlands, Temperate forest.

 Whereas Desert, Sub polar regions, Polar regions consist

of least bio-diversity.

 Reasons behind higher biodiversity in Tropical Rain

Forest:-

 Due to undisturbed environment they have long

evolutionary time for development of Bio-diversity.

 Climatic conditions like:- Temperature, Rainfall, Nutrients

in soil, Humidity, etc. of tropical region is favorable for
living - organisms.

 Availability of light is higher in tropical region so,

availability of Energy is also higher in these regions.
 Biodiversity in India:-
 India is rich in biodiversity terms.

 India has only 2.4% of the world’s land area , its share of
the global species diversity is an impressive 8.1%.

 There are about 45000 Plant Species and 90000 Animal

Species known in India.

 Many species are still not identified.

 India is among the '17 mega diverse country'.

’17’ Mega Diversity Countries

 1. Brazil 2. Colombia 3. Mexico 4. Indonesia

 5. Peru 6. Malaysia 7. Ecuador 8. India
 9. Zaire 10. Madagascar 11. China 12. Australia
 13. United State14. Venezuela 15. South Africa
 16. Philippines 17. Papua New Guines
Importance of Biodiversity:-

 1. Biodiversity plays an important role in the balance and

stability of ecosystem. As number of species increase in an
eco-system, their stability and balance also increases.

 2. Human beings depend on other organism for all their

needs from food to medicines.

 3. Biodiversity play an impotent role in our economic,

social, cultural and commercial activities.

 4. Paul Ehrlich proposed ‘’Rivet popper hypothesis’’ – In

an air plane all parts are joined together using thousand of
rivets. If every passenger travelling in it starts popping a
rivet to take home. It may not effect flight safety initially,
but as more and more rivets are removed the plane
become dangerously weak over a period of time. Further
more, which rivet is removed may also be crucial.

Services provided by Biodiversity:-

 1. Ecosystem Services:- These are services that control the
environment and make it friendly to life.

 Example -Protection of water resources, Soils formation

and protection, Nutrient storage and recycling, Pollution
breakdown and absorption, Contribution to climate
stability, Maintenance of ecosystem, Recovery from
unpredictable events etc.

 2. Biological Services:- The biodiversity present in

ecosystem provides a variety of productive services to
human.eg.- food, Medicinal resources and pharmaceutical
drugs, wood products, Ornamental plants, Breeding
stocks, Diversity in genes, species and ecosystem etc.

 3. Social Services:- Research, education, Recreation and

tourism, Cultural values.

Causes of
Bio-diversity
losses

Habitat loss
and Invasive/
Over Alien
fragmentation Exploitatio Co-
Species extinction
n
 Four main causes of loss of Bio Diversity , Which called
“Four Devils”

1. Habitat loss and fragmentation :-

 Natural habitats provide living area, food and safe

breeding facilities .

 The destruction of natural habitats is the biggest threat to

biodiversity.

 Human destroy natural habitats by deforestation for fuel

and furniture, to increase his agriculture area, exploit
natural resources etc.

2. Over exploitation:-

 Wild animals are hunted or poached to obtain meat, teeth,

skin, horn, bones etc.

 Wildlife is extinct by hunting.

 Many species extinctions in the last 500 years were due to

over exploitation by humans.

1. Dodo - Mauritius

2. Quagga - Africa

3. Thylacine / Tasmanian tiger - Australia

4. Golden tod - Costa Rica

5. Carebbean Monk Seal – West Indies

6. Passenger Pigeon - USA

7. Steller’s sea Cow -

3. Invasive /Alien Species:-

 When alien species are introduced unintentionally or

deliberately for whatever purpose, some of them turn
invasive, and cause decline or extinction of indigenous
species.

 Like:- Nile Perch fish - Africa fish

 African Catfish - Africa

 Parthenium (Carrot grass, Congress grass, Native to

North America)

 Lantana camara (Native to American tropics)

 Eichhornia (water hyacinths, terror of Bengal, Native to

South America)
4. Co extinction:-

 In the ecosystem, all species depend on each other when a

species become extinct, the plant and animal species
associated with it in an obligatory way also become
extinct.

