NMR PDF

INTRODUCTION TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize

organic molecules by identifying carbon-hydrogen frameworks within molecules. •
Two common types of NMR spectroscopy are used to characterize organic structure: 1H NMR is
used to determine the type and number of H atoms in a molecule; 13C NMR is used to determine
the type of carbon atoms in the molecule. •
The source of energy in NMR is radio waves which have long wavelengths, and thus low energy
and frequency.
• When low-energy radio waves interact with a molecule, they can change the nuclear spins of
some elements, including 1H and 13C.
When a charged particle such as a proton spins on its axis, it creates a magnetic field. Thus, the
nucleus can be considered to be a tiny bar magnet. • Normally, these tiny bar magnets are
randomly oriented in space. However, in the presence of a magnetic field B0 , they are oriented
with or against this applied field. More nuclei are oriented with the applied field because this
arrangement is lower in energy.
NMR Spectroscopy Principle
Many nuclei have spin, and all nuclei are electrically charged, according to the NMR principle.
An energy transfer from the base energy to a higher energy level is achievable when an
external magnetic field is supplied.
 All nuclei are electrically charged and many have spin.

 Transfer of energy is possible from base energy to higher energy levels when an
external magnetic field is applied.
 The transfer of energy occurs at a wavelength that coincides with the radio frequency.
 Also, energy is emitted at the same frequency when the spin comes back to its base
level.
 Therefore, by measuring the signal which matches this transfer the processing of the
NMR spectrum for the concerned nucleus is yield.
NMR Spectroscopy Working
 Place the sample in a magnetic field.

 Excite the nuclei sample into nuclear magnetic resonance with the help of radio waves
to produce NMR signals.
 These NMR signals are detected with sensitive radio receivers.
 The resonance frequency of an atom in a molecule is changed by the intramolecular
magnetic field surrounding it.
 This gives details of a molecule’s individual functional groups and its electronic
structure.
 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a conclusive method of identifying
monomolecular organic compounds.
 This method provides details of the reaction state, structure, chemical environment and
dynamics of a molecule.
NMR Spectroscopy Instrumentation
This instrument consists of nine major parts. They are discussed below:
 Sample holder – It is a glass tube which is 8.5 cm long and 0.3 cm in diameter.
 Magnetic coils – Magnetic coil generates magnetic field whenever current flows
through it
 Permanent magnet – It helps in providing a homogenous magnetic field at 60 – 100
MHZ
 Sweep generator – Modifies the strength of the magnetic field which is already
applied.
 Radiofrequency transmitter – It produces a powerful but short pulse of the radio
waves.
 Radiofrequency – It helps in detecting receiver radio frequencies.
 RF detector – It helps in determining unabsorbed radio frequencies.
 Recorder – It records the NMR signals which are received by the RF detector.
 Readout system – A computer that records the data.
NMR Spectroscopy Applications
1. NMR spectroscopy is a Spectroscopy technique used by chemists and biochemists to

investigate the properties of organic molecules, although it is applicable to any kind of
sample that contains nuclei possessing spin.
2. For example, the NMR can quantitatively analyze mixtures containing known compounds.
NMR can either be used to match against spectral libraries or to infer the basic structure
directly for unknown compounds.
3. Once the basic structure is known, NMR can be used to determine molecular
conformation in solutions as well as in studying physical properties at the molecular level
such as conformational exchange, phase changes, solubility, and diffusion.

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INTRODUCTION TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize

NMR Spectroscopy Principle

 All nuclei are electrically charged and many have spin.

 Place the sample in a magnetic field.

NMR Spectroscopy Instrumentation

1. NMR spectroscopy is a Spectroscopy technique used by chemists and biochemists to

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