Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 150 views

    A Dying Colonialism

    Uploaded by

    Kenneth LeBlue
    This document provides an introduction to Frantz Fanon's book "The Wretched of the Earth". It summarizes that Fanon was primarily interested in documenting the spirit of struggle and resistance of the Algerian masses during their fight for liberation from colonialism. It also notes that while Fanon showed the exploitation and suffering inflicted by the imperialist oppressor, his main focus was on capturing the essence of the Algerian people's infinite and multifaceted resistance, their daily heroism, and their ability to learn and make sacrifices necessary to advance the revolutionary struggle. The introduction concludes by stating that Fanon died in 1961, shortly before the first edition of his book was published, and that he was not a Marxist.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    A Dying Colonialism

    Uploaded by

    Kenneth LeBlue
    150 views92 pages
    This document provides an introduction to Frantz Fanon's book "The Wretched of the Earth". It summarizes that Fanon was primarily interested in documenting the spirit of struggle and resistance of the Algerian masses during their fight for liberation from colonialism. It also notes that while Fanon showed the exploitation and suffering inflicted by the imperialist oppressor, his main focus was on capturing the essence of the Algerian people's infinite and multifaceted resistance, their daily heroism, and their ability to learn and make sacrifices necessary to advance the revolutionary struggle. The introduction concludes by stating that Fanon died in 1961, shortly before the first edition of his book was published, and that he was not a Marxist.

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an introduction to Frantz Fanon's book "The Wretched of the Earth". It summarizes that Fanon was primarily interested in documenting the spirit of struggle and resistance of the Algerian masses during their fight for liberation from colonialism. It also notes that while Fanon showed the exploitation and suffering inflicted by the imperialist oppressor, his main focus was on capturing the essence of the Algerian people's infinite and multifaceted resistance, their daily heroism, and their ability to learn and make sacrifices necessary to advance the revolutionary struggle. The introduction concludes by stating that Fanon died in 1961, shortly before the first edition of his book was published, and that he was not a Marxist.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    150 views92 pages

    A Dying Colonialism

    Uploaded by

    Kenneth LeBlue
    This document provides an introduction to Frantz Fanon's book "The Wretched of the Earth". It summarizes that Fanon was primarily interested in documenting the spirit of struggle and resistance of the Algerian masses during their fight for liberation from colonialism. It also notes that while Fanon showed the exploitation and suffering inflicted by the imperialist oppressor, his main focus was on capturing the essence of the Algerian people's infinite and multifaceted resistance, their daily heroism, and their ability to learn and make sacrifices necessary to advance the revolutionary struggle. The introduction concludes by stating that Fanon died in 1961, shortly before the first edition of his book was published, and that he was not a Marxist.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 92
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The document discusses several topics related to history and society over multiple pages.

    Some of the main topics discussed include political and social changes over time, developments in different areas, and interactions between groups of people.

    Challenges with conflicts and disagreements between different factions are mentioned.

    ^sO ushcd y LtOVc tcss

    Blcck Sk/n, w|/tc Mcsks


    1owcrd t|c A]/ccn Rcvolat/on
    1 |c wrctc|cd oj t|c Lcrt|
    rantz anon
    1 \ |\1\11O
    ransIatcd rOm thc rcnch by
    aakOn LhcvaIIcr
    YIth an ntrOductIOn by
    PdOIO LIIIy


    LKLN Kbb
    P0W X0IK
    H_Sh lI0HS0lOH CO[yI_hl JVD Dy wOHlhy HcVcW
    IcSS
    / II_hlS IcScIVcG. O [0Il O lhS DOOK D0y Dc Ic[IOGUCcG H
    0Hy OIH OI Dy 0Hy CcClIOHC OI HcCh0HC0 Dc0HS, O! lhc
    0Cl0lOH lhcIcO, HCUGH_ IHOID0lOH SlOI0_c 0HG IclIIcV0
    SySlcHS, WIlhOUl [cIDSSIOH H WIH_ HOD lhc [UDShcI,
    cXCc[l Dy 0 IcVcWcI, WhO D0y qUOlc DIc [0SS0_cS H 0
    IcVcW. /Hy DcHDcIS O cGUC0lOH0 HSllUlOHS WShIH_ lO
    [hOlOCO[y 0Il OI 0 O lhc WOIK OI C0SSIOOH USc, OI
    [uDShcIS WhO WOUG IKc lO ODl0H [cIDSSOH lO HCUGc lhc
    WOIK IH 0H 0HlhOO_y, ShOuG ScHG IhcII IHQu1I!cS lO
    LIOVc//l0HlC, HC., +J IO0GW0y, cW 3OIK, 3 J.
    tISl [uDShcG 0S ludc5 h O 1)h_ COOhu5m
    II_IH0y [UDIShcG IH tI0HCc 0S 1Hh Cthg, dc O \OulIOh
    H_/chhc JVV Dy tI0HOS w0S[cIO
    1u5hcd 5ImulOhcOu5) lh COhOdO
    1/hlcd h lhc Lhlcd lOlc5 O] Hmc/CO
    >J. ZJZ!-D
    >J. V--ZJ-Z!-J
    LIOVc IcSS
    0H lmIiB!Ol Qve/ !!un!!U,nU.
    +1 IO0GW0y
    cW 3OIK, J
    LISlIDulcG Dy UDIShcIS LIOU[ cSl
    WWW._IOVc0l0HlIC.COH
    I||'l'|l|W 1'|l'
    ! V J JJ JZ ZD Z
    bcc
    LUDICDIs
    Dl1OUDCltOD

    1c3Cc
    Z
    . P_c1t3 LDVc1JcU
    J
    PggcDUtx

    Z. DtS tS lDc OtCc O Pl_c1t3
    J
    . Dc P_c1t3D 13Utly
    JJ
    5. %cUtCtDc 3DU LOJODt3tSU
    Z1
    J. P_c1t3S 1D1Ogc8D %IDO11ly
    11
    Pg_DU1x

    PggcDU\x
    11
    LOD0DS1OD
    11J
    IntroUuct:on
    RevoIutionismankind'swayo Iie today. !hisis theage o
    evolution the age o indierence is gone orever But the
    Iatterage pavedthewayor today or thegreatmassesoman
    kindwhile stilI sueringthe greatest oppression and the great-
    est aronts to their dignity as human beings, never ceased to
    resist, to ght as weIl as they couId, to Iive i n combat. 7he
    cembatantdignityo humanitywasmaintained inanunbreak-
    abIe though notaIwaysvisible Iine, in the depths o the lie o
    the massesandin the uninterrupted hght~sIandered, attacked,
    but aIive in the very center o history~o IittIe revoIutiona
    vanguards bound to this proound human reaIity and to its
    socialistfuture and not to the apparent omnipotence o great
    systems.
    !oday thegreat systems have died or are Iiving in a state o
    crisis.AnditisnoIongertheageolittlevanguards. 7hewhoIe
    ohumanityhas eruptedvioIently,tumultuousIyonto thestage
    o history, taking its own destiny in its hands. CapitaIism is
    undersiege,surroundedbyaglobal tide oreolution. And this
    revolution, stil lwithoutacenter,withoutapreciseorm,hasits
    ownIaws, its own life anda depth ounityaccordeditbythe
    samemasses who createit, who Iive it, who inspire each other
    rom across boundaries, give each other spirit and encourage-
    ment,andIearnfromtheircolIectiveexperiences.
    7his revolution is changing humanity. In the revoIutionary
    struggle, the immense, oppressed masses o the coIonies and
    semicoIonies eeI thathey area part o Iie or the hrst time.
    ieacquiresasense, a transcendence, an obect to endexpIoi
    tation, togovern themseIvesbyandor themseIves, toconstruct
    awayolife.!hearmedstrugglebreaksuptheoIdroutineIie
    e the countrside and villages, excites, exaIts, and opens wide

    Z P DNG CLN!ALSM
    thcdoorsolthc luturc. Libcration docsnot comc asagilt lrom
    anybody, it is scitcd by thc masscs with thcir own hands And
    by sciting it thcy thcmscIvcs arc translormcd; con6dcncc in
    thcir own strcngth sors, and thcy turn thcir cncrgy and thcir
    cxpcricncc to th tasks ol buiIding, govcrning, and dcciding
    thcirownIivcslor thcmscIvcs.
    This is thc cIimatc in which thc immcnsc majority ol man-
    kind Iivcs today in onc way or anothcr. AIgcria has bccn, and
    continucs to bc onclthc grcatIandmarksinthis gIobaI battIc.
    And Frantt Fanons book bcars witncss toAIgcrias roIc.
    Thc book continucs to havc or thc rcadcr ycars altcrwars
    thc samc lrcshncss it hd at thc timc it was writtc, bccausc
    Fanon's main prcoccupation was not to documcnt thc lacts ol
    cxpIoitation, northc sudcrings ol thc pcopIc, nor thc brutaIity
    olthcimpcriaIistopprcssor AIIthisisdcmonstratcd in passing.
    But hismain intcrcst has bccn to go to thc csscntiaIs thc spirit
    ol struggIc, ol opposition, ol initiativc ol thc AIgcrian masscs,
    thcir in6nitc, muItilorm, intcrminabIc rcsistancc thcir daiIy
    hcroism, thcir capacity to Icarn in wccks, in days, in minutcs,
    aIIthatwasncccssarylorthcstruggIclorIibcration thcircapac-
    ity and dccision to makc aII thc sacrihccs and aII thc cdorts
    among which thc grcatcst was not giving onc's Iilc in combat,
    pcrhaps, but cnging onc's daiIy Iilc, onc's routincs, prcu
    diccs, and immcmoriaI customs insolar as thcsc wcrc a hin
    dranccto thc rcvoIutionarystruggIc.
    Frantt Fanon dicd at 57, in Dcccmbcr ol 1961, days bclorc
    thc appcaranccol thc hrst cdition ol 1cs Damncs dc /a Tcttc.
    Hc was not a arxist. But hc was approaching Marxism
    through thc samc csscntiaI door which lor many Marxist om-
    ciaIs and dipIomats is cIoscd with scvcn kcys his conccrn with
    what thc masscs do and say and think, and his bcIicl that it is
    thcmasscs, andnotIcadcrsnorsystcms,whoin thc 6naIanaIysis
    makc anddctcrminc history. This isthcdominant Iinc olaII ol
    arx's anaIyscs ol historicaI cvcnts, whcthcr in his articIcs on
    uU8DcU D D_8D uDUct tDc ttc Thc Hrctrhcd o] thc Eorth,
    cw YOtk, I 9b5,
    INTRODUCTION
    rcvoIution and countcrrcvoIution in Spain, or in his moving
    pagcs on thc ccnturics-oId struggIc ol thc SiciIian pcopIc, a
    struggIc which has lorgcd thc charactcr, thc pridc, and thc si-
    Icncc ol SiciIy and which is at thc root ol its prcscnt and its
    lutrc.
    Thc masscs rcsist and 6ght in a thousand ways, not onIy ith
    arms in hand. Thcscmcans incIudc vioIcncc bccuscin aworId
    whcrc opprcssion is maintaincd by vioIcncc lrom abovc, it is
    onIy possibIc to Iiquidatc it with vioIcncc lrom bcIow. UIti-
    matcIy, onccthc struggIc rcachcs a ccrtain point, arms in hand
    arcindispcnsabIc.
    On Movcmbcr , 954, a smaII group ol AIgcrian Icadcrs
    Iaunchcd an armcd struggIc, brcaking with a whoIc pattcrn ol
    ncgotiation and procrastination cstabIishcd by thc oId Icadcrs.
    In a vcry short timc, thcy had thc cntirc popuIation bchind
    thcm. Thc dccision to takc armsdid not spring luII-bIown lrom
    tc hcads ol this handluI ol Icadcrs. Thcy simpIy intcrprctcd
    what was aIrcady thcrc in thc popuIation as a hoIc. And thc
    pcopIc, inturn, wcrcinhucnccdbyrcvoIutions in thc rcst olthc
    worId. In1949 China tippcd dccisivcIy anddchnitivcIy thc ba-
    ancc ol worId powcr in lavor ol rcvoIution In 1951 shc riskcd
    hcr own cxistcncc to scnd hundrcds ol thousands ol voIuntccrs
    to support thc Korcan rcvoIution. In1954, Dicn Bicn Phu was
    a cuIminating disastcr, marking thc cnd ol Frcnch domination
    in Indo-China. This was tc signaI lor AIgcria to Iaunch hcr
    stuggIc. And in 96O 96 , thc dclcat ol Frcnch impcriaIismin
    AIgcriaunIcashcdthcgrcat tidcolAlrican rcvoIution.
    Thc rcvoIutionarics olantibar took advantagc ol this unin
    tcrruptcd chain ol rcvoIutionary stuggIcs to rcaIitc onc ol thc
    grcatcstdccdsolthccpoch: stoningthcccntcrolpowcr with3
    smaIInucIcus,thcycxpcIIcdimpcriaIismlromabackwardcoun
    trywith onIy 5OO,OOO inhabitants. Thcy took thc road olsocia-
    ist rcvoIution, arms in hand, with no othcr support than thc
    dctcrmination olthc masscs ol antibar~barcloot, poor, iIIitcr-
    atc, armcd as wcII as thcy couId maagc~andthcir ownrcvoIu
    tionarycouragc.
    9 P LYL LLLLDPLb%
    Agcria was prcparcd by thc inccssant wavcs ol rcvoution
    that inundatcd thc world lrom ! 9J onwards, and in its turn
    opcncd thc gatcs to antibar, to thc Congo, ali, Portugucsc
    Cuinca. Thc Algcrian rcvolution sharcs with thc rcvolutions
    that prcccdcd it and with thoc that arc continuin it, ccrtain
    csscntial lcaturcs which can bc summcd up in thc words mass
    participation.'
    Thc womcn, thc lamily thc childrcn, thc agcdcvcrybody
    participatcs. Thc doublc opprcssion social and scxual, ol thc
    womancracks andis Gnallyshattcrcd andi ts csscntial naturc as
    thc sial opprcssion ol thc lamily as a wholc is rcvcalcd. It is
    simpy that i ts wcakcst partsthc childrcn, thc cldcrly, thc
    womcn~must bcar thc most cxaggcratcd lorms ol opprcssion
    But in thc rcvolutionary strugglc, thc rclativc wcancss, thc
    apparcnt dclcnsclcssncss ol thcsc groups disappcar. What was
    lormcrly a isadvantagc bccomcs an advantagc lor thc rcvou-
    tion. Thc old man orwoman whowalks with hatingstcps past
    thc miitary patrol thc timid woman hiding bchind a vcil, thc
    i nnoccnt-laccdchilddonotsccm to thc cncmy to bc dangcrs or
    thrcats Sothcycan pass arms,inlormation, mcdicinc. Thcycan
    prcparc surprisc attacks, scrvc as guidcs and scntrics. Thcy can
    cvcn takc uparms thcmsclvcs. Evcry sort ol cunningis a lcgiti
    matcwcapontouscagainstthc cncmyand an cmbattlcdpopu
    lation is not composcd solcly ol mcn but aso ol womcn, chil-
    drcn, andoldpcoplc.
    This is truc notonly in Algcriar i n armcd strugglc. Thc
    dccisionolthc mcnncvcr comcs alonc i t is ncvcr isolatcd. It is
    supportcd by thc dccision ol thc wholc lamily, ol thc wholc
    popuation, unitcd lor a common objcctivc. hcn thcstriking
    workcr occupics thc lactory, or makcs a dccision in a union
    mccting to tick to thc strugglc against all odds, it is not hc
    aonc who dccidcs. Bchind him arc his wilc, his childrcn, his
    parcnts, thc cntirc lamily supportinghim, intcrvcning and dc
    ciding with him. This is what happcns i n Boivia in thc rcat
    mincrs stri kcs i t happcns inArgcntina in thcgcncralstrikcs i t
    happcncd i n thc grcat strugglcs ol thc North Amcrican prolc-
    PLLP J
    tariat, as rccctcd, lor cxamplc, in thc Glm The SaIt oJ lh6
    ]arlh.
    It isin thiskindol struggc that thc womanstands hrm i nhcr
    ownstrcngth, throws all thc cncrgy shc has accumulatcd during
    ccnturicsol opprcssion, hcr inGnitc capacit to rcsist, hcr cour
    agc. It is in this kind ol struggc that lami l y rclations changc
    and thc womanprcparcslor hcrrolc in thcsocicty that i bcing
    built. Shc also prcparcs lor it in battlc. This is what Fanon
    dcscribcs, and what hc dcscribcs is no didcrcnt lrom what thc
    Chincsc and thc Cuban womcn did. Thc Agcrian woman who
    carrics armsor who participatcs dircctly in combat is likc thc
    wilc ol thc Bolivian mincr who takcs up arms to dclcnd thc
    occupicdmincsorwhokccps watch, gunin handand dynamitc
    at hcr waist, ovcr thc hostagcs takcn by thc mincrs to bc cx
    chagcdlor thc libcrty ol thcir own imprisoncd lcadcrs. Shc is
    ikc thc Cuatcmalan pcasantwoman who divcrts thc attcntion
    olthcarmyat thccostolhcrown lilc, to covcr thc rctrcatola
    gucrrillapatrol inwhichhcrson, or hcr husband, orsimplyhcr
    nighbor ismarching.Thisis thc kindol l ilc that isbcinglivcd
    and thc kind ol rcvolution that humanity is passing through
    today. And anon shows how, altcr it is ovcr, thc placc ol
    womcn can ncvcr again bc thc samc as it was bclorc. Womcn,
    ikc thc prolctariat, can ony libcratc thcmsclvcs by libcrating
    allothcropprcsscd strata andscctors ol thcsocicty, and byact-
    ingtogcthcrwith thcm.
    To dcscribc a rcvolution onc docsnthavc to dcscribc armcd
    actions. Thcsc arc incvitablc, but what dcGncs and dccidcs any
    rcvolution is thc sal strugglc ol thc masscs, supportcd by
    armcdactions. Fanonshows thatthiswasthcAlgcrianway.Thc
    gucrrilas i n thc mountains, thc army ol ibcration, did not
    dclcat thc Frcnch army mi litarily i twas thc wholc population
    supportcd by thc gucrrila army which dclcatcdand dcstroycd
    thcmpcriaistcncmyasa social lorcc. ForcachAlgcriansodicr
    whodicd,says Fanon, tcnciviliansdicdThis indicats thcmass
    charactcr ol thc strugglc. But it also indicatcs thc compctc
    mpotcnccol anarmy, ol modcrn wcapons, andol a thc ctics
    0
    P LY1^L llIl1PI1bw
    ol powcrluI nations whcn it comcs to dclcatiog an cmtattIcd
    pcopIc with inhnitc initiativc and incxhaustbIc hcrcsm, a
    pcopccapabIc ol constant surprics and cnormoustcnacity. AII
    mass struggIcs dcvcIop thcsc lcturcs. Thc armcd combatants,
    thcgucrriIIa hghtcrs arc onIy ccntcrs ol support, ol cncouragc
    mcnt, ol organitation lor this massivc movcmcnt that rcachcs
    into cvcry nook andcranny ol thc popuIation.
    For this rcason, thc powcr ol cach gucrriIIa hghtcr docs not
    rcstsimpIyin himscIl, hiswcapon, and his army unit. Hc is:hc
    incarnation ol thc wiII ol thc pcopIc to struggIc, ol thc rcsst
    ancc, ol thc anonymous and innumcrabIc ways in which thc
    pcopIc scck to harass and Iiquidatc thc opprcssor and rclusc to
    coIIaboratc with him. This is thc onIy magic' thc gucrriIIas
    havc-that thcy arc thc rcprcscntativcs ol a sociaI lorcc im
    mcnscIy supcrior to thcir own numbcrsand hrc powcr, a sociaI
    lorcc that constantIy cncircIcs, attacks, and intimidatcs thc
    cncmy.
    Thc capitaIist and impcriaIist armics can go on dotcns ol
    moppingup opcrations and cvcn achicvc somc rcIativc u
    ccsscs, miIitariIy spcaking. But altcr thc gucrriIIas havc takcn
    root to a ccrtain point, thcy can no Iongcr bc Iiquidatcd. For
    thc gucrriIIas havc aIrcady bccomc away ol Iilc lor thc popuIa
    tion, a part ol its cxistcncc, and thcy wiII bc rcncwcd, rcborn,
    and wiII go lorward whatcvcr thc situation or thc apparcnt
    powcr ol thc cncmy Thc Frcnch army announccd timc altcr
    timc thc 6naI odcnsivc' and `U Iast quartcr hour. It was
    ruincd, dclcatcd-as bclorc it had bccn dclcatcd in ndo-China.
    t wasn'tsimpIy thc gucrriIIa arms that routcd thc Frcnch, bt
    thc constant action, thc constant struggIc ol thc cntirc popuIa-
    tion wholoughtthcmcvcntothc pointol Iistcningto thc radio
    andrc-invcnting thc ncws, as thc OuatcmaIan and CoIombian
    pcasansdotoday.
    Forthcradio is aninstrumcnt ol mass struggIc. Thc countcr-
    rcvoIutionay lorccs bcIicvc thcy havc discovcrcd this aIso, and
    thcyuscThcVoicc olAmcrica' inLatinAmcricaas ycstcrday
    "Radio AIgcr' was uscd in AIgcria. But thc radio is an instru
    INTRODUCTION 1
    mcntolstruggIconIywhcnwhatitsayscorrcspondstowhatthc
    masscslccI and want. Thcn thcyacccpt it, takc it, rcIy on it to
    lurthcr thcir causc And whcn thcy cannot hcar what it says,
    whythcyinvcntwhatit says-to thc grcatcr gIoryolthc rcvoIu
    tion. In contrast, thc countcr-rcvoIutionary radio is not Iistcncd
    to, itsvoiccisIostinacompIctcvacuum.
    Thc AIgcrian pcopIcacccptcdthc radio whcn itccascd to bc
    an instrumcnt ol thc cncmy and was uscluI lor thc rcvoIution.
    In thc samc way thc Cuban pcopIc acccptcd Iitcrac and
    achicvcdit in a ycarwhcnthis bccamc a goaI ol thcrcvoIution
    whcn thcy saw it was ticd to thcir own concrctc ntcrcsts and
    notto thosc ol capitaIistgovcrnmcnts. Thc transistor radio has
    bccn translormcd into a rcvoIutionar impIcmcnt as powcrluI
    as thc gun. In thc mountains ol OuatcmaIa and CoIombia, thc
    pcasants Iistcn to Radio Havana or Radio Pcking and Iivc thc
    IilcolthcworIdrcvoIution.
    In BoIivia thc mincrs havc morc than transistor radios. Thc
    principaI mincworkcrs' unions havc thcir own radio transmit-
    tcrs. And hc mincrs' radiosarc onc ol thc grcat nstrumcnts ol
    progrcssinBoIivia. Whcnthcrcisanattcmptonthc partol thc
    prcssandomciaIradiotohidcthclact ol a mincrs strkcbynot
    rcporting it, thc mincrs' radios inlorm aII ol BoIivia-and bc
    yond, lor thcy arc shortwavc transmittcrs that can bc hcard as
    lar away as Pcru and Uruguay. Whcn thc army trics to isoIatc
    onc mining district lrom anothcr, thc mincrs' radios commun-
    catc with cach othcr and unitc thc idcrcnt union IcaIs. Via
    thc radio thc union mcmbcrs at onc minc discuss agrccmcnts
    andsituationsith thosc at anothcr. Via thc radio, union prop
    aganda is disscminatcd, as wcII as thc programs and dccisions
    adptcd at mcctings, caIIs to action, and procIamations. Via
    thcir radios thc mincworkcrs' miIitia is caIIcd togcthcr or thc
    advanccs ol thc army arc announccd. Via thc radio camc thc
    announccmcnt ol thc dclcat ol thc BoIivian army at thc hands
    olthc mincworkcrs' miIitia in Sora Soraatthccnd ol 964And
    bccauscthcmincrshavcradiotransmittcrs, thc pcasantsacqurc
    transistorradiosinordcrtoIistcntothcm.
    8 LY1DL LLLLD1L1bN
    in AIgcria, thc BoIivian mincrs dclcnd thcir radio trans-
    mittcrs as part ol thcir coIIcctivc cxistcncc. Many unions havc
    bought thcir transmittcr with voIuntary contributions ol a
    day's, two days'and cvcn thrcc ays' wagcs pcr month lrom aII
    thcworkcrs in thc minc. Thc BoIivian mincr carns $?O to $4O
    pcrmonth. Oncmustconsidcr hisstandard ol Iiving inordcrto
    ndcrstandwhat itmcanslorhimto givcupa day's ortwo days'
    wagcscach monthsothat thc unioncan gct itsradio. Butthcn,
    thc coIIcctivc pridc Our union has a radio, too Whcn thc
    govcrnmcnt or thc poIicc havc wishcd to siIcncc or takc by
    assauIt such a radio omciaIy thcy arc prohibitcd, thc govcrn-
    mcnt having dccIarcd thcm iIIcgaI-but in thc mining districts
    thcunion andnot thcgovcrnmcntcommands thc rcsponschas
    bccncxpIosivc. InHuanuni thc mincrstookbackthcir radioby
    mobiIiting thcir miIitia and in rctaIiation thcy took ovcr thc
    municipaI radio ol thc district as wcII which lrom thcn on
    ws controIIcd by thc mincrs. Though thcy didnt know it

    BoIivian mincrs and AIgcrian masscs wcrc unitcd in a singIc


    action lor a singIc cnd. In this way, and not through books,
    busincssdcaIs,orintcrnationaIasscmbIicsisthcprcscntunityol
    humanitybcinglorgcdandconstructcd.
    Frantt Fanon tcIIs how modcrn mcdicaI tcchniqucs, whcn
    thcywcrcbroughtinbyimpcriaIis, wcrc rcsistcd andrccctcd
    by thc AIgcrian popuIation~ign

    rant, obstinatc, backward


    accordin to thc cuIturcd impcriaIists who wcrc bacd by this
    rcjcction. But thcsc samc tcchniqucs wcrc acccptcd with ditty-
    ing hastc whcn thc rcvoIution adoptcd thcm. CuIturc, Iikc
    truth, is concrctc. Andlorthcmasscsthc most cIcvatcdlorm ol
    cuIturc,thatistosay,ol progrcss, sto rcsistimpcriaIistomina-
    tion and pcnctration, aIthough this might comc wrappcd up in
    vaIid lorms ol cuIturc' or civiIitation.' Thc AIgcrians kcpt
    thcir womcn bchind vciIs, rcjcctcd thc doctors, wouId not ac-
    ccpt thc radio. Butthcy wcrc notbackward. In thcir way, thcy
    wcrc dclcnding civiIitation as wc as thcy wcrc abIc. CiviIita
    tionlorthcm, mcanthrstol aIItorcsist impcriaIism andsccond
    tocastitintothcscaatwhatcvcrcost. Andthcy wcrcright
    INTROOUCTION 9
    Onc morning, lrom thc homc ol thc BoIivian mincr who was
    giving mc Iodging-a homc mcasuring two mctcrs by thrcc, thc
    waIIs and oor ol which wcrc ol carth, and which houscd his
    wilcand chiIdaswc- sawthatthcrcas an ambuIancc atthc
    corncr lrom thc ntcr-Amcrican HcaIth Scrvicc. It was giving
    rcc vaccinations against smaIIpox. askcd my host why hc
    didn'tscndhissonto bc vaccinatcd. Andhcanswcrcd, Arcyou
    craty?Whoknowswhatkindol 6Iththcscgtingosarcinjccting,
    in ordcr to turn us BoIivians into idiots so thcy can cxpIoit us
    bcttcr? Thus arc thc AIIianccs lor Progrcss rcccivd. Basi-
    caIIy, thc mincr was right. For in his way hc was dclcnding
    somcthing that was much morc important to him than a vacci-
    nation.
    But thc rcvoIution triumphs and cvcrything changcs. A
    dcvouring thrst lor knowIcdgc invadcs thc cntirc popuIation,
    whcthcr in thc ncw nation or in thc ibcratcd tcrritorics ol a
    nationinrcvoIt.Andbccauscol this, Fanon statcs ThcpcopIc
    who takc thcir dcstiny into thcir own hands assimiatc thc
    most modcrn lormsol tcchnoIogy at an cxtraordinary ratc." As
    in China, in Cuba, in Korca, as with aII thc opprcsscd pcopIcs
    ol Latin Amcrica ol Asia, ol Alrica, th rcvoIution is civiIi-
    tation. And aIso in PortugaI, in Spain, in Orcccc, and in thc
    south ol ItaIyand bcyond.
    ThisbookolFanoncovcrsaparticuIarIycruiaIpcriodinthc
    AIgcrianrcvoIution. Itwasduringthchrst hvc ycarswhcnthc
    pcopIc wcrc 6ghting virtuaIIy aIonc, aImost without outsidc
    hcIp-that thc pcopIc dccidcd oncc and lor aII to stand hrm
    and Iaid thc loundations lor thcir triumph. AIgcria was ncvcr
    compIctcIy aIonc. Shchadthcsupportolthcmasscs olthcArab
    countrics, who sccurcd thcsupport ol thcir govcrnmcnts-many
    o which had bccn dragging thcirlcct on thc issuc. Shc had thc
    supportolthcpcopIcsolthcworId, wholoIowcdhcr6ghtvcry
    cIoscIy. But shc was aIonc in matcriaI mcans, in matcriaI sup-
    rt. Shc had no support lrom thc USSR, and support om
    hina camconIy in1959. Andinthchrstycars shchadtobrcak
    by mcans ol hcr own hcroism thc waI ol siIcncc and sIandcr
    Z
    LY1DL LLLLD1LbN
    butwitha guninhand.Instcad ol pItIng us andbcing horri-
    6cd by thc atrocItIcs ol impcrIaIIsm, bcttcr 6ght aganst it in
    yourowncountry aswc do In ours,' saId thc AIgcrians, and say
    othcr coIonIaI pcopIcs toda to thcir ncw pacI6st protcctors.
    That Is thc bcst wy to hp us and to put an cnd to thc
    atrocItIcs. '

    Thc csscncc ol rcvoIutIon Is not thc struggIc lor brcad it is


    thc struggIc lor human dignIty. crtaInIy this incIudcs brca+
    And at thc basc ol any rcvoIutIonary sItuatIon rc conom
    condItions. ut bcyond a ccrtaIn poInt ol dcvcIopmcnt, on this
    samc basIs, it Is morc Important lor a pcopIc to havc guns In
    hand than to cat morc than thc ycar bclorc. This is dcmon-
    stratcdbyaIIrcvoIutIons.Andto thcdcgrcc thatthcboundarIcs
    ol thc rcvoIutIon arc cxtcndcd and bccomc onc with thosc ol
    thc gIobc ItcI, ImmcdIatc cconomIc condItIons arc sccondary
    to thc movcmcnt ol thc masscs to IIquIdatc aII lorms ol opprcs-
    sionandgovcrnthcmscIvcsby andlorthcmscIvcs. As arcsuItol
    thIs dcsIrc lor IIbcratIon and human dIgnIty, thc domInatIng
    lcaturc ol humanIty today, pcopIc acccpt and assumc thc matc-
    rIaI sacri6ccs ol ycars whIch any rcvoIution rcquircs, bccausc
    thcylccIthatthusthcy IIvc ancwIIlc, abcttcrIIlc and thatlor
    thc6rsttimcthcyarcrcaIIyIIvingthcirown IIvcs.
    ThccoIonItcd pcrson, whoIthIsrcspcct is IIkc thc mcn In
    undcrdcvcIopcd countrics or thc disInhcrItcd In aII parts ol thc
    worId, pcrccivcs Iilc not as a HowcrIng or a dcvcIopmcnt ol an
    csscntiaI productIvcncss, butasa pcrmancnt struggIc agaInst an
    omnIprcscntdcath. ThIscvcrmcnacIng dcathIscxpcricnccd as
    cndcmIc lamInc, uncmpIoymcnt, a high mortaIIty ratc, an
    inlcriority compIcx and thc abscncc ol any hopc lor thc lu-
    turc,'saysFranttFanon.
    Thc rcvoIutIon cnds aII that; thc sourcc ol human dIgnity,
    itis prcparIng humanIty, through Its translormatIon Inthc rcv-
    oIution, lor thc construction ol sociaIIsm. WIthout thIs trans-
    lormation thcrc wIII bc no matcrIaI basc lor thc buiIdIng ol
    sociaism. Isaymatcria/ adviscdIysInccit is not onIy thc mcans
    PLILLLP
    olproduction which arcmatcriaI, butaIso thcaccuuIatcd c
    pcricncc in thc hcads, hcarts, and hnds ol mcn.
    ForthisrcasonFanoncIoscshIsbook withthcscwords: Thc
    rcvoIution in dcpth, thc truc onc, prcciscIy bccausc it changcs
    man and rcncws socIcty, has rcachcd an advanccd stagc. This
    oxygcn which crcatcs and shapcs a ncw humanity~this, too, is
    thc AIgcrIan RcvoIutIon. And it Is aIso, onc must add today,
    thc socia/ist rcvoIution which is advancIng in AIgcria.
    Il thcrcvoIutIonchangcsa pcopIcInthIs way-il itis capabIc
    ol iIIumInating and inHucncIng Europc and Alrica as t has
    bccn doIng, thIs is bccausc It is part ol a gIobaI proccss which
    knows no boundarics. Il, as an cxampIc, thc AIgcrians wcrc
    abIc to cast out Frcnch impcrIaIIsm, it was not onIy by thc
    hcroism ol thcIr struggIc but aIso bccausc In onc way or an
    othcr, and dcspItc thc rclormIst charactcr ol thcir ociaI in-
    structIons, Frcnch workcrs continucd to rcsist Frcnch capitaI
    ism, to thrcatcn It, to undcrminc It lrom within. Thcy dIdn't
    havcthc mcans to do morc, butwIthoutthcir prcscncc Frcnch
    mpcriaIIsm wouId havc lcIt strong cnough to rcsist in AIgcria
    loraIongcrtimc.
    At thc samc tImc, thc AIgcrian victory dcmonstratcd how a
    rcvoIutIon can stand 6rm and triumph without a grcat dcaI ol
    outsIdc support,sccurIng or cvcnmaking it own wcapons, il it
    s capabIc ol unItIng thc masscs ol thc counry in thc struggIc
    lor Iibcration. Thcrc is no doubt that AIgcria, Iikc cvcry rcv
    Iutionary proccss in thcworId, has madcits powcrluI InHucncc
    lcItcvcnInsIdcthcSovictUnion. ThcSovict pcopIc know that
    it was onIy t thc Iast minutc that thcIr govcrnmcnt Icnt its
    support to AIgcria. Today thcy havc drawn thcir concIusions,
    and onc ol thcm is that Khrushchcv Isno morc. Othcr concIu-
    sions wiII comc Iatcr thcy arc sIowIyrIpcninginsidc thc Sovict
    UnIon. For it is ccrtainIy obvIous that, il In AIgcria thc masscs
    had and havc thcinncrIilc ol thcIr own that Fanon dcscribcs,
    thc samc IIlc wIth thc samc aIms cxIsts in thc SovIt UnIon,
    aIthough It is cxprcsscd in a dIdcrcnt lorm. And ust as thc
    AIgcrIanisunItcdwiththc Cuban, thcBoIIvian, thc CongoIcsc,
    LY1DL LLLLPLbm
    through ccrtain obvious acts carricd out in common, hc s
    aIso unItcdwiththcSovictandthc Chincsc citItcn. Thc imc-
    diatccoursc ol history wiII showthc dcvcIopmcnt ol this union
    morc andmorc cIcarIy through morc and morc paIpabIc dccds.
    AndthcAIgcrIan IsaIsountcdwiththcAmcrIcan. lAIgcria
    was oncc aIonc, today thIs Is no Iongcr possIbIc. Khrshchcv
    wantcd to ignorc Victnam-and hc lcII. Victnam is today thc
    ccntcr ol thc gIobaI struggIc bctwccn rcvoIutIon and countcr-
    rcvoIutIon. In a ccrtaIn scnsc, It Is today what AIgcrIa was dur-
    ing that 6lth ycar ol thcrcvoIutIon In tQQ. But what a dIdcr
    cncc! TodaythcwarIn VIctnam invoIvcsimmcnsc powcrs. Thc
    SovictpopuIatIon, thc ChIncscpopuIatIon loIIow hour by hour
    whatis happcnInginVIctna, and thcrccannotbcthc sIIghtcst
    doubtthatthcyarcprcssuring lor Intcrvcntion But thc Amcri-
    can popuIation is loIIowing thcsc cvcnts, too. And aIthoug
    thcrlccIIngsarcnotcIcar, and cvcn stIIItcrribIyconluscd, onc
    cannot doubt cithcr that thc domnant IInc ol prcssurc, how
    cvcr it may bc cxprcsscd, is to rcstrain thcIr own Icadcrs lrom
    unIcashing a worId war. Evcn in this contradictory lorm ol
    lcars, vaciIIations, and doubts in thc lacc ol thc worId sItua-
    tion-which dId not cxist duri