 Like: when a host fish species becomes extinct, it unique

assemblage of parasites also meet the same fate.

 Type of Extinction of species:-

1. Natural extinction: Due to change in environmental

condition.

2. Mass extinction: Due to catastrophic.

3. Anthropogenic extinction: Due to human activities like

hunting.

 The characteristics of species particularly susceptible to

extinction are:-

1. Large body size

2. Small population size.

3. Low reproductive rate.

4. Feeding at high trophic levels in the food chain

5. Fixed migratory routes

6. Narrow range of distribution and habitat.

 Conservation of Biodiversity
 Biodiversity is essential for human life, coexistence and
ecological balance.
 As biodiversity consists of great significance so, it is our
responsibility to protect it.
 Two systems are adopted globally for the conservation of
biodiversity.

1. In situ Conservation:-

 Under this system, plant and animal species are protected

in their natural habitat.

 In this system, the entire ecosystem of that area is

protected.

 Examples

1. National Park
2. Wildlife Sanctuaries
3. Community and conservation Reserves
4. Marine Protected Areas
5. Sacred Groves
6. Biosphere Reserves

2. Ex- situ conservation:-

 Under this system, threatened plant and animal species

are protected at a safe place apart from their natural
habitat.
 If some threatened species are left in their natural habitats,
they can become extinct in some time and hence they are
transferred to safe place for protection.

 In recent years ex-situ conservation has advanced beyond

keeping threatened species in enclosures.

 Now gametes of threatened species can be preserving in

viable and fertile condition for long periods using
cryopreservation techniques.

 Examples

1. Seed Bank
2. Gene Bank
3. Cryopreservation
4. Botanical Garden
5. Zoo
6. Zoological Garden
7. Tree Garden

Hotspot of biodiversity:-

 Those geographical regions which are rich in endemic,

rare and threatened species facing significant threats to
habitat loss due to direct or indirect interference of human
activities.

 Two strict criteria:-

 1. Species endemism- 1500 species of vascular plants (>

0.52% of the world's) as endemics.

 2. Degree of threat:- lost at least 70% of its original habitat.

 These areas are known as Hotspot of Biodiversity.

 Term Hotspot of Biodiversity was given by British

Ecologist ‘Norman Myers‘. In 1988

 At present, there are 36 hotspot areas in the world, which

extend over 2.3% of the world’s area, about 60% of the
world’s species are found here.

 Four of the world’s 36 hotspot areas are located in India,

which extend to the borders of neighboring countries.

 India has 16.86% biodiversity of the world’s biodiversity

in Hotspots.

1.The Himalayas :-

 It extends to the north eastern part of India as well as

the areas of Nepal and Bhutan.
 44.4% of its area is located in India.
 Pygmy hog, Himalayan Tahr, Gangetic dolphin,
Golden Langur , Snow Leopard, Single horn rhino, Blue
Sheep, Namdapha flying squirrel etc. species found in
this region.

2. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka:-

 Western Ghats, also known as the ‘’Sahyadri Hills’’

encompasses the mountain forests in the southwestern
parts of India and highlands of southwestern Sri Lanka.

 64.9% of its area is located in India.

 It is the most rich biodiversity area in India.

3. Indo-Burma:-

 It is spread out from Eastern Bangladesh to Malaysia

and includes North-Eastern India South of
Brahmaputra river, Myanmar, the southern part of
China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand.
 5% of its area is located in India.
 Many species of primate such as monkey, langur
,gibbon are found here.
 White Eared Night Heron, Grey Crowned Crocias,
Orange Necked Patridge, Fresh water turtle mainly
found here.
4. Sundaland:-

 It extends to Great Nicobar (India), Indonesia, Malaysia,

Singapore, Brunei and Philippines.

 1.28% of its area is located in India.

 Mangrove, coral reef, whale, dugong, turtle, crocodile,

prawn etc.

 The hottest hot spots:-

 Some hot spots are much richer than other in terms of
their numbers of endemics.
 These are eight :-

1. Madagascar 2. Philippines 3. Sundaland

4. Brazil’s Atlantic Forest 5. Caribbean 6. Indo-Burma

7. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka

8. Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests of Tanzania / Kenya.

 Biosphere Reserve:-
 In 1971, the Man and Biosphere Program were started by
UNESCO as an inter-governmental scientific program.
 Its objective is to provide as scientific basis for improving
the relationship between human and environment.

 Functions and objective of Biosphere Reserves:- The

functions and major objectives of the Biosphere Reserve
are divided into three major sections by the Task Force
constituted by UNESCO and UNEP.

1. Conservation.

 To ensure the conservation of landscapes, ecosystem

species and genetic variation.

 To monitor the natural and human-caused changes on

spatial and temporal scales.

2. Logistics support.

 To provide support for research, monitoring, education

and information exchange related to local, national and
global issues of conservation and development.
 Sharing of knowledge generated by research through site
specific training and education.

Development.

 To promote, at the local level, economic development

which is culturally, socially and ecologically sustainable.
1. Core Part:-

 It is Innermost part.

 It does not allow any kind of human activities except

supervising and regular monitoring of environmental
conditions.

 Entry of all except government officials and employees is

prohibited.

2. Buffer Zone:-

 It is an area outside the Core part.

 Where few human activities such as education, research,

tourism, etc. are allowed.

3. Transition Zone:-

 It is the outer most region of biosphere reserve, the

boundary of this part is not protected.
 The main function of this part is related to development
and schemes.

 Here local communities area allowed to collect fruits,

flower, dry wood, limited cattle grazing, limited mining
etc. So that the local community can help in biodiversity
conservation.

 There are total 18 biosphere reserves in India, out of which

11 are included in the World Network of biosphere
reserve.

 The Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, which was

included on July 2018 is the latest in this list.
National Park:-
 The state government can declare a national park under
the Wildlife (protection) act. 1972 on prior permission
of the National Board for wildlife to provide protection
to the animal, plant species and the entire ecosystem.
 It does not allow human activities other than education,
research and tourism.
 Jim Corbett (Uttarakhand), India 1st National Park,
was declared in 1936.
 Currently there are more than 105 National Parks.
 Wildlife Sanctuary:-
 Sanctuaries are declared by the State Govt. to provide
protection to a particular or few specific wild species.
 To declare any wild land as a national park or a
sanctuary, prior permission of the National Board for
wildlife is required.
 Human activities such as Collecting Dry wood,
collecting fruits, controlled Transport, Limited Grazing
and Limited Mining are allowed but the safety of
wildlife is not compromised.
 In India, there are 551 wildlife sanctuary.
 Conservation Reserve and Community Reserve:-
 These are the outcome of Amendments to the Wildlife
protection act in 2002.
 It provide for a flexible system wherein the wildlife
conservation is achieved without compromising the
community needs.
 Conservation reserves and community reserves in India
are terms denoting protected areas of India which
typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and
migration corridors between established national parks,
wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forest
of India.
Community Reserve:-
 Community Reserves can be declared by the state
Government in any private or community land not
comprised within a National Park, Sanctuary or a
Conservation Reserve, where an individual or a
community has volunteered to conserve wildlife and its
habitat.
 Community Reserves are declared for the purpose of
protecting fauna, flora and traditional or Cultural
conservation values and practices.
 As in the case of a Conservation Reserve, the right of
people living inside a Community Reserve are not
affected.

 Conservation Reserve:-
 It is an area owned by the State Government adjacent to
National Park and sanctuaries and those areas which
 link one Protected Area with another for protecting the
landscape, seascape and habitat of fauna and flora.
 It is managed through a Conservation Reserve
Management committee.
 State Government may, after having consultations with
the local communities, declare any area owned by the
Govt. as conservation reserve.