    thc war agaInst thc Axis pow-


    crs~thc prcssurc ol thc worId rcvoIution is wcghIng on thc
    Unitcd Statcs. This prcssurc s buIIdIng up to producc a morc
    positvc rcsponsc on thc part ol thc studcnt movcmcnt-stIl
    smaII but cry cxpIIcIt-opposIng AmcrIcan IntcrvcntIon u
    Victnam. Mcvcr, n any country, docs a sIgnI6cant mass ol stu-
    dcnts rcprcscnt onIy thcmscIvcs thcy rcprcscnt a whoIc scctor
    olthcpopuIationthat hasnot yct dccIdcdto cxprcssitscIl. ThIs
    svIidlorthcSovictUnionaswcIIaslorthcUnItcdStatcs.
    To bc surc, it isnot studcnt dcmonstratIons that wIII dccIdc
    whcthcr or not a major war wIII bc Iaunchcd. Thc baIanc ol
    lorccs is immcnscIy morc compIcx and in thc cnd thc dccIsIvc
    buttonsarccontroIIcd by onIya lcwpcrsonsbcyondaI controI,
    who may lccI compcIIcd o act in thc lacc ol a situatIon thcy
    consdcrdcspcratc lorthcirown survIvaI thc immncntthrcat
    PLILLLP b
    thatn aparticuIar momcntthcIossolVctnamwouIdbrngn
    tswakcthcIossolaIIAsamaybcsucha stuation.
    But thcgrcat valuc ol Fanon's dcscriptions ol thc conduct ol
    thc masscs s In undcrlining thc importancc ol thcir nncr Iilc,
    thcIr privatc discussions, thcr rcsistancc, thcr sccmngIy ind-
    rcctactions. AIIthIscxistsamongaIIthcpcopIcsolthcworId. It
    sonthIsdccpIcvcIthatthcluturc-whichwiIIIatcron sccm to
    burst suddcnIy and wthout warnIng into bIoomis bcng prc-
    parcd. ThcsamcthIng happcnsinthc Unitcd Statcs. RcsIstancc
    to thc war n VIcnam, howcvcr wcak t may sccm n compar-
    son wIth thc apparcnt omnIpotcncc ol thc mpcriaIist appa-
    tus, must bc undcrstood as a highIy important symptom ol
    what is gcstating n thc stiII unconscIous dcpths ol broad scg-
    mcnts ol thc popuIaton. Thc UnItcd Statcs is not soIatcd by
    any cotdon saitaitc lrom thc rcvoIuton whch s cnguI6ng
    manknd, and cach aggrcssIvc stcp that its govcrnmcnt takcs
    aIongthcroad ol countcr-rcvoIution incvtabIy awakcns oppos-
    inglorccswithinthccountry.
    It s worth thc troubIc to anaIytc thc tcstimony ol Fanon
    bccauscit iIIustratcshow, nthcmidstol thcworstdsastcrs, thc
    asscs 6nd thc mcans ol rcorgating thcmscIvcs and continu-
    ngthcircxistcnccwhcnthcyhavc a common objcctvc. Systc
    cannot do this. Mations laII, armIcs coIIapsc, busncsscs cIosc or
    arc cxpropriatcd, coIonsts cc, a city is dcstroycd by bombard-
    mcnt. But thc masscs go on Iiving thcy tcnaciousIy rccrcatc
    thcmscIvcs, bury thcr dcad, and go lorward. It s worth thc
    troubIc to anaIytc Fanon, lor thc Ilc ol humanity today, as n
    AIgcria, is prcparing thc Iilc ol tomorrow. Thc dcsirc, thc coI-
    IcctIvc dccision lor sociaI Iibcration s so rootcd n thcvcry Iilc
    ol aII mankind that it is as much a part ol thcir cxIstcncc as s
    thc carth and thc air. hcrc s no powcr, no convcntionaI or
    atomc wcaponthat can dcstroyt. AII thc rcst may dsappcar
    natons, cntcrpriscs,citcs.That, no.
    his dca s at thc bottom ol thc Chincsc stratcgy against
    atomc war And it s aIso prcscnt in thc stratcgy ol thc Sovict
    ay, onc olwhosc chcls rcccntIy rclcrrcd to thc possibIc war
    1b
    LYDL LLLLDLbm
    as a popuIar rsng ol thc masscs' and dcscrbcd thc

    mcans
    cngdcvcIopcdlor rcorganItngthcIlc ol thccountrym casc
    ol an atomc attack.
    Itsa lactthat a pcopIcwho wcnt through thc AIgcran war
    do not lccI ntmIdatcd by thc atomc mcnacc. Mor do thc
    pcopIcwhoarcIvngthroughthcwarnVctna. Mrcvcn
    .
    do
    thoscwho,wthoutcxpcrcncngactuaIwarlarc, vcIvcswh:ch
    arc "a pcrmancnt struggIc aganst an omnprcscnt dcath, ;s
    Fanonsays. Andtscasytomagnc thatl onc daythctranss
    tor rado ol a BoIvan mncr, or a CoIomban pcasant, or a
    AIgcran ]c//ah tcIIs thcm that Moscow and Pckng havc bc

    n
    dcstroycd by atomc bombs thcy wII rIsc up lurousIy and U-
    stantancousIyto dcstroy n turnaII that whch rcprcscnts thcr
    cncmcs. Andl nthcsamcmomcntthcy arcaIsotoIdthat, on
    thcothcr sdc, McwYork has dsappcarcd lromthc map, thcr
    strcngth wII bc muItpIcd bccausc thcy wII scc that thcIr
    cncmcsnoIongcrhavc anysupport, and thcy wII lccI that a
    ^
    mmcnscwcghthasbccn IIltcdlromthcrshouIdcrs. Thct

    stt-
    monyol Fanon~andhowmuchdIstancchasbccncovcrcdsmcc
    thcn!~shouId makc us rccct that humanty, oncc t has
    rcachcd such a dcgrcc ol dccson anoIIcctvc consccncc,
    cannotbcdcstroycdbywar,whatcvcrmaybcth mmcasurabIc
    damagcwarcanwrcak.
    Pcrhapsthsthcsss not vcrynsprng lora rcsIdcntol c
    York. But t was nsprng lor thc Cubans n ! 96? whcn thc
    laccdthcmmncntprospcctolatomcdcstructon. On thc?7th
    ol Octobcr lcw pcopIc n Havana doubtcd that that altcrnoon
    thcy wouId undcrgo an atomc attack. Fcw had IIusons about
    thcr chanccs. "Thcy'rc gong to wIpc usout on thc spot. ' But
    nobody wasalrad or wavcrcd. It was mprcssvc, movng, ths
    coIIcctvc sccurty. Cuba lcIt hcrscIl to bc part ol humanty.
    Thc cntrc popuIaton lcIt Ikc thc soIdcr who knows that,
    thoughthc ncxtskrmIsh wII surcIy cost hm hIs Ilc, hc must
    notnchbutmusthcIpprcparcthcwaylorthctrumphol hI
    lrcnds. To thc cnd Cuba was abIc to takc hcr own dcstny n
    hand, and shc won. II n that momcnt shc had vcIIatcd
    PJLILLJLP 1
    bcggcd lor a trucc or laIIcn back, shc wouId havc Iost, bccn
    nvadcd. Thus hcr dccIson was part ol thc strcngth that madc
    thc cncmy draw back Wcd rathcr havc thcm kII us aII than
    go backtothc oIdIIlc. ThIs swhat thc Cuban sad, what thc
    AIgcran sad n hIs momcnt ol dccIsIon, what thc Chncsc and
    thcVctnamcsc arc sayng. ThIsvcry dccsIon makcs any thrcat
    nccctvc and at thc samc tmc untcs thc dcstny ol thc ndI
    vduaIandthccoIIcctvtywIththatol humanknd. Thcdcstny
    ol humankInd stoday lound InrcvoIuton, onc ol whosc stagcs
    sdcscrbcdlromwIthnbyFanonIn thsbook.
    OnIy by bccomng a part ol thIs worIdwdc rcvoIuton can
    thc rcsdcnt ol Mcw York takc hIs human dcstny upon hs
    shouIdcrs. OnIy thus wII hc hnd thc door to thc luturc, and
    onIy thus can hs acton bc ccctIvc. Bccausc ths cton rcsts
    not on humantaran abstractons buton thc rcaI IIlc ol human
    bcngs today-n AIgcrIa, Vctnam, thc Congo, Chna, Indo-
    ncsa aIIol Latn Amcrca.
    Whcn thc Immcnsc maorIty ol humanIty s IIvng through
    thcsc probIcms and thcsc cxpcrcnccs, whcn thc rcaI Ilc, thc
    rcaI luturc ol thousands ol mIIons s modcIcd on thIs rcvoIu
    tonary lc, whcn humanty s takng ts dcstny n ts hands n
    ths way, t s purc charIatansm to taIk ol such thngs as a
    "cybcrnctc rcvoIuton.' It Is human bcngs-not systcms, ma
    chncs or wcaponswho dccdc thcr own Ivcs. To gnorc ths
    stosoIatca smaII scgmcnt ol huanty, thc popuIaton ol thc
    UntcdStatcs, lrom thcIIlc,thcprobIcms, and thcchangcsthat
    thcmmcnsc maorty ol humanIty s cxpcrcncng. It s to so
    Iatcthsscgmcntlromthcluturc andlromIlcandtoshuttup
    nsdcaprovncaIand pragmatc narrowncss. It s thcpcopIcol
    AIgcr and Vctnm, not thc Unvacs nor thc Mcw York Stock
    Exchangc who, In thchnaI anaIyss, dccdc thcluturc and who,
    togcthcr wth thc Amcrcan pcopIc, wII dccdc tomorrow what
    todowththc Unvacs and wth thc vasttcchnoIogy whch wII
    bcIongtothcm.
    antIbar, n an cvcn morc dccsIvc lorm than Cuba, has dc-
    monstratcd that tay any rcvoIuton aganst mpcraIsm can-

    LYDL LLLLDLbN
    notbutIcad thcwayto siaIism. Thcrc is no antiimpcriaIist
    rcvoIution in any coIoniaI country that docs not can ovcr-
    throwingcapitaIism at thc samc timc. AIgcria i anothcr pr;.
    And in this sociaIist objcctivc thc rcvoIutions in thc coIocs
    today hnd thc Iink which j oins thcm to thc coming Amcrican
    rcvoIution. Forthisrcason, any action that unitcs a sccnt ol
    thc Amcrican popuIation, no mattcr how smaII it may sccm,
    with thc gIobaI rcvoIution, rcprcscnts and introduccs in thc
    Unitcd Statcs an immcnsc strcngth, in thc samc way that thc
    AIgcrian combatant rcprcscntcd not onIy t
    c hrc powcr ol
    his gun, but thc constant and powcrluI acttn ol an cntirc
    ` pcopIc.
    This book by Fanon tcstihcs not so much to thc dcat ol
    coIoniaIismasto thc Iilc ol thcmasscsinthis ac ol rcvoIuton.
    Itcontinucstobctoday,inthcstiIIundcrdvcIopcdcountrics, a
    cIarion caII to makc common causc, without rcscrvations or
    imitations, with thosc masscs, to bccomc a part ol thcir strug-
    gIcs, and abovc aII to lccI and und

    tand
    .
    as thcir own thc
    trcmcndous strcngth ol a unitcd pcopIc. Thts mcans, rcaIIy, to
    submit oncscIl to thc prolundity ol thc inncr Iilc~rcaI, not
    apparcntol onc's own pcopIc, to undcrstand thc signs and
    symptoms ol thc immcdiatc luturc that wiII comc out ol thosc
    dcpths and not out ol thc supcrhciaI rcmnants ol a dcad past
    which stiIIsccms, but onIysccms, to controI thcluturc. In rcaI-
    ity, Fanon iscaIIing usaII to prcparc our pIacc in this rcvoIu-
    tion that is chaIIcnging, translorming, and uniting aII ol hu-
    anity
    AdoIlo OiIIy
    Apri,
    mtsgt
    In a sma//scction o] thc city o] Santo Domingo, Dominican
    co/e in as arc rcsisting thc mi/ita intaaion by Hmctican
    troos. Mcn, womcn, chi/drcn, workcts, so/dicts, stud
    .
    cnts,

    n-
    c/osed ina scant two squarc ki/omctcrs, without su/cs, wtth-
    PJLILLJLP I 9
    out ccctivc outsidc suott~]tom Fussia otanybody c/scatc
    tcsisting thc gtatcst mi/itaty owct o] thc caita/ist wot/d.
    That owct cannot advancc, a/though it has thc mi/itaty ]otcc
    to wic out this :onc in /css than an hout. Hho and what is
    containing it? Hhat is thc ]otcc that is animating thc Domini
    cans? Thcco/c in thcsc two squatc ki/omctcts atc not a/onc.
    Thc cntitc Dominican ou/ation is cxtcssing itsc/] thtough
    thcsc atmcd civi/ians in thcsc ]cw b/ocks. But thc thtcc and a
    ha/] mi//ion Dominicans atc nota/onc cithct. Thc ]otcc o] thc
    wot/dwidc tcvo/ution, which sustaincd H/gctia and is sustain
    ing Zan:ibat,has ]ound a oint o] suott in thc atmcd ou
    tion o] Santo Domingo. Thcsc co/c, without dcc/atations,
    without gtend gcstutcs, but sim/y by tcsisting with atms in
    hand,atctctcscnting thattcvo/ution day by day. Thcyatcthc
    gtcatcst symbo/o]human dignity.
    Evctything that ycstctday ctmittcd thc H/gctians to tcsist
    and conquct, is today bcing cxtcsscd by thc Dominican co-
    /c. I] thc Dominicans atc ab/c to tcsist in this way, this mcans
    thatnotcvo/utionaty ]otcc ot tcndcncy, no mattcthow sma//it
    maysccm,isa/oncotiso/atcdi]itknowshowtotctcscnt, in its
    o/icics, its acts, and its /i]c, this immcnsc ]otcc that is ttans
    ]otming thc wot/d. In conttast, a/onc and iso/atcd atc thosc
    who, with gtcat owct and mcans, wish to btakc this ]otcc ot
    tc]usc tosuott thc Dominicans with motc than dcc/atations.
    Thc Dominican ctisis, /ikc thc SinoSovict and thc H/gctian
    criscs, is indicating in its way that thc to]ound tca/ity o] thc
    rcto/utiona ttans]otm ation is ght ing to cxtcss itsc/] ocn/y
    andtodo away with cxtctna/acatanccsctctuatcd]tom thc
    ast. Thc ncw contcnt isctcatingctacks in thc o/d]otms which
    atc ttying to stic it.
    Tomottow thctc wi// bc no motc atms. Today atms in thc
    hands o] a co/c changc thc dcccs tcccsscs o] thcit /ivcs.
    This inttoduction was a/tcady wtittcn whcn thc mi/itaty unta
    that govctns Bo/ivia sct out to snatch thc atms, thc tadios, thc
    uotkcts' contto/ ]tom thc mincts, wotkcts, and caants o]
    Z Y L LLLbN
    DOUJ. 1h8 juDIJ tOud JdUJDt8 JDd 1Ittk8 D8tJu18 /h8 8Jdcr-
    1htQ ]8d Jl lh8 t1l h8JUy JIIJtk. JuI Ih8 mtD8t1 JDd uOtk8t1
    t81t1l8d. Ot8 IhJD I8D dJy1 Ih8y ]OughI utlh Jtm1 tD hJDd, JDd
    tJttt8d OuI J g8D8tJ 1Ittk8 utIhOuI t8DIt0tz8d /8Jdct1htQ JDd
    uDd8t 8DOtmOu1 hJDd|tJQ1. h8 mIJty juDIJ, J::011tDJlDg
    huDdt8d1 O] Q8OQ8, u01 JD8 IO OttuQy Ih8 mtD81, lJk8 OU8t
    Ih8 uDtOD1 JDd lh8 mtD8t1 t0d|O1, D8tJu18 lh8t8 uJ1 DO 8Jd8t-
    1htQ lO uDl8 lh8 uOtk8t1 Jnd lh8 QOQuJt ]Ott81 uhtth IOgcIh8t
    uOud hJU8 D88D JD8 lO tOuI Ih8 uDIJ. Dul Ih8 juDIJ tOud nOI
    JDd ut DOI D8 JD8 IO t8Jth tI1 8J18DItJ ODj8cIU8. Ih8 t8tOU8ty
    O] Ih8 Jtm1 h8d Dy lh8 mD8t1 JDd Q8J3JDI1. 1h8 Jtmy Jd
    UJDt8d, Dul Ih8 Jtm1 u8t8 htdd8D. ^ODOdy t81QODd8d IO lh8
    tDUtIJIOD lO IutD OU8t Ih8tt guD1. HIhOuI 8Jd8t1htQ lhc d8-
    ]8Jl u01 tD8UIJD8 JDd Ih8 mD8t1 hJd IO t8It8JI. DuI Ih8y
    u8t8 DOl DtOk8D: QtOO]-Ih8 htdd8D Jtm1. ^ODOdy htd85 J
    u8JQODJI Ih8 tt1k O] d8Jlh Ot O] Ih8 O11 O] h1 uJg81, uhtch
    tD DOUJ 1 JmO1l Ih8 1Jm8 IhtDg-t]t 1 DOI tD Otd8t IO tOD
    lDu8 Ih8 t81t1IJDt8, ] h8 1 DOl Jt8Jdy, Dy Iht1 JtI JOD8,
    tODltDutDg lh8 DJII8.
    1h8 mttlJ1, Ih8 uDOD1, JDd /h8 t8UOultOD thJDg8d ]Ot8U8t
    Ih8 DOUtJD Q8OQ8, JDd Ih1 ]JtI DO mtIJty juDIJ tJn ct018.
    LD Ih8 tODltJty, Ih8 Q8tmJD8DI dyDJm1m O] Ih8 uOtdud8
    t8UOulOD ut tODItDu8 IO Dd 1uQQOtl uIhtD DOtUJ. l ut
    h8Q IO t8gtOuQ ]Ott81, J1 lOdJy l 1 h8QDg lh8 OmDtJD lO
    t811I, JDd IO IJk8 lh8 dt8tltOD tDdtJl8d Dy Ih818 ]Ottc1, uhth
    1 IO uQ8 OuI lh8 mtlJty juDlJ JDd I1 1OtJ 1y1I8m JDd DOl
    1tmQy IO D8gOltdI8 utIh l. 1Ot lh8 Oq 8Jd8t1hQ1 QOtlt1 O]
    D8gOItJItOD 1mQy 8d lO d1Q8t1J JDd tghI.
    H 1Dg8 tD8 uDl81 JDIO OmtDgO, 8lDJm, DOtU0, H-
    g8ttJ: lh8y Jt8 8xQt811tODJ O] J 1tDg8 t8UOuItOD lhJI 8mDtJt81
    lh8 uOtd. HDd ]tOm lh8 mOm8Dl uh8D Ih8tt Q8OQ81 1Dttc8d8d
    D lJkDg lh8t d81lDy tD Ih8tt hJDd1 Dy ]Ott8 O] Jtm1, DOIhDg
    JDd DODOdy tOud mJk8 lh8m t8It8JI. HtIh dt[tuIy JDd
    lhtOugh ttt181 JDd tODttI1 k8 Ih8 tDOOUt8l JDd Ih8 H
    g8tJD ODc1, Dul 1luDDOtDy JDd DcxOHDy n8U8tIh8811, lh8y
    AJHLILLJLA
    Z!
    0t8 mJktDg 8mctg8 lh8 UJDguJtd: JDd Ih8 dtt8tItOD1 IhJl t8Qt8-
    18Dl Ih8 t8UOuItODJty 1IJg8 O] humJDtIy, JDd Ih8y Jt8 Qt8QJt
    tng Dy lh8tt QtOgtJm JDd m8IhOd1 Ih8 JdUJDt81 JDd Ih8 1OtJ
    t1l d8tt1tOD1 ]Ot uhtth humJDtIy 1 Jt8Jdy Qt8QJt8d.
    un8, 07
    H dO]O ly
    ^01O Ly 3D

    PtgtD1Dt |OUtD3! wHO wt!t 1Ot tVtt3 _U0f4
    U0D lD 3!1D ^Dtt1L3, !3y, 1IaDLt 3DU !Hc D:!tU b!3!t. t !Dt
    3uthOt O1 !Dt mH tt bOO$, n!tdc thc LuU0n Hcuoutton. D D!tOUUf
    t0) w3$ tI3D3!tU 1rOH !Dt b_3DD D ^t b3H.
    rclarc
    ThcAgcrianwarwII soonbccntcrng tssithycar. No onc
    among us n Novcmbcr 954, no onc n thc worId, suspctcd
    that altcr siy months ol 6ghtng, Frcnch coIonalIsm wuId
    stII not havc rcIcascd ts cIutch and hccdcd thc vocc ol thc
    AIgcranpcopIc.
    Fvc ycars ol struggIc havc brought no poItcaI changc. Thc
    Frcnch authortcs continuc to procIam AIgcra to bc Frcnch.
    Ths war has mobItcd thc whoIc popuIaton, has drvcn
    thcm to draw upon thcr cntrc rcscrvcs and thcr most hddcn
    rcsourccs. Thc AIgcran pcopIc havc gvcn thcmscIvcs no
    rcsptc lor thc colonaIsm aganst whch thcy arc pttcd has
    aIIowcd thcmnonc.
    Thc AIgcran war-thc most haIIucnatory war that any
    pcopIc has cvcrwagcd to smash coIonaI aggrcsson. Its advcrsa
    rcs Ikc to cIam that thc mcn who Icad thc AIgcran RcvoIu
    tonarcmpcIcdbyathrstlorbIood. Thc dcmocratswho wcrc
    sympathctc to t rcpcat, lor thcr part that t has madc ms-
    takcs.
    It has n lact happcncd that AIgcran cttcns havc voIatd
    thc drcctvcs ol thc commandng bodcs, and that thngs that
    shouId havc bccn avodcd havc transprcd on thc natonalsoI.
    AImost aIways, ncdcntaIIy, thcsc conccrncd AIgcrn cttcns.
    But what has thc RcvoIuton donc n such cascs: Has t
    cIudcd tsrcsponsbItcs? Hstnot pcnaItcd thoscwhoscacts
    thrcatcncd to compromsc thc truth ol thc combat wc wcrc
    wagng: Has not Mr. Fcrhat Abbas, prcsdcntol thc councI ol
    thc O.P.R.A. pubIcIy announccd thc somctmcs cptI
    mcasurcs takcnby thcIcadcrshpolthcRcvoIuton:
    ' L...P.!Ouurtnrmrn! tOu1Otr dr G ubgur Hgctrnnr, tDc
    Qtov1oD8 _OvctDmcDt o tDc l_ct8D HuDl1C. [t8Dl8tOt DOtc]
    ?5
    Z3
    P LYDL LL1LD1P11
    And yct what is psychoIogicalIy morc undcrstandatIc
    .
    than
    thcscsuddcnactsol violcnccagainsttraitors andwarcmals
    Thc mcn who lought in thc First FrcnchArmycampaign had
    bccnrcvoItcd by thc scllappoitcddispcnscrs ol justicc among
    thcir lcllow-soldicrs ho sho at coll aborators. Thosc who had
    rccapturcd thc slc ol Ela, who ad lought thc campagn oF
    ItaIy and had participatcd in thc Ianding a Toulon wcrc out-
    ragcd by such lratriidaI, iIlcgal and oltcn shamcluIIy con-
    ductcd scttIings ol account. ct wc do not rcmcmbcr any con
    viction ol Frcnch gucrriIIas lor summary cxccutions prcccdcd
    bytorturcsolunarmcdcititcns.
    ThcationaI ibcration Front, at thc timc whcn th pcopIc
    wcrc undcrgoing thc most massivc assauI ts ol coloniaIism, did
    nothcsitatctoprohibitccrtainlorm

    actionandconstantlyto
    rcmind thc hghting units ol thc intcrnational Iaws ol war
    In a warol I ibcration, thc coIonitcd pcopIc must win, but thcy
    mustdoso clcanIy, without arbarity' Thc Europcan nation
    that practiccs torturc is a bI ightcd nation, unlaithluI to its his-
    tory ThcundcrdcvcIopcd nation thatpracticcs torturc thcrcby
    conhrms i tsnaturc, pIays thc roIcol an undcrdcvclopcd pcoplc.
    Il it docs not wish to bc moraIly condcmncd b thc Wcstcrn
    nations, an undcrdcvcIopcd nation is obI igcd to practicc lair
    pay, cvcn whiIc i tsadvcrsaryvcnturcs, with a clcar conscicncc,
    intothcunlimitcdcxpIorationolncwmcansoltcrror.
    An undcrdcvcIopcd pcoplc must provc, by its hghting
    powcr, i abiIity to sct itscIl upas a nation, and by thc puriy
    olcvcry oncol its acts, that itis, cvcnto thc smaIIcstdctail thc
    mostIucid, thcmost sclFcontroIIcd pcopIc. But this is aII vcry
    dicuIt.
    Whcrcas in thc rcgion ol ascara, cxactIy six months ago,
    morc than thirty combatants~cncircIcd and having cxaustcd
    thcir ammunition, altcr having lought with rockswcrc takcn
    prisoncrandcxccutcd bclorc thc vil lagc, an AIgcrian doctor in
    anothcrscctiondctachcda miIitary missionrom thclronticr in
    ordcr to bringbacki n hastc mcdicinc urgcntIy nccdcd to trcat
    thc aiImcnt ol a Frcnch prisoncr. In thc coursc oF thc ourncy
    LHLL
    ZJ
    two AIgcrian hghtcrs wcrc killcd. On othcr occasions soldicrs
    havcbccnassigncd tocngagci nadivcrsionmancuvcr to cnablc
    a group ol prisoncrs to rcach thc rcgionaI command post un-
    harmcd.
    Thc Frcnch ministcrs acostc and SoustclIc havc publishcd
    hotographs with a vicw to suIIying our causc Somc ol thcsc
    photographs show things donc by mcmbcrs oF our Rcvolution
    But thcrc rc othcr photographs that show somc oF thc thou-
    andsolcrimcsolwhich thc Bclounisand thcbarkis armcd by
    thc Frcnch Army havc thcmsclvcs bccn guiIty. Finally and
    abovcall,thcrcarc thosctcnsol thousandsolAIgcrian mcnand
    womcnwhohavcbccnandcontinuctobcvictimsoF thc Frcnch
    troops.
    o, it is not truc that thc RcvoI ution has gonc to thcIcngths
    towhichcolonialismhasgonc.
    Butwcdonoon thisaccountjustilythc immcdiatcrcactions
    oF our compatriots. Wc undcrstand thcm but wc can ncithcr
    cxcusc thcmnorrcjcct thcm.
    Bccausc wc want a dcmocratic and a rcnovatcd AIgcria, bc
    causcwc bclicvconccannot riscandl i bcratconcsclFinoncarca
    andsinkinanothcr,wccondcmn,with pain in our hcarts, thosc
    brothcrs who havc ung thcmscIvcs into rcvolutionary action
    with thcaImostphysioIogicaI brutality thatccnturicsoF opprcs-
    ion givcrisc toandccd.
    Thc pcoplcwhocondcmn us or who bIamc usForthcscdark
    apccts oF thc Rcvolutionknow nothingoF thc tcrribIcproblcm
    Faccd by thc chicl who must takc disciplinary action against a
    patriotguilty,lorcxampIc,ol havingkillcdanotorioustraitor
    or, worsc, a woan or child~without havingrccivcd ordcrs to
    doso.Thismanwhomustbcjudgcd in thc abscncc oFacodcoF
    any Iaw, only by thc conscicncc that cach onc has oF what is
    aIIowabIc and what islorbiddcn, may not bc a ncw man i nthc
    cobatgroup.cmayhavcgivcn,ovcra pcriodoF months, un-
    istakabIcroolsol abncgation, oF patriotism, oF couragc. ct
    Couu8n L.D. C8UCt Who WCul ovCt to thC 1tCuCh. 0

    au
    wU g;;t;8g8u u thc 8CCc ol thC tCuCh [t8uatot8 uotC)
    Zb
    LYL LLLLDLbN
    hc must bc judgcd. Thc chIcl, thc IocaI rcprcscntatv

    ol thc
    ruIngbody, must appIy thc dIrcctivcs. Hc must somctmcs

    bc
    thc accuscr, thcothcrmcmbcrsolthcunIthavIng bccn unwII-
    ng to accusc thIs brothcr bclorc thc rcvoIutIonary court.
    It s not casy to conduct, Ith a mInmum ol crrors, th
    struggIc ol a pcopIc, sorcIy trIcd by a hundrcd and thirty ycars
    ol domnaton, agaInstancncmy as dctcrmncd and as lcrocou
    asFrcnchcoIonaIIsm.
    Mrs. ChrstIan LiIIicstcrna, thc SwcdIsh ncwspapcrwoman,
    taIkcd n a camp wth somc ol thc thousands ol AIgcrIan rclu-
    gccs. Hcrcs ancxtractlromhcrrcport
    hC nCxt n |hC nC was a bo ol sCvCn markCd b dC

    Q wounds
    madC b a s|CC wrC w|h whc hC haOCCn b

    d whIC 1rcch
    sodCrs ms|rCa|Cd and k Cd hIs QarCn|s and h:s Is|Crs. 1 HCu|Cn-
    an| had lorcClu kCQ| |hC bos CCs oQCn, so |ha| hC woud sCC and
    rCmCmbCr |hs Ior a ong |mC . . . .
    hs chd was carrtCd b hs grandla|hCr lor v das and v
    nghts bClorC rCachng |hC camQ.
    .
    hC chd sad: 'hCrC s on onC |hHg wan|: |o bC abC lo
    cu| a 1rCnch sodICr uQ ln|o sma QICcCs, |n QICcCs!
    Docsanyoncthnk It s casyto makcthschId ol scvcn lorgct
    both thc murdcr ol hIs lamIy and hs cnormous vcngcancci Is
    ths orphancd chIId growing up n an apocaIyptc atmosphcrc
    thcsoIcmcssagcthatFrcnchdcmocracywiIIIcavci
    No onc thought that Francc wouId dclcnd loot by loot ths
    shamcIcss coIonIaIIsm lor 6vc ycars, a coIonaIsm whch s
    matchcd, on thc contIncnt, by Its homoIoguc n South Alrca.
    Nor dd anyonc suspcct that thc AIgcrIan pcopIc wouId makc
    tspIaccnhstorywthsuchntcnsty.
    Nor must wc dcIudc ourscIvcs Thc rsng gcncratons arc
    ncthcr morc hcxIbIc nor morc tIrcd than thosc who Iaunchcd
    thc struggIc. Thcrc Is, on thc contrary, a hardcnIng, a dctcrm
    naton to bc cquaI to thc hstorIcaI chaIIcngc, a dctcrminatIon,
    too, not to makc Ight ol hundrcds ol thousands ol vIctIms.
    And thcrc s aIso an cxact appraIsaI ol thc dmcnsIons ol thc
    conhct, ol thc lrIcndshps and thc soIdaritIcs, ol thc ntcrcsts
    andthccontradctonsolthccoIonaIstunvcrsc.
    FREFnCE
    7
    Havng a gun, bcng a mcmbcr ol thc NatonaI Army oI
    bcraton, Isthc onIy chanccthcAIcrian stIII has ol gIving 3
    canngtohsdcath. Llc undcr thcdominaton has Iong bccn
    dcvoIdolmcanIng . . . .
    Such statcmcnts, whcn thcy arc madc by mcmbcrs ol thc
    AIgcran govcrnmcnt, arc not thc cxprssIon ol an crror oI
    udgmcnt or ol a to-thcbIttcr-cnd attItudc. Thcy arc thc
    pIaInrccogntIonolthctruth.
    ThcrcsinAIgcrIa, as thc AIgcrIan pcopIc scc t, an rrcvcrs-
    bIc sttuatIon. Frcnch coIonIaIsm tscIl has rccogntcd t, and
    t attcmts, anarchcaIIy, to tag aIongbchInd thchIstorcmovc-
    mcnt. In thc Frcnch NatIonaI AsscmbIy cghty AIgcran dcpu-
    tIcshavc scats ButtodaythIsscrvcsnourposc.
    ThcsingIccoIIcgchasbccnacccptcdby thccxtrcmIstsolthc
    domInatIon, but In 959 ths appcars IudIcrous, In vIcw ol thc
    cxtraorInary dImcnsIons assumcd by thc AIgcrIan natIonaI
    conscousncss. ucstion any woman or any man anywhcrc on
    thc carth's surlacc and ask hcr or hIm l thc AIgcran pcopIc
    havc not aIrcady acquIrcd thc rght to bc twcnty tmcs indc
    pcndcnt. Thcrcsnoonc, n 959, apartlom thosc Frcnchmcn
    who havc draggcd thcr country nto thIs horrbIc advcnturc,
    whodocsnotycarntosccthccndolthssIaughtcrandthcbrth
    olthcAIgcrannation.
    NcvcrthcIcss, thcrc s no cnd In sIgt, and wc kno that thc
    Frcnch Armys prcparing a scrics ol odcnsvcs lor thc comng
    onths. Thcwargocson.
    McnarcthcrclorccntItIcdtowondcrwhatarcthcrcasonslor
    ths obstnacy. Onc has thc duty to undcrstand ths cntrcnch-
    cnt n a war which has aII thc carmarks ol a morbId Inlatua-
    ton Wc want to show In ths 6rst study that on thc AIgcran
    soI a ncw soccty has comc to brth. Thc mcn and womcn ol
    AIgcratodayrcscmbIc ncthcr thosc ol 95 nor thoscol 95,
    noryctthoscol 957 ThcoIdAIgcras dcad. AII thc nnoccnt
    tCvODy DtOgC8D 8DU D8lvC 1D _Ct8 D8U DCCD CCClCU Cg
    aalCy, lO Cg8t8lC `COC_C D8vD_ U1CtCDl gOwCt. [t8D8lOt DOlCj
    Z
    LY^L LLLLDLbm
    bIoodthat has howcdontothcnationaIsoiIhasproduccdancw
    humanityandnooncmustlaiItorccognitcthislact.
    Having oncc armcd tat it wouId not hand evcr to th
    .
    c
    Arabs onc miIIion ol its sons, Francc today procIaims that t
    wiII ncvcr abandon thc Sahaa and its rcsourccs. Such argu-
    mcnts, to bc surc, carry no wcight with thc AIgcrian. Hc rc-
    pIicsthatthcrichncss ola countryis not an cxcusc lor opprcss
    ingit.
    Wc shaII show that thc lorm and thc contcnt ol nationaI
    cxistcnccaIrcadycxistinAIgcriaandthat thcrc can bc noturn-
    ing back. WhiIc in many coIoniaI coantric: it is thc incpcn-
    dcnccacquircdbyapartythatprogrcssivcIy mlo;ms

    cduscd
    nationaI consciousncss ol thc pcopIc, m AIgca t s thc na-
    tionaI consciousncs thc coIIcctivc sucrings and tcrrors that
    makc it incvitabIc that thc pcopIc must takc its dcstiny into its
    ownhands.
    AIgcria isvirtuaIIy indcpcndcnt. Thc AIgcrians aIrcady con-
    sidcrthcmscIvcssovcrcign.
    It rcmains lor Francc to rccognitc hcr. This is obviousI ol
    utmost importancc. But thc rcaI situation to is importat. It
    dcscrvcs to bc known, lor it lundamcntaIIy m:ts thc mI:tar
    or poIiticaI hopcs ol Frcnch coIoniaIism.
    Why docs thc Frcnch govcrnmcnt not put an cnd to thc
    AIgcrianwariWhydocsitrclusctoncgotiatcwith;hcmcmbcrs
    ol thc AIgcrian govcrnmcnti Such arc thc qucst:ons that an
    honcst man, in 959, is cntitIcd to ask.
    It is not cnough to say that coIoniaIism is stiII powcrluI in
    Francc. It i not sucicnt to say that thc Sahara has modihcd
    thclactsolthcprobIcm.
    AIIthisistruc, butthcrc i somcthingcIsc. Itsccmstousthat
    inAIgcria thc principaI point on which mcn ol geod wiII an)
    thFrcnchgovcrnmcnt stumbIcisthcEuropcanmmoty. Ths
    iswhywchavcdcvotcdawhoIcchaptcrtothisqucstion.
    AIgcria is a scttIcrs' coIony. Thc Iast scttIcrs' coIony
    .
    ;o bc
    taIkcd aboutwasSouthAlrica. Thc points madc arc lam:arto
    aII
    FREFdCE
    9
    AIgcria'sEuropcanshavcncvcr quitcgivcnuphopc olbrcak-
    ng with Francc and ol imposing thcir iron Iaw on thc AIgc
    rians Itisthc soIc constant ol thc coIoniaIist poIicy inAIgcria.
    Todaythc FrcnchArmyiswonovcrtothisidca. Thcrumorsol
    pcccthatspringuphcrcandthcrc must thcrclorc notbctakcn
    scriousIy.
    Francc wiIImakc pcacc in AIgcriabystrcngthcning t domi
    nation ovcr AIgcria ot b smahing thc Eutocan ]cuda/ intct
    csts in H/gctia. Apart lrom thcsc two soIutions, pcacc wiII havc
    tobcimposcduponit intcrnationaIIythrough thc agcncyolthc
    UnitcdMationsormiIitariIybythcAIgcrianlorccs.
    Wccansccthcrclorcthatpcaccisnotlor tomorrow Wc shaII
    showthat Francc cannot rcsumcitsdomination inAIgcra,cvcn
    il tbis dominationwcrc to bc Iibtcncd and dissimuatcd Th
    Frcnch govcrnmcnt is doomd cithcr to opposc a lcw hundrcd
    warcriminaIs or cIscto givcincrcasing support to thc gcnocidc
    thatisrilcinAIgcria.
    Thc Frcnch autboritics do not makc us smiIc whcn thcy dc-
    cIarc that thc rcbcIIion has a strcngth ol twcntyhvc thousand
    mcn." What do aII thcsc hgurcs amount to whcn baIanccd
    againstthchoIyandcoIossaIcncrgythatkccpsawhoIcpcopIcat
    thc boiIing pointi Evcn il it is provcn that our lorccs do not
    cxcccd hvc thousand poorIy armcd mcn, what vaIuc can such
    knowIcdgc havc sincc, with a miIIion wcapons, wc shouId stiII
    bc crcating macontcntsi Hundrcds ol thousands ol othcrAIgc
    rian mcn and womcn wouId not lorgivc thc Icadcrs lor not
    cnroIIing thcm, lor Icaving thcm unarmcd. What wouId thc
    Igcrian govcrnmcnt bc il it did not havc thc pcopIc bchind
    it?
    Thc Frcnch authoritics havc rcccntIy ociaIIy rccognitcd thc
    cxstcncc ol onc miIIion dispIaccd, rcgroupcd AIgcrians. Thcy
    wantcd tocut thcarmy o omthc pcopIc. Thcy wantcd, so t
    appcars, to avoid thc"rotting olAIgcria." But howlar canonc
    ?
    Onc miIIion hostagcs bchind barbcd wircs, and now thc
    rcnchthcmscIvcssound thcaIarm McdicationnoIongcrha
    LYDL LLLLPLOm
    3D CCCl OD lhCSC 1C_1OugCU gCOglC, SO gCl lS
    .
    lhCl1 hySlO-
    lO_lC3 UClC1lO13llOD. h3l lhCDr LOlO3Su tS
    .
    h_hlD_
    .
    lO
    Sl1CD_lhCD llS UOulD3llOD 3DU huu3D 3DU CCODOuIC cXglOl)
    llOD. l lS h_hllD_ 3SO lO u3lDl3lD lhC lUCDllly Ol lhC tu3_e t l
    h3S Ol lhCPl_C1l3D 3DU lhC UCQ1CCl3lCU lu3_C h3l lhC P_CI3D
    h3UOl hluSCll. Cl, lhlS h3SlOD_SlDCC DCCOC lugOSSlDlC.
    hC Pl_C1l3D D3llOD lS DO lOD_C1 lD 3 lulu1C sC3VcD. tl lS DO
    lOD_C1 lhCg1OUuCl Ol h32y3DU gh3Dl3Sy-1lUUCD tu3_D3
    .
    lODS. l
    lS 3l lhC VC1y CCDlC1 Ol lhC DCW P_C1l3D u3D. Thcrc lS a ncu
    kindo]H/gcrian man,3 DCW UluCDSlOD lO hlS CXlSlCDCC.
    hC lhCSlS lh3l uCD Ch3D_C 3l lhC S3uC lluC lh3l lhCy Ch3D_C
    lhC WO1lU h3S DCVC1 DCCD SO u3DllCSl 3S ll lS DOW lD Pl_C1l3.
    hlS l1l3l Ol Sl1CD_lh DOl ODly 1CuOUClS lhC CODSClOuSDCSS lh3l
    u3D h3S Ol hluSCll, 3DU Ol hlS lO1uC1 UOulD3lO1S O1 Ol lhC
    WO1lU 3ll3SlWllhlD hlS 1C3Ch.
    hlS Sl1u__lC 3l UlC1CDl lCVClS 1CDCWS lhC SyuDOlS, lhC
    uylhS, lhC DClClS, lhC CuOllOD3l 1CSgODSlVCDCSS ;l lhC Q;OglC.
    C WllDC8S lD Pl_C1l3 u3DS 1C3SSC1llOD Ol htS C3g3CIly lO
    g1O_1CSS.
    .
    hO C3D hOgC lO 311CSl lhlS CSSCDll3l uOVCuCDlr S t l DOl
    DCllC1 lO OgCDODC'S CyCS 3DUSCC lhC u3_DlhCCDCC, Dul 3lSO lhC
    D3lu13lDCSS, Ol lhlSCVOullODr
    P1C WC Sllll llVlD_ lD lhC lluC WhCD u3D uuSl _hl 3DU UlC
    lDO1UC1 lO h3VC lhC 1l_hl lODC lhCClll2CDOl3 D3llODr
    S 3DylhlD_ uO1C _1OlCSguC 3DU huulll3llD_ 3DU ODSCCDC
    lh3D lhC3ggCll3llOD, `1CDCh%OSlCuSr
    PDU lhC W1ClChCUDCSS, lhC lDUl_Dlly, KCgl 3llVC 3DU DOu1
    lShCU CVC1yuO1DlD_lS lhlS DOl 3 SumClCDl g1ClCXl lO1 lhC uOSl
    l31-lClChCU C1luCSr
    P1C lhC1C, lhCD, DOl CDOu_h gCO_C OD lhlS C31lh 1CSOlVCU lO
    lugOSC 1C3SOD OD lhlS uD1C3SODr
    hC gOSSlDllly Ol VlClO1y OVC1 lhC 1CDClllOD C3D DO lOD_C1
    DC 1ulCU Oul, CDC13l Lh3llC g1l3luS. 1ODy hC1C WOulU DC
    Oul Ol gl3CC. Pll lhC _CDC13lSlDhlCl Ol 3ll lhC COlODl3l W31S
    1C3l lhC S3uC lhlD_S, DulhOW C3D lhCy l3ll lO uDUC1Sl3DU lh3
    HL
    5
    DO1CDCllOD lS CVC1 V3DgulShCU h3l C3D ll gOSSlDly 3D, lO
    V3DgulSh 3 1CDCllODr
    hCy l1lCU lO V3DgulSh lhC . .L. Dul UIU DOl lh L3uC1-
    OODS WlD lhClI lDUCgCDUCDCC hC ODy UIC1CDCC lS 3l COO-
    Dl3lSu, DClOIC ll lCll, SOWCU h3l-l1C3SOuS, g1CV3I3llOuS,
    13DCO1S lD g1OluSIOD 3uOD_ lhC L3uC1OODI3D gCOgC. P8 3 1C
    Sull, lhClulu1C Ol lhC L3uC1OODS ISCOg31Ul2CU lO1 SCVCI3l yC31S
    lO COuC Dy 3D CVll 3uU OulW31Uy SuDlC QOlCy.
    C W3Dl lO ShOW lD lhCSC g3_CS lh3l co/onia/ism hc dc
    nitc/y /ost out in H/gcria, whi/c thcH/gcrians, comc what may,
    hatc dcnitc/y won.
    hlS gCOgC, WhICh W3S OSl lO hISlO1y, ODCC3_3lD hDU8 3 3_,
    3 _OVC1DuCDl 3IC3Uy 1CCO_Dl2CU Dy u3Dy bl3lCS, 3DU ll C3D
    DOW DO OD_C1 UI3W D3CK. hlS lllC13lC gCOgC lh3l I8 1lllD_
    lDC hDCSl 3DU lhC mOSl Sll11lu_ g3_CS Ol lhCSl1u__ClO1lICCUOu
    C3DDOlU13W D3CK uO1 DC SllCDl.
    1CDCh COlODl3ISu uuSl KDOW lhCSC lhlD_S. l C3D DO lOD_C1
    hlUC l1Ou llSCl lhC l3Cl lh3l lhC P_C1l3D _OVC1DuDl C3D
    DODlll2C 3Dy Pl_C1l3D 3 3Dy lluC. LVCD lhC WlDDC1S lD lhC
    3Sl ClCCllODS, lO1ClDy 1C_lSlC1CU OD lhC 3UulDlSl13llOD8 CCC
    lO13l llSlS, WOulU 1CSl_D ll O1UC1CU lO UO SO Dy lhC .D. DOl
    CVCD lhC UCgullCS Ol lhC lh Ol %3y C3D lOD_ 1CSlSl lhC DCW
    D3llOD3l 3ulhO1lly. h3l lhCD PD 3Dy C3D 3l 3Dy lluC 1CCOD-
    guC1 lhC _1OuDU lOSl, Dul hOW C3D lhC lDlC1lO1lly COugCX, lhC
    lC31 3DU lhCUCSg3l1 Ol lhC g3SlDC 1Clugl3DlCU lD lhC CODSCIOuS-
    DCSS Ol lhC gCOgCr OW C3D ODC lu3_lDC, 3S CDC13l UC 3uC
    ID_CDuOuSly lDVllCU lhCu lO UO, lh3l lhC P_C1l3DS Wl _O
    D3CK lO lhCl1 hOuCSr h3l uC3DID_ C3D lhlS CXg1CSSlOD h3VC
    lO1 3DPl_C13D Ol lOU3yr
    LOODl3llSu ShulS llS CyCS lO lhC 1C3l l3ClS Ol lhC g1ODCu. l
    lu3_lDCS lh3l Ou1 _OWC1 l S uC3Su1CU D lhC DumDC1 Ol Ou1
    DC3Vy u3ChlDC _uDS. hlS W3S l1uC lD lhC h1Sl uODlhS Ol
    L..L.-LDOD Ol L8mctOOD Ogul8lOD. g8tly 8_1lalD_ lOt D
    cgcDUcDCc. [t8Dl8IOt` DOlc]
    LD.-lDc D8IOD8 L1Dct8lOD tODl. [t8D8lOt DOlcj
    Z YL LLLL1bN
    1l I8 DO lOD_Ct lIuC |OU3. It8l O 3, DCC3u8C OlhCt ClCuCDl8
    h3VC lhCIt WCI_hl ID lhC 8C3lC8 O hI8lOt. CXl, DCC3u8C
    u3ChIDC _uD8 3DU C3DDOD8 3tC DO lOD_Ct lhC WC3QOD8 O lhC
    COODI3lI8l3ODC.
    WO-lhItU8 Ol lhC WOtU8 QQu3lIOD I8 tC3U lO _IVC lO lhC
    VCVOlulIOD 38 m3D hC3V m3ChIDC-_un83WCDCCU. TDU I lhC
    OlhCt lhItU UOC8DOl UO 8O, Il I8 D DO uC3D8 DCC3u8C Il I8 Oul O
    8mQ3lh WIlh lhC C3u8C O lhC T_CII3D QCOQlC. @uI|C lO lhC
    CODlt3t, lhI8 O|hCt lhItU uI88C8 DO OQQOtluDI| lO u3XC Il
    kDOWD lh3l lhI8 C3u8C h38 I l8 uDgu3IhCU uOt3l 8uQQOtl. TDU Il
    hDU8W38OCXQtC88ID_ lhI8CODCtClCl.
    hC QOWCt O lhC Tl_CtI3D VCVOlulIOD hCDCCOIlh tC8IUC8 ID
    lhCt3UIC3l mul3|IOD lh3llhC T_CtI3D h38uDUCt_ODC.
    lCDCt3l UC l3ullC, 3UUtC88ID_ hIu8Cl lO T_CtI3'8 CXltCuI8l8
    tCCCDl, UCCl3tCU lh3l `3Q38 T_CtI3 I8 UC3U. h3l I8 uI lC
    ltuC. ul Il I8 DOl lhC WhOlC ltulh. I_ tOlhCt8 Tl_CtI3 I8
    UC3U lOO. hCtC I8 3 DCW Tl_CtI3, 3D T_CtI3D D3lIOD, 3D Tl_C
    tI3D _OVCtDuCDl. hC8C ODVIOu8 3Cl8 WIll 8OODCt Ot l3lCt h3VC
    lODCtCCO_DI2CU.
    C 8h3ll 8CC ID lhC8C Q3_C8 Wh3l lt3D8Om3lIOD8 lhC COD-
    8CIOu8DC88 O lhC Tl_CtI3D h38 uDUCt_ODC. C 8h3ll 8CC lhC h8
    8utC8 lh3l, 38 lhC h3VC _tOWD, h3VC DCCD |hC h3tDID_Ct8 O
    T_CtI38 DCW utOQC3D 8OCICl. h3l WC 3tC IC3ll WIlDC88In_
    8lhC8OWDul8utC 3_ODO|hC8ClllCt uCDl3lIl.
    hCDCW tCl3lIOD8 3tC DOllhC tC8ul OODC D3tD3tI8u tCQl3C-
    ID_ 3DOlhCt D3tD3tI8u, O ODC Ctu8hID_ O m3D tCQl3CID_ 3
    OlhCt Ctu8hID_ Ol m3D. h3l WC Tl_CtI3D8 W3Dl I8 lO UI8COVCt
    lhC m3D DChIDU lhC COODI2Ct, lhI8 u3D WhO I8 DOlh lhC Ot_3-
    DI2Ct3DU lhCVIClIuO388lCu lh3l h38ChOkCUhIu 3DUtCUuCCU
    hIm lO 8IlCDCC. T8 Ot u8, WC h3VC OD_ 8IDCC tCh3DIlIl3lCU lhC
    Tl_CtI3D COODI2CU m3D. C h3VC WtCDChCU lhC T_Ct3D m3u
    ltOu 3 CCD|utIC8-OlU 3DU ImQl3C3DC OQQIC88IOD. C h3VC tI8CD
    lO Out lCC3DU WC 3tC DOW mOVID_ OtW3tU. hO C3D 8Cl|lC uS
    D3CX ID8CtVIluUCr
    C W3Dl 3D Tl_CtI3 OQCD lO 3ll, ID WhICh CVCt kIDU O
    _CDIu8m3_IOW.
    11HL
    hI8 I8Wh3lWC W3Dl 3DU lhIS I8 Wh3|WCSh3ll 3ChICVC. C UO
    DOl D0ICVC lhCtC CXI8|8 3DWhCtC 3 OtCC C3Q3DC O 8|3DUID_ ID
    utW3.
    t3Dl2 3uOD
    ]ul JJJ
    /

    ^lgcri a !nvcilcd
    hC W3y gCOglC ClOlhC lhCuSClVCS, lO_ClhC1 Wtl lhC l13UI
    lIODS Ol U1CSS 3DU hDC1y lh3l CuSlOu tuglICS, CODSlIlulCS lhC
    uOSlUISlIDCltVClO1uOl3SOCIClyS uDtguCDCSS, lh3l IS lO S3y lhC
    DC lh3l tS lhC uOSl IuuCUI3lCly gC1CCglIDlC. IlhID lhC _CD-
    C13l g3llC1D Ol3 _IVCD COSluuC, lhC1C 31C Ol COu1SC 3W3yS uOUI-
    C3lIODS Ol UCl3Il, tDDOV3lIODS WhICh ID ht_hly UCVClOgCU SOCt
    ClICS 31C lhC u31k Ol l3ShIOD. ul lhC CCCl 3S 3 WhOlC 1Cu3tDS
    DOuO_CDCOuS, 3DU _1C3l 31C3S Ol CIVtlI23ltOD, IuuCDSC Cullu13l
    1C_IODS, C3D DC _1OugCU lO_ClhC1 OD lhC D3SIS Ol O1I_tD3l, SgC-
    CIC lCChDIguCSOl uCDS 3DUWOuD'SU1CSS.
    l IS Dy lhCI1 3gg31Cl lh3l lygCS Ol SICly 1Sl DCCOuC kDOWD,
    WDClhC1 lh1Ou_h W1IllCD 3CCOuDlS 3DU ghOlO_13ghIC 1CCO1US O1
    ultOD gIClu1CS. huS, lhC1C 31C CIVII23lIODS WIlhOul DCCkltCS,
    CIVIlI23lIODS WIlh lOtDClOlhS, 3DU OlhC1S WtlhOul h3lS hC l3l
    l DClOD_ID_ lO 3 _IVCD Cullu13l _1Oug tS uSu3lly 1CVC3lC Dy
    ClOlhID_ l13UIltODS D lhC P13D WO1lU, lO1 C3uglC, lC VCtl
    WO1D Dy WOuCD tS 3l ODCC DOltCCU Dy lhC lOu1ISl LDC u3y
    1Cu3ID lO1 3 lOD_ ltuC uD3W31C Ol lhC l3Cl lh3l 3 %OSlCu UOCS
    DOl C3l gO1k O1 lh3l hC UCDtCS htuSCll U3tl SCu3 1Cl3ltODS
    0u1tD_lhC uODlh OlV3u3U3D, DullhC VCtl WO1D Dy lhC WOuCD
    3ggC31S
    .
    WIlh SuCh CODSl3DCy lh3l Il _CDC13lly SuCC lO Ch313-
    lC1I2CP13D SOCICly.
    D lhC P13D %3_h1CD, lhC VCIl DClOD_S lO lhC ClOlID_ l13I
    IODS Ol lhC uDtSt3D, Pl_C1t3D, %O1OCC3D 3DU tDy3D D3lIOD3l
    IClICS O1 lhC lOu1tSl DU lhC lO1CI_DC1, lhC VCt UCu313lC
    0
    $b
    Y `L LL1L1bN
    DOlh T_ct3D 8OCCl 3DU |8 lCuDDC COugODCD|. 1D

    |hC

    38C
    Ol |hC T_Ct3D u3D, OD |hC O|hCt h3DU, tC_Ou3l u

    UihC3|S
    C3D DCDO|CU. |hC ]c: D utD3D CCD|Ct8, |utD3D8 3DU dc||c|a H
    lhC COuD|t8UC. hC u38CuC _3tD 3lOW8 3 CCt|3D u3t

    _D Ol
    ChOCC, 3 uOUCuu Ol hC|CtOCDC|. hC WOu3D 8CC H hC
    .
    t
    Wh|C VC uDhC8 |hC QCtcCQ|OD |h3| ODC h38 Ol T_C3u lCut-
    DDC 8OCCl. LDVOu8 Wh3| WC h3VC hCtC 8 3 uDlOtu WhCh
    lOlCt3lC8uO OUhC3lOD, DO V3t3ul.
    hChci`k VCt CC3t UCu3tC3|C8 |hCTl_Ct3D COOD|ICU 8,C-
    C|. 1l8OlCOut8C gO88DC lO tCu3D hC8|3D| DClOtC 3 I||
    .
    c_,
    Dul 3 uDCCtl3D| V3D8hC8 3| |hC |uC Ol guDCt|. tlh :hC
    VC, |hD_8 DCCCuC WC-UChDCU 3DU OtUCtCU. hC T_C3D
    WOu3D, D lhC CC8 Ol lhC OD8CtVCt, 8 uDu8l3k3D `8hC WhO
    hUC8DChDU 3 VC .
    C 8h3 8CC |h3l |h8 VCl, ODC l |hC CCuCDl8 Ol |hC lt3U-
    lOD3 T_Ct3D_3tD, W38 |O DCCOuC |hC DODC OlCOD|C|OD D R
    _t3DUO8C D3l|C, OD 3CCOuDl Ol WhCh |hC OCCug3|Ou lOtCC8
    C UO DOt hCIC cOD:UCt tutal aICa whcIC thC wOmaD I OltCD u|
    VCIlCU. OI UO wC takC IDtO aCCOuut thC &aUylC wOmau whO, CxCCQt ID
    thC latgC CItIC, DCVCt uC a VCil

    1t thC tOutIt whO tatCly VCDtutC
    IDtO thC mOuDtaID, thC taD wOmaD b hIt
    .
    Ol all ODC whO wcat a VCl.
    hI OtIgiualIty Ol thC &aDylC wOmaD

    CODDtutC, amOug O

    tsCt, OuC Ol
    tDC thCmC Ol COlODIalt QIOQagauUa DHDgug Out thC O
    ]
    QOtttCD DCtw

    CD
    taO aDU CtDCI. buCh tuUIC, UCVOtCU tO thC aualy>t> Ol

    QSyc.Og|ca
    UOUIhCatIOD, uCglCCt CODIUCIatOD that atC QIQCtly DItO[tCal.

    c
    8Dall QtCCDtly takC uQ thI OthCt aQCCt Ol lgCOaD tCaHty aCttOD.
    CtC wC hall CODtCDt OuICVC with QOIDtDg Out that thC &aDylC wOmCD,
    D thC COuIC O l yCat Ol UOmI uatI

    Ou, haV

    UCVClOQCU OthCt UCC|C
    UCchaD:m wth tCQCct tO thC OccuQiCt. utug thC waI

    l DDCIatIOD
    UCII lOIm Ol aCtIOD haVC lIkCwIC aumCU aDOlutCly OtgIDal aQCCt.
    Oje|||a lODg, hOOUCU ClOak. {taDlatOt uOtC)
    LDC QhCuOmCDOD UCCtVC |O DC

    ICCalCU.

    D th

    COutC


    Ol thC
    OtOCCaD QCOQ!C tIugglC lOI DCtaU

    D, a
    |
    U
    .
    Ch!Chy thC

    tttC
    j
    , th

    WhItC VCIl wa tCQlaCCU Dy thC Dla

    k VCI
    :
    l. ht ImQOttaD| mOUthCatIoD IS
    cxQ!aIDCU Dy thC NOIOCCaD wOmCD UCIIC tO CxQIC t-CtI at
    |
    aChmC

    ut tO
    I NajCty NOhammCU N. t wIll DC ICmCmDCtCU that tt wa

    tmmC+tatCly
    altCI thC CxIlIDg Ol thC &Iug Ol NO[OccO that t.C Dlack VC\l, <

    IgD Ol
    UOutDIDg, UaUC It aQQCataDCC. t I wOIth DOtH

    g that Dl

    C, ID NO-
    1OCCaD Ct taD OCICty, ha DCVCI CxQICCU mOuImDg OI amtct

    OD. a
    LOmDat mCautC, thC aUOQtIOD Ol DlaCk

    I a ICQODC tO |hC UCIIC tO

    Cx-
    c1t a ]DOlIC QtCutC OD thC OCCuQICt, aDU hCuCC tO makC a lOgtCa
    CDOcC Ol OuC owD y1DOl .
    hC h0k-thC taD DamC lOt thC DIg guatC VCIl wOID Dy taD
    WOUcD, COVCIIug thC lacC aDU thC whOlC DOUy. {IaDlatOt8 DOtCj
    HLH L^l
    WCtC |O uODIC |hCt uO8l gOWCtlul 3DU uO8l V3tCU tC8OutCC8,
    8DU D lhC COut8C Ol WhCh |hC COODICU WCtC |O U8g3 3 ut
    t8D_ lOtCC Ol DCtl3. 3kCD 38 3 WhOC, COOD3l 8OCC|, Wlh
    l8 V3uC8, l8 3tC38 Ol 8|tCu_|h, 3uU |8 ghO8Ogh, tC3C|8 lO |hC
    VCl D 3 t3|hCt hOuO_CDCOu8 W3. hC UCC8VC D3l|C W38
    l8uDChCU DClOtC Uo9, uOtC QtCC8C UutD_ |hC C3t U8.
    hC OC3l8 Ol |hC 1tCDCh 3UuD8lt3lOD D Tl_Ct3, COuul-
    lCU lO UC8|tOD_ |hC gCOgC 8 Ot_D3l |, 3DU uDUCt D8|tuC-
    lOD8 lO DtD_ 3DOul |hC U8DlC_t3lOD, 3| Wh3lCVCt CO8l, Ol
    lOtu8 Ol C8|CDCC lkC |O CVOkC 3 D3|OD3l tC3| UtCCl Ot
    DUCCl, WCtC |O CODCCD|t3|C lhCt COt|8 OD |hC WC3tD_ Ol
    lhCVC, WhCh W38 OOkCU ugOD 3| |h8 uDClutC 38 3 8uDOl Ol
    lhC 8l3lu8 Ol lhC T_Ct3D WOu3D. buCh 3 gO8|OD 8 DO| hC
    COD8CuCDCC Ol 3 Ch3DCC D|ulOD. 1l 8 OD |hC D388 Ol |hC
    8D38C8 Ol8OCOO_8l83DU C|hDOlO_8|8 lh3l |hC 8gCC3l8l8 D 8O-
    C8CU D3|VC 3d3t8 3DU hC hC3U8 Ol |hC Tt3D utC3u8 COOtU-
    D3|CU lhCt WOtk. T| 3D Dl3 8l3_C, lhCtC W38 3 gutC 3DU 8u-
    glC 3UOg|OD Ol |hC WClkuOWD lOtuul3, `C|8 WD OVCt lhC
    WOuCD 3DU |hC tC8l Wl lOOW. h8 UChD|OD Ol C
    CtCl _3VC 3 8CCD|hC COOt3|OD lO |hC `U8COVCtC8 Ol lhC
    8OCOlO_8l8.
    CDC3|h lhC g3ltlDC3 g3||CtD Ol T_Ct3D 8OCCl, |hC 8C
    C3l8l8 UC8CtDCU 3 8ltuClutC Ol u3ltDC3l C88CCC. Tt3D 8OCCl
    h38 Ol|CD DCCD gtC8CD|CU D C8lCtDCt8 38 3 lOtu3 8OCC| D
    WhCh Ou|8UC 3ggC3t3DCC8 3tC g3t3uOuDl. hC Tl_Ct3
    WOu3D, 3D D|CtuCU3t DClWCcD OD8CutC lOtCC8 3DU |hC _tOug,
    8ggC8tCU D |h8gCt8gCClVC lO 388uuC 3 gtuOtU3l ugOt|3DCC.
    ChDU |hC V8DC, u3DlC8l g3lt3tCh, lhC uOtC 8_uhC3D|
    CX8lCDCC Ol 3 D38C u3|t3tCh W38 3tuCU. hC tOC Ol lhC
    P_Ct3D uO|hCt, lh3| Ol lhC _t3uUuO|hCt, lhC 3uDl 3DU lhC
    `OlU WOu3D, WCtC DVCD|OtCU 3DU UChDCU.
    h8 CD3DCU |hC COOD3 3Uuu8|t3|OD |O UChDC 3 gtCC8C
    llC3l UOCltuC. `l WC W3D| lO UC8|tO lhC 8|tuC|utC Ol Tl_C-
    8D 8OCcl, |S C3g3C| lOt tC88l3DCC, WC uu8l ht8l Ol 3l COU~
    Cc ggCDUIx 9t thC cDU Ol thI chaQtCt.

    LYDL LLLLDLbN
    guC1 lhC WOuCD WC uuSl _O 3DU hDU lhCu DChlDU lhC VCll
    WhC1C lhCy htUC lhCuSCVCS 3DU lD lhC hOuSCS WhC1C lhC uCD
    kCCg lhCu Oul Ol Sl_hl. l lS lhC Sllu3llOD Ol WOu3D lh3l W3S
    3CCO1UtD_y l3kCD 3S lhC lhCuC Ol 3CllOD. hC UOulD3Dl 3UutD
    lSl13llOD SOCuDy uDUC1lOk UCCDU lhlS WOu3D, glClu1CU 3S
    huull3lCU, SCguCSlC1CU COlSlC1CU . . . l UCSC1lDCU lhC luuCDSC
    gOSSlDltllCS Ol WOu3D, uDlO1luD3lCy l13DSO1uCU Dy lhC P_C-
    1l3D u3D tDlO 3D tDC1l, UCuODClt2CU, lDUCCU UChuu3Dl2CU OD
    CCl. hC DCh3VtO1 Ol lhC Pl_C1t3D W3S VC1y hy UCDOuDCCU
    3DU UCSC1tDCU 3S uCUlCV3 3DU D31D31lC. tlh lDhDllC SClCDCC, 3
    D3DkCl lDUtCluCDl 3_3lDSl lhC S3UlSllC 3DU V3ugl1lSh P_C-
    1l3D 3lllluUC lOW31U WOuCD W3S g1Cg31CU 3DU U13WD ug.
    P1OuDU lhC l3ully llC Ol lhC P_C1l3D, lhC OCCuglC1 glCU ug 3
    WhOC u3SS Ol uU_uCDlS, 3gg13lS3lS, 1C3SODS, 3CCuuu3lCU
    3DCCUOlCS 3DU CUIlylD_CX3uglCS, lhuS3llCugllD_ lO CODhDC lhC
    Pl_C1l3D WlhtD3 Cl1CCOl_ul l.
    %ulu3 3lU SOClCllCS 3DU SOClCllCS lO g1ODOlC SOllU31lly Wllh
    Pl_C1l3D WOuCD Sg13D_ ug tD _IC3l DuuDC1 3uCDl3ltODS
    WC1C O1_3Dl2CU. C W3Dl lO u3kC lhC P_C1l3D 3Sh3uCU Ol lhC
    l3lC lh3l hC uClCSOul lO WOuCD. hlS W3S 3 _C1lOU Ol CC1VCS
    CCDCC, Ol gulllD_ lDlO 3gglC3llOD 3 WOlC lCChDlguC Ol lDll13
    llOD, lD lhC COu1SC Ol WhtCh U1OVCS OlSOCl3 WO1kC1S 3DU WOuCD
    Ul1CCllD_ Ch31ll3DlC WO1kS UCSCCDUCU OD lhC P13D gu31lC1S.
    hC lDUt_CDl 3DU l3ulShCU WOuCD WC1C lhC h1Sl lO DC DC-
    SlC_CU. LVC1y kIO OlSCuOD3 UlSl1lDulCUW3S 3CCOug3DlCU Dy 3
    UOSC Ol lDUt_D3llOD 3_3lDSl lhC VCll 3DU lhC ClOlSlC1. hC lDUl_-
    D3llOD W3S lOOWCU ug Dy g13CllC3l 3UVlCC. P_C1l3D WOuCD
    WC1C lDVllCU lO g3y `3 luDCllOD3, C3gll3 1OC lD lhC l13DSlO1-
    D3llOD Ol lhCl1 Ol. hCy WC1C g1CSSCU lO S3y DO lO 3 CCDlu1tCS-
    OlU SuDCCllOD. hC luuCDSC 1OlC lhCy WC1C C3llCU ugOD O g3y
    W3S UCSC1lDCU lO lhCu. hC COlODl3l 3UulDlSl13llOD tDVCSlCU
    _1C3l SuuS tD lhlS COuD3l. PllC1 ll h3U DCCD gOSllCU lh3l lhC
    WOD3D CODSlllulCU lhC glVOl Ol Pl_C1l3D SOClCly, 3l CO1lS WC1C
    D3UC lO ODl3lD CODl1Ol OVC1 hC1. hC P_C1l3D, tl W3S 3SSu1CU
    WulU DOl Sll1, WOuU 1CSlSl lhC l3Sk Ol Cul lu13l UCSl1uCltOD
    uDUC1l3kCD Dy lhC OCCu_lC1 WOuU OgSC 3SSlDll3llOD, SO lOD_
    HLH LPl 9
    3S hlS WOu3D h3U DOl 1CVC1SCU lhC Sl1C3u. D lhC COODl3lSl
    g1O_13u, ll W3S lhC WOu3D WhO W3S _lVCD lhC hlSlO1lC ulSSlOD
    Ol Sh3klD_ ug lhC P_C1l3D u3D. LODVC1llD_ lhC WOu3D, WlD-
    DlD_hC1OVC1 lO lhClO1Cl_D V3uCS, W1CDChlD_ hC1 l1CC l1OD hC1
    Sl3luS,W3S3l lhC S3uC lluC 3ChlCVlD_3 1C3l gWC1OVC1 lhC u3D
    3DU 3ll3lDlD_ 3 g13CllC3l, CCltVC uC3DS Ol UCSl1uClu1lD_ Pl
    _C1l3D Cullu1C.
    bll lOU3y, lD 1959 lhC U1C3u Ol 3 lOl3 UOuCSllC3llOD O
    Pl_C1l3D SOClClyDy uC3DS Ol `uDVClUWOuCD 3lUlD_3DU ShCl
    lC1lD_ lhC OCCuglC1 CODllDuCS lO h3uDl lhC COODl3l 3ulhO1-
    lCS.
    hC P_C1l3D uCD, lO1 lhCl1_31l, 31C 3 l31_Cl OlC1tllClSu lO1
    lhCl1 Lu1OgC3D COu13UCS, O1 uO1C OmCl3ly lO1 lhCl1 DOSSCS.
    hC1C lS DOl 3 Lu1OgC3D WO1kC1 WhO UOCS DOl SOODC1 O1 l 3lC1,
    lD lhC _lVC 3DU l3kC Ol 1C3llODS OD lhC OD SllC, lhC ShOg O1 lhc
    OmCC, 3Sk lhC P_C1l3D lhC 1llu3l guCSllODS. OCS yOu1 WllC
    WC31 lhC VClr hy UOD l yOu l3kC yOu1 WllC lO lhC uOVlCS, l
    lhC _hlS, lO lhC C3lr
    Lu1OgC3D DOSSCS UO DOl llull lhCuSClVCS lO lhC UlSlD_CDOuS
    guCy O1 lhC_l3DClD_ lDVll3llOD. hCy uSC DUl3D CuDDlD_ l
    CO1DC1 lhC P_C1l3D 3DU _uSh hlu lO g3lDlul UCClSlODS. D COD-
    DCCllOD Wllh 3 hOlU3yLh1lSlu3S O1 DCW C31, O1 SlDgly 3
    Dc _touDU gtcg8tcU D lDc CDoo ct8DDmcDt 8 wc. Dc
    lc8CDcD to wDom tDc g8tcDl D8vc cDttutcU tDct CDUtcD D 8Cgutc
    Uc D8Dt o g8D_ cvctc uU_mcDl oD tDc 8tc o wom8D D l_ct8D
    8oCcly. `c htmly Dogc tD8l you 8t c8$l wl Dc ltoD_ cDou_D to m
    goc yout goDl o vcw. . . . OCDoo ot youD_ ocm _t 8t
    multgyD_. l tDct gugl` 8ggto8CD lo guDctly, tDc lc8CDct ot lDc
    DuD cxctCc 8 ltuy cxCcgloD8 8Ctv ty. Dc molDcD 8tc htl ct oul,
    Uc8c_cU, 8DU _vcD lDc moD o D8kD_ ug 8DU CoDvDCD_ lDc 8tDct.
    uCD m8Uc o lDc youD_ luUcDl` gtoU_ou Dtc_cDCc, Dct M^
    lutly; 8 gClutc g8DtcU o tDc Dtl8Dl ututc lD8l 8w8t$ lDoc c8_ct
    youD_ Ctc8lutc, 8D