Marine Protected Area:-

 Area of flora and fauna attached to the watershed of
the marine border, which are of historical and cultural
importance, are preserved to keep environment
healthy are known as Marine protected area.
 Any area of intertidal or sub tidal terrain, together with
its overlaying water and associated flora, fauna,
historical and cultural features, which has been
reserved by law or other effective means to protect part
or all of the enclosed environment.
 The MPAs in marine environment in India are
primarily classified into following three categories.
 1. Category I:- this covers National Parks and
Sanctuaries and having entire areas in intertidal/sub-
tidal or mangroves, coral reefs, creeks, seagrass beds,
algal beds, estuaries, lagoons.
 2. Category II:- This includes Islands, which have major
parts in marine ecosystem and some part in terrestrial
ecosystem.
 3. Category III (A):- This includes sandy beaches
beyond intertidal line but occasionally interacting with
the seawater.
 4. Category III(B):- This includes ever green or semi
ever green forests of Islands.

Sacred Groves:-
 The sacred groves are such areas which are preserved
due to the faith and natural attachment of the people.

 Under this the forests of natural and cultural

importance are protected.

Tiger Project:-
 The tiger project was started in 1973 with the objective
of providing protection to tigers and providing them
safe habitat and breeding area.

 Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand is India’s first

declared tiger project.

 The main objective of this project is to along with

wildlife management, develop the ecology of the areas
where tigers are found. And to provide employment to
the local people of these areas so that they do not
depend on the resources of this region.

 Shri Kailash Sankhala (Tiger Man of India) played an

important role in initiating the Tiger project.

 There are 51 tiger projects underway in India,

Meghamalai (TN) is 51st.

 The project is implemented and managed by the

National Tiger Conservation Authority.
 Largest Tiger Project Area: - Nagarjunsagar, Andhra
Pradesh.

 Smallest Tiger Project Area: - Bore wildlife sanctuary

Maharashtra.

 In India Madhya Pradesh is known as Tiger State,

because there are 6 tiger reserves and about 526 tiger
found in state.

 Nandankanan Zoological Park of Orissa is famous for

rare white tigers.

 3 Tiger project areas in Rajasthan:

1. Ranthambore -1973,

2. Sariska - 1978,

3. Mukundra Hill – 2013.

4. Ramgarh Vishdhari wildlife sanctuary- Bundi (

proposed)
Elephant Project
 This project was started from Singhbhum area
(Jharkhand) in 1992 with a view to providing
protection to elephants and to provide safe habitat and
breeding facilities.

 Elephant plays an important role in our culture, it is an

integral part of our traditions.

 In 2010 it was declared a national heritage animal.

 The Ganga’s dolphin has been declared the national

heritage animal in the category of aquatic animals.
  The project is currently underway in 32 regions of 16
states.

 The state with the highest elephant population is

Karnataka (6049), second Assam (5719) and third
Kerala(3054).

Olive Ridley Turtle Project 1972:-

 It is a species of South American turtle that
migrates from the Pacific Ocean to Indian coastal
areas for breeding.
 This turtle is used in precious medicines, due to
which they are becoming more hunted, so this
project was started from Bhitarkanika Sanctuary
Orissa in 1972 for conservation.
 The breeding ground of this turtle is Gahirmatha, a
3 km long and about 350 meters wide island which
is located in the Bhitarkanika Sanctuary between
the mouths of two rivers.
Red Panda Project -1996
 The project was started in 1996 from Padmaja Naidu
Himalayan Zoological Park in collaboration with WWF.

 It is a herbivore animal whose main food is bamboo

leaves.

 Currently, this project is going on in 4 state Sikkim,

Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Northen Part of West
Bengal.
Project Godavan:-
 The Rajasthan Government has launched an expedition
called Project Godavan in Jaisalmer to save The Great
Indian Bustard Bird, which is on the verge of extinction.

 Godavan bird, which was once vying to become the

national bird of India, has about 200 numbers in the
forest.

 Godavan is a indicator species of grass land habitat and

its extinction indicate that there is a shortage of grass
land habitats in India.
Musk Deer Project:-

 Musk is found only in male antelope.

 Due to the aroma, heavy price and medicinal properties of

musk, large number of must deer started being killed so
that it reached the verge of extinction.