    t DoDc too uDly DutcU tD8l l woulU Dc CtmD8


    lDc CDlU` CDoD_ wctc DlcttugtcU. Dc DottComD_ o CooD2cU
    8oCcly 8tc CoDCcUcU, 8DU t gtogocU tD8l lDc youD_ tuUcDt Dc cDl lo
    Uo8tUD_ CDool D otUct lo g8tc tDc g8tcDt tDc CtlCm o `D8ttow
    mDUcU Dc_DUoD. ot tDc gcC8l D ColoD8 88t, vctct8D 8DU
    Uc UcvcogcU D8tvc 8tc tDc Comm8DUo wDo 8tc cDttutcU wlD Uc-
    8toyD_ tDc ullut8l tct8DCc o 8 CooD2cU CouDlty. Dc tc_oD 8tc
    aCCotUD_y C8hcU D tc o tDc DumDct o UcvcogcU `8Clvc uDl8,
    D olDctwotU, 8_cDl8 o ctooD o lDc D8loD8 Cututc lD8l lDcy CoDlaD.
    40
    LYPL LLLLPLbN
    SOCI3l OCC3SIOD WIlh lhC h1ulhC DOSS WIll IDVIlC heH/gcrian
    em/oe and his wje. hC IDVIl3lIOD IS DOl 3 COllCClIVC OuC.
    LVC1y Pl_C1I3D ISC3llCU ID lO lhC UI1CClO1S OmCC 3DU IuVIlCU Dy
    D3uC lO COuC WIlh `yOu1 lIllC l3uIly. `hC h1u DCIu_ OuC
    DI_ l3uIly, Il WOulU DC uSCCuly lO1 SOC lO COuC WIlhOul
    lhCI1 WIVCS, yOu uuUC1Sl3DU . . . ClO1C l lO1u3l SuuuODS,
    lhCPl_C1I3D SOuClIuCS CXgC1ICDCC8 uOuCDlS Ol UImCuly. t hC
    OuCSWIlh hISWIlC, Il uC3DS 3UuIllID_ UClC3l, Il uC3DS g1OSlI-
    ulID_ hIS WIlC, CXhIDIlID_ hC1 3D3DUODID_ 3 uOUC Ol 1CSIS
    l3DCC. LD lhC OlhC1 h3DU, _OID_ 3ODC uC3DS 1CluSID_ lO _IVC
    S3lISl3ClIOD lO lhC DOSS Il uC3DS 1uDDID_ lhC 1ISk Ol DCIu_ Oul
    Ol3OD. hC SluUy Ol 3 CSC ChOSCD 3l 13DUOu3 UCSC1IglIOu Ol
    lhC l13gS SCl Dy lhC Lu1OC3D ID O1UC1 lO D1ID_ lhC P_C1I3u lO
    CXgOSC hIuSCll, lO UCCl31C. %y WIlC WC31S 3 VCl, ShC Sh3 uOl
    _O Oul, O1 ClSC lO DCl13y. bIDCC yOu W3ul lO SCC hC1, hC1C ShC
    S,WOulU D1Iu_ Oul lhCS3UISlIC 3DU gCVC1SCCh313ClC1Ol lhCSC
    CODl3ClS 3DU 1Cl3lIODShIgS 3DU WOulU ShOW ID uIC1OCOSu lhC
    l13_CUy Ol lhC COlODI3l SIlu3lIOD OD lhC gSyChOlO_IC3l lCVC, lhC
    W3y lhC lWO SySlCuS UI1CClly CODl1ODl C3Ch OlhC1, lhC CgIC Ol
    lhC COlODI2CU SOCICly, WIlh IlS SgCCIhC W3yS Ol CXISlIu_, ID lhC
    l3CCOl lhC COlODI3lISl hyU13.
    Ilh lhC Pl_C1I3D IDlCllCClu3l, lhC 3__1CSSIVCDCSS 3ggC31S ID
    IlSlull IDlCDSIly. hCje//ah,lhC g3SSIVC Sl3VC Ol3 1I_IUy Sl1uC-
    lu1CU _1Oug, S lOOkCU ugOD WIlh 3 CC1l3ID IDUu_CDCC Dy lhC
    CODguC1O1. hC l3WyC1 3DU lhC UOClO1, OD lhC OlhC1 h3uU, 31C
    SCVCCly l1OWDCU ugOD. hCSC IulCllCClu3lS, WhO kCCg lhCI1
    WIVCS ID 3 Sl3lC Ol SCuI-Sl3VC1y, 31C lIlC13ly gOIDlCU lO WIlh 3u
    3CCuSID_ hD_C1. LOlODI3l SICly Dl32CS ug VChCuCDlly 3_3IDSl
    lhI IDlC1IO1 Sl3luS Ol lhC Pl_C1I3D WOu3D. lS uCuDC1S WO11y
    3DU ShOW CODCC1D lO1 lhOSC uDlO1luD3lC WOuCD, UOOuCU `lO
    g1OUuCC D13lS, kCgl DChIDUW3llS, D3DDCU.
    ClO1C lhC Pl_C1I3D IDlCllCClu3l, 13CI3lISl 31_uuCDlS Sg1ID_
    lO1lh WIlh SgCCI3l 1C3UIDCSS. O1 3ll lh3l hC IS 3 UOClO1, gCOglC
    WIll S3y, hC SlIll 1Cu3IDS 3D P3D. `Ou C3D l _Cl 3W3y l1Ou
    D3lu1C lluSl13lIODS Ol lhIS kIDU Ol 13CC g1CuUICC C3D DC uu
    ` ]rIIah-a gcasant. [ranslator's notc}
    dLCERId UNIEILEO
    lIgICU IuUCuIlCy. LC3Iy, lhC Iu|CCC|u3l IS 1CgIO3ChCU lO1
    IuI lID_ lhC CX|CuSIOD Ol C3IuCU C8|CID hDIS, lOI uOl g3y-
    ID_ hS IOC 3S 3D 3C|IVC 3_Cu| Ol ughC3V3 Ol |hC COOuICU
    SOCICly, lOI uO| _IVID_ hIS WIlC hC DCuCl Ol |hC gIIVIC_CS O d
    uO1C WOI|hy 3uU uC3DID_lu IlC. . . 1u |hC 3I_C gOgulIOD
    CCDlC1S I| I8 3 lO_C|hCI COuuODg3CC |O hC3I 3 LuIOgC3D COulCSS
    3CIUy lh3| hC h3S uCVCI SCCD |hC WIlC Ol 3D P_CII3D hC h3S
    kDOWD lOI |WCu|yyC3IS. Pl 3 uOIC UIuSC, Dul hI_hy ICVC3ID_,
    CVC Ol 3ggIChCDSIOu, W huU |hC DI |lCI OD8CIV3lIOu lh3l WC
    WO1k ID V3Iu . . . |h3l 1SJu hOUS I|S gICy.
    hC uC|hOU Ol gICSCD|Iu_ |hC PCII3u 3S 3 gICy lOu_hl OVC1
    WIlh Cgu3 lCIOCI|y Dy 1S3u 3DU I3uCC WI|h I|S CS|CIu Cul-
    lu1C 1CVC3S |hC WhOC 3ggIO3h Ol |hC OCCugICI, hIS ghIO8Oghy
    3uU hIS gOICy. hIS CXgIC88IOu IuUIC3|CS |h3l |hC OCCugICI,
    Su31lID_ lIOu hIS l3IuICS gICSCu|S ID 3 SIugIhCU 3DU gCOI3-
    lIVC W3y |hC SyS|Cu Ol V3uCS Dy uC3uS Ol WhICh lhC COlOuI2CU
    gC1SOD 1CSI8|S hIS IuDuuCI3DC OCDSIVCS. h3| IS Iu 3C| |hC
    3SSC1lIOD Ol 3 UI8lIDC| IUCu|I|y, CODCCID WI|h kCCgID_ ID|3Cl 3
    lCW Sh1CU8 Ol u3lIOD3 CXISlCDCC, IS 3|lIIDulCU lO IClI_IOuS, u3_I-
    C3l l3D3lIC3l DCh3VIOI.
    hIS 1CCC|IOD Ol lhC COuguCIO1 3SSuuCS OII_ID3l lOIuS, 3C-
    CO1UID_ lOCIICuuS|3DCCS O1 lO |hC lygCOl COlODI3l SI|u3lIOD. LD
    lhC WhOlC, |hCSC lOIuS Ol DCh3VIO1 h3VC DCCD l3IIly WC S|uUICU
    D lhC COuISC Ol lhC g38| |WCuly yC3IS Il C3DuO| DC S3IU, hOW
    CVC1, lh3l |hC COuCluSIOuS |h3 h3VC DCCD IC3ChCU 3IC WhOlly
    V3lIU. bgCCI3lISlS Iu D3SIC CUuC3lIOD lOI uDUC1UCVCOgCU COuD
    l1ICS O1 lCChDICI3DS lO1 lhC 3UV3DCCuCDl Ol IC|3IUCU SOCIClICS
    WOulU UO WC lO uDUCIS|3DU |hC S|CIIC 3DU h3Iulul Ch313C|CI
    Ol 3Dy CDUC3VOI WhICh IluuIu3|CS gIClCICDlI3ly 3 _IVCD ClC
    DCDl Ol lhC COlOuI2CU SOCIC|y. LVCD WI|hID |hC lI3uCWOIk Ol 3
    DCWy IDUCgCDUCul D3lIOD, ODC C3uuOl 3l|3Ck |hIS OI |h3| SC_-
    uCDl Ol lhC CulluI3 WhOC WI|hOu| CDU3u_CIID_ lhC WOIk
    uDUC1l3kCD lC3VID_ 3SIUC lhC guCSlIOD Ol |hC D3|IVCS gSyChO-
    lO_IC3l D3l3DCC . %OIC gICCISCly, |hC ghCDOuCu3 Ol COuDlCI
    3CCullu13lIOD uuSl DC uDUCISlOOU 3S lhC OI_3DIC IugOSSIDIlIly
    Ol 3 Cul luIC lO uOUIly 3Dy ODC Ol IlS CuSlOuS WI|hOul 3l lhC
    42 LY DL LLLLDLON
    S3uC ltuC IC-CV3u3ltD_ tlS UCCgC8l V3uCS, tlS uO8l Sl3DC
    uOUClS. O SgC3k Ol COuDlCI3CCulu13ltOD tD 3 COlODt3l Stlu3-
    ltOD tS 3D 3DSuIUtly. hC ghCDOuCD3 Ol 1CStSl3DCC ODSC1VCU tD
    lhC COODt2CU uuSl DC IClCU lO 3D 3lltluUC Ol COuDlC13S8tut
    l3ltOD, Ol u3tDlCD3Dc Ol 3 Cu luI3, hCDCC D3ltOD3 , OIttD3ltly.
    hC OCCugytD_ lO1CCS, tD 3ggytD_ lhCt1 u3Xtuuu gSyChO-
    lO_tC3l 3llCDltOD lO lhC VCt WOIy P_C1t3D WOuCD, WC1C
    ODVtOuSy DOuDU lO 3ChtCVC SOuC ICSulS. C1C 3DU lhCIC tl lhuS
    h3ggCDCU lh3l 3 WOu3D W3S S3VCU, 3DU SuDOtC3ly uD
    VCtlCU.
    hCSC lCSlWOuCD, Wtlh D31C l3CCS 3DU l1CC DOUtCS, hCDCC
    lOIlh CtICul3lCU ltkC SOuDU Cu11CDCy tD lhC u1OgC3D SOCtCly Ol
    P_C1t3. hCSC WOuCD WC1C Su11OuDUCU Dy 3D 3luOSghC1C Ol
    DCWDCSS. hC u1OgC3DS, OVC1-CXCt lCU 3DU WhOy _tVCD OVC1 lO
    lhCt1 VtClO1y C311tCU 3W3y tD 3 ktDU Ol l13DCC, WOulU SgC3k Ol
    lhC gSyChOlO_tC3l ghCDOuCD3 Ol CODVC1StOD. PDU tD l3Cl, tD lhC
    uIOgC3D SOCtCly, lhC 3_CDlS Ol lhtS CODVC1StOD WC1C hClU tD
    CSlCCu. hCy WC1C CDVtCU. hC DCDCVOCDl 3llCDltOD Ol lhC
    3UutDtSl13ltOD W3SU13WD lO lhCu.
    PllC1 C3Ch SuCCCSS, lhC 3ulhO1tltCS WC1C Sl1CD_lhCDCU tD lhCt1
    CODVtCltOD lh3l lhC Pl_C1t3D WOu3D WOuU SuggOIl CSlC1D
    gCDCl13ltOD tDlO lhC D3ltVC SOCtCly. VCIy 1CCClCU VCt UtS-
    COSCU lO lhC CyCS Ol lhC COlODt3tS hO1t2ODS uDltl lhCD lO1DtU
    UCD, 3DU 1CVC3lCU lO lhCu, gtCCC Dy gtCCC lhC CSh Ol Pl_C1t3
    l3tU D31C. hC OCCugtC1S 3__1CSStVCDCSS, 3DU hCDCC htS hOgCS,
    uultgtCU lCD-lOlU C3Ch ltuC 3 DCW l3CC W3S uDCOVCICU. VC1y
    DCW Pl_C1t3D WOu3D uDVCtlCU 3DDOuDCCU lO lhC OCCugtC1 3D
    Pl_C1t3D SOCtCly WhOSC SySlCuS OlUClCDSC WC1C tD lhC g1OCCSS Ol
    UtSlOC3ltOD, OgCD 3DU D1C3ChCU. VC1y VCt lh3l lCll, CVC1y DOUy
    lh3l DCC3uC tDC13lCU l1Ou lhC l13UtltOD3 CuD13CC Ol lhC hak,
    CVC1y l3CC lh3l OC1CU tlSCl lO lhC DOU 3DU Iug3ltCDl _l3DCC Ol
    lhC CugtC1, W3S 3 DC_3ltVC CXg1CSStOD Ol lhC l3Cl lh3l Pl_C1I3
    W3S DC_tDDtD_ lO UCDy hC1SCll3DU W3S 3CCCgltD_ lhC 13gC Ol lhC
    COODt2C1. Pl_CIt3D SOCtCly Wtlh CVC1y 3D3DUODCU VCt SCCuCU lO
    CXg1CSS tlS WttD_DCSS lO 3llCDU lhC u3SlC1S SChOOl 3DU lO UC


    HLH LPlI
    CtUC lO Ch3D_C tlS h3Dt uDUC1 lhC OCCugtC1S UtICCltOD 3DU
    g3l1OD3_C
    C h3VC SCCD hOW COODt3l SOCtCly, lhC COlODt3l 3UutDtSl13
    ltOD, gCICCtVC8 lhC VCtl , 3DU WC h3VC SkClChCU lhC UyD3utCS Ol
    lhC COIlS uDUC1l3kCD lO h_hl tl 3S 3D tDSltlultOD 3DU lhC 1C8t8
    l3DCCS UCVClOgCU Dy lhC COODt2CU SOCtCly Pl lhC CVC Ol lhC
    IDUtVtUu3l, Ol lhC g1tV3lC uIOgC3D, tl u3y DC tDlCIC8ltD_ lO
    lOlOW lhC uul ltgC 1C3CltODS g1OVOkCU Dy lhC CXtSlCDCC Ol lhC
    VCt, WhtCh 1CVC3l lhC OIt_tD3 W3y tD WhtCh lhC P_CIt3D
    WOu3D u3D3_CS lODCg1CSCDl OI3DSCDl.
    O13 uIOgC3D DOl Ut1CCly tDVOVCU tD lhtS WO1k Ol CODVCI-
    StOD, Wh3l IC3CltODS31C lhC1C lO DC1CCOIUCUr
    hC UOutD3Dl 3lltluUC 3ggC31S lO uS lO DC 3 1Ou3DltC CXOl
    tCtSu, SlIOD_ly ltD_CUWtlh SCDSu3 tly.
    PDU, lO DC_tD Wtlh, lhC VCt htUCS 3DC3uly.
    P ICVC3ltD_ 1CCCltOD3uOD_ OlhC1Sl lhtS Sl3lC Ol tDU
    W3S COuuuDtC3lCU lO uS Dy3 uIOgC3D VtStltD_ P_CIt3 WhO, tD
    lhC CXCICt8C Ol htS gIOlCSStOD hC W3S 3 l3WyC1, h3U h3U lhC
    OggOIluDtly Ol SCCtD_ 3 lCW P_CIt3D WOuCD WtlhOul lhC VCt.
    hC8C uCD, hC S3tU, SgC3ktD_ Ol lhC Pl_C1t3DS, 31C _utlly Ol
    CODCC3ltD_ SO u3Dy Sl13D_C DC3ultCS. lW3S htS CODCu8tOD lh3l
    3 gCOgC Wtlh 3 C3ChC Ol SuCh g1t2CS, Ol SuCh gCIlCCltODS Ol
    D3luIC, OWCS tl lO tl8Cl lO ShOW lhCu, lO CXhtDtl lhCu. l O1Sl
    C3uC lO WOISl, hC 3UUCU, tlOu_hl lO DC gOS8tDlC lO lO1CC lhC lO
    UO SO.
    P Sl13DU Ol h3t1, 3 Dtl Ol lO1ChC3U, 3 SC_uCDl Ol 3D OVC1-
    WhCutD_ly DC3ultlul l3CC _ltugSCU tD 3Sl1CClC31OI OD3 l13tD,
    u3y SuCC lO kCCg 3ltVC 3DU SlICD_lhCD hC uIOgC3DS gC1StS
    lCDCC tD htS t113ltOD3l CODVtCltOD lh3l lhCPl_C1t3D WOu3D tS lhC
    guCCD Ol3l WOuCD.
    ul lhCIC tS 3lSO tD lhC u1OgC3D lhC C1ySl3llt23ltOD Ol 3D
    3__1CSStVCDCSS, lhC Sl13tD Ol 3 ktDU Ol VtOlCDCC DClO1C lhC Pl
    _C1t3D WOu3D. DVCttD_ lhtS WOu3D tS 1CVC3ltD_ hCI DC3ly
    tl tS D31tD_hC1SCC1Cl, D1C3KtD_ hC1 1CStSl3DCC, u3ktD_hC1 3V3Il-
    3DClO1 3UVCDlu1C. tUtD_ lhC l3CC tS 3lSO UtS_utStD_ 3 SCC1Cl t l
    IS 3SO C1C3ltD_3 WO1lU OluySlC1y OllhC htUUCD. D 3 CODlSC
    91 P YPL LLLPPbA
    W3, lhC utOQC3D CXQCtICDCC8 hI8 tC3lIOD WIlh lhC Tl_CtI3D
    WOm3D 3l 3 hI_hl COmQCX CVC. hCtC I8 ID Il lhC WIl lO
    DtID_ lhI8 WOm3D lhID hI8 tC3Ch, lO m3kC hCt 3 QO88IDlC OD
    CClOQO8C88IOD.
    hI8 WOm3D WhO 8CC8 WIlhOul DCID_ 8CCD tu8lt3lC8 lhC COO
    DIzCt. hCtC I8 DO tCCIQtOCIl. bhC UOC8 DOl ICU hCt8Cl, UOC8
    DOl _IVC hCt8C, UOC8 DOl OBCt hCt8Cl. hC TgCtI3D h38 3D
    3llIluUC lOW3tU lhC Tl_CtI3D WOm3DWhCh I8 OD lhC WhOC
    ClC3t. C UOC8 DOl 8CC hCt. hCtC I8 CVCD 3 QCtm3DCDl IDlCDlIOD
    DOl lO QCtCCIVC lhC CmIDIDC QtOhC, DOl lO Q3 3llCDlIOD lO
    WOmCD. D lhC C38C O lhC P_CtI3D, lhCtCOtC, lhCtC I8 DOl, ID
    lhC 8ltCCl Ot OD 3 tO3U, lh3l DCh3VIOt Ch3t3ClCtIzID_ 3 8CXu3l CD
    COuDlCt lh3l I8 UC8CtIDCU ID lCtm8 OlhC _3DCC, O lhC Qh8IC3
    DC3tID_, lhC mu8Cul3t lCD8IOD, lhC 8I_D8OUI8ltD3DCC lO WhICh
    lhC QhCDOmCDOlO_OCDCOuDlCt8 h38 3CCu8lOmCU 8.
    hC utOQC3D 3CCU WIlh 3D Tl_CtI3D WOm3D W3Dl8 lO 8CC.
    C tC3Cl8 ID 3D 3_C88IVC W3 DClOtC lhI8 ImIl3lIOD O hI8 QCt-
    CCQlIOD. tu8lt3lIOD 3DU 3__tC88IVCDC88, hCtC lOO, CVOlVC 3Q3CC.
    P__tC88IVCDC88 COmC8 lO lIghl, ID lhC ht8l Q3CC, ID 8ltuClut3l
    3mDIV3lCDl 3llIluUC8 3Dd ID lhC UtC3m m3lCtI3l lh3l C3D DC
    tCVC3lCU ID lhC utOQC3D, WhClhCt hC I8 DOtm3 Ot 8uhCt8 tOm
    DCutOQ3|hOlO_IC3l UI8lutD3DCC8.
    D 3 mCUIC3l COD8ull3lIOD, Ot CX3mQC, 3l lhC CDU O lhC
    PllcDllOD HuSl Dc C3llcU lO 3 ltcgUcnl 3lllluUc, On lDc g3tl O
    uIOQc3D WOHcD lD Q3IltCul3t, WIlD Ic_3IU lO 3 SgcCI3 C3lc_OIy Ol cVOlVcU
    D3lIVcS. Lctl3In uDVcllcU Pl_ctl3D WOHcD luID lDcHSclVcS :DlO gctlcCl
    cSlcIDcIS WlD 3H32ln_ I3QlUlly 3DU uDSuSQcClcU c3Sc. uIOQc3D
    WOHcD lccl 3 CcIl3ID uDc3SIDcSS ID lDc QIcScDCc Ol lDcSc WOHcD. tt-
    lI3lcU ID lDc QIcScDCc Ol lDc VcI, lDcy cXQcIIcDCc 3 SIHIl3I IHgIcSSOD
    DcOIc lDc D3IcU l3Cc, DclOIc ID3l uD3D3SDcU DOUy WDlCD D3S lOSl 3ll 3WK-
    W3IUncSS, 3ll lHlUlly, 3DU DcCOHc UOWDII_Dl OhcDSIVc. Ol Ony lDc
    S3lS3ClIOD Ol SuQcIYISlD_ lDc cVOlulIOD 3DU COIIcClD_ lDc HlSl3KcS O lDc
    uDVclcU wOH3n WlDUt3WD ltOm lhc utOgc3D WOH3D, Dul SDc lcclS Dct-
    $c CD3llcD_cU OD lDc lcVcl Ol lcHIDIDc CD3IH, Ol clc_3DCc, 3nU cVcn SccS 3
    COHQclI lOt ID lDIS DOVICc Hcl3HOIQDOScU \DIO 3 gtOlcSSOD3l, 3 DcOgDylc
    lI3DSlOIHcU lDIO 3 QIOQ3_3DUISl. Dc uIOgc3D WOH3D D3S DO CDOCc
    Dul lO H3Kc COHHOD C3uSc WIlD lDc Pl_cIl 3D H3D WDO D3U hcICcly
    uD_ lDc UDVcIlcU WOH3D DlO lDc C3HQ Ol cVl 3nU Ol UcQI3V3lOD.
    c3lly| lDc uIOQc3D WOHcD WIll cXC3lH, lDcSc UDVcIcU WOHcD 3Ic
    gUIlc 3HOI3l 3DU SD3HclcSS. Dlc_I3llOD, ;D OIUcI lO Dc $uCCcSSul, $ccH5
    1DUccU lO D3Vc lO Dc $Bgy 3 CODlDucU, 3CCcglcU Q3lcID3SH.

    ALGLRtA tN|LtLLO
    9J
    mOtDID_, Il I8 COmmOD lO hC3t utOQC3D UOClOt8 CXQtC88 lhCIt
    0I83QQOIDlmCDl. hC WOmCD WhO tCmOVC lhCIt VCIl8 DCOtC
    lhCm 3tC CmmODQ3CC, Vug3t, lhCtC I8 tC3 DOlhID_ lO m3kC
    8uCh 3 m8Ct O. LDC ODUCt8 Wh3l lhC 3tC hIdIDg.
    utOQC3D WOmCD 8CllC lhC CODhCl ID 3 muCh C88 tOuDU-
    3DOul W8. hC DluDl 3Utm lh3l DO ODC hIUC8 Wh3l I8 DC3u
    lIul 3DU UI8CCtD ID lhI8 8lt3D_C Cu8lOm 3D 3llO_ClhCt CmI-
    DIDC IDlCDlIOD O UI8_uI8D_ ImQCtCClIOD8. TDU lhC QtOCCCU
    lO COmQ3tC lhC 8lt3lC_ O lhC utOQC3D WOm3D, WhICh I8 ID
    CDUCU lO COttCCl, lO CmDClI8h, O DtID_ Oul [DC3ul ltC3l-
    mCDl8, h3ItUO8, 38hIOD), WI lh lh3l O lhC T_CtI3D WOm3D, WhO
    QtCCt8 lO VCI, lO CODCC3l, lO CullV3lC lhC m3D8 UOuDl 3D0
    0C8ItC. LD 3DOlhCt CVC, Il I8 C3ImCU lh3l lhC IDlCDlIOD I8 lO
    mI8lC3U lhC Cu8lOmCt, 8DU lh3l lhC Wt3QQID_ ID WhICh lhC
    `mCtCh3DUI8C 8 QtC8CDlCU UOC8 DOl tC3 3lCt Il8 D3lutC, DOt
    Il8V3luC.
    hC CODlCDl O lhC dtC3m8 O utOQC3D8 DtIDg8 Oul OlhCt
    8

    CCI3l l

    hCmC8. ]C3D-3ul 3tltC, ID hI8 Ffections Sut u Que:-


    tton /utve, h38 8hOWD lh3l D lhC CVC O lhC uDCOD8CIOu8,
    lhC _CWI8h WOm3D 3lmO8l 3W38 h38 3D 3ut3 O t3QC 3DOul
    hCt.
    hC hI8lOt O lhC tCDCh CODguC8l ID T_CtI3, IDCluUID_ lhC
    OVCttuDDDQ Ot VI3gC8 D lhC ltOOQ8, lhC CODh8C3lIOD Ol QtOQ
    Ctl 3DU lhC t3QID_ O WOmCD, lhC QI3_ID_ O 3 COuDlt, h38
    CODltIDulCU lO lhC DItlh 3DU lhC Ct8l3Iz3lIOD O lhC 83mC
    UD3mIC Im3_C. Tl lhC CVC O lhC Q8ChOO_IC3 8lt33 O lhC
    OCCuQICt, lhC CVOC3lIOD O lh8 tCCUOm _VCD lO lhC 83UI8m O
    lhC CODguCtOt, lO h8 CtOlIC8m, CtC3lC8 3ull8, CtlIlC g3Q8
    lhtOugh WhICh DOlh UtC3mIkC Otm8 O DCh3VIOt 3DU, OD CCt-
    l3ID OCC38IOD8, CtImID3 3Cl8 CaD CmCt_C.
    hu8 lC t8QC O lhC T_CtI3D WOm3D ID lhC UtC3m O 3
    utOQC3D I8 3lW38 QtCCCUCU D 3 tCDUIDg O lhC VCI. C hCtC
    WIlDC88 3 UOuDCUChOWCtID_. IkCWI8C, lhC WOm3D`8 CODUuCl I8
    DCVCtODC OCOD8CDlOt 3CCCQl3DCC, DulO 3DCCl humIlIl.
    hCDCVCt, ID UtC3m8 h3VID_ 3D CtOlIC CODlCDl, 3 utOQC3D
    mCCl8 3D P_CtI3D WOm3D, lhC 8QCCIhC C3lutC8 O hI8 tCl3lIODS
    9b
    LYDL LLLLDLbN
    WIlh lhC COlODt2CU SOCCly u3DtlCSl lhCuSCVCS. hCSC U1C3uS
    CVOlVC DCIlhC1 OD lhC S3uC C1OltC g3DC, DO1 3l lhC S3uC lCugO,
    3S lhOSC lh3l tDVOVC 3 Lu1OgC3D WOu3D.
    tlh 3D Pl_C1t3D WOu3D, lhC1C tS DO g1O_1CSStVC CODguCSl,
    DO uulu3l 1CVCl3ltOD. bl13t_hl O, Wtlh lhC u3Xtuuu l VO-
    lCDCC, lhC1C tS gOSSCSStOD, 13gC, DC31uu1UC1. hC 3Cl 3SSuuCS
    3 g313-DCu1OltC D1ul3ltly 3DU S3UtSu, CVCD tD 3 DO1u3l LuIO
    gC3D. htS D1ul3ltly 3DU lhtS S3UtSIC tD l3Cl Cugh3SI2CU Dy
    lhC l1t_hlCDCU 3lltluUC Ol lhC Pl_1t3D WOu3D. D lhC U1C3u
    lhC WOu3DVtCltu SC1C3uS, Sl1u__CS ltkC 3 UOC, 3DU 3S ShC
    WC3kCDS 3DUl3tDlS, tSgCDCl13lCU, u31ly1t2CU, 1tggCU 3g3Il.
    PllCDltOD uuSl ltkCWtSC DC U13WD lO 3 Ch313ClC1SltC l lhIS
    U1C3u CODlCDl lh3l 3ggC31S tugO1l3Dl lO uS. hC Lu1gC3D
    DCVC1 U1C3uS Ol 3D Pl_C1t3D WOu3D l3kCD tD tSOl3ltOD D lC
    131C OCC3StODS WhCD lhC CDCOuDlC1 h3S DCCOuC 3 DtDUtD 1Cl3-
    lIODShtg lh3l C3D DC 1C_31UCU 3S 3 COugC, tl h3S gutCkly DCCD
    l13DSlO1uCU Dy lhC UCSgC13lC t_hl Ol lhC WOu3D WhO, tDCVt
    l3Dly, lC3US lhC u3lC 3uOD_ WOuCD. hC Lu1OgC3D 3lW3yS
    U1C3uS Ol3 _1Oug Ol WOuCD, Ol 3 hClU Ol WOuCD, Su__CSltVC Ol
    lhC _yD3CCCuu, lhC h31CuCXOltC lhCCS UCCgly 1OOlCU D lC
    uDCODSCtOuS.
    hC Lu1OgC3DS 3__1CSStVCDCSS Wtll CXg1CSS tlSCl ltkCWSC tD
    CODlCugl3ltOD Ol lhC Pl_C1t3D WOu3DS uO3ltly. C1 ltIUtL
    3DU hC1 1CSC1VC 31C l13DSlO1uCU tD 3CCO1U3DCC Wlh lhC C
    uODgl3CC l3WS OlCODtClu3l gSyChOlO_y tDlO lhCt1 OggOStl, 3DU
    LC Pl_C1t3D WOu3D DCCOuCS hgOC1tltC3l, gC1VCISC, 3DU CVCD 3
    VC1tl3DC DyughOu3DI3C.
    C h3VC SCCD lh3l OD lhC lCVCl Ol tDUIVtUu3lS lhC COlODt3l
    Sl13lC_y Ol UCSl1uClu1tD_ Pl_C1t3D SOCtCly VC1y guCky C3C LO
    3SSt_D 3 g1OutDCDl g3CC lO lhC P_C1t3D WOu3D. hC CODt3
    ISlS 1ClCDllCSSDCSS, htS uClhOUS Ol Sl1u__lC WC1C DOuuU l _tVC
    1ISC lO 1C3CltOD31y lO1uS Ol DCh3VtO1 OD lhC g31l Ol lhC COlO-
    Dt2CU. D lhC l3CC Ol lhC VtOlCDCC Ol lhC OCCugtC1, lhC COlODtCU
    lOuDU htuSCll UChDtD_ 3 g1tDCtglCU gOStltOD Wtlh 1CSgCCl lO 3
    lO1uC1ly tDC1l ClCuCDl Ol lhC D3ltVC Cu lu13l CODh_u13ltD l
    WS lhCCOlODt3ltSlS l1CD lOuDVCtllhC_C13D WOu3D, L W3S
    HLH LPI
    9
    htS _3uDC OD WtDDtD_ lhC D3llC Ol lhC VCtl 3l Wh3lCVC1 COSl,
    lh3l WC1C lO gIOVOkC lhC D3ltVCS D1tSltD_ 1CStSl3uCC. hC UC-
    tDC13lCy 3__1CSStVC tDlCDltODS Ol lhC COODt3ISl Wtlh 1CSgCCl lO
    lhC haik _3VC 3 DCW tlC lO lhtS UC3U ClCuCDl Ol lhC Pl_CIt3D
    Cullu13 SlOCkUC3U DCC3uSC Sl3Dtt2CU, WtlhOul 3Dy g1O_1CSStVC
    Ch3D_C tD lO1u OI COO1. C hC1C 1CCO_Dt2C ODC Ol lhC 3WS Ol
    lhC gSyChOO_y Ol COODt3ltOD. D 3D tDtlt3 gh3SC, Il tS lhC 3C-
    ltOD, lhC g3DS Ol lhC CugtC1 lh3l UClC1utDC lhC CDlC1S Ol
    1CSISl3DCC 31OuDU WhtCh 3 gCOglCS Wtll lO Su1VVC DCCOuCS O1-
    _Dt2CU.
    l tS lhC WhtlC u3D WhO C1C3lCS lhC DCO. ul tl tS lhC DC_1O
    WhO C1C3lCS DC_1tluUC. O lhC COlODt3ltSl OCDStVC 3_3tDSl lhC
    VCt, lhC COODt2CU OggOSCS lhC Cul Ol lhC VCtl h3l W3S 3D
    uuUtC1CDlt3lCU ClCuCDl tD 3 hOuO_CDCOuS WhOC 3Cut1CS 3
    l3DOO Ch3I3ClC1, 3DU lhC 3lltluUC Ol 3 _tVCD Pl_C1t3D WOu3D
    Wtlh 1CSgCCl lO lhC VCtl Wtl DC CODSl3Dly 1C3lCU lO hC1 OVC13ll
    3lltluUC Wtlh 1CSgCcl lO lhC lOICt_u CCug3ltOD. hC COODtCU,
    ID lhC l3C Ol lhC Cugh3StS _tVCD Dy lhC COODI3ltSl lO lhtS O1
    lh3l3SgCCl Ol htS l13UIlIODS, 1C3ClS V1y VtOCDlly. hC 3llCDltOD
    UCVOlCU lO uOUtlytD_ lhtS 3SgCCl, lhC CuOlIOD lhC CODguC1O1
    glS tDlO htS gCU3_O_tC3l WO1k, htS g13yC1S, htS lh1C3lS, WC3VC 3
    WhOlC uDtVC1SC Ol 1CStSl3DCCS 31OuDU lhtS g31ltCul31 CCuCDl Ol
    lhC Cu luIC. OUtD_ Oul 3_3tDSl lhC OCCugtC1 OD lhtS gICCtSC
    ClCuCDl uC3DS tutltD_ ugOD htu 3 SgCCl3Cu31 SClD3Ck L
    uC3DS uOIC g3Iltu31y u3tDl3tDtD_ COCXISlCuCC 3S 3 lO1u
    Ol CODICl 3uU 3lCDl W31l31C. l uC3DS kCCgtD_ ug lhC 3luOS-
    ghC1C Ol 3D 31uCU l1uCC.
    gOD lhC OulD1C3k Ol lhCSl1u__lClO1 tDC13ltOD, lhC 3lltluUC
    Ol lhC P_CIt3D WOu3D, O1 Ol D3ltVC SOCtCly tD _CDC13, Wtlh
    1C_31U lO lhC VCtl W3S lO uDUC1_O tugO1l3Dl uOUthC3ltODS.
    hCSC tDDOV3ltODS 31C Ol g31lICu31 tDlC1CSl tD VtCW Ol lhC l3Cl
    lh3l lhCy WC1C 3l DO ltuC tDCluUCU tD lhC g1O_13u Ol lhC Sl1u_
    _lC. hC UOCl1IDC Ol lhC VCVOlultOD, hC Sl13lC_y Ol COuD3l,
    DCVC1 gOSlu3lCU lhC DCCCSStly lO1 3 1CVIStOD Ol lO1uS Ol DC-
    h3VtO1 Wtlh 1CSgCCl lO lhC VCIl. C 31C 3DlC lO 3m1u CVCD DOW
    lh3l WhCD P_C1t3 h3S _3tuCU hC1 tDUCgCDUCDCC SuCh guCSltODS
    4
    LYL LLLLLbm
    Wtll DOl DC 13tSCU, lO1 tD lhC g13CltCC Ol lhC VCVOlultOD lhC
    gCOglC h3VC uDUC1SlOOU lh3l g1ODlCuS 31C 1CSOlVCU tD lhC VC1y
    uOVCuCDl lh3l 13tSCS lhCu.
    Dltl l 00, lhC COuD3l W3S W3_CU CXCluStVCly Dy lhC uCD.
    hC 1CVOlultOD31y Ch313ClC1tSltCS Ol lhtS COuD3l, lhC DCCCSStly
    O1 3DSOlulC SCC1CCy, ODlt_CU lhC utltl3Dl lO kCCg htS WOu3D tD
    3DSOlulC t_DO13DCC. PS lhC CDCuy _3Uu3lly 3U3glCU htuSCll lO
    lhC lO1uS Ol COuD3l, DCW UtmCulltCS 3C31CU WhtCh 1Cgut1CU
    O1t_tD3l SOl ultODS. hC UCCtStOD lO tDVOlVC WOuCD 3S 3CltVC
    ClCuCDlS Ol lhCPl_C1t3D VCVOlultOD W3S DOl1C3ChCU lt_hlly. D
    3 SCDSC, tlW3S lhC VC1y CODCCgltOD Ol lhC COuD3l lh3l h3U lO C
    uOUthCU. hC VtOlCDCC Ol lhC OCCugtC1, htS lC1OCtly, htS UClt1t-
    OuS 3ll3ChuCDl lO lhC D3ltOD3l lC11tlO1y, tDUuCCU lhC lC3UC1S DO
    lOD_C1 lO CXCluUC CC1l3tD lO1uS Ol COuD3l. 1O_1CSStVCly, lhc
    u1_CDCy Ol3 lOl3l W31 u3UC tlSCll lCll. ul tDVOlVtD_ lhC WOuCD
    W3S DOl SOlCly 3 1CSgODSC lO lhC UCSt1C lO uODtlt2C lhC CDlt1C
    D3ltOD. hC WOuCDS CDl1y tDlO lhC W31 h3U lO DC h31uODt2CU
    Wtlh 1CSgCCl lO1 lhC 1CVOlultOD31y D3lu1C Ol lhC W31. D OlhC1
    WO1US, lhC WOuCD h3U lO ShOW 3S uuCh Sgt1tl Ol S3C1thCC 3S lhC
    uCD l W3S lhC1ClO1C DCCCSS31y lO h3VC lhC S3uC CODhUCDCC tD
    lhCu 3S W3S 1Cgut1CU 1Ou SC3SODCU utltl3DlS WhO h3U SC1VCU
    SCVC13l g1tSOD SCDlCDCCS. P uO13l ClCV3ltOD 3DU 3 Sl1CD_lh Ol
    Ch313ClC1 lh3l WC1C 3llO_ClhC1 CXCCgltOD3l WOulU lhC1ClO1C DC
    1Cgut1CU Ol lhC WOuCD hC1C W3S DO l3Ck Ol hCStl3ltODS. hC
    1CVOlultOD31y WhCClS h3U 3SSuuU SuCh g1OgO1ltODS lhC uC-
    Ch3DtSu W3S 1uDDtD_ 3l 3 _tVCD 13lC. hC u3ChtDC WOulU h3VC
    lO DC COugltC3lCU tD OlhC1 WO1US tlS DClWO1k WOulU h3VC lO C
    CXlCDUCU WtlhOul 3CCltD_ tlS CmCtCDCy. hC WOuCD COulU DOl
    DC CODCCtVCU Ol 3S 3 1Cgl3CCuCDl g1OUuCl, Dul 3S 3D ClCuCDl
    C3g3DlC Ol3UCgu3lClyuCCltD_ lhC DCWl3SkS.
    D lhC uOuDl3tDS, WOuCD hClgCU lhC guctti//a Uu1tD_ h3llS
    O1 WhCD CODV3lCSCtD_ 3llC1 3 WOuDU O1 3 C3SC Ol lyghOtU COD
    l13ClCU tD lhC dcbc/. ul UCCtUtD_ lO tDCO1gO13lC WOuCD 3S
    CSSCDlt3l ClCuCDlS, lO h3VC lhC VCVOlultOD UCgCDU OD lhct1
    g1CSCDCC 3DU lhCt1 3CltOD tD lhtS O1 lh3l SCClO1 W3S ODVtOuSly 3
    drbrl-mountan. [ranslator't notc)













    HLHH LPlI 49
    WhOlly 1CVOultOD31y SlCg. O h3VC lhC VCVOlultOD 1CSl 3l 3Dy
    gODl OD lhCt13ClIVIlyW3S3D tugO1l3Dl ChOtCC.
    buCh 3 UCCtSI
    .
    OD W3S uUC UICul lO1 SCVC13l 1C3SODS. u1tD_
    lhc WhOlC gCIOU Ol uDCh3CD_CU UOutD3ltOD, WC h3VC SCCD
    lh3l Pl_C1t3D SOCtCly, 3DU g31ltCul31ly lhC WOuCD, h3U 3 lCDU-
    CDCy lO CC l1Ou lhC OCCugIC1. hC lCD3tly Ol lhC OCCugIC1 tD
    htS CDUC3VO1 lO uDVCIl lhC WOuCD, lO u3kC Ol lhCu 3D 3y tD
    lhC WO1 el Cu lu13l UCSl1uCltOD, h3UlhCCCCl OlSl1CD_lhCDtD_
    lhC l13Ut ltOD3 g3llC1DS Ol DCh3VIO1. hCSC g3llC1DS, WhICh WC1C
    CSSCDlt3lly gOStltVC tD lhC l13lC_y Ol 1CStSl3DCC lO lhC CO11OStVC
    3CltOD Ol lhC COlODI2C1, D3lu13lly h3U DC_3ltVC CCClS. hC
    WOu3D, CSgCCt3lly lhC Ctly Ou3D, SuC1CU 3 lOSS OlC3SC 3DU Ol
    3;Su13DCC. 3VtD_ DCCD 3CCuSlOuCU lO CODhDCuCDl, hC1 DOUy
    UIU DOl h3VC lhC DO1u3l uODt Ily DClO1C 3 ltutllCSS hO1I2OD Ol
    3VCDuCS, Ol uDlOlUCU SIUCW3lkS, Ol hOuSCS, Ol gCOglC UOU_C O1
    uugCU tDlO. htS 1Cl3ltVCly ClOISlC1CU ltlC, Wtlh t lS kDOWD,
    C

    lC_O1t2CU, 1
    .
    C_ul3lCU COuI D_S 3D _OtD_S, u3UC 3Dy tuuC
    UI3lC 1CVOulOD SCCu 3 UuDIOuS g1OgOSIltOD hC gOIltC3l
    lC3aC1S
    .
    WC1C gC1lCClly l3ut l I31 Wtlh lhCSC g1ODlCuS, 3DU lhCt1
    -CSl3lODS CXg1CSCU lhCI1 CODSCtOuSDCS Ol lhCt1 1CSgODStDtlt-
    lICS. hCy WC1C CDlt llCU lO UOuDl lhC SuCCCSS Ol lhtS uC3Su1C.
    OulU DOl SuCh 3 UCCISIOD h3VC C3l3Sl1OghtC CODSCguCDCCS lO1
    lhCg1O_1CSS Ol lhC VCVOlulIOD
    O lhtS UOuDl lhC1CW3S3UUCU 3D Cgu3ly tugO1l3Dl ClCuCDl.
    hC lC3UC1S hCSIl3lCU lO tDVOlVC lhC WOuCD, DCID_ gC1lCCly
    3W31C Ol lhC lC1OCly Ol lhC COODt2C1. hC lC3C1S Ol lhC VCVO-
    lultOD h3U DO tluSIODS 3S lO lhC CDCuyS C1tuID3l C3g3CIltCS
    C31ly 3ll Ol lhCu h3U g3SSCU lh1Ou_h lhCt1 3tlS O1 h3U h3U
    SCSStODS Wtlh Su1VtVO1S l1Ou lhC C3ugS O1 lhC CCS Ol lhC 1CDCh
    uU
    .
    tCt3l gOltCC. O ODC Ol lhCu l3tlCU lO 1C3t2C lh3l 3Dy P-
    _C3D WOu3D 311CSlCU WOulU DC lO1lu1CU lO UC3lh. l tS 1Cl3
    ltvCly C3Sy lO COut l ODCSCll lO lhtS g3lh 3DU lO 3CCCgl 3uOD_
    UIC1CDl CVCDlu3llICS lh3l Ol UytD_ uDC1 lO1lu1C hC u3llC1
    tS 3 lt lllC uO1C UImCull WhCD tl tDVOlVCS UCSt_D3ltD_ SOuCODC
    WhO u3DtlCSlly 1uDS lhC 1tSk Ol CC1l3tD UC3lh. ul lhC UCCtStOD
    SlO WhClhC1 O1 DOl lhC WOuCD WC1C lO g31ltCIg3lC tD lhC VCVO
    50 LYPL LLLLPLbm
    lultOD h3U lO DC u3UC lhC tDDCI OggOStltODS DCC3uC u3SSIVC,
    3DU C3Ch UCCtStOD _3VC IISC lO lhC S3uC hCStl3ltODS, gIOUuCCU
    lhC S3uC UCSg3tI.
    1D lhC l3CC Ol lhC CXlI3OIUtD3Iy SuCCCSS Ol lhIS DCW lOIu Ol
    gOgul3I COuD3l, ODSCIVCIS h3VC COug3ICU lhC 3ClIOD Ol lhC Pl-
    _CIt3D WOuCD lO lh3l Ol CCIl3tD WOuCD ICSISl3DCC h_hlCIS OI
    CVCD SCCICl 3_CDlS Ol lhC SgCCt3lt2CU SCIVICCS. 1l uuSl DC COD-
    Sl3Dlly DOIDC tD utDU lh3l lhC COuutll Pl_CII3D WOu3D
    lC3IDS DOlh hCI IOlC 3S 3 WOu3D 3lODC ID lhC SlICCl 3DU hCI
    ICVOlultOD3Iy utSStOD tDSltDClIVCly. hC Pl_CII3D WOu3D tS DOl
    3 SCCICl 3_CDl. 1 l IS WIlhOul 3ggICDlICCShIg, WtlhOul DIIChD_,
    WtlhOul luSS, lh3l ShC _OCS Oul tDlO lhC SlICCl Wtlh lhICC _IC-
    D3UCS tD hCI h3DUD3_ OI lhC 3CltVtly ICgOIl Ol 3D 3IC3 tD hCI
    DOUtCC. bhC UOCS DOl h3VC lhCSCDS3lIOD Ol gl3yID_ 3 IOlC ShC h3S
    IC3U 3DOul CVCI SO u3Dy ltuCS tD DOVClS, OI SCCD tD uOltOD
    gtCluICS. hCIC tS DOl lh3l COCCtCDl Ol gl3y, Ol Iutl3lIOD 3l-
    uOSl3lW3yS gICSCDl tD lhtS lOIu Ol 3CltOD WhCD WC 3IC UC3ltD_
    Wtlh 3 CSlCID WOu3D.
    h3l WC h3VC hCIC IS DOl lhC DItD_tD_ lO lI_hl Ol 3 Ch3I3ClCI
    kDOWD 3DU lICguCDlCU 3 lhOuS3DU ltuCS ID tu3_tD3lIOD OI tD
    SlOItCS. 1l tS 3D 3ulhCDltC DtIlh tD 3 guIC Sl3lC, WtlhOul gICltut-
    D3Iy tDSlIuCltOD. hCIC tS DO Ch3I3ClCI lO tutl3lC. LD lhC COD-
    lI3Iy, lhCIC tS 3D tDlCDSC UI3u3lI23ltOD, 3 CODlIDutly DClWCCD
    lhC WOu3D 3DU lhC ICVOlultOD3Iy. hC Pl_CII3D WOu3D ItSCS
    UtICClly lO lhC lCVCl Ol lI3_CUy.
    hC _IOWlh tD DuuDCI Ol lhC . . D. CCllS, lhC I3D_C Ol DCW
    l3SkShD3DCC, tDlCl t_CDCC, COuDlCIIDlCll t_CDCC, gOl IlIC3l lI3tD-
    tD_lhC DCCCSStly lO gIOVtUC lOI ODC 3CltVC CCl lhICC OI lOuI
    ICg3CCuCDl CCS lO DC hClU tD ICSCIVC, IC3Uy lO DCCOuC 3CltVC
    3l lhC Slt_hlCSl 3lCIl CODCCIDtD_ lhC lIODl CCll, ODlt_CU lhC lC3U-
    CIS lO SCCk OlhCI 3VCDuCS lOI lhC C3IIyID_ Oul Ol SlIIClly tDUtVtU-
    1V
    c 8tc mcDlODD_ Dctc ODy tc8 lc8 kDOWD lO lDc cDcmy. c
    lDctcOtc 88y DOlDD_ 8UOul lDc Dcw Ot8 O 8ClOD 8UOglcU Uy WOmcD D
    lDc HcvOulOD. ODCc !958, D l8Cl, lDc lOtlutc8 DClcU OD WOmcD
    B8Dl8 D8vc cD8UcU lDc OCCugct lO D8vc 8D Uc8 Ol lDc 8lt8lc_y cU
    Uy wOBcD. OU8y Dcw 8U8gl8lOD8 D8vc UcvcOgcU. l w lDctcOtc Uc
    DUclU wc atc 8cDl a lO lDc8c.
    HLH LPl{
    5I
    u3 3SS_DuCDlS. PllCI 3 hD3l SCItCS Ol uCClID_S 3uOD_ lC3UCIS,
    3DU CSgCC3lly tD VICW Ol lhC uI_CDCy Ol lhC U3Ily gIODlCuS lh3l
    lhC VCVOulOD l3CCU, lhC UCCIIOD lO CODIClCly IDVOVC WOuCD
    tD lhC D3ltOD3 lIu__C W3S IC3ChCU.
    hC ICV;ultOD3Iy Ch3I3ClCI Ol lhtS UCCtSIOD uuSl ODCC 3_3tD
    DC Cugh3S2CU. Pl lhC DC_IDDID_, Il W3S lhC u3IIICU WOuCD
    WhO WCIC CODl3ClCU. ul I3|hCI SOOD lhCSC ICS|ItClIODS WCIC
    3D3UODCU. hC u3ItCU WOuCD WhOSC huSD3DUS WCIC utI-
    l3DlS WCIC lhC hISl lO DC ChOSCD. 3lCI WtUWS OI UIVOICCU
    WOucD WC

    IC UCSI_D3lCU. 1D 3Dy C3SC, lhCIC WCIC DCVCI 3Dy uD-


    u3IICU _ShISl Ol 3ll, DCC3uSC 3 _tIl Ol CVCD lWCDly OI
    lwCDly-lhICC h3IUly CVCI h3S OCC3StOD lO lC3VC lhC l3uIly UOut
    CtlC uD3CCOug3DICU. ul lhC WOu3D'S UultCS 3S uOlhCI OI
    SgOuSC, lhC UCSIIC lO lIutl lO lhC utDIuuu lhC gOSStDlC CODSC-
    guCDCCS Ol hCI3CSl 3DU hCIUC3lh, 3DU 3lSO lhC uOIC 3DU uOIC
    DuuCIOuS VOluDlCCIID_ Ol uDu3IIICU _tIlS, lCU lhC gOlIlIC3
    ,C3)CIS

    lO

    u3kC 3DOlhCIlC3g, lO ICuOVC 3l ICSlItCltODS, lO3CCCgl


    DUSCuD3lCly lhC SuggOIl Ol3ll Pl_CIt3D WOuCD.
    %C3DWhIlC lhC WOu3D WhO uI_hl DC 3CltD_ 3S 3 I3tSOD
    3_CDl, 3S 3 DC3ICI Ol lI3ClS, 3S 8hC W3lkC SOuC huDUICU OI lW
    huDUICU uClCIS 3hC3U l lhC u3D uDUCI WhOSC OIUCIS ShC W3
    WOIkID_, Slll WOIC 3 VCIl Dul 3llCI 3 CCIl3ID gCIIOU lhC g3llCID
    Ol 3ClIVtly lh3l lhC SlIu__lC IDVOVCU ShIllCU tD lhC UIICCltOD Ol
    lhC LuIOgC3D Ctly. hC gIOlCClIVC m3DllC Ol lhC 3SD3h, lhC
    3luOSl OI_3DtC CuIl3tD Ol S3lCly lh3l lhC PI3D lOWD WC3VCS
    IOuDU lhC D3lIVC, WtlhUICW, 3DU lhC Pl_CIt3D Ou3D, CXgOSCU,
    W3S SCDl lOIlh tDlO lhC CODguCIOIS Ctly. CIy guCkly ShC
    3UOglCU 3D 3DSOlulCly uDDCl ICV3DC OCDStVC l3ClIC. hCD
    COlODt2CU gCOglC uDUCIl3kC 3D 3ClOD 3_3tDSl lhC OggICSOI,
    3DU WhCD lhIS OggICSStOD tS CXCICtSCU tD lhC lOIu Ol CX3CCI
    D3lCU 3DU CODltDuOuS VtOlCDCC 3S tD Pl_CII3, lhCy uuSl OVCI
    COuC 3 CODSIUCI3DlC DuuDCI Ol l3DOOS. hC LuIgC3D CIly IS
    DOl lhC gIOlOD_3ltOD Ol lhC D3lIVC Ctly. hC COlODt2CI h3VC DOl
    SClllCU tD lhC utUSl Ol lhC D3ltVCS. hCy h3VC SuIIOuDUCU lhC
    D3lIVc Ctly lhCy h3VC 3t StC_C lO Il LVCIy CXtl lIOu lhC
    0Z
    P Y DL LLLDP'N
    38D3h O Pl_ICt8 OgCD8 OD CDCmy lCttIlOty. PDU 8O l I8 ID
    LOD8l3DlIDC, ID Lt3D, ID lIU3, ID ODC.
    hC D3lIVC CIlIC8 3tC UCl IDCt3lCly C3u_hl ID lhC CODguCtOt`
    VI8C. O _Cl 3D IUC3 O lhC tI_Ot WIlh WhICh lhC ImmODIlI2ID_ Ot
    thC D3lIVC CIly, O lhC 3ulOChlhODOu8 gOgul3lIOD, I8 Ot_3DI2CU,
    ODC mu8l h3VC ID ODC8 h3DU8 lhC gl3D8 3CCOtUID_ lO WhICh &
    COlODI3l CIly h38 DCCD l3IU Oul, 3DU

    g3tC lhCm WIlh lh


    COmmCDl8O lhC_CDCt3l 8l3OlhCOCCug3lIODOtCC8.
    Pg3tl tOm lhC Ch3tWOmCD CmglOyCU ID lhC CODguCtOt8`
    hOmC8, lhO8C WhOm lhC COlODI2Ct DUI8CtIID3lCly C3ll8 lhc
    3lm38, thC Pl_CtI3D WOmCD, C8gCCI3!!y lhC yOuD_ P!_CtI3D
    WOmCD, t3tCly VCDlutC IDlO lhC LutOgC3D CIly hCIt mOVc
    mCDl8 3tC 3lmO8l CDlItCly l ImIlCU lO lhC Pt3D CIly. PDU CVCD D
    lhC Pt3D CIly lhCIt mOVCmCD 3tC tCUuCCU lO lhC mIDImuH
    hCt3tC OCC38IOD8 ODWhIChlhCPl_CtI3D WOm3D 3D3DUOD8 lhc
    CIly 3tC 3lmO8l 3lW3y8 ID CODDCClIOD WIlh 8OmC CVCDl, CIlhCt Ot
    3D CXCCglIOD3l D3lutC [lhC UC3lh O 3 tCl3lIVC tC8IUID_ ID &
    DC3tDy lOC3lIly|, Ot, mOtC OlCD, lt3UIlIOD3l 3mI!y VI8Il8 Ot 1C-
    l_IOu8 C38l8, Ot 3 gIl_tIm3_C. D 8uCh C38C8, lhC LutOgC3D CIl
    8 CtO88CU D 3 C3t, u8u3lly C3tly ID lhC mOtDID_. hC Pl_Ct3D
    WOm3D, lhC yOuD_ Pl_CtI3D WOm3D-CXCCgl Ot 3 VCty CW 8lu-
    UCDl8 [WhO, DC8IUC8, DCVCth3VC lhC83mC C38C38 lhCIt LutOgC3D
    COuDlCtg3tl8|-mu8l OVCtCOmC 3 mullIglICly O IDDCt tC8I8l-
    3DCC8, O 8uDCClIVCly Ot_3DI2CU C3t8, O CmOlIOD8. bhC mu8l 3l
    thC 83mC lImC CODtODt lhC C88CDlI3lly hO8lIlC WOtlU Ol hC O~
    CugICt 3DU thC mODIlI2CU, VI_Il3Dl, 3DU CCICDl gOlICC OtCC8
    L3Ch lImC 8hC VCDlutC8 IDlO lh utOgC3D CIly, lhC Pl_CtI3D
    WOm3D mu8l ChICVC 3 VClOty OVCt hCt8Cl, OVCt hCt ChIlU8
    C3t8. bhC mu8l COD8IUCt lhC Im3_CO lhC OCCugICt lOU_CU 8Omc
    WhCtC ID hCt mIDU 3DU ID hC1 DOUy, tCmOUCl Il, IDIl3lC lhc
    C88CDlI3l WOtk O CtOUID_ Il, m3kC Il IDC88CDlI3l, tCmOVC 8Omc
    lhID_ O lhC 8h3mC lh3l 8 3ll3ChCU lO Il, UCV3lIU3lC Il.
    DlI3lly 8uDCClIVC, lhC DtC3ChC8 m3UC D COlODI3lI8m 3tC thc
    tC8ult O3 VIClOty O lhC COlODI2CU OVCt lhCIt OlU C3t 3DU OVC1
    lhC 3lmO8ghCtC O UC8g3t UI8lllCU U3y 3lCt U3y Dy 3 COOD3-
    L L^L
    I8m lh3l h38 IDCtu8lCU Il8Cl WIlh lhC Qrc:Qccl c] cndurtng ]cr-
    cucr.
    hC yOuD_ P!_CtI3D WOm3D, WhCDCVCt 8hC I8 C3 CU ugOD,
    C8lD!8hC8 3 lIDk. Pl_ICt8 I8 DO !OD_Ct lhC t3D Cly, Dul lhC
    3ulODOmOu8 3tC3 O Pl_ICt8, lhC DCtVOu8 8y8lCm Ol lhC CDCmy
    3gg3t3lu8. Lt3D, LOD8l3DlIDC UCVClOg lhCIt UImCD8IOD8. D
    !3uDChID_ lhC 8ltu__!C, lhC P!_CtI3D I8 lOO8CDID_ lhC VI8C lh3l
    W38 lI_hlCDID_ 3tOuDU lhC D3lIVC CIlIC8. ttOm ODC 3tC3 O P!-
    _ICt8 lO 3DOlhCt, tOm lhC HuI88C3u lO u88CD-Cy, :Om L!
    I3t lO lhC tuC IChC!Cl, lhC HCVO!ulIOD CtC3lC8 DCW !DK8.
    OtC 3DU mOtC, Il I8 lhC P!_Ct3D WOm3D, lhC P!_CtI3D _It,
    WhOWI! DC 388umID_lhC8C l38K8.
    PmOD_ lhC l38K8 CDltu8lCU lO lhC P!tI3D WOm3D I8 lhC
    DC3tD_ O mC883_C8, O COmg IC3lCU VCtD3! OtUCt8 !C3tDCU Dy
    hC3tl, 8OmClmC8UC8gIlC COmg!ClC 3DCDCC Ol 8ChOO!ID_ ul8hC
    I8 3!8O C3!CU ugOD lO 8l3DU W3lCh, lOt 3D hOut 3DU OlCD mOtC,
    DCOtC 3 hOu8C WhCtCU8ltICllC3UCt3tCCODCttID_.
    utD_ lhO8C IDlCtmID3D!C mIDulC8 WhCD 8hC mu8l 3VOIU
    8l3DUID_ 8l!, 8O 38 DOl lO 3llt3Cl 3llCDlIOD, 3DU 3VOIU VCDlutID_
    lOO l3t 8IDCC 8hC I8 tC8gOD8ID!C lOt lh 83lCly O lhC DtOlhCt8
    WIlhD, IDCUCDl8 lh3l 3tC 3l ODCC luDDy 3U g3lhClIC 3tC DOl
    IDtCguCDl. D uDVCI!CU P_CtI3D _t! WhO `W3K8 lhC 8l:CCl I8
    VCty OllCD DOlICCU Dy yOuD_ mCD WhO DCh3VC lIKC yOuD_ mCD
    3!! OVCt lhC WOt!U, Dul WhOu8C 3 8gCCI3l 3ggtO3Ch 38 lhC tC8u!l
    O lhC IUC3 gCOg!C h3D lu3!y h3VC Ol ODC WhO h38 U8C3tUCU lhC
    VC!. bhC I8 l:C3lCU lO uDg!C383Dl, OD8CCDC, humIlI3lID_ tCm3tK8.
    hCD 8uCh lhID_8 h3ggCD, 8hC mu8l _tl hCt lClh, W3!K 3W3y 3
    CW 8lCg8, C!uUC lhC g388Ct8Dy WhO Ut3W 3llCDlIOD lO hCt, WhO
    _VC OlhCt g388Ct8-Dy lhC UC8ItC CIlhCt lO Ol!OW lhCIt CX3Hg!C,
    Ot lO COmC lO hCt UClCD8C. Lt Il m3y DC lh3l lhC P_C:I3D
    WOm3D 8 C3ttyID_ ID hCt D3_ Ot D 3 8m3ll 8uIlC38C lWCDly,
    lhItly, OtlymIllIOD t3DC8, ODCy DC!ODD_ lO lhC HCVO! ulOD,
    mODCy WhICh I8 lO DC u8C lO l3KC tC Ol lhC DCCU8 O lhC
    3m!IC8 Ol gtI8ODCt8, Ot lO Duy mCUICIDC 3DU 8ugglIC8 Ot lhC
    _uCttIl!38.
    hI8 tCVOlulIOD3ty 3ClIVIly h38 DCCD C3ttICU OD Dy lhC P!-
    9
    P LYDL LLLLDPLb%
    gcrianwoman with cxcmpIary constancy, scIlmastcry, andsuc-
    ccss. cspitc thc inhcrcnt, subcctivc dimcultics and notwith-
    standing thc somctimcs vioIcnt i ncomprchcnsion ol a part ol
    thclamily thc Algcrian woman assumcs aII thc tasks cntrustcd
    tohcr.
    Butthingswcrcgraduallytobccomcmorccomplicatcd. Thus
    thc unitIcadcrs who go into thctown and whoavail thcmsclvcs
    olthcwomcnscouts,olthcgirlswhosclunction it is tocad thc
    way, arc no longcr ncw to politicaI activi arc no Iongcr un-
    knowntothcpoIicc. Authcnticmili tary chicls havc now bcgun
    to pass through thc citics. Thcsc arc known, and arc bcing
    Iookcd lor. Thcrc is not a policc supcrintcndcnt who docs not
    havc thcirpicturcsonhis dcsk.
    Thcscsoldicrs on thc movc, thcsc hghtcrs, aIwayscarry thcir
    wcaponsautomatic pistols, rcvolvcrs, grcnadcs, somctimcs aII
    thrcc. Thc political Icadcr must ovcrcomc much rcsistancc i n
    ordcr toinducc thcsc mcn, whoundcr ocircumstancc wouId
    aIIowthcmsclvcs to bc takcnprisoncr, tocntrust thcir wcapon
    to thcgirI whoistowalkahcadol thcm, it bcing upto thcm il
    things go badly, to rccovcr thc arms immcdiatcly. Thc group
    accordingIy makcs its way into thc Europcan city. A hundrcd
    mctcrs ahcad, a girI may bc carrying a suitcasc and bchind hcr
    arc two or trcc ordinary-looking mcn. This girI who is thc
    group's lighthouscand baromctcrgivcs warningincasc oldan-
    gcr. Thc hlc makcs its way by hts and starts poIicc cars and
    patrolscruiscbackandlorth.
    Thcrc arc timcs, as thcsc soldicrs havc admittcd altcr com-
    pIctingsuch a mission, whcn thcurgc torccovcrthcir wcapons
    is aImost irrcsistibIc bccausc ol thc lcar ol bcing caught short
    andnothavingtimctodclcndthcmscIvcs. With this phasc, thc
    AIgcrianwomanpcnctratcs a littI lurthcr into thccsh olthc
    RcvoIution.
    But it waslrom l 9ob on thathcr activity assumcd rcally gi-
    gantic dimcnsions. aving to rcact in rapid succcssion to thc
    massacrc ol AIgcrian civiIians in thc mountains and in thc
    citics thc rcvoI utionary Icadcrship lound that il i twantcd to
    HLUH LPl
    bb
    prcvcnt thc pcoplc lrom bcing grippcd by tcrror it had no
    choicc but to adopt lorms ol tcror which until thn it had
    rcjcctcd This phcnomcnon has not bccn sumcicntly analytcd
    not cnough atcntion has bccn givcn to thc rcasons that lcad a
    rcvolutinary movcmcnt to choosc thc wcapon that is calld
    tcrrorism.
    uring thc Frcnch Rcsistancc, tcrrorism was aimcd at sol
    dicrs, at crans ol thc Occupation, or at stratcgic cncmy in
    staIlations. Thc tcchniquc ol tcrrorism is thc samc. t consists
    ol individual or collcctivc attcmpts by mcans ol bombs or by
    thc dcrailingol trains. n lgcria, whcrc Europcan scttlcrs arc
    numcrous and hcrc thc tcrritorial militia lost no timc in cn-
    rolIing thc postman, thc nursc and thc goccr in thc rcprcssivc
    systcm, thc mcn who dircctcd thc strugglc laccd an absol utcly
    ncwsituation.
    ThcdccisiontokiIIa civilianinhcstrcctis not ancasyonc,
    andnoonc cocs toitlightly. oonc takcs thc stcpolplacing
    abombinapublicplaccithoutabattlcolconscicncc.
    Thc lgcrian lcadcrs ho, in vicw ol thc intcnsity ol thc
    rcprcssionandthclrcnticdcharactcrol thc opprcsson, thought
    thcycouldanscr thc blows rcccivcdwithout anyscrious prob-
    lcms ol cnscicncc, discovcrcd that thc most horriblc crimcs do
    notconstitutcasumcicntcxcusclorccrtaindccisions.
    Thc lcadcrs in a numbcr ol cascs cancclcd plans or cvcn n
    thc last omcnt callcd od thc }dai'' assigncd to placc a givcn
    bomb. To cplain thcsc hcsitations thcrc was, to bc suc thc
    cmory l cvilians killcd or lrightlully woundcd. Thcrc was
    thc poIitical considcration not to do ccrtain things that could
    compromisc thc causc ollrccdom. Thcrc was aso thc lcar that
    thc Europcans working with thc Front might bc hit in hcsc
    ttcmpts Thcrc was thus a thrcclold conccrn not to pic up
    possib yinnoccntvictims, not togivca lalscpicturcolthc Rcv
    olution, and nally thc anicty to havc thc Frcnch dcmocrats
    on thcir sidc, as wcll as thc dcmocrats ol all thc countrics ol thc
    JJ
    0a UCaIh vOluntCCt, n thC 8lamC ttaUtOn. [tan8latOt8 nOtC)
    5b
    LYDL LLLLDLON
    WO1lU 3DU lhC u1OgC3DS Ol Pl_C13 WhO WC1C 3ll13ClCU Dy lhC
    P_C1t3D D3ltOD3l tUC3l.
    OW lhC u3SS3C1CS Ol Pl_C1t3DS, lhC 13tUS D lhC COuDl1yStUC
    Sl1CD_lhCDCU lhC 3SSu13DCC Ol lhC u1OgC3D CVtlt3DS, SCCuCU lO
    CODSOltU3lC lhC COlODt3l Sl3luS, 3DU DCClCU hOgC tDlO lhC COlO
    t3tSlS. hC Lu1OgC3DS WhO, 3S 3 1CSull Ol CC1l3tD ut l31y 3C-
    ltODS OD lhC g31lOl lhC Pl_C1t3D 3ltOD31uy D l3VO1 Ol lhC
    Sl1u__lC Ol lhC Pl_C1t3D gCOglC, h3U SOllgCU3lCU lhCt1 13CC
    g1C uUtCC 3DU lhC1 tDSOlCDCC, 1CCOVC1CU lhC1 OU 311O_3DCC,
    lhCt1 l13UtltOD3lCODlCugl.
    1CuCuDC1 3 WOu3DClC1k tD1lOul3 WhO, OD lhC U3y Ol lhC
    tDlC1CCgltOD Ol lhC gl3DC l13DSgO1ltD_ lhC hVC uuDC1S Ol lhC
    D3ltOD3l tDC13ltOD 1ODl, W3VCU lhC1 ghOlO_13ghS tD ODl Ol
    hC1 ShOg, Sh1tCktD_ hCyVC DCCD C3u_hl hCy1C _OtD_ lO
    _Cl lhCt1 Wh3l-yOu-C3llCuS Cul O
    LVCy DlOW UC3l lhC VCVOlultOD, CVC1y u3SS3C1C gC1gCl13lCU
    Dy lhC 3UVC1S31y, tDlCDSthCU lhC lC1OCtly Ol lhC COlOD3tSlS 3DU
    hCuuCU tD lhC Pl_C1t3D CtVt lt3D OD 3ll StUCS
    13tDS lO3UCU Wtlh 1CDCh SOlUC1S, lhC 1CDCh D3Vy OD
    u3DCuVC1S 3DU DOuD31UtD_ Pl_tC1S 3DU htltggCVllC, lhC Cl
    gl3DCS lhC utl tlt3uCD WhO UCSCCDUCU OD lhC douars' 3DU
    UCCtu3lCU uDCOuDlCU Pl_C1t3DS, 3l lhtS CODl1tDulCU lO _tVtD_
    lhC gCOglC lhC tug1CSStOD lh3l lhCy WC1C DOl UClCDUCU, lh3l
    lhCyWC1C DOl g1OlCClCU, lh3l DOlhtD_ h3UCh3D_CU, 3DU lh3l lhC
    Lu1OgC3DS COulU UO Wh3l lhCy W3DlCU. htS W3S lhC gC1tOU
    WhCD ODC hC31U u1OgC3DS 3DDOuDCD_ tD lhC Sl1CClS ClS
    C3Ch ODC Ol uS l3kC lCD Ol lhCu 3DU Duug lhCu O 3DU
    yOu l SCC lhC g1ODlCu SOlVCU tD DO ltuC. PDU lhC Pl_C1t3D
    gCOgC, CSgCCt3lly tD lhC CtltCS, WtlDCSSCU lhtS DO3SlluDCSS WhtC
    3UUCU tDSull lO tD u1y 3DU DOlCU lhC tuguDly Ol lhCSC C1tu
    D3S WhO UtU DOl CVCD l3kC lhC l1OuDlC lO htUC. PDy P_C13D
    u3D O1 WOu3D tD 3 _tVCD Ctly COuU tD l3Cl D3uC lhC lO1lu1C1S
    3DU uu1UC1C1S Ol lhC 1C_tOD.
    P ltuCC3uCWhCD SOuCOl lhC gCOglC 3llOWCU UOuDl lO CDlC1
    lhCt1 utDUS, 3DU lhCy DC_3D lO WODUC1 WhClhC1 l W3S 1C3ly
    I3
    douar-a vIIagc. [rantIator's notc)


    .
    nLCERln UNIElLEO
    57
    gOSStD

    lC u3D|tl|tVCl y3DU u3l |3|tVCy, lO1CStSl |hC OCCug3DlS

    CDSVCS 3S CCUOu WO1|h |hC CODSCuCDCCS Ol gDC|1 |tD_


    Dl lh3l CDO1uOuS CCu| Ol |C11O1tSu 3DU COuD|-lC11O1Su
    U lht,USg1OgO1lOD DOl CXg1CSS |hC ugOSSt Dl|y Ol CS3gD_
    Ogg1CSSOu
    PDelhC1 g31l
    .
    Ol |hC gCOgC hOWCVC1, _1CW tug3|tCDl 3D
    ODCCVCU
    .
    lhC UC3 Ol gul|D_ 3D CDU lO lhC 3UV3Dl3_C lhC
    CDCuy UCVCU Dy gu1SuD_ lhC g3lh Ol |C11O1. hC UCSOD |O
    Sl1tKC lhC 3UVCS31y tDUVtUu3y 3DU Dy D3uC COuU DO Ou_C1
    C CuUCU P lhC g1SODC1S ShOl 3DU kCU WhlC l1ytD_ lO
    C3gC, 3DU lhC C1tCS Ol lhC lO1|u1CU, UCu3DUCU lh3l DCW lO1uS
    COuD3l DC 3UOglCU.
    .
    CuDC1S Ol |hC gOtCC3DU lhC uCC|D 3CCS Ol lhC COlODt3
    .l C3lS D P_tC1S, 13D, LODSl3DltDC WC1C lhC h1Sl lO DC
    SD_CU Ol. 1Ou lhtS gODl OD lhC P_C13D WOu3D DCC3uC
    hOl y 3DU UC DC13lCy uuC1SCU D lhC 1CVOlultOD31y 3C|tOD.
    l W3S ShChO WOuU C311y D hC1 3_ lhC _1Cu3UCS 3DU |hC 1C-
    OVC1S lh3l 3 dat WOuU |3kC 1Ou hC1 3l lhC 3S| uOuCDl, DC-
    O1- lhC D31,
    .
    O1 3S 3 UCS_D3|CU CutD3 g3SSCU. u1tD_ lhtS
    CIOU Pl_CI3DS C3u_hl D |hC u1OC3D C|y WC1C gt|tCSSy
    Ch3l CD_CU, 311CSCU, SC31ChCU.
    htS Why WC uuSl W3|Ch lhC g313Cl g1OCSS Ol lhS u3D
    3U lhS WOu3D, Ol lhS COugC lh3l D1tDS UC3lh lO |hC CDCuy,
    lC lO lhC HCVOultOD hC ODC SuggO1ltD_ |hC OlhC1, Dul 3g
    31CDlly Sl13D_C1S lO C3Ch OlhC1. hC ODC 13UC3 y l13DSO1uCU
    w
    1
    .
    lO 3 .u1OgC3D WOu3D, gOSCU 3DU uDCODSl13tDCU, WhOu DO
    OuC WOuU SuSgCCl, COuglClCly 3l hOuC D |hC Ct1ODuCDl, 3DU
    lhC OlhC1, 3 S|13D_C1, lCDSC, uOVD_ lOW31U htS UCSlDy.
    hC Pl_C13D dat, uDltkC lhC uDD33DCCU 3D31ChtSlS u3UC
    l3uS tD lC13lu1C, UOCS DOl |3kC UOgC. hC da UOCS DOl
    DCCU lO DC uD3W31C Ol U3D_C1 lO DClO_ htS CODSCtOuSDCSS, O1 lO
    lO_Cl. hC lC11O1tSl, l1Ou lhC uOuCD| hC uDUC1l3kCS 3D
    3SSt_uuCDl, 3l OWS UC3lh lO CD|C1 tD| hS SOul. C h3S 3 1CD-
    UCVOuS Wlh UC3lh. hC dai OD lhC OlhC1 h3DU, h3S 3 CDUC2
    VOS Wtlh lhC llC Ol lhC VCVOlulOD, 3DU Wtlh htS OWD ltlC. hC
    dai` tS DOl ODC Ol lhC S3C1thCCU. O D Su1C, hC UOCS DOl Sh1Dk
    b P LYDL LLLLDPLb%
    bcForc thc possibility oF losing his l c or thc indcpcndcncc oF
    hiscountry, butat no mocntdocs hc choosc dcath.
    IF i t has bccn dccidcd to kill a givcn policc supcrintcndcnt
    rcsponsiblc For torturcs or a givcn colonialist lcadcr, i t is bc-
    causc thcsc mcn constitutc an obstaclc to thc progcss oF thc
    Rcvol ution. Frogcr, Forcxamplc, symbolitcd a colonialist tradi-
    tionandamcthodinaugatcdat t

    andat uclain 94.


    Morcovcr, Frogcrs apparcnt powcr crystall itcd thc colonita-
    tionandgavcncwliFc tothchopcsoFthoscwhowcrcbcginning
    to havc doubts as to thc rcal solidity oF thc systcm. It was
    around pcoplc l ikc Frogcr that thc robbcrs and murdcrcrs oF
    thc Algcrian pcoplc would mcct and cncouragc onc anothcr
    This was somcthing thc fdat kncw, and that thc woman who
    accompanicd him,hiswoman-arscnal,l ikcwisckncw.
    arryingrcvolvcrs grcnadcs, hundrcds oF Falsc idcntity cards
    orbombs, thcunvcilcdAlgcrianwoman movcs likca hsh i nthc
    Wcstcrnwatcrs. Thcsoldicrs, thcFrcnchpatrols,smilc to hcras
    shc passcs, complimcntson hcr looks arc hcard hcrcand thcrc,
    but no onc suspccts that hcr sui tcascs contai n thc automatic
    pistol which will prcscntly mowdown Four or hvc mcmbcrs oF
    oncoFthcpatrols.
    Wc must comc back to that younggirl, unvcilcd only ycstcr-
    day, who walks withsurcstcpsdownthc strccts oF thc Europcan
    city tccming with policcmcn, parachutists, mili tiamcn. Shc no
    longcr slinks along thc walls as shc tcndcd to do bcForc thc
    Rcvolution. onstantly callcd upon to cdacc hcrsclF bcForc a
    mcmbcr oF thc dominantsocicty, thc Algcrian woman avoidcd
    thc middlc oF thc sidcwalk which in all countrics in thc world
    bclongsrightFullyto thoscwhocommand.
    Thc shouldcrs oF thc unvcilcd Algcrian woman arc thrust
    back with casy frccdom. Shc walks with a graccFul , mcasurcd
    stridc, ncithcr too fast nor too slow. Hcr lcgs arc barc, not
    conhncd by thc vcil, givcn back to thcmsclvcs, and hcr hips arc
    frcc.
    Thc body of thc young Algcrian woman, i n traditional so-
    tOgCt OnC O thC OOna8t CaUCt8. xCCutCU Dy a Ja n atC 1.
    HLLH UPlLL
    cicty, is rcvcalcd to hcr by its coming to maturity and by thc
    vcl. Thc vcil covcrs thc body and disciplincs i t, tcmpcrs t, at
    thc vcry timcwhcni tcxpcricnccs i ts phasc oFgrcatcst ccrvcs-
    ccncc. Thc vcil protccts, rcassurcs, isolatcs. Onc must havc
    hcard thc conFcssions oF Algcrian womcn or havc analytcd thc
    drcam contcnt oF ccrtain rcccntly unvcilcd womc to apprcci-
    atc thcimportanccoFthcvcilForthc body oF thc woman. With-
    out thcvci l shchasanimprcssionoFhcrbody bcingcut upinto
    bits, put adriFt thc l imbs sccm to lcngthcn i ndchnitcly. Whcn
    thc Algcrian womanhas to cross a strcct, For a long timc shc
    commits crrors oFjudgmcntastothc cxact distancc to bc ncgo-
    tiatcd. Thc unvcilcd body sccms to cscapc, to dissolvc. Shc has
    an imprcssion oF bcing impropcrly drscd, cvcn oF bcing
    nakcd. hc cxpcricnccs a scnsc oF incomplctcncss with grcat
    ntcnsity. hc has thc anxious Fccling that somcthing is unhn-
    ishcd,andalongwiththisa FrightFu scnsationoFdisintcgrating.
    ThcabscnccoF thc vcildistorts thc Algcrian woman's corporal
    pattcrn.Shcquickly has toinvcnt ncw dimcnsionsForhcr body,
    ncw mcansoF muscularcontrol. hc has to crcatc For hcrsclFan
    atti tudc oF unvcilcdwomanoutsidc. S c must ovcrcomc aIl
    timidity, all awkwardncss For shc must pass For a Europcan,
    andat thcsac timc bc carcFul not to ovcrdo i t, not to ttract
    noticc to hcrsclF. Thc Algcrian woman who walks stark nakcd
    into thc Europcan city rclcarns hcr body, rc-cstablishcs it in a
    totally rcvolutionary Fashion. This ncw dilcctic oF thc body
    and oF thc world is primary in thc casc oF onc rcvol utionary
    woman.
    ` hC wOman, whO DClOtC thC HCvOlutOn nCvCt lCll thC hOu8C wthOul
    DCng accOmQanCU Dy hCt mOthCr Or hCt hu8DanU 8 nOw Cn luStCU wtth
    8QCctal m88On8 8uh a8 gOng ltOm Lran tO LOn8tantnC Or Plgtr8. 1Ot
    8CvCtal Uay8, all Dy hCr8Cll cartyng UrCclvC8 Ol caQlal mQOrtancC Or
    thC HCvOlulOn, 8hC takC8 thC lta n 8QCnU8 thC nght wlh an unknOwn
    amly, amOng mltant8. mCrC tOO 8hC mu8t harmOnC hCr mOvCmCnt8,
    Ot thC CnCmy 8 On thC lOOkOut Or any lal8C 8CQ ut thC mQOrlant thtng
    hCtC 8 that lhC hu8DanUmakC8 nO UCulty aDOut Cttng h8 wlC lCavC Ou
    ana88gnmCnl. mC wll makC t, n act a QO nt O QrUC tO8ay tO thC la8On
    agCnt whCn lhC lattCt tCtutn8, `YOu 8CC, CvCrythng ha8 gOnC wCll n yOut
    aD8CncC hC PlgCtan8 agCOlU CaOu8y, h8 cOngCnlal 8u8QcOu8nCM
    DavC mCltCU On COntaCt wth tDC HCvOutOn. l mu8t DC QOntCU Out al8o
    P LYDL LLLLDPLb%
    ButthcAlgcrianwoman isnotonly inconictwith hcr body.
    hc is a i nk, somctimcs an csscntial onc, in thc rcvolutionary
    machinc. Shc carrics wcapons, knows important points ol rcl-
    ugc. Andit is in tcrmsol thc concrctc dangcrs thatshc laccs that
    wc ustgaugc thc insurmountabcvictmics thatshc has had to
    win in ordcr to bc ablc to say to hcr chicl, on hcr rcturn
    Missionaccompishcd R.A.S. '
    Anothcr dimculty to which attcntion dcscrvcs to bc callcd
    appcarcd during thc rst months ol lcmi ni nc activity. In thc
    coursc ol hcr comings and goings, it woud happcn that thc
    unvcilcdAgcrian womanwas sccn by a rcativc or a lricnd ol
    thc lamiy Thc lathcr was sooncr or atcr i nlormcd. Hc woud
    naturaly hcsitatc to bclicvc such alcgations. Thcn morc rc-
    ports would rcach him. idcrcnt pcrsons woud caim to havc
    sccn ohra or Fatima unvci cd, waking ikc a . My Lord,
    protcct us . . . ' Thc lathcr woud thcn dccidc to dcmand
    cxplanations. Hc would hardly havc bcgun to spcak whcn hc
    would stop. From thc young girs ook ol hrmncss hc lathcr
    wouldhavc undcrstood thathcrcommitmcntwas olongstan-
    ng. Thc od lcar ol dishonor was swcpt away by ncw lcar,
    lrcs andcodthatol dcath n battc or ol torturc ol thc gir.
    Bchindthc girl, thcwhoc lamiycvcnthcAgcrianlathcr, thc
    authority lor a things, thc loundcr ol cvcry vauclollowing
    nhcrlootstcps,bccomcscommittcdtothcncwAgcria.
    tD