 The musk deer project in collaboration with IUCN was

started in the Kedarnath Sanctuary of Uttarakhand in the
1970s.

 Shikari Devi Sanctuary of Himachal Pradesh and

Kedarnath Sanctuary of Uttarakhand are famous for
musk deer.

 Musk deer are found in the Himalayan region from the

Chamba Valley in Himachal to Sikkim.
  International Union for Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources
 Established on :- 1948 in France as International Union
for Protection of Nature (IUPN) 1948-1956
 Headquarter : Gland, Switzerland
 It is an international organization working in the field
of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural
resources.
 It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research,
field projects, advocacy, and education.
 IUCN’s mission is to ‘’influence, encourage and assist
societies throughout the world to conserve nature and
to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable
and ecologically sustainable.

'Red Data book

 The Red List is released by the IUCN in collaboration with

the Global species program and the Species Survival
Commission, which presents an assessment of the
threatened status of animal and plant species globally.
 The IUCN publishes the Red Data Book to highlight the
conservation status of selected species and to highlight the
threats to their extinction and the measures necessary for
their conservation.
 Species are categories in the following in the Red Date
book :-

1. Extinct:

 Species that do not exist on Earth at this time but

previously existed on Earth.

 Any species that is not seen in natural habitats for the

last 40-50 years is declared extinct.

 The following species have become extinct in the last

few years. (200-300 years)

a) Asian Cheetah
b) Pink Head Duck
c) Sundarbans dwarf rhino

2. Extinct In Wild:-
  Species that are not present in their natural habitats but
are conserve in zoo. botanical garden zoological
gardens etc.

 Example :- Black softshell turtle is kept or conserved in

zoological park of Assam.

3. Critically Endangered:-

 Species that have not become fully extinct but are on

the verge of extinction from forests.

 1.Reduction in population more than 90% over the last

10 years.

 2. Population size less than 250 individual and less

than 50 mature individuals.

 3. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of

extinction in wild in at least 50% within 10 years.

 Example:- Vulture, Great Indian bustard, Siberian

Crane, Jerdon’s Courser, White bellied Heron,
Himalayan Quail, Forest Owlet, Pygmy Hog,
Namdapha Flying Squirrel, Malabar Civet, Kashmir
stag/Hangul.

4. Endangered:-

 These species are at risk of extinction from forests.

 1. Production in population size about 70% over the last

10 years.
  2. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250
mature individuals and total 2500.

 3. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of

extinction in wild in at least 20% within 20 years.

 Example:- Nilgiri Tahr, Golden Langur, Red Panda,

Ganges river Dolphin, Bengal Tiger, Tibetan antelope
(Chiru), Brow Antlered Deer, Indian Bison, Green
turtle, Snow Leopard, Himalayan musk deer, Lion
tailed macaque , Bengal Slow lori.

5. Vulnerable:-

 The species which are likely to be endangered in the

forests.

 1. Reduction in population more than 50% over the last

10 years.

 2. Population size estimated to number fewer than

10000 and 1 thousand mature individuals.

 3. Probability of extinction in wild is at least 10% within

100 years.

 Example:- African Elephant, Single Horn Rhino,

Sambar, Clouded Leopard, Dugong, Sloth Bear, Swamp
Deer, Marble Cat, Cheetah, Four horned antelope,
Nilgiri Langur, olive Ridley, Black Necked Crane.

 6. Near threatened:- Species that are likely to be

endangered in the near future are included in this
category.
 7.Least Concern :- They are unlikely to be threatened in
the future. These species is found in wide areas in
abundance.

 8. Data Deficient

 9. Non- evaluated

 World wide Fund for Nature (WWF ):-

International non-government organization founded in

1961.

Headquarter:- Gland, Switzerland

Logo:- Giant Panda

Report:- 'The Living Planet Report' has been published

every two years.