    mt8ul8 WD

    8IC
    .
    DCu_ 8Ou_Dl Dy D QOlCC l8C tClu_C Wh OlDCI
    mt8nl8 uOl yCl UCnlICU Dy thC OCCQCt. u 8uC C88C8 lDC WOm8u, lCll
    8OnC 8l U8y WtD lDC lu_lvC, l8 lDC OuC WDO Cl8 Dm Dl8 lOOU, lDC
    uCW8Q8QCt8 lDC m8, 8DOWt_ uO lI8CC Ol 8u8QCOu OI lC8t. uvOlvCU u
    tDC 8lIu__lC, tDC Du8D8uU Ot lDC l8lDCt C8tu8 lO lOOk uQOu tDC tC8tOn8
    DCtWCCu tDC 8CxC8 lu 8 nCW l_Dt. DC mlll8ul m8u U8COvCI8 lDC ml l8ut
    WOm8u, 8nU Outy tDCy CIC8lC uCW mCn8Ou8 lOI lCt8n 8OCCty.
    " HPb.~tcn u sgnalcr~a m ll8ty 8DtCv8llOu lOI ` DOlhlu_ tO IC
    gOtt.
    YC DCtC _O Ou tO 8 UC8CtQlOu Ol 8ll luUC. DCtC 8, DOWCvCI, 8u
    mgOIl8utglCCC OlWOIk tO DC UOnC Ou lDC WOm8u8 IOlC n lDC HCvOlullOu
    tDC WOm8u n lDC Cly, n tDC dc0cl, lu tDC CnCmy 8Um u8lt8lOu8 tDc
    gIO8tttulC 8nU tDC ulOIm8lOu 8DC ODl8u8 lDC WOm8n u QI8Ou, uuUCt
    tOItuIC laCu_ UC8lD, DClOtC lDC COuIl8. Pll tDC8C CD8QlCt DC8Uu_8, 8ltCt
    tDC m8tCt8 D88 DCCu 8 llCU, Wl ICvC8 8u lnC8Cul8DC uumDCI Ol l8
    C88Cula lOI tDC D8tOIy Ol tDC u8tOu8 8tC.
    HLLH LPlLL
    Rcmovcd an rcassumcd again and again, thc vcil has bccn
    manipulatcd,transormcdinto3 tcchniqucolcamouagc,into8
    mcansolstrugglc. Thc virtuallytaboocharactcrassumcd bythc
    vci in thc olonial si tuation dsappcarcd almost cntircy in thc
    coursc ol thc libcrating struggc. Evcn Algcrian womcn not
    activcy incgratcd into thc strugglc lormd thc habit ol aban-
    doning thc cil. It is trc that undcr ccrtain conditions, cspc-
    cialylrom l 9u1 on, thc vci rcappcarcd. Thc missions in lact
    bccamc incrcasingly dimcult. Thc advcrsary now kncw, sincc
    ccrtain militant womcn had spokcn undcr torturc, that a num-
    bcrolwomcnvcryEuropcanitcd in appcaranccwcrcpaying8
    lundamcntal rolc in thc battlc. Morcovcr ccrtain Europcan
    womcn ol Algcria crc arrcstcd, to thc onstcrnation ol thc
    advcrary who dsovcrcd that his own systcm was brcaking
    down. Thcdiscovcryby thc Frcnch authoriticsolthc participa-
    tion ol Europcans in thc li bcration strugglc marks a turning
    pont in thclgcrian Rcvolution. From that da, thc Frcnch
    patrols ch cngcd cvcry pcrson. Europcans and Algcrians wrc
    cqua, suspcct. Al historic imits crumblcd and disappcarcd.
    Anypcrsoncarryinapackagccoud bc cquircd toopcn itand
    show itscontcnts. Anyonc was cntitcd toqucstion nyonc as to
    thcnaturcola parcclcarricdinAgicrs, Phiippcvi c, orBatna.
    ndcrthoscconditionsitbccamcurgcnttoconccathc packagc
    lrom thc ccs ol thc occupicr and again to covcr oncscl wih
    thcprotcctivchatk.
    Hcrcagain,a ncw tcchniquchadto bc carncd howtocarry
    a rathcr hcavy objcct dangcrous to handlc uncr thc vci and
    sti givc thc imprcssion o having oncs hands lrcc, that thcrc
    ws nothin undcr this haik, cxccpt a poor woman or an insig-
    nihcantyoungrl. It was not cnouh to bc vcilcd. Onc had to
    ook so much i kc a latma that thc soldicr would bc cn-
    vinccdthatthis womanwasquitcharmlcss.
    crydmcult.Thrccmctcrsahcadolyou thcpoiccchalcngc
    a vcilcd woman who docs not ook particuary suspcct. From
    thc anguishcd cxprcssion ol thc unit cadcr you havc gucsscd
    16
    bCC LD8QlCt .
    Z P LYDL LLLLDPLb%
    that shc iscarryinga bomb, or a sack oFgrcnadcs, bound to hcr
    bodybya whoIcsystcmoFstringsandstraps.orthchands must
    bc Frcc, cxhibitcdbarc, humbIy and abjcctIy prcscntcd to thc
    sodicrs so that thcy wiII Iook no Furor. Showing cmpty and
    apparcntIy mobic and Frcc hands is thc sign that disarms thc
    cncmysodicr
    Thc AIgcrian woman' s body, which in an initiaI phasc was
    parcd down, now swcIcd. Whcrcas in thc prcvious pcriod thc
    bodyhad to bc madcsIimanddiscipincd to makc it attractivc
    and scductivc, it now had to bc squashcd, madc shapcIcss and
    cvcn ridicuous. This as wc havc sccn, is thc phasc during
    which shc undcrtook to carry bombs, grcnadcs, machinc-gun
    cips.
    Thc cncmy, howcvcr, was acrtcd, and in thc strccts onc wit-
    ncsscd what bccamc a commonpacc spcctacc oF AIgcrian
    womcngucdtothc waI,onwhoscbodicsthcFamousmagnctic
    dctcctors, thc Frying pans,' wouId bc passcd. Evcry vciIcd
    woman, cvcr Agcrian woman bccamc suspcct. Thcrc was no
    discrimination.Thiswas thc pcriod duringwhich mcn, womcn,
    chidrcn, thc whoc AIgcrian pcopc, cxpcricnccd at onc and
    thc samc timc thcir nationa vocation and thc rccasting oF thc
    ncwAIgcriansocicty.
    gnorant or Fcigning to bc ignorant oF thcsc ncw Forms oF
    conduct, Frcnch coIoniaism, on thc occasion oF May Jth, rc
    cnactcd i ts odcampaign oF Wcstcrnizing thc AIgcrian woman.
    crvants undcr thc thrcat oF bcing hrcd, poor womcn draggcd
    from thcir homcs, prostitutcs, wcrc brought to thc pubIic
    squarc andsym0o/ica//y unvciIcd to thc cricsoF |ic /'d/gtic
    jtanaisc!" BcForc this ncw odcnsivc oId rcactions rcappcarcd.
    pontncousy and without bcing tod, thc AIgcrian womcn
    who had Iong sincc droppcd thc vci occ again donncd thc
    ha`k, thus arming that it was not truc that woman Iibcratcd
    hcrscFatthcinvitationoFFranccandoFcncradcauIIc.
    Bchind thcsc psychoIogicaI rcactions,bcncaththis immcdiatc
    and amost unanimous rcsponsc, wc again scc thc ovcra atti
    tudc oF rccction oF thc vaucs oF thc occupicr, cvcn iF thcsc
    HLLH LPlL 5
    vaIucs objcctivcIy bc worth choosing. It is bccausc thcy FaiI to
    grasp this intcIIcctua rcaIity this charactcristic |caturc thc
    Famousscnitivity o| thc coonizcd, that thc coonizcrs ragc at
    aways doing thcm good in spitc oF thcmscIvcs.' oloniaIism
    wants cvcrything to comc From it. But thc dominant psycho-
    ogicaFcaturcoFthc coonizcdistowithdraw bcForc any invi ta-
    tion oF thc conqucrors. In ornizng thc Fmous cavacadc o|
    May Jth,coIoniaIism hasobIigcdAcriansocictytogo bacto
    mcthods oF struggIc aIrcady outmodcd. In a ccrtain scnsc, thc
    didcrcntccrcmonicshavccauscda turningback,arcgrcssion.
    oIoniaIism mustacccpt thcFact that things happcn without
    itscontroI, withoutitsdircction.WcarcrcmindcdoF thc words
    spokcn in an i ntcrnationaI asscmbIy by n A|rican poIitica
    hgurc. Rcspondingto thcstandardcxcuscoF thc immturityoF
    coIoniaI pcopIcs and thcir i ncpacity to administcr thcmscvcs,
    this man dcmandcd|or thc undcrdcvclopcd pcopIcs thc right
    to govcrn thcmscIvcs bady. " Thc doctrinaI asscrtions oF coIo-
    niaism in its attcmpt to ustiFy thc maintcnancc oF its domi-
    nation aImost aIways push thc coonizcdto thcpositionoF mak-
    ing uncompromisi ng, rigid,staticcountrproposaIs.
    AFtcr thc Jth oF May, thc vci was rcsumcd, but strippcd
    onccandForaIoFitscxcusivcIytraditioadimcnsion.
    Thcrc is thus a historic dynamism oF thc vci that is vcry
    concrctcIy pcrccptibIc in thc dcvcomcnt oF coIonization i n
    Agcria. n thc bcginning, thc vciI was a mcchanism oF rcsis-
    tancc, but its vauc For thc soca group rcmaincd vcry strong
    Thc vciI was worn bccausc tradition dcmandc a rigid scpara-
    tion oF thc scxcs, but aso bccausc thc occupicr uas 0cnt on
    unci/ing d/gctia. In a sccond phasc, thc mutation occurrcd in
    conncction with thc Rcvoution and undcr spcciaI circu-
    stanccs. Thc vci was abandoncd in thc courscoF rcvoIutionary
    action What had bccn uscdtoboc thcpsychoIogicaI or poIiti-
    ca odcnsivcs oF thc cupicr bccamc mcans, an instrumcnt.
    Thcvci hcpcd thcAgcrianwoman to mcct thcncwprobIcs
    crcatcdbythcstruggIc
    ThccoIoniaIists arc incapablc oFasping thc motivationsoF
    09
    LYPL LLLPOm
    lhC COODl2CU. l lS lhC DCCCSSlllCS Ol COuD3l lh3l _lVC 1lSC tu
    P_C13D SOClCly lO DCW 3lIlluUCS, lO DCW uOUCS Ol 3CllOD, lO
    DCWW3yS
    ggCUI
    LD lhCP_C1l3D C31lh WhlCh lSl1CCllSCl U3y Dy U3y l1Ou
    lhC COODl3lSl S _lg, W WllDCSS 3 UlSOC3llOD Ol lC OU
    uylhS.
    PuOD_ lhlD_S lh3l 31C lDCOug1ChCDSlDC lO lhC COODl3
    WO1U lhC C3SC Ol lhC P_C1l3D WOu3D h3S DCCD 3 lOO l1C
    guCDly uCDllODCU. hC SluUlCS Ol SOClOO_lSlS, S3u SgCCl3lSlS
    3DU u1lSlS 31C lu Ol ODSC1V3llODS OD lhC P_C1l3D WOu3D.
    CSC1lDCU Dy lu1DS 3S lhC u3DS S3VC O1 3S lhC uDC3CD_CU
    SOVC1Cl_D l lhC hOuC, P_C1l3D WOu3D 3DU hC1 Sl3luS 3DSO1D
    lhC 3llCDllOD Ol lhCO1CllCl3DS.
    lhC1S Ol Cgu3 3ulhO1lly, 31u lh3l lhC P_C1l3D WOu3D
    U1C3uS Ol DlD_ l1CC, Dul lh3l 3 1Cl1O_13U 3DU lC1OCOuS
    g3l1l31Chy OggOSCS lhlS C_lllu3lC 3Sgl13llOD. hC uOSl 1CCCDl
    UCD3lCS lD lhC 1DCh D3llOD3 PSSCuDy lDUC3lC lC lDlC1CSl
    3ll3ChCU lO 3 COhC1CDl 3gg1O3Ch lO lhlS g1ODCu. hC u3O1-
    Ily O lhC SgC3kC1S UCSC1lDC lhC l3lC Ol lhC P_C1l3D WOu3D 3DU
    UCu3DU 3D lug1OVCuCDl lD hC1 Sl3luS. hlS, l l lS 3UUCU, lS lhC
    Dy uC3DSOl UlS31ulD_ lhC 1CDClOD. LOODl3lSl lDlCCClu3S
    CODSlSlCDly uSC lhC SOClOO_lC3 C3SC SluUy 3gg1O3Ch lO lhC
    COODl3 SySlCu. buCh 3DU SuCh 3 COuDl1y, lhCy Wl S3y, C3CU
    O1, W3S C1ylD_ lO1 CODguCSl. huS, lO l3kC 3 l3uOuS CX3ugC,
    LhC %3U3_3SC3D W3S UCSC1DCU 3 h3VlD_ 3 CgCDUCDCy COu-
    gCX.
    PS O1 lhC P_C1l3D WOu3D, ShC lS lDCCCSSlDC, 3uDlV3CDl,
    Wllh 3 u3SOChlSllCCOugODCDl. bgCClC DCh3VlO1S 31C UCSC1l DCU
    WhlCh luSl13lC lhCSC UlC1CDl Ch313ClC1lSllCS. hC l1ulh lS lh3l
    lhCSluUy Ol 3D OCCuglCU gCOgC, ulll31ly SuDCCl lO 3D lug3C
    3DCUOulD3llOD, 1Cgul1CS UOCuuCDl3llOD 3DU ChCCklD_ UlCu l
    '' D8 tcxt wDcD 8ggc8tcU D r1l!!Gn0r H _crnnr D t8 88 ol
    8 I b, l 957, DUc8tc8 tDc cOD8cOu8Dc88 tD8t tDc c8Uct8 O tDc P8tODa
    Uct8tO tODt D8vc 8w88 D8U ol tDc BgOtt8t g8tt g8cU U tDc
    ct8D wOm8D D tDc Rcvoluuon.


    |
    HLH LPlI b5
    lO OmDuC 1l S uOl lhC SOl l3l S OCCugtCU. l lS DOl lhC gOIlS
    O1 lhC 3IUIOuCS. ICuCh COOu3Su h3S SClllCU lSCll u lhC
    VC1y CClCI Ol lhC P_CIt3u tuUVUu3l 3DU h3S uDUCIl3kCD 3
    SuSl3tuCU OIk Ol CC3uug, Ol CguSOu Ol SCl, Ol I3llOD3y
    guSuCUmul3lOu.
    hCIC S uOl OCCug3lOD Ol lCI1tlO1y, Ou lhC OuC h3uU, 3uU
    lDUCgCuUCuC Ol gCISOuS Ou lhC OlhC1. l lS lhC COuulIy 3S 3
    WhOC, tlS hSlOIy, lS U3y guS3ltOD lh3l 31C COulCSlU, US_
    u1CU, u lhC hOgC Ol 3 u3 UCSl1uClOu. uUCI lhCSC CODUllIODS,
    lhC tuUtVUu3lS DIC3lhu_ lS D ODSCIVCU, 3u OCCugtCU DIC3lh-
    lD_. 1l S3 COmD3l DIC3lhtu_.
    1Ou lhS gOul Ou, lhC IC3l V3uCS Ol lhC OCCugCU guCky
    lCDU lO 3CguIC 3 Cl3uUCSluC lOIm OlCXSCC 1u lhC gICSCuCC
    Ol lhC OCCugtCI, lhC OCCugtCU C3IuS lO USSCuDC, lO 1CSOIl lO
    l1lCkCIy O lhC SC3uU3 Ol ml3Iy OCCug3lOu, hC OggOSCS 3
    SC3uU3 Ol COul3Cl LVC1y COul3Cl DClWCCu lhC OCCugCU 3DU lhC
    OCCugCI S 3 l3lSChOOU.
    1u lOIlyC_hl hOu1S lhC P_CIu WOu3u h3S kuOCkCU UOWu
    3 lhC gSCuUOlIulhS lh3l yC3IS Ol ClU SluUCS WC1C DCltVCU
    lO h3VC 3mgy COu1uCU. O DC SuIC, lhC P_CI3u HCVOultOD
    h3S D1Ou_hl 3DOul 3u ODjCClVC uOUC3lOu Ol 3llluUCS 3uU
    OullOOk ul lhC P_Il3D gCOgC h3U uCVCI UtS31uCU. DOVCu
    DC1 , 94, W3S uOl lhC 33kCutu_ Ol lhC gCOgC Dul lhC Slu3
    ll W3S W3lD_ lO1 lD O1UC1 lO _Cl tulO uOltOu, tu OIUC1 lO gul
    tulO gI3ClCC u lu U3y_hl 3 l3CllC 3Cgul1CU, 3DU SOtUly 1ClD
    lOICCU, u lhC hCyU3y OllhC 13uCOOSCu gC1OU.
    hC P_CIt3u WOu3u, tkC hC1 DIOlhCIS, h3U ulDulCy Dull
    ug UClCuSC uCCh3uSuS WhCh Cu3DC hCI lOU3y lO g3y 3 gI-
    u31y IOC lD lhC SlIu__lClO1 tDCI3llOD.
    O DC_tu Wtlh, lhCIC S lhC uuCh-tSCuSSCU Sl3luS Ol lhC P-
    _C13D Om3uhC1 3l lC_CU CODDCuCDl, hC1 3Ck Ol lugOI-
    l3uCC, hCI huully, hC1 SlCDl CXtSlCuCC DO1UCItu_ Ou gu3Sl
    3DSCuCC PuU OSlCu SOClCly h3S u3UC DO g3CC lO1 hC1
    3ugul3lu_ hC1 gC1SOu3lly, 3OWlD hC1 DCllhC1 CVCOguCul
    DOI u3luIlly, D3lDl3lDlD_hC1 lD 3 gC1gClu3 lDl3DlllSu.
    uCh313llODS ulD3lCU Dy SClCDllCWO1kS,3C lOU3y
    bb P YDL LLLDPbN
    1CCCIVID_ lhC OD!y V3lIU Ch3!lCD_C lhC CXgCttCDCC O tCVOlu-
    lIOD.
    hC P_CtI3D WOm3D83tUCDl !OVC O lhChOmC I8 DOl 3 Imt
    l3lIOD tmgO8CU Dy lhC uDtVCt8C. 1l t8 DOl h3ltCU O lhC 8uDOt lhC
    8ltCCl8 Ot 8gCCl3C!C8. l t8 DOl 3 t_hl tOm lhC WOt!U.
    h3l I8 ltuC t8 lh3l uDUCt D3! CODUtltOD8, 3D tDlCt3CltOD
    mu8l CXt8l DClWCCD lhC 3mI!y aDU 8OCtCly 3l !3t_C. hC hOmC I8
    lhC D38t8 O lhC ltulh O 8OCtCly, Dul 8OCtCly 3ulhCDltC3lC8 3DU
    _IltmI2C8
    -
    lhC 3mt!y. hC CO!ODt3! 8ltuClutC t8 lhC VCty DC_3
    lOD O lh tCCtgtOC3! u8lthC3lIOD. hC Pl_Ctt3D WOm3D, I D
    ImgO8ID_ 8uCh 3 tC8ltICltOD OD hCt8C, tD ChOO8tD_ 3 Otm O
    CXI8lCDCC !ImtlCU tD 8COgC, W38 UCCgCDID_ hC COD8CIOu8DC88 O
    8l1u__lC 3DU gtCg3tID_Ot COmD3l.
    hI8 WtlhUt3W3!, lhI8 tCCCltOD O 3D ImgO8CU 8ltuClutC, lhI8
    3!lID_ D3CK ugOD lhC lCtlI!C KCtDC! lh0l 3 tC8lttClCU Dul COhCt
    CDl CXI8lCDCC tCgtC8CDl8, COD8lulCU Ot 3 lOD_ ltmC lhC luDU3-
    mCDl3! 8ltCD_lh O lhC OCCugICU. Pll 3lODC, lhC WOm3D, Dy
    mC3D8 O COD8CIOu8 lCChDIguC8, gtC8IUCU OVCt lhC 8CllID_ ug O
    lhC 8y8lCm. h3l W38 C88CDlI3l W38 lh3l lhC OCCugtCt 8hOulU
    COD8l3Dly COmC ug 3_3tD8l 3 uDthCU tODl. hI8 3CCOuDl8 Ot
    lhC 38gCCl O8C!CtO8I8 lh3l lt3UIlIODmu8l388umC.
    D tC3lIly, lhC CCtVC8CCDCC 3DU lhC tCVO!ulIOD3ty 8gIttl h3VC
    DCCD KCgl 3lIVC Dy lhC WOm3D ID lhC hOmC. tOt tCVO! ulIOD3ty
    W3t I8DOl 3 W3t OmCD.
    t I8 DOl 3 W3t W3_CU WIlh 3D 3ClIVC 3tmy 3DU tC8CtVC8. HCVO-
    lulI OD3ty W3t, 38 lhC P!_CtI3D gCOg!C I8 W3_tD_ tl, t8 3 lOl3l
    W31 D WhtCh lhC WOm3D UOC8 DOl mCtC!y KDIl OtOt mOutD lhC
    8OUICt. hC Pl_CtI3D WOm3D I8 3l lhC hC3tl O lhC COmD3l. Pt-
    tC8lCU, lOtlutCU, t3gCU, 8hOl UOWD, 8hC lC8lIhC8 lO lhC VIOCDCC O
    lhC OCCugICt 3DU lO hI8 IDhum3Dtly.
    P8 3 Dut8C, 3 lI3I8OD 3_CDl, 3 h_hlC1, 8hC DC3t8 WI lDC88 lO lhC
    Cgth 3DU lhC UCD8Ily O lhC 8ltu__lC.
    C 8h3l 8gC3K 3l8O OlhCWOm3D83l3lI8m, O hCt 3D8CDCC O
    tC3CIOD ID lhC 3CC O 3UVCt8Ily, O hCt ID3DIl Ily lO mC38utC lhC
    3Vly O CVCDl8. hC COD8l3Dl 8mIlC, lhC gCt8I8lCDCC O 3D 3
    L L^
    b1
    g3tCDlly uDOuDUCU hOgC, lhC tCu83l lO _O UOWD OD hCt KDCC8,
    I8 l tKCDCU lO 3D tD3Dt!tly lO _:38g tC3! tly.
    hC humOt WhtCh t8 3 tt_OtOu8 3ggt3t83 O CVCDl8 I8 uDgCt-
    CCtVCU Dy lhC OCCugtCt. PDU lhC COut3_C lh3l lhC P!_Ctt3D
    WOm3D m3DtC8l8 tD lhC 8ltu__lC I8 DOl 3D uDCxgCClCU CtC0ltOD
    Ot lhC tC8u!lO 3 mul3lIOD. 1l t8 lhC ID8uttCCltOD3l gh38C O lh3l
    83mC humOt.
    hC WOm3D`8 g!3CC ID Pl_Ctt3D 8ICly t8 IDUtC3lCU WIlh 8uCh
    VChCmCDCC lh3l lhC OCCugICt8 CODu8tOD t8 tC3Ut!y uDUCt8l3DU
    3D!C. ht8 t8 DC3u8C P!_Ctt3D 8OCICly tCVC3!8 Il8Cl DOl lO DC
    lhC WOm3D!C88 8OCICly lh3l h3U DCCD 8O CODVtDCtD_!y UC8CttDCU.
    btUC Dy 8tUC Wtlh u8, Out8t8lCt8 UO lhCIt g3tl tD utlhCt C3K
    ID_ UOWD lhC CDCmy 8y8lCm 3DU ID ltuIUa_ lhC O!U my8lIhC3-
    lIOD8 ODCC 3DUOt3ll
    Z
    Jhis !s thc 'oirc oI ^lgcri a
    C gIOgOSC D IhIS Ch3gICI IO SIuUy IhC DCW 3IIIuUCS
    3UOgICU Dy IhC Pl_CII3D gCOgC ID IhC COuISC Ol IhC _hI lO1
    lDCI3IIOD, WIh ICSgCCI IO 3 gICCSC ICChDIC3l IDIIuuCDI IhC
    13O. C Sh3ll SCC Ih3I Wh3I IS DCID_ C3lCU IDIO guCSIIOD DC
    DDU IhCSC DCW UCVClOguCDIS u Pl_CII3D lC S IhC CDIIIC COO-
    DI3l SIIu3IIOD C Sh3l h3VC OCC3SIOD IO ShOW IhIOu_hOuI IhS
    OOk Ih3I IhC Ch3lCD_ID_ Ol IhC VC gIIDCIgC Ol lOIC_D UOuI-
    D3IIOD DIID_S 3DuI CSSCDI3l uuI3IIODS D IhC CODSCOSDCSS O
    hC COODI2CU, ID IC u3DDCI ID WhICh hC gCICCVCS IhC COlO
    D2CI, ID hIShuu3 SI3IuS ID IhC WOIU.
    V3UOP_CI, IhC ICDCh DIO3UC3SIID_ SI3IIOD WhCh h3S DCCD
    CSI3DlShCU D Pl_CII3 lOIUCC3UCS, 3 1C-CUIIIOD OI 3D CChO Ol IhC
    ICDCh 3IIOD3l IO3UC3SIID_ bySICu OgCI3IID_ lIOu 3IS, IS
    CSSCDII3lly IhC DSIIuuCDI OlCOlOuI3SOCCIy3DU IIS V3luCS. hC
    _IC3I u3OIIy Ol Lu1OgC3DS ID Pl_CI3 OWD ICCCVIu_ SCIS. C-
    OIC l J, J gCI CCDI O IhC ICCCIVIS WCIC u IhC h3DUS Ol
    LuIOgC3DS. hC Pl_CI3DS WhO OWDCU I3UIOS DClOD_CU u3IDly
    IO IhC UCVClOgCU DOuI_COISIC, 3DU IDCluUCU 3 DuuDCI O
    3DyCSWhO h3U lOIuCIly CuI_I3ICU 3DU h3U SIDCC ICIuIDCU IO
    IhCI VIll3_CS. hC Sh3Ig CCODOuIC SII3IIC3IIOD DCIWCCD IhC
    UOuID3DI3DUIhCUOuD3ICU SOCICICS D3I_Cg3IICXg3DS IhIS
    SI3ICOl IhD_S. uI D3IuI3y, 3S D CVCIyCOODI3 SIu3IIOD, IhS
    C3IC_OIy Ol IC3lIICS I3kCS OD 3 SgCCI COlOI3IOD huS huD-
    UICUS Ol Pl_CI3D l3uICSWhOSC SI3DU3IU OlIVID_ W3S SuCCDI
    IOCD3DlC IhCu IO3CguIC 3 I3UIOUIU DOI 3CguIC ODC. CI IhCIC
    W3S DO I3IOD3l UCCSOD IO ICluSC IhS DSIIuuCDI. hCIC W3S DO

    1
    P LY DL LLLDPLb%
    organizcd rcsistancc to this dcvicc. o rca lincs oF countcr-
    accuturation, such as arc dcscribcd i n ccrtain monographs dc-
    votcd to undcrdcvcopcd rcgions, havc bccn shown to cxist,
    cvcnaFtcrcxtcnsivcsurvcys. Itmaybcpointcdout, ncvcrthclcss
    and this argumcnt may havc appcarcd to conhrm thc conclu
    sons oF socioogists~that, prcsscd wi th qucstions as to thc rca-
    sons For this rcuctancc, Agcrians rathcr Frcqucnty givc thc
    Foowinganswcr Traditions oFrcspcctabilityarcsoimportant
    Forusandarcsohicrarchica,that it ispracticallyimpossiblcFor
    us to istcn to radio programs in thc Family. Thc scx allusions,
    or cvcn thc cownish situations mcant to makc pcoplc augh
    whicharc broadcast ovcr thcradio causc an uncndurabcstrain
    naFamiyistcningtothcscprograms."
    Thc cvcr possibccvcntua i ty oF laughingi nthc prcscncc oF
    thc hcad oF th Famiy or thc cdcr brothcr, oF istcning n
    common toamorouswordsortcrms oFcvity,obviouslyactsas a
    dctcrrcnt to thc distribution oF radios i nAlgrian nativc soci-
    cty.ItiswithrcFcrcnccto thishrstrationaization that wcmust
    undcrstand thchabitFormcd bythcomca RadioBroadcasting
    crviccs in Agcria oF announing thc programs that can bc
    stcncd to in common and thosc n thc coursc oF whh thc
    traditonaFormsoFsociabitymightbctooscvcrcystraincd.
    crc,thcn,ata ccrtancxpictcvc, isthcapprchcnsionoF8
    Fact rcccivingscts arc not rcadiy adoptcd by Algcrian socicty.
    Byandargc,trcFuscs thistcchniquc which thrcatcnstsstab-
    ty and thc traditiona typcs oF sociabiity thc rcason invocd
    bcing that thc programs n Agcria, undidcrcntiatcd bccausc
    thcy arc copicd From thc Wcstcrn modc, arc not adaptcd to
    thc strict, amost Fcuda typc oF patriinca hicrarchy, with
    manymora taboos,thatcharactcrizcsthcAgcranFamy.
    OnthcbasisoFthisanaysis,tcchniqucsoFapproachcoud bc
    proposcd. Amongothcrs, thcstaggcringoFbroadcasts addrcsscd
    to thc Famiy as a whoc, to mac groups, toFcmacgroups, ctc.
    As wcdcscribcthc radica transFormatons that havcoccurrcdn
    s rcam, n connccton wth thc natona war wc shall scc
    lL HLH 1
    how artihcial such a sociologica approach is, what a mass oF
    crrors itcontains.
    Wchavcalrcady notcd thc accccratcd spccd with which thc
    radiowasadoptcdbythcEuropcansocicty. Thc introductionoF
    thc radio in thc colonizingsocicty procccdcd at a ratc compar
    ablc to that o| thc most dcvclopcd Wcstcrn rcgions. Wc must
    alwaysrcmcmbcr that in thccolonial situation, in which, as wc
    havc sccn, thc social dichotomy rcachcs an incomparablc intcn-
    sity, thcrcisa |rcnzicdandalmost laughablc growth o| middc-
    class gcntility on thc part oF thc nationals|rom thc mctropolis.
    For a Europcan toownaradio is o|coursc to participatc in thc
    ctcrnal roundo|Wcstcrn pcttyourgcois owncrship,which cx
    tcnds From thc radio to thc villa, including thc car and thc
    rc|rigcrator Italsogivcs him thc |cclingthat coonial socicty is
    a l ivingand palpitatingrcality with its|cstivitics, its traditions
    cagcr to cstablish thcmscvcs, its prorcss, its taking root. But
    cspccially, in thc hintcrland, in th socallcd colonization ccn-
    tcrs, it is thc only link with thc citics, with Agicrs, with thc
    mctropolis, with thc world o| thc civi izcd. It is onc o| thc
    mcans o| cscaping thc incrt, passivc, and stcrilizingprcssurc oF
    thc nativc cnvironmcnt. It is according to thc scttlcrs cx-
    prcssion, thc onlyway to still|ccl likca civilizcd man.
    Onthc Farms, thc radio rcminds thc scttlcr o|thc rcality o|
    clonial powcr and, by its vcry cxistcncc dispcnscs saFcty,
    scrcnity. Radio-Algcr isa conhrmationo| thc scttlcrs right and
    strcngthcns his ccrtainty in thc historic continuity o| thc con
    qucst, hcncc o| his |arm. Thc Paris music, ctracts |rom thc
    mctropoitan prcss thc Frcnch govcrnmcnt criscs, constitutc a
    cohcrcnt backound |rom whichcolonialsocictydraws its dcn-
    sity and its justihcation. RadioAgcr sustains thc occupant's
    cu turc, marks it o |rom thc non-cul turc, |rom thc naturc oF
    thc occupicd. RadioAlgcr, thc voicc o| Francc inAgcria, con-
    stitutcs thc solc ccntcr o| rc|crcncc at tc lcvc oF ncws Radio-
    Agcr,|orthcscttlcr, is adailyinvitationnottogonativc,' not
    to Forgct thc right|uncss oF his cuturc. Thc scttlcrs in thc
    rcmotc outposts, thc pionccrngadvcnturcrs, arcwclawarcoF
    Z LYPL LLLLPLbm
    lhtS WhCD lhCyS3y lh3l WtlhOul WIuC 3DU lhC t3UtO, WC ShOuU
    3lIC3Uyh3VC DCCOuC PI3DI2U.
    D P_CII3 DClOtC l J, lhC I3UIO 3S 3 lCChuIC3 uCW IuSltu
    uCDl DCC3uC WtUCy UtSlttDu|CU Iu lhC UOuID3ul SOCIC|y. l
    lhCD, 3S WCh3VC SCCD, DCC3uC Olh 3 uC3uS Ol tCStS|3uCC ID lhC
    C3SC Ol tSO3lCU utOgC3uS 3uU 3 uC3DS Ol CuI3 gICSStC Ou
    lhC UOuIu3lCU SOCICly. PuOu_ utOgC3u l3tutS, |hC t3UIO W3S
    DtO3Uy tC_3tUCU 3S 3 Iu WIlh lhC CIVII2U WOIU, 3S 3u CCC
    tVC t uSltuuCDl Ol tCSISl3DCC lO lhC OttOSIVC IDuCuCC Ol 3u
    IDCtl D3lIVC SOCtCly Ol SOCtCly WIlhOul 3 luluIC, D3CKW3tU
    DU UCVOIU Ol V3 uC
    Ot lhC P_CtI3u, hOWCVCt, lhC SIlu3lIOu W3S lOl3lly I CtCDl.
    C
    .
    h3VC SCCD lh3l lhC uOtC WClOUO l3uIy hCSIl3lCU lO Duy 3
    13UO SCl Cl DO CXgICtl OI_3DI2CU, 3DU uOlIV3lCU tCSISl3uCC
    W3S lO DC ODSCtVCU Dul t3lhCt 3 Uu 3DSCuCC Ol tulCtCSl Iu lh3|
    gtCCC Ol tCDCh gtCSCDCC. u tut3l 31C3S 3DU t u tC_IODS tCuOlC
    l1Ou lhC COOuI23lIOD CCDlCtS, |hC SIlu3lIOD W3S CC3ICt. hCtC
    DO OuC W3S l3CCU Wtlh lhC gtODCu, Ot t3lht, lhC gtODCu WJS
    SO tCuOlC ltOu lhC CVCtyU3y CODCCtuS Ol lhC D3lIVC lh3l tl W3S
    gutlC CC3t lO 3u IugutICt lh3l tl WOuU DC Ou|t3_COuS |O 3SK 3D
    Pl_C1t3D WhyhCUIUDOlOWD3 t3UIO.
    P
    .
    3u CODUeClID_ 3 SutVCy UutIu_ lhIS gCtIOU WO ut_hl DC
    lOOKD_ lOt S3lSl3ClOIy 3uSWCtS WOuU hDU hIuSCl u3DC lO
    ODl3tD lhCIuOtu3ltOD hCuCCUCU. P lhC gtC|CXlS gul lOIlh h3U
    Oi COutSC lO DC C3ICluy WCI_hCU. Pl lhC CVC Ol 3Clu3 CXgC-
    1tCDCC Ou C3DuOl CXgCCl lO ODl3ID 3 t3lIOu3t23lIOu Ol 3llIl uUCS
    U ChOICCS.
    WO CVCS Ol CXg3D3lIOD C3u DC Su__CSlCU hCtC. PS 3u I u
    SltuCDl3l CChDIguC D lhC lIutlCU SCDSC, lhC t3UIO tCCCIVIu_
    SCl UCVCOgS lhC SCDSOtI3, I ulCCClu3l, 3DU uuSCu3t gOWCtS Ol