 Objective:-
 1. To conduct survey for requirement and project related
to Biodiversity conservation.
 2. To manage threatened species in their natural habitats
for conservation.
 3. To plan for the conservation of natural resources and to
extend the current projects.
 4. To establish educational and Training institutes for the
protection and management of wildlife.
 5. Raising public awareness regarding environmental
protection and biodiversity.
 Earth hour day' is organized by WWF on the last
Saturday of March every year.
 Under which all people are motivated to keep the power
off between 8:30 to 9:30pm.
 The program was launched in 2007 from city of Sydney.

CITES:-
 Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of wild Flora and Fauna.

 It is an International agreement to regulate worldwide

commercial trade in wild animal and plant species. It
also restricts trade in items made from such plants and
animals such as food, clothing, medicine etc.

 It was signed on March 3,1973 (Washington

convention) hence world wildlife day is celebrated on
March 3.

 The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and

entered into force on 1975.

 It is administered by the UNEP.

 Headquarter : - Geneva, Switzerland

 Members:- 183 Countries.

 Under this, the trade of products of 35000 species has

been controlled.
  It is legally binding for member countries.

 The conference of the parties is held once every three

years.

 2016 - Johannesburg

 2019 – Geneva Switzerland

 1. Appendix I:- It lists species that are in danger of

extinction. It prohibits commercial trade of these plants
and animals except in extraordinary situations for
scientific or educational reasons. It Includes about 1200
species .

 Indian species Like: Asiatic lion, Red Panda, Elephant,

Tiger are included here.

 2. Appendix II:- They are those species that are not

threatened with extinction but that might suffer a serious
decline in number if trade is not restricted. There trade is
regulated by permit.

 It Includes about 21000 species

 3. Appendix III:- They are protected in at least one

country that is a CITES member state and that has
petitioned others for help in controlling international
trade in that species.

TRAFFIC:-

 Trade Record analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce

 It is a strategic alliance of the IUCN and WWF.

  The wildlife trade monitoring network, is the leading
non-governmental organization working globally on
the trade of wild animals and plants in the context of
both biodiversity and sustainable development.

 Established : 1976

 Headquarter: Cambridge , UK.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

 It is an International treaty related to biodiversity

Conservation which is an important document of the Rio

Summit (1992).

 It was accepted at the Nairobi Conference on 22 may

1992 and hence 22 may is celebrated every year as
International Biodiversity Day.

 It entered into force on 29 December 1993.

 Headquarter:- Montreal, Canada.

 The convention is legally binding.

Objective:-

 1. The conservation of biological diversity

 2. The Sustainable use of the components of biological

diversity.
 3. The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising
out of the utilization of genetic resources.

 In this conference it was discussed that any plant or

animal species would be considered as the bio-property
of the nation it originally belong to.

 So if a multinational company develops a product using

that species and earn the profit, royalties should be
given to the parent nation of that species.

 To make these provisions of CBD acceptable, COP on

CBD is organized.

 At present the event is held every 2 years.

 Parties: 196 States (all UN member States except United

State )

 Cop on CBD-Ist was organized at Nassau ( Bahamas )

Cartagena Protocol on biosafety (Colombia)

 It is biosafety agreement. The agreement was adopted

by the biodiversity Assembly in Paris in January 2000
and was signed in Cartagena, Colombia on May 2000.

 The agreement was aimed at regulating the trade of

living modified organisms (LMOs).

 Protocol seeks to protects biological diversity from the

potential risks poses by living modified
organisms(LMOs) resulting from modern
biotechnology.
 It establishes an advance informed agreement (AIA)
Procedure for ensuring that countries are provided with
the information necessary to make decisions before
agreeing to the import of such organisms into their
territory.

 Member countries may ban them if they feel that a

modified genetic product may harm their environment.

Nagoya Kualalumpur Supplementary Protocol on

Liability and Redress 2010:-

 It is a supplementary agreement of the Cartagena

Protocol on Biosafety.

 Under this provisions have been made for international

rules and procedures for Liability and Redress for
damage caused by importing living modified
organisms from one country to another.

 It was agreed upon in 2010 and from 2011 it was open

for signature. This came into force in 2018 after
rectification by 40 parties

 India has ratified this protocol.