    .
    3D t o _IVCD SOCICly. Thcradio in occuicdH/gcria isa tcch-
    ntquc O thchandso]thcoccuicrwhich, within thc]ramcwor
    o] co/onia/ domination, corcsonds to no tita/ nccd insoar 0
    'R8UO_

    t 18 1D

    Ct ODC O tDC mOO

    D_DC8 m8Dt81DCU Dy tDC


    U
    _
    m8Dt 8uCCty. H8UIOmODtCL8tO, V8I8t8, H8UODUOttC kC
    wI8C Q8y 8 QtOtCCtVC tOC 8_8D8t `t8D28tOD.
    THIS IS THE IOICE OF dLCERId
    thc natic la conccncd. hC t3UIO, 3S 3 SyuDO Ol tCuCh
    gICSCuCC 3S 3 u3lCtI3 tCgICSCu|3|tOu Ol |hC COOuI3 COuh_ut3
    lOu, IS Ch3I3ClCtI2CU Dy 3u CXlICuCy IuQOI|Jul uC_J|IVC
    V3CuCC hC gOSSIDC Iu|CuSIhCJ|IOu JuU ClCuSIOu Ol SCuSOIt3
    Ot I uCCClu3 gOWCtS Dy lhC tCuCh t3UIO 3tC IgICI|y tC
    CC|C OI UCuIU Dy hC u3lIVC. hC lCchuC3 IuIuCu|, lhC
    uCW SICu|IhCJCguISI|IOuS WhCu lhCy OD|3Iu J SuICu| ch3I_C
    lO |hIC|Cu J _IVu lC3|utC Ol |hC uJ|IVC SOCIC|y 3IC uVCt gI-
    CCIVCU Iu |CuSCVS Iu 3u OD CClIVI|y. hC lChuIJ IuS|tu
    uCu| IS tOOC Iu |hC OOuIJ SI| uJlIOD WhCIC 3 WC uOW, lhC
    uC_JlIVC Ot gOSI|IVC COCCICu|S 3 W3yS CXISl Iu 3 VCty 3cCCul-
    3lCU W3y
    P| 3uOlCt CVl, 3S 3 SySlCu Ol tulOtu3lIOu, 3S 3 DC3tCt Ol
    3u3_C hCuCC Ol uCSS3_C, lhC t3UIO u3y DC 3gQtChCuUCU
    WI|hIu |hC COOuI3 SIlu3lIOD Iu 3 SQCCIJ W3y. H3UIOQhODIC
    |CChuIguC |hCgtSS, 3uU Iu 3 CuCt3 WJy lhC SySlCuS, uCSS3_CS,
    SI_u lt3uSuI||CIS, CXISl Iu COOuI3 ScIC|y tu 3CCOtU3uCC WIlh 3
    WCUChuCU Sl3|u|C. P_CtIJu SOCICly, lhC OuIu3lCU SOtCy,
    uCVCI g3I|ICIg3lCS Iu lhI WOIU Ol SI_uS. hC CSS3_CS DIO3UC3Sl
    Dy H3UIOP_Ct 3t ISlCuCU lO SOCy Dy |hC ICQtCSCul3lIVCS Ol
    gOWCt Iu P_CtI3, SOCy Dy |hC uCuDCtS Ol lhC UOIu3ul 3u-
    lhOtIly 3uU SCCu u3_IC3y |O DC 3VOIUCU Dy lhC uCuDCtS Ol hC
    uJ|IVC SOCICly. hC DOu3CguIS|IOu Ol tCCCIVCI SClS Dy |hIS
    SOCIC|y h3S gtCCISCy lhC CCCl Ol SltCu_lhCu u_ lhIS IugtCSSIOu
    Ol 3 COSCU 3uU gtIVIC_CU WOtU lh3l Ch3I3ClCtI2CS COOuI3tS|
    CWS. 1u lhC u3|lCt Ol U3Iy QIO_IJuS, DClOtC l 9J, CO_ICS
    3UUICSSCU lO |hC OCCug3lIOu |IOOgS WCtC CCI|3Iuy 3t_Cy
    3DSCu| . IOu lIuC |O ltuC, |O DC SutC, lhCtC uI_h| C 3u CVOC3-
    lIOu OVCt |hC t3UIO Ol lhC OulSl3uUIu_ U3|CS Ol |hC COuguCSl Ol
    P_CII3, Iu |hC COutSC Ol WhICh, Wtlh 3u 3luOSl uuCOuSCIOuS
    ODSCCuIly, |hC OCCugICt WOuU DC IlllC 3u huutt3lC lhC Pl-
    _CtI3u tCSISl3ul Ol l b. hCIC WCtC 3SO lhC COCuOt3|IVC
    CCCDt3lIOuS Iu WhICh lhC OSCu VC|CIJuS WOuU DC IuVt|CU
    lO g3CC 3 WtC3lh 3l lhC lOOl Ol lhC Sl3luC Ol CDCt3l _C3uU O1
    Ol bCt_C3ul 3DU3D, DOlh hCtOCS Ol lhC CODguCS| 3uU tgut
    U3OtS Ol lhOuS3DUS Ol P_CtI3D g3ltIOlS. ul Ou lhC WhOC tl
    5 P LY DL LLLLDPLb%
    coudnot bc said that thc clcrracialist or anti crian con-
    tcnt accountcd For thc indicrcncc and thc rcsistancc oF thc
    nativc. Thc cx|anation sccms vathcv to 0c that Hadiod |gcv is
    rcgardcd 0y thc d |gcvian as thc sokcsman o] thc co/onia/
    uor/d. Ec]orc thc uav thc d|gcvian, uith hts oun 0vand o]
    humov, had dc[ncd Hadio-d /gcv 0 'Fvcnchmcn scaking to
    Frcnchmcn. '
    l 91u was to bring Agcria abruptl onto thc intcrnational
    sccnc. For wccks, tc 1u,UUU victims oF tiF and oF ucma
    wcrc mattcr Forabundant commcnt in thc ncwspapcrs and in
    FormationbuctinsoFrcgionsuntil thcnunawarcoForindicr-
    cnt to thc Fatc oF Agcria. Thc tragcdy oF thcir dcad or muti-
    atcd brothcrs and thc Fcrvcnt sympathy convcycd to thcm by
    mcn and womcn in Amcrica, Europc, and AFrica cFt a dccp
    mark on thc Agcrians thcmscvcs, Forcshadowing morc Fun-
    damcntachangcs. Thc awakcningoFthc coonia worldandthc
    progrcssivc ibcration oF pcopcs ong hcld in subjcction in
    vovcd Acria in a proccss which rcachcd bcyond hcr and oF
    which, at thc samc timc, shc bccamc a part. Thc ppcarancc oF
    ibcratcd Arab countrics at thi point is oF cxccptiona impor-
    tancc. Thc hrst whocsac introduction oF radio scts in Agcria
    coincidcd with thc sctting up oF national broadcastingstations
    i nSyria,EgyptandLcbann.
    AFtcr 911 91o, thc numbcr oF radios cw, but at a modcr-
    atc ratc. Evcn thcn, thc Agcrian whcn hc tucd on his radio
    was intcrcstcd cxcusivcy in Forcign and Arab broadcast.
    Radio-Agcr was istcncd to ony bccausc it broadcast typicay
    Agcrian music, national music. In thc Facc oF this budding
    Agcrian markct, Europcanagcncicsbcganto ook For "nativc"
    rcprcscntativcs. Thc Europcan hrms wcrc now convinccd that
    thcsacoFradiosctsdcpcndcd on thc nationaityoFthc dcalcr.
    Agcrian intcrmcdiaricswcrc incrcasingysoicitcdFor thc han-
    ding oF radios. This i nnovation in thc distributionsystcmwas
    " bl 8uU LuCm8-lWO CCult8 QOul8 u 8 %O8lCm uQt8ug lh8l
    OCCuttCU u lhC rCgOu O 8DylI8 Iu %8y 50. u lhC tCQtC88Ou, WhCh
    88lCU 8Omc lWO WCC, 8vI8lIOu 8uU 8tl llCty lOOk 8 hC8vy lOl O lvc8.
    8u8l8lOt8 uOlC)
    .
    L lLLL HLLH 10
    accompanicd by an i ntcnsihcation oF thc markcting oF thcsc
    scts. Itwasdurngthis pcriodthata ccrtainpartoFthcAlgcrian
    lowcrmiddlcclassbccamcowncrsoFradios.
    But itwas in l 9u l l 9JZ, at thc timc oF thc hrst skirmishcs in
    Tunisia, that thc Agcrian pcoplc Fclt it ncccssary to incrcasc
    thcirncws nctwork. In l 9uZ 9uJ Morocco undcrtook itswaroF
    ibcration and on Novcmbcr l , l 9u1, Agcria joincd thc anti-
    colonialist Maghrcb Front. It was prcciscly at ths timc, whic
    radio scts wcrc bcing acquircd, that thc most important dcvc-
    opmcntoccurrcd in thcdchningoFncwattitudcs tothisspccihc
    tcchniqucForthcdisscminationoFncws.
    ItwasFrom thcoccupicrsrcactions that thcAgcrian lcarncd
    thatsomcthingavc andimportant was happcning inhis coun-
    try. ThcEuropcan, through thc triplc nctworkoFthcprcss, thc
    radio and his travcls, had a Fairy ccar idca oF thc dangcrs
    thrcatcning colonia socicty. Thc Algcrian who rcad in thc oc-
    cupicrs Facc thc incrcasng bankruptcy oF colonialim Fct thc
    compcing and vita nccd to bc inFormcd. Thc vaguc imprcs-
    sion that somcthing Fundamcnta was happcning was strcngth-
    cncd both by thc socmn dcciion oF thc patriots which cx-
    prcsscd thc sccrct ycarning oF thc pcopc and which cmbodicd
    thc dctcrmination, stil dcvoid oF contcnt cvcn ycstcrday, to
    cxistas a nation, andmorccspccialy by thc obcctivc andvisi-
    bccrumblingawayoFthcscttlcr'sscrcnity.
    Thc strugglc For ibcration, rccctcd in thc scttcrs suddn
    aability or in his uncxpcctcd, unmotivatcd bursts oF tcmpcr,
    obl igcd thc Algcrian to Follow thc cvolution oF thc conFronta-
    tion stcp by stcp. In this pcriod oF sctting up thc inc oF con
    ict, thc Europcanscommittcdmanycrrors. Thus on thcFarms
    scttlcrs would asscmbc agricultura workcrs to announcc to
    thcm that a givcn gangoFrcbcs," which was in Fact unknown
    tothcrcgion,hadbccndccimatcdinthcAurs Mountainsor in
    abyia.Atothcr timcsthcscrvants woudbcodcrcdabottlcof
    lcmonadc or a slicc oF cakc bccausc thrcc or Four suspcct had
    ust bccncxccutcdaFcwkiomctcrsFromthcpropcrty.
    From thc hrst monthsoF thc Rcvoution thc Agcrian, with a
    7
    LYPL LLLPOm
    VICW lO SClg1OlCClIOD 3DU ID O1UC1 lO CSC3gC Wh3l hC CODSIU
    C1CU lO DC lhC OCCugIC1S yID_ u3DCuVC1S, lhuS lOuDU hIuSCl
    h3VIu_ lO 3CguI1C hIS OWD Su1CC Ol IDlO1u3lOD. 1l DCC3uC
    CSSCDlI3 lO KDOW Wh3l W3S_OD_ OD, lO DC IDlO1uU DOlh Ol lhC
    CDCuyS 1C3 OSSCS 3DU hS OWD. hC P_C1I3D 3l lhIS lIuC h3U
    lO D1ID_ hIS IlC ug lO lhC VC Ol lhC HCVOulIOD. C h3U lO
    CDlC1 lhC V3Sl DClWO1K Ol DCWS hC h3U lO hDU hIS W3y ID 3
    WO1U ID WhICh lhID_S h3ggCuCU, ID WhICh CVCDlS CXISlCU, ID
    WhICh lO1CCS WC1C 3ClIVC. h1Ou_h lhC CXgC1ICDCC Ol 3 W31
    W3_CU Dy hIS OWD gCOgC, lhC P_C1I3D C3uC ID COul3Cl WIlh 3D
    3ClIVC CuuuDIly. hC P_C1I3D lOuDU hIuSCl h3VID_ lO Og
    gOSC lhC CuCuy DCWS WIlh hIS OWD DCWS. hC l1ulh Ol lhC
    Ogg1CSSO1, lO1uC1y 1CCClCU 3S 3D 3DSOulC IC, W3S DOW COuD
    lC1CU Dy 3DOlhC1, 3D 3ClCU l1ulh hC OCCugIC1S IC lhC1CDy
    3CguI1CU _IC3lC1 1C3 I ly, lO1 Il W3S DOW 3 uCD3CCU IC gul OD
    lhC UClCDSIVC 1l W3S lhC ClCDSCS Ol lhC OCCugC1, hIS 1C3ClIODS
    hS 1CSSl3DCCS, lh3l uDUC1SCO1CU lhC CCClIVCDCSS Ol D3lIOD3
    3ClIOD 3DUu3UC lh3l3ClIOD g31lICIg3lC ID 3 WO1U Ol l1ulh hC
    P_C13DS 1C3ClOD W3S DO OD_C1 ODC Ol g3IDCU 3DU UCSg13lc
    1CluS3. Bccau:c itavowcdits own uncasincss, thc occuct's /ic
    bccamcaosit ivca:cct o]thcnation'sncwttuth.
    u1ID_ lhC h1Sl uODlhS Ol lhC W31, Il W3S Dy uC3DS Ol lhC
    g1CSS lh3l lhC P_C13D 3llCuglCU lO O1_3DI2C h OWD DCWS
    UISl1IDulIOD SySlCu. hC UCuOC13lI g1CSS Sl CXISlID_ ID P-
    _C1I3 3DU lhC DCWSg3gC1S WIlh 3D 3DlI-COODI3ISl l13UIlIOD O1 3
    gOICy Ol ODCClIVIly WC1C lhCD 3VIUy 1C3U Dy lhC D3lIVC. 1l W3S
    ID lhIS SCClO1 Ol DCWS UISl1IDulIOD lh3l lhC P_C1I3D lOuDU
    D33DCC-1CSlO1ID_ CCuCDlS. hC gOWC1 Ol lhC COODI3ISl uCS-
    S3_C, lhC SySlCS uSCU lO IugOSC Il 3DU g1CSCDl 3S tc ttuth
    WC1C SuCh lh3l uOSl Ol lhC lIuC lCCOODI2CUh3U ODy hIS OWD
    IDC1C3SID_y OVC1Sh3UOWCU IDDC1 COVIClIOD lO OggOSC lO lhC
    CuIDCDly l13uu3l2ID_ OCDSIVCS Ol lhC 1CDCh g1CSS 3DU lhC
    SgCCl3Cu31 u3DlCSl3lODS Ol lhC ul31y 3DU gOCC gOWC1.
    LODl1ODlCU U3Iy WIlh lhC WIgID_ Oul Ol lhC 3Sl 1Cu3IDID_
    uC11I3 D3DUS, lhC CIVI I3D COuU h_hl O UCSg3I1 ODDy 3D
    3Cl Oll3Ilh, Dy 3DODSlID3lC DCICl.
    THIS IS THE IOICE OF dLCERId
    77
    1O_ICSSIVCy lhC uOI3 DCCuSC ODCC|IVC SuggOIl gIO
    VIUCU Dy lhC UCuOCI3lIC g1CSS CC3SCU. hC SClCCDSO1ShIg O lhC
    OC3 DCWSg3gC1S KDOWD lO1 lhCI1 lI3UIlIOD3 hOuSly SlID_lh
    CDCU lhIS IugICSSIOD Ol IDCOugClCDCSS, O SKClCIDCSS, CVCD Ol
    DCl13y3 ID lhC 1C3u O DCWS. l SCCuCU lO lhC _C1I3D lh3l
    WhOC SCClIODS O l1ulh C1C hUUCD u hIu. C lCl lhC D31-
    CC1l3IDly lh3l lhC COODI3ISl gOWC1 W3S C1uuD D_ DCO1C IS
    CyCS 3DU lh3l lhC gO_ICSS l IlS UISSOulOD W3S DCIu KCgl lIu
    hIu. C C 1Cy lO lhC SuUUCD lC31 lh3l lhIS lhID_, SO O|CD
    h3lCU, WOuuUCU lO lhC UC3lh Iu lhC dcbc, IlS U3yS gIODDy
    DuuDC1CU, OuU UIS3ggC31 lhOul hIS DCID_ 3DC lO SCC 3l
    COSC h3DU IlS gOC1 3DU lS IIO_3DCC ID lhC gIOCCSS Ol USD
    lC_I3lIOD. u1ID lhIS gC1IOU lhC _CII3D CXgC1ICuCCU 3 SSC
    Ol l1uSl13lIOD. IS 3__ICSSIVCuCSS 1Cu3IDCU ID SuSgCDSC DCC3SC
    hC COuU DOl KCCg lhC SCO1C, DC3SC hC COuU DOl 1C_ISlC1 lhC
    SClD3CKS Ol lhC CDCuy hOu1 Dy hOu1, DCC3uSC, hD3y, hC C
    DOl uC3Su1C CCDlIuClC1 Dy CCD|IuC1 lhC g1O_ICSSVC ShIIDKu_
    Ol lhCCCugyIu_ gOWC1.
    hC u1OgC3D, OD lhC hOC, SI2CU ug lhC UIuCDSIODS O lhC
    1CDCIOD 13lhC1 ODCClIVCy. C UIU DOl 1C3y DCICVC lh3l SOu
    hDC uO1uID_ lhC 1CVO ulIOD3Iy l1OOgS WOuU l3KC OVC1 ID lhC
    CIly. ul hC KDCW uO1C OI CS g1CCISCy hOW _IC3l lhC lO1CCS Ol
    lhC HCVulIOD WCC 3DU hC W3S CODSl3Dly COu3IID_ lhu
    WIlh lhSC ICgICSCDlCU Dy lhC ICuCh l1OOgS. VC1y g3DC lh3l
    Sl1C3KCU lhC SKy, CVCIy 31OICU lDK 3UV3uCID_ ID lhC U3WD
    WC1C 3S u3Dy SgOlS Ol SuDI_hl ID lhC SCllC1S 3DXIOuS 3DU uD-
    CC1l3ID WOIU. hC OgC3D Cl lhC ShOCK, Dul D lhOSC hISl
    uODlhS Ol 955hC DCICVCU lh3l ulhIu_ W3S OSl, lh3 lhC1C W3S
    SlI 3 lulu1C lO1 COODI3ISu ID P_C1I3. hC OCI3 Sl3lCuCDlS
    Ol lhC 13UIO Sl1CD_lhCDCU hIu ID lhIS gOSIlIOD. hC P_C1I3D, OD
    lhC OlhC1 h3DU, CSgCCI3y Il hC IVCU ID lhC 1u13 31C3S, SuggC
    uCDlCU hIS 3DSCDCC OlDCWS Dy 3D 3DSOulCyII13lIOD3 OVC1CSlI-
    u3lIOD. HC3ClIODS OCCu11CU 3l lh3l lI WhICh WCIC SO UISg1O
    gO1lIOD3lC lO ODCClIVC 1C3 Ily lh3l lO 3D ODSC1VC1 lhCy 3SSuuCU
    3 g3lhO O_IC3 Ch313ClC1. 1D lhC h1Sl uODlhS Ol 955 lhC1C WC1C
    1uuO1S ID ODSl3DlIDC lO lhC CCCl lh3l _C1S, OI CX3uC
    78 LYDL LLLLDLbN
    W3S tD lhC h3DUS Ol lhC D3lIOD3ISlS, O1 ID P_tCIS lh3l lhC Pl-
    _C1t3D 3_ W3S hOtSlCU OVC1 LODSl3DltDC, ht tggCVtC,
    3lD3. .
    D lhC Su3 COODt23lIOD CCDlC1S lhC SCllC1S COulU DOl 3W3yS
    uDUC1Sl3DU lhC ]c//ah's hC1CC 3DU SuUUCD 3SSu13DCC, 3DU lhC1C
    WC1C ltuCS WhCD lhCy WOulU lCCghODC lO lhC DC3ICSl CI|y, ODly
    lO h3VC tl CODh1uCU lh3l DOlhtD_ uDuSu3 h3U h3ggCDCU tD lhC
    COuDl1y. hC Lu1OgC3D DCC3uC 3W31C Ol lhC l3Cl lh3l lhC tlC hC
    h3U Dutll OD lhC 3_ODy Ol lhC COlODt2CU gCOglC W3S OStD_ tlS
    3SSu13DCC.
    ClO1C lhC 1CDClltOD lhC1C W3S lhC IlC, lhC uOVCuCDl, lhC
    CXtSlCDCC Ol lhC SCllC1, 3DU OD lhC OlhC1 StUC lhC CODlIDuCU
    3_ODy Ol lhC COODt2CU. btDCC J3, lhC Lu1OgC3D h3S UtSCOVC1CU
    lD3l 3DOlhC1 ltlC g313lC lO hIS OWD h3S DC_uD lO Slt1, 3DU lh3l
    ID Pl_C1t3D SOCtCly, tl SCCuS, lhtD_S DO OD_C1 1CgC3l lhCuSCVCS
    3S lhCy UtU DClO1C. hC Lu1OgC3D, 3llC1 03, kDCW lh3l SOuC-
    lhtD_ W3S DCtD_ htUUCD l1Ou hIu. htS tS lhC gCIIOU tD WhtCh
    lhC OlU gCO13ltVC CXg1CSStOD, thc Htab tc/chonc, h3S l3KCD
    OD 3D 3luOSlSCtCDlthC uC3DtD_
    D lhC %3_h1CD COuDl1y lhC Lu1OgC3DS SC lhC lC1u Htab
    tc/chonc tD SgC3ktD_ Ol lhC 1C3ltVC SgCCU Wtlh WhtCh DCWS
    l13VClS Dy WO1U Ol uOulh tD lhC D3ltVC SOCICly. DCVC1 3l 3Dy
    ltuC W3S lhC CXg1CSStOD IDlCDUCU lO uC3D 3DylhID_ CSC. ul tD
    00 Lu1OgC3DS, 3DU CVCD P_C1t3DS, COuU DC hC3IU lO 1ClC1
    CODhUCDlt3ly, 3DU 3S lhOu_h 1CVC3tD_ 3 Sl3lC SCCICl, lO 3 lCCh-
    DtguC Ol lOD_UISl3DCC COuuuDtC3ltOD lh3l V3_uCly 1CC3CU
    SOuC SuCh SySlCu Ol St_D3tD_, tkC lhC lOu-lOu, 3S S lOuDU tD
    CC1l3tD 1C_tODS Ol Pl1tC3. hC P_C1t3D _3VC lhC tSO3lCU Lu1O-
    gC3D lhC tug1CSStOD Ol DCtD_ ID gC1u3DCDl CODl3Cl Wtlh lhC
    1CVOlultOD31y ht_h COuu3DU. C ShOWCU 3 kIDU Ol 3ugthC
    SCll-3SSu13DCC WhICh 3SSuuCU 13lhC1CXl13O1UtD31y lO1uS. hC1C
    WC1C C3SCS Ol 1C3l 1uDDtD_ 3uuCk.
    DUtVtUu3lS tD 3 hlOl 3DC113lIOD WOulU OSC CODl1O Ol lhCu-
    SClVCS hCy WOuU DC SCCD U3ShtD_ UOWD 3 Sl1CCl O1 tDlO 3D
    tSOl3lCU l31u, uD31uCU, O1 W3VtD_ 3 utSC13DC 3__CU kDtlC,
    ShOult D_, OD_ tVC tDUCgCDUCDl P_C1t3 C,C WOD htS
    1 1 lLL L HLH 79
    3__1CSStVC ktDU Ol DCh3VtO1, WhICh 3SSuuCU VtOCDl lO1uS,
    WOuU uSu3y CDU tD 3 DuISl Ol u3ChtDC_uD Du ClS h1CU Dy 3
    g3lIO. hCD 3 UOClO1 W3S 3DC lO CXCh3D_C WOIUS Wtlh ODC Ol
    lhCSC UyID_ uCD, lhC uSu3 ktDU Ol CXgICSStOD hC hC3IU WOuU
    DC SOuClhD_ tkC, OD l DClCVC lhCu CVC _Ol lh uggCI
    CU_C, Ou1 uCD 31C COutD_, VC DCCD SCDl lO lC yOu lhCyIC
    COutD_ C1C gOWC1lu 3DU WC Su3Sh lhC CDCuy
    hCSC hySlC1tC3 C3SCS WCIC SOuClt uCS uC1Cy WOuDUCU 3DU
    WC1C _tVCD OVC1 lO lhC gOICC lO1 guCSltODID_. hC g3lhOO_tC3
    D3lu1C Ol lhCt1 DCh3VtOI WOuU DOl DC ICCO_DI2CU, DU lhC 3C
    CuSCU WOuU DC lO1lu1CU lOI U3yS uDlt lhC gICSS 1CgOIlCU h3l
    hC h3U DCCD ShOl lIyID_ lO CSC3gC WhtC DCtD_ lI3D8lC1ICU lO
    3DOlhCI gIISOD, OI lh3l hC h3U UCU Ol 3 ICCuIItD_ 3CDl. D
    lhC UOutD3Dl _1Oug, IkCWtSC, lhCIC WC1C C3SCS Ol uCDl3
    hySlC1t3 gCOgC WOuU DC SCI2CU Wtlh 3 COCCltVC lC3 3DU
    g3DtCky SCllCIS WCIC SCCD lO SCCk 3D OulCl tD CItutD3 3ClS.
    h3l u3UC lhC lWO C3SCS UtCICl W3S lh3l, uDIkC lhC COO-
    Dt2CU, lhC COODt2C1 3W3yS lI3DS3lCU htS SuDCCltVC 8l3lCS tDlO
    3ClS, 1C3l 3DU uultgC uu1UCIS. C gIOgO8C lO UC3 WIlh lhCSC
    UtC1CDl gIODCuS, 31tStD_ Oul Ol lhC SlIu__C lOI tDCIltOD, tD
    3 SluUy Ut1CCly D3SCU OD gSyChOg3lhOO_y tlS lOIuS, tlS O1I_tD3
    l3u1CS, tlSUCSCItglIOD.
    LD lhC CVC OlDCWS, lhC P_C1t3D W3S lO hDU htuSCl C3u_hl
    ID 3 DClWOIk SlItCly CODhDCU ID Sg3CC. D 3 Vt3_C CVCIyODC tS
    tDlO1uCU 3S lO lhC DuuCIIC3 St2C 3DU lhC CgutguCDl Ol lhC D3
    ltOD3l PIuy Ol IDC13ltOD. LD ICguCSl, tDlOIu3ltOD 38 lO tlS
    SlItktD_gOWCI 3DU g3D OlOgCI3ltODS C3D DC ODl3IDCU. DO OD,
    Ol COuISC, C3D _IVC lhC SOu1CC Ol SuCh tDlO1u3ltOD, Dul lhC
    .
    IC
    3Dttly tS uDCh3CD_C3DC. hC UCSCItgltOD lh3l h3S DCCD _V

    D,
    WhCD 3 D3ltOD3 31uy CO 3gSCS, Ol lhC 13gtUtly Wtlh WhCh
    331utD_, C3l3Sl1OghtC, UtS3SlIOuS DCWS Sg1C3US 3uOD_ lhC
    gCOgC C3D SC1VC 3S 3 SySlCu Ol IClCICDCC lO

    QgI3tSC lhC OggO


    StlC ghCDOuCDOD. D 3 SC_uCDlS l 3 llh cOuuD u3y
    h3VC DCCD UtSCOVCICU WhtCh WCIC 3SSt_DCU lO OCu3lC lhC
    1CDCh gCOgC Wtlh lhC Vt1uS Ol UClC3l, Dul tl uuSl DOl DC OVCI
    lOOKCU lh3l lhC _1OuDU W3S 3l1C3Uy g1Cg31CU, lh3l lhCIC W3S 3
    80 LYPL LLLLPLOm
    kIDUOl8QlIllu3l UCuODll23lIOD, UuC lO lhC 8ClD3Ck8 8uCIC0 Dy
    UCuOCI3Cy ID bQ3lD, lD l3, ID CIu3Dy, 3DU C8QCCI3y 3l
    %uDICh. hC UClC3lI8u Ol l W38 lhC UlICCl QIOUuCl Ol lhC
    UClC3ll8u Ol %uDICh.
    1D P_CII3 OD lhC CODlI3Iy3DU lhI8 8 lIuC lOI 3 COlODI3
    COuDlIlC8 lh3l uDUCIl3kC 3 D3lIOD3 W3I3ll lhC DCW8 l _OO0,
    CVCIy DIl Ol IDlOIu3lIOD l8 _I3lllylD_. hC Illh LOuuD I8 3D
    luQO88IDI lly ID P_CII3. 1l l8 lhC ICCO_DIllOD Ol lhI8 l3Cl lh3l
    C3U88OCIOO_I8l8lO ICUI8COVCI lhC OU CXQ3D3lIOD 3CCOIUID_ lO
    WhlCh lhC `D3llVC I8 tD3CCC88lDlC lO IC38OD OI lO CXQCIlCDCC.
    3I 8QCCI3I8l8OD8CIVCuOIC CQIIC3y lh3l lhC8C uCD h3VC 3D
    lIOD uOI3C OI lh3l lhClI l3D3lICl8u I8 lDCOuQIChCD8lDC. hC
    _IOuQ COD8I UCICU 38 3 WhOlC _IVC8 lhC IDgIC88tOD Ol 8ugQlC-
    uCDllD_ Wh3l I l _Cl8 ID lhC W3y Ol DCW8 Dy 3D 388uI3DC uOIC
    3DU uOIC Cul O lIOu IC3tly. hC8C u3DlC8l3lIOu8, lhC8C 3lll-
    luUC8 O lOl3 DCICl, lhI8 COlCClIVC CODVICllOD, CXQICS8 lhC UC-
    lCIulD3llOD Ol lhC _IOuQ lO _Cl 38 CO8C 38 QO88IDC O lhC VCVO-
    lullOD, l _Cl 3hC3U Ol lhC VCVOlullOD ll QO88lDC, lD 8hOIl to be
    inonit.
    Pl lhC 83uC lluC, 38 WC h3VC 8CCD, C8QCCI3l ID lhC uID3D
    CCDlCI8, uOIC COuQCX Q3llCID8 Ol DCh3VIOI C3uC lO l_hl. PVIU
    lOI ODCCllVC DCW8 lhC P_CIl3D8 WOuU Duy lhC UCuOCI3llC
    Q3QCI8 lh3l 3IIlVCU lIOu I3uCC. hI8 uC3Dl 3D uDUCDI3DlC
    hD3DCI3l DCDCl lOI lhC8C Q3QCI8. 1' Extcss, Itancc-Dbsc-
    atcut, 1c Mondc IDCIC38CU lhCII 83lC8 lhICC 3DU CVCD VC-lOlU
    lD Pl_CII3. hC uCD IuDDID_ DCW8QQCI klO8k8, 3uO8l 3l l Ol
    lhCu LuIOQC3D8, WCIC lhC I8l lO QOlDl Oul lDC CCODOulC, 3DU
    8CCODU3Illy lhC QO IlIC3 U3u_CI lh3l lhC8C QuD IC3lIOD8 ICQIC-
    8CDlCU. 1D 8luUylD_ lhC QIODlCu Ol lhC QIC88 lD Pl_CI3, ODC
    uu8l 3W3y8 DC3I ID ulDU ODC QCCulI3IIly lD lhC UIlIIDullOD
    8y8lCu. hC QuDIC CIICI8, 3 yOuD_ P_CIt3D8, 8Cl ODl lDc
    lOC3l QIC88. hC LuIOQC3D Q3QCI8 3IC DOl DIOu_hl lO lhC COD-
    8uuCI. hC8C Q3QCI8 h3VC lO DC DOu_hl 3l lhC kIO8k8. hC OWD-
    CI8 Ol lhC Pl_Cl3D QIC8S tuuCUl3lCly lCC lhC COuQClIlIOD Ol
    lhC QIC88COulD_ lIOu I3DCC. L3uQ3I_DCDOuDCIu lhC QIC88
    lOI DClD_ `lD C3hOOlS WllD lhC CDCD, 3DU lDC 1CgC3lC0 -
    J JL lLLL L HILLH hl
    2uIC8 O 3 CIl3ID DuuDCI Ol hC8C QuD IC3lIO8 OVIOuSy 38
    SuuCU 3 8QCCI3l uC3DID_. OIC 3uU uOIC DCW8UC3CI8 WhCD
    38kCU lOI lhC8C QJQCI8, WOuU ICQy 3_C8SIVCy lh3l lhC 8. O.D.
    Q3QCI8 h3VCDl 3IIVCU lOUy.
    P_CIl3D8 ID lhC CIlIC8, Dul C8QCCI3y lD lhC IuI3 CCDlCI8,
    lhCD UI8COVCIU lh3l 8hOWID_ CODCCID OVCI lhC 3IIIV3 OI DOD
    3IIlV3l Ol lhC 83IU QIC88 W38 8uCICDl lO l3DC lhCu. D P_CII3
    38 tD I3DCC, Dul Ol COuISC OIC JICUy, lh DCWSQ3QCI
    kIO8k UC3lCI, lIkC lhC OCC CCIk, I8 8uIC lO DC 3 VClC3D WIlh
    8lIOD_ D3CID_ ID u lI3-COODI3 ISl CIICC8. OI lhC P_CII3D lO
    38k lOI 1'Exrcss, L'Human, OI 1c Aondc W3S l3Dl3OuDl
    lO QuDlICly CODlCS8lu_38 IkCy 38 Ol lO 3 QOIC IlOICIhI8
    3 lC_I3DCC lO lhC VCVOulIOD Il W38 I D 3Dy C3SC 3D u_u3IUCU
    lDUIC3lIOD lh3l hC h3U IC8CIV3lIOD8 3S lO lC O3, OI COO
    DI3I8l DCW8 Il uC3Dl u3DIlCSlIu hI8 WIID_DC8S lO u3C hIu
    8Cl COD8QlCuOu8 lO lhC klO8 UC3CI Il 38 lhC uugu3ICU
    3Iu3lIOD Dy lh3l P_CII3D Ol 8OU3IIly WIlh lhC VCVOul IOD.
    hC QuICh38C Ol 8uCh 3 DCW8Q3QCI W38 lhu8 COD8IUCICU lO DC 3
    D3llOD3I8l 3Cl. CDCCI l guICkly DCC3uC 3 U3D_CIOuS3Cl.
    VCIy lIuC lhC P_CII3D 38CU lOI ODC Ol lhC8C DCWSQ3QCI8
    lhC klO8k UC3CI, WhO ICQIC8CDlCU lhC OCCuQlCI, WOuU IC_3IU I l
    38 3D CXQIC88IOD Ol D3lIOD3ISu, CguIV3CDl lO 3D 3Cl Ol W3I.
    CC3u8C lhC WCIC DOW IC3ly COuuIllCU lO 3ClIVIlIC8 VIl3l lO
    lhC VCVO ulIOu,OI Oul OluDUCI8l3DU3DC QIuUCDCC, Il ODC DC3I8
    ID uIuU lhC 3VC Ol XCDOQhODl3 CIC3lCU Dy lhC ICDCh 8ClllCI8
    ID l JJ, P_CII3D 3Uul8 8OOD lOIuCU lhC h3Dtl l _CllI_ yOuu_
    P_CII3D8 lO Dy lhC8C DCW8Q3QIS. l lOOk ODy 3 lCW WCCkS
    lOI lhI8 DCW lIICk lO DC UI8COVCICU. PllCI 3 CCIl3ID QCIIOU lhC
    DCW8C3CI8IClu8CU lO 8C 1'Exrcss, L'Humanit, 3DU1i bcra
    tion lO uIDOI8. PUul8 WCIC lhCD ICUuCCU lO COuID_ Oul IDlO
    lCOQCDOI Cl8C lO l3ID_D3Ck OD 1'Ichod'H/gct. lW3S3l lhIS
    QOtDl lh3l lhC QOI lIC3 UlICClOI3lC Ol lhC VCVOullOD _3VC
    OIUCI8 lO DOyCOll lhC Pl_CIl3D lOC3l QIC.
    hI8 UCCl8IOD h3U 3 UOuDlC ODCClIVC. tI8l, lO OuDlCI hC
    OCD8lVC Ol lhC Pl_CIl3D lIu8l8 Dy 3 uC38uIC h3VID_ CCODOulC
    OD8CguCDCC8. y UCQ1lVlD_ lhC Pl_C1l3D Q3QCI8 Ol 3 l3I_C QIO
    4
    ^ YDL LLLDPbN
    gOtlIOD O lhCIt D3lIVC Cu8lOmCt8 lhC tCVO!ulIOD3ty mOVCmCDl
    W38 UC3ID_ 3 t3lhCt ChCClIVC DOW lO lhC m3tKCl O lhC OC3
    gtC88. ul 3DOVC 3!!, lhC gO!tlIC3! UItCClOt3lC W38 CODVIDCCU
    lh3l, h3VID_ lO UCgCDU 8O!C!y OD CO!ODI3!I8l DCW8, lhC P!_CtI3D8
    WOuU _t3Uu3y 8uCCumD lO lhC m388tVC 3DU D3DCu! IDuCDCC
    O lhO8C g3_C8 I D WhICh h_utC8 3DU ghOlO_t3gh8 WCtC COm-
    g3CCDly UI8g3yCU 3DUWhCtC ID 3Dy C38C ODC COuU C!C3ty tC3U
    CVCty mOtDID_ 3DOul lhC C!ImID3lIOD O lhC HCVO! ulIOD.
    LD lhC CVC O lhC m38C8, WhICh h3U tCm3IDCU tC3lIVCy
    uDIDVOVCU ID lh 8ltu__!C 8IDCC lhCy COu!UDl tC3U lhC gtC88,
    lhC DCCC88Ily O h3VID_t3UIO 8Cl8 W38 C!l. l mu8l DOl DC Ot_Ol-
    lCD lh3l lhC gCOg!C8 _CDCt3I2CU I!IlCt3Cy !Cl Il IDUIhCtCDl lO
    lhID_8 WtIllCD. D lhC ht8l mODlh8 O lhC HCVOulIOD, lhC _tC3l
    m3OtIly O P_CtI3D8 IUCDlIhCU CVCtylhID_ WtIllCD ID lhC
    tCDCh 3D_u3_C 38 lhC CXgtC88IOD O C!ODI3 UOmID3ltOD. hC
    3D_u3_C ID WhICh I LxQrcaa 3DU I Lchc d' H /_cr WCtC WtIllCD
    W38 lhC8I_D OlhC tCDCh gtC8CDCC.
    hC 3CguI8IlIOD O3 t3UIO 8Cl ID P!_CtI3, ID 5DD, tCgtC8CDlCU
    lhC 8OC mC3D8 O ODl3IDID_ DCW8 O lhC HCVOulIOD tOm DOD-
    tCDCh 8OutCC8. hI8 DCCC88Ily 388umCU 3 COmgC!ID_ Ch3t3ClCt
    WhCD lhC gCOgC C3tDCU lh3l lhCtC WCtC P!_CtI3D8 ID L3ttO
    WhO U3Iy UtCW ug lhC D3!3DCC8hCCl O lhC !IDCt3lIOD 8ltu__!C.
    tOm L3ItO, tOm bytI3, tOm D3ty 3! lhC Pt3D COuDltIC8, lhC
    @C3l g3_C8 WtIllCD ID lhC dc0c/a Dy DtOlhCt8, tC!3lIVC8, tICDU8
    OWCUD3CK lO P!_CtI3.
    C3DWhIC, UC8gIlC lhC8C DCW OCCuttCDCC8, lhC IDltOUuClIOD
    Ot3UIO8Cl8 IDlO hOu8C83DU lhC mO8l tCmOlC doiiara gtOCCCUCU
    ODy @3Uu3y. hCtC W38 DO CDOtmOu8 tu8h lO Duy tCCCIVCt8.
    l W38 3l lhC CDU O 5Db lh3l lhC tC3! 8hIl OCCuttCU. Pl lhI8
    lImC lt3Cl8 WCtC UI8ltIDulCU 3DDOuDCID_ lhC CXI8lCDCC O 3
    OICC O ttCCP_CtI3. hC DtO3UC38lID_8ChCUuC8 3DU lhC W3VC-
    CD_lh8 WCtC _IVCD. hI8 VOICC `lh3l 8gC3K8 tOm lhC dc0c/a,'
    DOl _CO@3ghIC3!y ImIlCU, Dul DttD_ID_ lO 3! P!_CtI3 lhC @C3l
    mC883_C O lhC HCVOulIOD, 3l OCC 3CguItCU 3D C88CDlI3 V3uC.
    D C88 lh3D lWCDly U3y8 lhC CDlItC ok O t3UIO 8Cl8 W38
    1 1 LL L L 5
    DOu_hl ug. D lhC aouka lt3UC tD u8CU tCCCIVCt 8Cl8 DC_3D.
    P_CtI3D8 WhO h3U 8CtVCU lhCIt aggtCDlICC8hIg WIlh LutOgC3D
    I3UIOC!CClttCI3D8 OgCDCU 8m3!! 8hOg8. OtCOVCt, lhC UC3Ct8 h3U
    lO mCCl DCW DCCU8. hC 3D8CDCC O CCCltIhC3lIOD ID ImmCD8C
    IC_IOD8 ID P!_CtI3 D3lut3!y CtC3lCU 8gCCI3 gtODCm8 Ot lhC
    COD8umCt. tOt lht8tC38OD D3llCtyOgCt3lCU tCCCIVCt8, tOm 5Db
    OD, WCtC ID _tC3l UCmaDU OD P!_CtI3D lCttIlOty. D 3 CW WCCK8
    8CVCt3 lhOu83DU 8Cl8 WCtC 8O!U lO P_CtI3D8, WhO DOu_hl lhCm
    38IDUIVIUu3!8, 3mI!IC8, _tOug8 O hOu8C8, dotiara, mcchlaa.
    bIDCC 5b lhC gutCh38C O 3 t3UIO ID P_CtI3 h38 mC3Dl, DOl
    lhC 3UOglIOD O 3 mOUCtD lCChDIguC Ot _CllID_ DCW8, Dul lhC
    ODl3IDID_ O 3CCC88 lO lhC OD!y mC3D8 O CDlCtID_ IDlO COmmu
    DIC3lIOD WIlh lhC HCVO! ulIOD, O IVID_ WIlh Il. D lhC 8gCCI3!
    C38C O lhC gOtl3DC D3llCty 8Cl, 3D ImgtOVCU Otm O lhC 8l3D-
    U3tU tCCCIVCt OgCt3lID_ OD CutCDl, lhC 8gCCI3!I8l ID lCChDIC3!
    Ch3D_C8 ID uDUCtUCVC!OgCU COuDltIC8 mI_hl 8CC 3 8I_D O 3 3UI-
    C3! mul3lIOD. hC P!_CtI3D, ID 3Cl, _IVC8 lhC ImgtC88IOD O
    hDUID_ 8hOtl Cul8 3DU O 3ChICVID_ lhC mO8l mOUCtD Otm8 O
    DCW8COmmuDIC3lIOD WI lhOul g388ID_ lhtOu_h lhC IDlCImCUI3ty
    8l3_C8. D tC3!tly, WC h3VC 8CCD lh3l lht8 gtO_tC88 I8 lO DC
    CXg3IDCU Dy lhC 3D8CDCC O C!CCltIC CuttCDl ID lhC P!_CtI3D
    dotiara.
    hC ttCDCh 3ulhOtIlIC8 UIU DOl ImmCUI3lC!y tC3I2C lhC CX-
    CCglIO3! ImgOtl3DCC O lhI8 Ch3D_C ID 3llIluUC O lhC P!_CtI3D
    gCOg!C WIlh tC_3tU lO lhC t3UIO. t3UIlIOD3 tC8t8l3DCC8 DtOKC
    UOWD 3DU ODC COu!U 8CC ID 3 douar _tOug8 O 3mI!IC8 ID WhICh
    3lhCt8, mOlhCt8, U3u_hlCt, C!DOW lO C!DOW, WOuU 8CtulIDI2C
    lhC t3UIO Ut3! W3IlID_ Ot lhC Ictcc c] H /_crta. buUUCD!y ID-
    UICtCDl lO lhC 8lCtI!C, 3th3tC mOUC8ly 3DU 3DltguC 8OCI3
    3tt3D_CmCDl8 UCVOtU O DtOlhCthOOU, lhC P!_CtI3D 3mIy
    UI8COVCtCU Il8C! lO DC ImmuDC lO lhC O-CO!Ot OKC8 3DU lhC
    IDIUIDOu8 tCCtCDC8 lh3l lhC 3DDOuDCt OCC38IOD3!y Cl UtOg
    1ON-D3tkcl OI 8DOg. [t3D813lOIS DOlc)
    D tDc tc3D O Dl3tq ODDUDC3lOD8, lDc 83Dc gDcDODcDOD 8 lO
    Dc DOlcO. D c88 lD3D hlccD DODlD8 lDc D3lIOD3 PMq O DcI3lOD8
    38OD 3DO lccODDUDtC3lOD8 8q8lcD DcL3Dc cgU3 lO lDc Dc8t lDat 8
    tO DC OUDO D a DOOcID aMq.
    LYL LLLLLbN
    PluOSl u3_tCllyl WC h3VCSCCD lhC 13gtU 3uU Ut3CCltC3l
    g1O_1CSStOD Ol lC DCW D3ltOD3l 1Cgut1CuCDlSlhC lCChDtC3 tD-
    Sl1uuCDl Ol lhC 13UtO 1CCCtVC1 lOSl tlS tUCDltly 3S 3D CDCuy OD-
    CCl. hC 13UtO SCl W3S uO lOu_C1 3 g31l Ol lhC OCCugtC1S 31SCD3l
    Ol Culu13 gg1CSStOD. 1D u3ktu_ Ol lhC 13UtO 3 g1tu31y uC3DS
    Ol 1CStSltD_ lhC tDC1C3StD_ly OVC1WhCutD_ gSyChOlO_tC3l 3DU
    uttl31y g1CSSu1CS Ol lhC OCCug3Dl, P_C1t3D SOCtCly u3UC 3D
    3ulODOuOuS UCCtStD lO CuD13CC lh DCW lCChDtguC 3DU lhuS
    luDC tlSCl tD OD lhC DCW St_D3ltD_ SySlCuS D1Ou_hl tDlO DCtD_
    DylhC VCVOlultOD.
    Thc loicc o] Fight ing Z/gctia W3S lO DC Ol C3gtl3l tugO1-
    l3DCC tD CODSOtU3ltD_ 3DU uDtlytD_ lhC gCOglC. C Sh3ll SCC
    lh3l lhC uSC Ol lhC P13D, 3DylC 3DU 1CDCh l3D_u3_CS WhtCh, 3S
    COODt3tSu W3S ODt_CU lO 1CCO_Dt2C, W3S lhC Cg1CSStOD Ol 3
    uOD13Ct3l CODCCgltOD, h3U lhC 3UV3Dl3_C Ol UCVCOgtD_ 3DU O
    Sl1CD_lhCDtD_ lhC uDtly Ol lhC gCOglC, Ol u3ktD_ lhC h_hltD
    u1Uu13 31C3 1C3l lO1 lhC P_C1t3D g3l1tOlS Ol 3lD3 O1 O
    CuOu1S. hC l13_uCDlS 3uU SgltDlC1S Ol 3ClS _lC3DCU Dy lhC
    CO11CSgODUCDl Ol 3 DCWSg3gC1 uO1C O1 lCSS 3ll3ChCU lO lhC COO
    Dt3 UOutD3ltOD, O1 COuuuDtC3lCU Dy lhC OggOStD_ uttl3y
    3ulhO1tltCS, OSl lhCt1 3D31ChtC Ch313ClC1 3DU DCC3uC O1_3Dt2CU
    tDlO3 D3ltOD3l 3DU P_C1t3D gOtltC3l tUC3, 3SSuutD_ lhCt1 gl3CC
    tD 3D VC13ll Sl13lC_y Ol lhC 1CCODguCSl Ol lhC gCOglC'S SOVC1-
    Ct_Dly. hC SC3llC1CU 3ClS hllCU tDlO 3 V3Sl CgtC, 3DU lh 3DlC
    WC1C DO lOD_C lhC uCD Ol lhC uOuDl3tDS, Dul lhC D1OlhC1S
    WhO Wtlh Lu3u13DC 3DU 1tu u3UC lhtD_S UtmCul lO1 lhC
    CDCuyl1OOgS.
    3VtD_ 3 13UtO uC3Dl 3ytD_ ODCS l3CS lO lhC D3ltOD, Duy-
    tD_ lhC 1t_hl Ol CDl1y tDlO lhC Sl1u__lC Ol 3D 3SSCuDlCU
    gCOglC.
    hC 1CDCh 3ulhO1tltCS, hOCVC1, DC_3D lO 1C3t2C hC tugO1-
    l3DCC Ol lhtS g1O_1CSS Ol lhC gCOglC tD lhC lCChDtguC Ol DCWS
    UtSSCutD3ltOD. PllC1 3 lCW uODlhS Ol hCStl3DCy lC_3l uC3Su1CS
    3ggC31CU. hC S3C Ol 13UtOS W DOW g1OhtDtlCU, CCCgl OD
    g1CSCDl3ltOD Ol 3 VOuChC1 tSSuCU Dy lhC utltl31y SCCu1tly O1 g
    tCC SC1VtCCS hC S3lC Ol D3llC1y SClS W3S 3DSOlulCly g1OhtDtlCU,
    J J lLL L HlH 85
    3DU Sg31C D3llC1tCS C1C g13CltC3lyWtlhU13WD l1Ou lhC u31kCl.
    hC P_C1t3D UC3C1S DOW h3U lhC OggO1luDtly lO gul lhCt1
    g3l1tOltSu lO lhC lCSl, 3DU lhCy WC1C 3DlC lO uggly lhC gCOglC
    Wtlh Sg31C D3llC1CS Wtlh CCgl31y 1C_u31tly Dy tCSO1ltD_ lO
    31tOuSSuDlC1lu_CS
    Tc H/gctian uho uancd to /vc u to thc Rcvo/ution, had
    at /ast thcossibi/ito]hcatingan ocia/voicc, thc voicco]thc
    combatants,cx/ain thccombattohim,tc//hi thcstoo]thc
    Libctation on thc match, and incototatc it into thc natio's
    ncu /i]c
    C1C C COuC ugOD 3 ghCDOuCDOD lh3l tS SumCtCDlly uDu
    Su3 lO1Cl3tD Ou1 3llCDlOu. hC ht_hly l13tDCU 1CDCh SC1VtCCS,
    1th Wtlh CgC1tCDCC 3Cgut1CU tD uOUC1D W31S, g3Sl u3SlC1 tD
    lhC g13CltCC Ol SOuuU-W3VC W31l31C, WC1C gutCk lO UClCCl lhC
    W3VC CDlhS Ol lhC D1O3UC3Sltu Sl3ltODS. hC g1O_13uS WC1C
    lhCD SySlCu3ltC3ly 3uuCU, 3DU lhC loicc o] Fighting H/gctia
    SOOD DCC3uC tD3uUtDlC. P DC lO1u Ol Sl1u__lC h3U COuC tDlO
    DCtD_. 13ClS WC1C UtSl1tDulCU lCltD_ lhC Pl_C1t3DS lO kCCg
    luDCU tD lO1 3 gC1tOU Ol lWO O1 lh1CC hOu1S. D lhC COu1SC Ol 3
    tD_lC D1O3UC3Sl 3 SCCOuU Sl3ltOD, D1O3UC3SltD_ OVCt 3 UtC1CDl
    W3VClCD_lh, WOlU 1Cl3y lhC 1l 3uuCU Sl3ltOD. hC l tSlCDC1
    CD1OlCU tD lhC D3llC Ol lhC 3VCS h3U lO _u1C Oul lhC l3ltC
    Ol lhC CDCuy, 3DU tD 3D 3luOSl ghyStC3l W3y Ct1CuuVCDl lhC
    Sl13lC_y Ol lhC 3UVC1S31y. C1y OllCD ODy lhC OgC13lO1 tS C31
    _luCU lO lhC 1CCCtVC1, h3U lhC uDhOgCUl1 OggO1luDtly Ol hC31
    tD_ lhC loicc. hC OlhC1 Pl_C1t3DS g1CSCDl tD lhC 1OOu WOuU
    1CCCtVC lhC CChO Ol lhtS VOCC lh1Ou_h lhC g1tVtC_CU tDlC1g1ClC1
    WhO, 3l lhC CDU Ol lhC D1O3UC3Sl, W3S ltlC13lly DCStC_CU. bgCCt
    guCSltODS WOlU lhCD DC 3SkCU Ol lhtS tDC31D3lCU VOtCC. hOSC
    g1CSCDlW3DlCU lO kDOW 3DOul 3 g31lCul31 D3lllC uCDltODCU Dy
    lhC 1CDCh gCSS tD lhC l3Sl lWCDlylO1 hOu1S, 3DU lhC tDlC1
    " DC 8tt1V8 D _Ct8 Dy DOtm8 CD8DDC8 O DCW 8Ct5 8DU DCW D8