COP 10 on CBD 'Nagoya Japan, 2010

 It is a supplementary agreement of CBD related to

biodiversity conservation and biosafety.
  The Nagoya Protocol is about Access to Genetic
Resources and the Fair and Equitable sharing of
Benefits Arising from their Utilization, one of the three
objectives of the CBD.

 A 10-year action plane was formulated to achieve the

goal of CBD and to conserve biodiversity at national
and international levels.

 The targets set in this action plan are called Aichi

Targets. Aichi is a province of Japan with Nagoya as its
capital.

 Total 20 targets were decided, which are divided in 5

categories.

 1. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by

mainstreaming biodiversity across government and
society.

 2. Reduce the direct pressure on Biodiversity and promote

sustainable use.

 3. To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding

ecosystem, species and genetic diversity.

 4. Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and

ecosystem services.

 5. Enhanced Implementation by, Participatory planning,

knowledge management and Capacity Building.

COP 11 on CBD 'Hyderabad, India, 2012:-

 In this conference, it was decided to increase the
biodiversity fund to $ 30 billion.
 The Science Express train is being operated since 2007 by
the Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Forest, Environment
and Climate change and Department of Science and
Technology to increase awareness about science.
 In 2012, it was renamed as, 'Science Express Train
Biodiversity Special‘.
 In 2015, again renamed as, 'Science Express Train
Climate Action Special’.
 COP-14 on CBD 'Sharm -El-Sheikh, Egypt – 2018
 COP -15 on CBD ‘Kunming, China Oct. 2021

Biological diversity Act 2002:-

 To achieve the target of CBD, the Indian Parliament

passed the Biodiversity Act 2002, Which enter into effect
from 2003, Has the following provisions.

 1. To conserve and sustainable use biodiversity

 2. To provide protection while respecting the knowledge

of local people in the field of biodiversity.

 3. Declare areas endowed with biodiversity as national

biodiversity heritage and provide special protection to
them.

 4. Providing habitat and rehabilitation facilities to

threatened species.

 5. Making people aware for biodiversity conservation.

 6. To form committees at the national state and local level

for the implementation of this Act.
  The National Biodiversity Authority was setup in 2003 its
headquarter in Chennai.

 Rajasthan Biodiversity Rules 2010.

 Rajasthan Bio Diversity Board was established in 2010.

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972:-

 Wildlife: - All animals and plants that are not

domesticated.
 Act for the protection of India’s wildlife (Both Terrestrial
and aquatic) and their Habitats.
 It consists of 6 schedule lists, which give varying degrees
of protection. Poaching, smuggling and illegal trade of
animals listed Schedule 1 to schedule 4 are prohibited.
 Schedule 1 and part II of Schedule 2:-
 Animals listed in schedule 1 and part II of schedule 2 have
absolute protection – offences under these are prescribed
the highest penalties.
 Examples of animals listed in schedule 1 are Lion tailed
macaque, Rhinoceros, Great Indian bustard,
Narcondamhornbill, Nicobar megapode, Black buck, etc.
 Examples of animals listed in schedule 2 are Rhesus
macaque, Dhole (wild dog), Bengal porcupine, king
cobra, Flying squirrel, Himalayan brown,
bear, etc.
 Schedule 3 and schedule4:-
 Animals listed in Schedule 3 and schedule 4 are also
protected, but the penalties are lower compared to
schedule 1 and 2 of schedule 2.
 Examples of animals listed in schedule 3 are Hyena,
Hog deer, Nilgai, Goral, Sponges, Barking deer etc.

 Examples of animals listed in schedule 4 are mongoose,

vultures, etc.

Schedule 5:-

 Animals listed in schedule 5 are called ‘’vermin’’ which

can be hunted. Eg. Mice, rat, common crow, flying fox
(fruit eating bats) are the list of animals (only 4 nos) in
schedule 5.

Schedule 6:-

 Cultivation, Collection, extraction, trade, etc. of Plants and

its derivatives listed in Schedule 6 are prohibited.
 Red Vanda, Blue Vanda, Kuth, Pitcher plant, Beddomes
cycad, Ladies slipper orchid are the list of plants listed in
schedule 6.