    tC8 ODVOu8y DCC8mC DCtC88D_y UCul lCt I 957 l W88 tOm D8I8
    8DU NOtOCCO, v lDC uDUCt_tOuDU, ll DCW 8uggC8 C8mC. DC tC_u8t
    DltOUuClOD O lDC8C mC8D8 O C8l8D8DD_ CODl8Cl WlD lDC OC8 vOCC
    O lDC VCVOulOD DCmC 88 mgOtl8Dl Ot lDC gCOgC aCgut1D_ WC8g-
    OD8 Ot muDlOD8 Ot lDC 8lOD8 tBy.
    8b LYDL LLLLDLbN
    preter, embarrassed, |ee| ing gui|ty, wou|d sometimes have to
    admitthattheloicchadnotmentionedi t.
    Butbycommon consent,a|teranexchangeo|views it wou|d
    bedecidedthattheloicchadin|actspokeno|theseevents,but
    that the interpreter had not caught the transmitted in|orma
    tion. A rea| task o|reconstruction wou|d then begin Lveryone
    wou|d participate, and the batt|es |yesterday and the day be-
    |orewou|dbere|ought in accordance with thedeepaspirtions
    and the unshakab|e |aith o| the group. The | istener wou|d
    compensate |or the |ragmentary nature o| the news by an
    autonomouscreationo|i n|ormation.
    Listeningtothe loicc o]FightingH/gctiawas motivatednot
    justbyeagerness tohearthenews,butmore particu|ar|yby the
    nnerneedtobeatonewiththenationinitsstrugg|e,toreca
    ture and to assume the new nationa| |ormu|ation, to isten to
    and to repeat thegrandeur o| the epic being accomp|ished up
    there among the rocks andon the dcbc/s. Lvery morning the
    A|gerian wou|dcommunicate the resu|to| his ours o| |isten-
    ingi n. Lverymoing hewou|dcomplete |or the beneht o|his
    neighbor orhis comrade the thi ngs not said by the loicc and
    rep|y to the insidiousquestions askedby the enemy press. He
    wou| counter the ocia| armations o|the occupier, there
    sounding bu||etins o| the adversary, with ocia| statements
    ssuedby the Revo|utionaryCommand.
    Sometimes it was the mi| itant who wou|d circu|ate the as
    sumed pointo| view o| the po|i tica| directorate. Because o|8
    s|ence on this or that |act which, i| pro|onged, might prove
    upsetting and dangerous |or the peop|e's unity, the whole na
    tion wou|d snatch |ragments o| sentences in the course o| a
    broadcast and attach to them a decisive meaning Imper|ect|y
    heard, obscured by an incessant jamming |orced to change
    wave|engthstwoor threetimes in tecourse|abroadcast,the
    Foicc o]FightingH/gctiacou|dhard|yever beheard |rom be-
    ginningtoend.Itwasachoppy,brokenvoice. irom onevi||age
    to the next, |rom one shack to the next, the loicc o] H/gctia
    wou|drecountnew things, te|| o|more and more g|orious bat
    tles picure ivid|y the col|pse o| the occupyingpower. The
    J JL lLLL L HLLH 87
    enemy |ost its density, and at the |eve| o| theconsciousness o|
    the occupied, experienced a series o| essentia setbacks. Thus
    the loicc o]H/gctia, whic|ormonts|edthe| i |eo|a |ugitive
    which was tracked by the adversarys power|u jamming net-
    works, and whose word was o|ten inaudbe, norished the
    citizens|aithintheRevo|ution.
    This loiccwhosepresencewas|e|t, whoserea|itywassensed,
    assumedmoreandmoreweightin proportiontothenumbero|
    jamming wave |ength broadcast by the specia|ized enemy sta-
    tions. Itwas the power o| the enemysabotage that emphasized
    the rea|ity and the i ntensity o| the nationa| expression. By its
    phantom-|ikecharacter, theradioo|theMoudahidincs, speak
    ng in the name o| ighting Algeria, recognized as the spokes
    man |or every A|gerian, gave to the combat its maximum o|
    rea| i ty.
    Underthese conditions, c|aimingtohave heard the loicco]
    H/gctiawas,ina certai nsense, disrting the truth, but itwas
    above a|| the occasion to proclaim ones clndestine participa-
    tion intheessenceo|the Revolution. Itmeantmakingade|ib-
    eratechoice,thoughitwas notexp|icitduringthehrstmonths,
    between the enemy's congenita| |ie and the peop|e s own |ie,
    hichsuddenlyacquiredadimensiono|truth.
    Thisvoice,o|tenabsent,physica||yinaudib|e, whicheachone
    |e|twe|li ngupwithin himsel|, |oundedon aninner perception
    o| the iather|and, became mteria|ized in an irre| tabe way.
    LveryAlgerian,|or hispart, broadcastand transmitted the new
    |anguage. The nature o| this voicereca||ed in more than one
    way that o| the Revo|ution present in the air in iso|ated
    pieces,butnotobjective|y.
    The radio receiver guaranteed this true |ie. Lvery eening,
    Aong thc samc Inc shoud bc mcntoncd thc manncr n whch
    programs arc stcncd to n Kabya. n groups ot scorcs and somcttmcs
    hundrcds around a rcccvcr, thc pcasans sn rcgousy to 'thc occ
    oI thc Arabs cw undcrstand thc tcrary Aabc uscd n thcsc broad-
    casts. But thc Iaccs assumc a ook ot gravty and thc tcaturcs hardcn whcn
    thc cprcsson 1ltg0 (ndcpcndcncc) rcsouas n thc gqrb

    (shack). D
    Arab vocc that hammcrs out thc word 1lIg0 tour ttmcs tn an hour
    succs at that cvc oI hcghtcncd conscousncss to kccp avc thc Iath n
    vctor.
    bb P LYDL LLLLDLb%
    From nincoclocktomidnight thcAlgcrianwouldl istcn.At thc
    cndoF thc cvcning not hcarng thc |oicc, thc litcncr wouI
    somctimcs Icavc thc nccdlc on a jammcd wavclcngth or onc
    thatimplyproduccstatic, andwouldannouncc thatthc voicc
    oF thc combatants was hcrc. or an hour thc room wouI bc
    hllcd wth thc picrcing, cxcruciating din oF thc jammi ng. Bc-
    hind cach moduIation, cach activc crackling thc Algcian
    wouldimagincnotonIywords, butconcrctcbat tlcs. ThcwaoF
    thcsoundwavc, in thcgourbi, rccnacts For thc bcncht oF tc
    ci ticn thcarmcdcIahoFhis pcopIc and colonialism. As a gcn
    cral ruIc i t is thc |oicc o] d /gcria that wins out. Thc cncmy
    stations, oncc thc broadcast iscompIctcd, abandon thcir wor oF
    sabotagc. Thc military music oFwaringAIgcria that concIdcs
    thc broadcastcan thcn Frccly hlI thc I ungs andthc hcads oF thc
    FathFuI. Thcsc Fcw brazcn notcs rcward thrcc hous oF aily
    opc and hvc playcd a FundamcntaI roIc For months in thc
    trainingandstrcngthcningoFthc Algcrian national conscius-
    ncss.
    On thc psychopathoIogical lcvcl, it is important tomcntion
    Fcw phcnomcna pcrtaining to thc radio which madc thcir a
    pcaranc in conncctionwith thc waroFI i bcration. BcForc ! 4,
    thconographs writtcn on AIgcrians sudcringFrom haI lucina-
    tions constantIy pointcd out thc prcscncc in thc socaIIcd cx-
    tcrnal action phasc' oF highly agcsivc and hostlc raio
    voiccs.ThcscmctaIlic,cutting, insulting,disagrccabIcvoicc aII
    havcFor thc Algcrianan ccusing, inquisitorial charactcr. hc
    radio, on thc normal Icvcl, alrcady apprchcndcd as an i nstu-
    mcntoFthcoccupation,asatypcoFviolcntinvsionon thc part
    oFthcopprcssor, assumcshighIyal icnatingmcani ngs inthccId
    oF thc pathological. Thc radio, in addition to thc somcat
    irrationaI magical cIcmcnts with which it is invcstcd in thc
    majorityoFhomogcncous socictics, that is to say socictics Frm
    which aII Forcign opprcssion is abscnt, has a particuIar vaIccc
    in Algcria. Wc havcsccnthat thcvoicchcard is not indicrcnt
    is notncutral i t is thc voicc oFthc opprcssor, thc voicc oF thc
    cncmy. Thc spccch dcIivcrcd is not rcccivcd, dcciphcrcd, n
    1 lLL L HLH
    dcrstood, butrcjcctcd. Thc communicationisncvcr qucstioncd
    but issimpIyrcFuscd,Forit isprccscly thcopcnngoF oncscIF to
    thc othcr that is organicaIly cxcludcd From thc coIonial si tua-
    tion. BcForc 954, in thc psychopathological rcalm, thc raio
    wasancvilobjcctanxiogcnicandaccurscd.
    AFtcr ! 954, thc radio assumcd totally ncw mcanings. Thc
    phcnomcna oF thc wirclcss and thc rcccivcr sct Iost thcir ccm
    cicntoFhostility, wcrc strippcdoFthcircharactcroF cxtrancous
    ncss, and bccamc part oF thc cohcrcnt ordcr oF thc nation in
    battlc. In halucinatory psychoscs, aFtcr 95, thc adio voicc
    bccamcprotcctivc, Fricndly. InsuIts andaccusations disappcarcd
    and gavc way to words oF cncouragcmcnt. Thc Forcign tcch-
    niqu, wich had bccn digcstcd' in conncction with thc na-
    tionalstrugglc,hadbccomca hghtinginstrumcntForthc pcopIc
    andaprotcctivcorganagainstanxicty.
    StilIon thc lcvcI oFcomunication, attcntion must bccaIcd
    to thc acquisition oF ncw valucs by thc Frcnch Ianuagc. Thc
    Frcnh languagc, languagc oF occupation, a vchicIc oF thc op-
    prcssing powcr, sccmcd doomcd For ctcrnity to judgc thc A-
    gcrian in a pcjorativc way. Evcry rcnch cxprcssion rcFcrringto
    thc Algcrian had a hmil iating contcnt. Evcry rcnch spccch
    hcardwasanordcr, a thrcat, or an insuIt. Thccontactbctwccn
    thc Algcrian and thc Europcan is dchncd by thcsc thrcc
    sphcrcs. Thc broadcasting i n Frcnch oF thc programs oF Fight-
    ing d/gcria was toIi bcratc thc cncmy IanguagcFrom its historic
    mcanings. Thcsamc mcssagctransmittcd in thrccdidcrcnt Ian
    guagcs unihcd thc cxpcricncc and gavc it a univcrsal dimcn-
    sion. Thc Frcnch Ianguagc Iosti ts accurscd charactcr, rcvcaing
    i tsclF to c capablc alsooF transmi tting, For thc bcncht oF thc
    nation, thc mcssagcs oF truth that thc lattcr awaitcd. Paradoxi-
    cal as i may appcar, it is thc AIgcrian Rcvolution, it is thc
    ` DC 8QQC8t8nCC O lDCmC8 O mOtDlU QtOlCCllOn, lDCIt ImQOtl8nCc H 8
    lCCDnguC O 8CUCCn8C 8nU CvCn O 8C-CutC In lDC Dt8lOtC UCVCOQmCnl
    O mCnl8l U8C88C, D8vC 8tC8Uy DCCn 8luUCU n C888IC Q8CD8lty. 8_uCU
    Dy D8 8CCu8n_ vOCC8, lDC VClm O D8luCn8lOn8 D88 nO OlDCt
    tCCOut8C Dul lO CtC8lC tCnUly vOCC8. D8 mCCD8nI8m O lt8n8Otm8lOn
    InlO l8 8nllDC8l8 lD8l WC DCt QOnl Oul D88 Il8 COunlCtQ8tl In lDC UIInlC
    8ln_ COOn8l 8lu8lOn.
    V LYPL LLLLPLOm
    strugg|eo|theA|gerianpeop|e,thatis|aci | i tatingthespreading
    o|theirench|anguageinthenation.
    Inpsychopatho|ogy, sentences in irench|osetheirautomatic
    character o| insu|t and ma|ediction. When they hear irench
    voices,A|gerianssuering|romha||ucinationsquotewords that
    are|essand|ess aggtessive Itisnotuncommon,ata|aterstage,
    to note that ha||ucinations in the |anguage o| the occupier as-
    sumea|riend|ycharactero|support,o|protection.
    The occupation authorities have not measured the impor-
    tance o| the new attitude o| the A|gerian toward the irench
    |anguage. Lxpressing onese|| in irench, understandingirench,
    was no |onger tantamount to treason or to an impoverishing
    identihcationwiththeoccupier.Usedby the loiccojthc Com
    batants, conveyinginapositiveway themessageo| the Revo|u
    tion the irench |anguage a|so becomes an instrument o|
    | iberation. Whereas |ormer|y, in psychopatho|ogy, any irench
    voice, to one in a de|irium, expressed rejection,condemnation
    and opprobrium, wit the strugg|e |or | iberation we see the
    initiationo|amajorprocesso|exorcizingthe irench |anguage
    The native can a|most be said to assume responsibi|ity |or
    the |anguage o| the occupier.
    It wasa|ter the Congtcss oj thc Soummam, in August l 0,
    that the irench became aware o| this phenomenon. It wi|| be
    remembered that on ths occasion, the po|itica| and mi|itary
    | eaders o| the Revo|uton met in the la//cy oj thc Soummam,
    precise|y in thesectoro| Amirouche, the then ommander, to
    |ay the doctrina| |oundations o| the struggle and to set up the
    Nationa/ Counci/ oj thc H/ctian Fco/ / on A The
    |act that the discussions were carried on in irench sudden|y
    D3l IS IDVOVCO DCIC IS DOI IDC CDCt_CHCC O 3D 3DDV3CHCC, DUl
    IlDCI DDI3lOH, 3 I3O C3 CD3D_C O V3CDCC, HOI 3 D3Ck3HUOIID
    HOVCDCDI DUI 3 O 3CtIC3 QtO_ICSSiOD.
    L

    IDC OIDCI D3HO, IDC lo|ce o d/crtc W38 D3_ HCO IO DC QIO-
    DODDCH_ OC3ID SCHICDCCS D CCII3ID ._Ct3D CO3DOt3IOtS. bUCtIH_
    IOID SCI
    '
    S DIS O OC_tC8SIOD, lDCSC DCU WDO U8DJ DCOHgCO IO lDC
    QOItC SCIVICCS, WOUO DC 3II3CkCG, I HSD ICO, COH\CItO D IDC tCDC
    IOO. ktWISC, JUIO_C3D WODCH 3S WC 3S JUtO[C3D DCH ID OUlDICkS
    O 3DXtl WODO VCI CC3t DC3t IDtC3IS Ot COHOCDH3I OUS H IDC .t3DIC
    D_D3_C. bUCD QDCHODCH3 WCIC _t3ClIC3 UDkHOWH DCOIC I 951.
    THIS IS THE IOICE OF ALCERIA 9l
    revea|ed to the occupation |orces that the traditiona| genera|
    reticence o| the A|gerian with regard to using irench within
    the co|onia| si tuation might no |onger exist, when a decisive
    con|rontationbrought the wi|| tonationa| independenceo|the
    peop|eandthedominantpower|aceto|ace.
    The irench authorities were curious|y baed by this phe
    nomenon.Theyhrstsawin ittheproo|o|what theyhada|ways
    c|aimedi. e. , the incapacity o| the Arabic |anguage to hand|e
    theoperationa|conceptso|amodernrevo|utionary war. Butat
    thesametime, thedecisionsreachedintheoccupiers |inguistic
    system|orcedtheoccupiertorea|izethere|ativecharactero|his
    signs and created con|usion and disorder in his de|ense sys
    tem.
    The advocates o|integration, |or their part, here saw a new
    opportunity topromote a irenchA|geria by making the oc
    cupier's |anguage the so|e practica| means o| communication
    avai|ab|e to aby|es, Arabs, haouias, Mozabites, etc. Thi
    thesis,on the |eve| o| |anguage, went back to the very basiso|
    co|onia|ism it is the intervention o| the |oreign nation that
    putsorder into the origina|anarchy o| the co|onized country.
    Under these conditions, the irench |anguage, the language o
    the occupier, wasgiven the ro|eo|Logos, with onto|ogica| im
    p|icationsithinA|geriansociety.
    In either case, using the irench |anguage was at the same
    time domesticating an ttribute o| the occupier and provin
    onese|| open to the signs, the symbo|s, in short to a certain
    inuence o| the occupier. The irench have not made a su-
    cient|y thorough study o| this new behavior o| the A|gerian
    with regardto their|anguage. Be|ore l 0, mosto|theworko|
    the congtesses o| the nationalst parties was cattied on in
    Arabic. More precise|y, the mi|itants o| aby|ia or the Aures
    wou|d |earnArabic inconnectionwith theirnationa|activites.
    Be|ore l JJ, speaking Arabic, re|using irench as a |anguage
    andas a means o| cu|tura| oppression, was a distinct and dai|y
    |orm o|dierentiation, o|nationa| existence. Be|ore l 0, the
    nationa|ist parties sustained the hope o| the m|itants and de
    Z LYPL LLLLPLbm
    e|opedthepo|itica|consciousnesso|thepeop|ebysig|ingut
    andexp|ai ni ng,onebyone,theva|ueo|thedierentngra-
    tions, the dierent characteristics o| the occupied natin. The
    Arabic|anguage was the most eectivemeans that the nation'a
    beng hado|unvei|ingits||
    nAugust 0, the rea| ity o|combat and the con|sion o|
    theoccupier stripped the Arabic |anguage o|i ts sacre charac-
    ter, and theFrench |anguageo| its neativeconnotatins. The
    new |anguage o| the nation cou|d then make itse|| known
    throughmutip|emeaning|u|channe|s.
    Theradioreceiverasa techniqueo|disseminating wsand
    the French |anguage as a basis |or a possib|e commition
    became a|most simu|taneous|y accepted by the ght ing na-
    tion
    ehaeseenthatwith the creationo| the loicc o] Fght ng
    H/gctia, radio sets mu|tip| ied to an extraordinary degree. e
    |ore l 0, thereceivingi nstrument, the radiophonic thnique
    o||ong-distancecommunicationo| thought was not, i nA|geria
    a mere neutra| object. Looked upon as a transmissio be|t o|
    theco|onia|istpower,asameansinthehandso|theoccpierby
    whichtomaintainhisstrang|eho|donthenation, theradioas
    frowned upon. Be|ore l J, switchingon theradio mantgiv-
    ing asy|um to the occupier's words it meanta||owing te co|o-
    niers |anguage to h|ter i nto the very heart o| the hse, the
    |asto|thesupreme bastionso| the nationa| spirit. Be|re J,
    aradioinanA|gerian housewasthemarko| Luropeaiation
    ,nprogress,o|vu|nerabi|it.It was theconsciousopenigtothe
    uence o|thedominator, to his pressure. Itwas te ecisin
    to

    gvc voicc to thc occuict. Having a radio meant acceting


    beg besieged |rom within by the co|onier It meant deon
    strating that one chose cohabitation within the co|onia| frae
    I0
    l lDC

    88

    C QCtI
    |
    U lDC QOl;lIC8l UItCClOt8lC UCCIUCU O UC8ltOy lDC
    tcDCD t8UIu Iu l_C8. DC CI8lCuCC O 8 u8lIOu8l OICC lCU lC DCU8
    O lDC mO

    ul lO COulC

    Q8C

    8;l

    uCIu_ H8UIO-l_Ct. LOIUt8lC


    U8m8_C W88 DIClCU Ou lCCDuIC8l 8cIlIlIC8 Dy lDC CQlO8IoD O lI mD8.
    ul lDC DtO8UC88l8 WCtC 8OOu tC8umCU.
    1 1L lLL L HLH J
    work. It meant, beyond any doubt, surrendering to the ocu-
    pier.
    We have metioned the reasons invoked by the peop|e to
    exp|aintheirreticencewithrespectto theradio. Thedesireto
    keepintactthetradiiona||ormso|sociabi|ityandthehierarchy
    o|the |ami|y was the the mainjustihcation.
    We never know what program we are going to pick up
    Theres no te||ingwhattheyregoingtosaynext. Sometimes
    a reigious argumento|a peremptory natureappears Its the
    inhde|s' radio. We have seen that such rationa|izations are
    arbitrari|ycreated toj usti|ytherej ectiono|theoccupier'spres-
    ence.
    ith the creation o| a loicc o] Fighting H/gctia, the A|
    gerian was vita||y committed to |istening to the message, to
    assmi|ating it,andsoon to atingupon it. uyinga radio,get
    tingdown on ons knees with one's had against the speaker,
    was no |ongerjustwantngto get the news concerning the|or
    midab|e experience n progress in the country, it was catng
    the hrstwordso|the nation.
    SincethenewA|geriaonthemarchhaddecidedtote||about
    itse||andtomake itse||heard, the radio hadbecome indispen-
    sab|e. Itwastheradiothatenab|ed the oicc to takeroot in the
    vi||agesand on thehi||s. Havinga radio serious!y meantgong
    touat.
    By means o|the radio, a techniquerejected be|ore J, the
    A|gerian peop|e decided tore|aunch the Revo|ution. Listning
    in on the Revo|ution, the A|gerian existed with it, made it
    exist.
    Tememoryo|the|reeradiosthatcameintobeingduring
    the Second Wor|d War under|ines the unique qua| i ty o| the
    Ioicc o]FightingH/gctia. The Po|ish, Be|gian, irench peop|e,
    under the German occupation, were ab|e, through the broad
    casts transmitted |rom London to maintai ncontact witha cer
    tain image o|theirnation. Hpe, the spirito|resistance to the
    oppressor, were then givendai|ysustenanceand kept a|ive.For
    examp!e, it wi|| be remembered that Iistening to the voice o|
    9 P LYDL LLLDPb
    Frcc Ftancc wasamodeo|nationa|existence,a|orm o|combat.
    !he|erventandwe||nighmystica| participation o|theIrench
    peop|e with the voice |rom London has been sumcient|y com-
    menteupontoneednoamp|ihcation. In Irance, |rom 91U to
    911, | stening t
    .
    o the voice o|Ftcc Francc was sure|y a vita|,
    sought|orexpeence. ut l isteningtotheradiowasnota new

    henomenono|behavior. !hevoice|romLondonhaditspIace

    o the vast repertory o|transmittingstations whichalready ex


    :sted |

    r the Irench be|orethewar. Irom theg|obaIconict, a


    p
    '
    eemment hgure emerges through the agency-that o| occu-
    p:edrran

    ereceivingthemessageo|hope|romFtcc Francc. In
    A|gea

    th

    ngstookonaspecia|character. Iirsto|a|I,therewas
    the stppmg |rom the instrument its traditionaI burden o
    tabo

    s and prohibitions. rogressive|y the instrument not onIy


    a

    qredacategoryo|neutra|ity, butwasendowedwitha posi


    t:vecoemcient.
    A

    pti

    g t

    he radio technique, buying a receiver set, and


    p
    .
    art:c:patmg m the |i|e o| the hghting nation, al| these coin-
    c:d

    d.!he
    .
    |renzywithwhichthepeop|eexhaustedthestocko
    '
    ad:ose

    sgivesaratheraccurateideao|itsdesiretobeinvo|ved
    :nthe|:a|oguethatbegan in 9 between thecombatant and
    thenatton.
    Intheco|o

    ia|society, Radio-A|gerwasnotjustoneamonga
    nu

    bero|votces. It ua thc toicc o] thc occuict. !uning in


    Rad:o-n
    .
    g

    r amounted to accepting domination, it amounted


    t

    exhibit:ng one's desire to | ive on good terms with oppres-


    sion. It mant

    giving in to the enemy. Switchingon the radio


    mea

    t va|dat:ng the |ormula, !his is Al giers, the Irench


    Rad:

    Broadcast. !he acquiring o| a radio handed the

    o|

    nzedoverto theenemy's systemandprepared|orthe ban-


    :sh:ngo|hope|romhisheart.
    !heexistenceo|the |oicc o] Fighting d/gctia, on theother

    nd, pro|ound|y changed the prob|em. Eve A|gerian |eIt


    (:mse||to beca||ed upon and wanted to become a reverberat-
    ;og e|emento|thevastnetworko|meaningsborno|the| iberat
    mg combat. !hewar,dai|yeventso|miIitaryorpoItica Cb8t-
    L lLLL L HLLH

    acter, were broad|ycommentedon in the news programs o| the


    |oreign radios. In the |oregound the voice o|the dcbc|s sto
    out Wehaveseenthatthephantom|ike andquick|y inaudib|e
    character o| thisvoicein nowayaected its ]c/t tca|ity and its
    ouct. RadioA|ger, A|gerian RadioBroadcasting, |ost their
    sovereignty.
    one were the days when mechanica||y switchig on the
    radioamountedtoaninvitationtotheenemy. Ior theA|gerian
    the radio, as a technique, became trans|ormed. !he radio set
    was no |onger direct|y andsole|y tuned inon the occupier. !o
    theright ad to the |e|to|RadioA|ger's broadcastingband, on
    dierent and numerous wave|engths, innumerab|e stations
    cou|dbetunedinto,amongwhichitwaspossib|etodistinguish
    the |riends, theenemies' accomp|ices, and the neutra|s

    nder
    these conditions, havinga receiver was neither making onese||
    avai|ableto theenemy, norgiving hima voice, noryie|dingon
    apointo|princip|e.Onthecontrary,onthestrict |eve|o|news,
    it was showing the desire to keep one's distance, to hear other
    voices, to take in other prospects. It was in the course o| the
    strugg|or| iberation and thanks to the creation o|a |oicc o]
    Fighting d /gctia that the A|gerian experienced and

    oncrete|y
    discovered the existence o| voices other than the votce o| the
    dominator which |ormer|y had been immeasurab|y amp|ihed
    becauseo|hisownsi| ence.
    !heold mono|ogue o|theco|onia|si tuation, a|ready shaken
    by the existence o| the strugg|e, disappeared co

    p|ete|

    y by
    9b, Thc |oicc o] Fighting d/gctia and a| | the vo:ces p:cked
    up by the receiver now revea|ed to the A|gerian the tenuous,
    very re|ative character, in short, the imposture o| tae
    ,
    Iren
    .
    ch
    voicepresented unti|nowas theon|yone !heoccupiers vo:ce
    wasstrippedo|itsauthority.
    !he nation's sccch, the nation's spoken uotds shape the
    worIdwhi|eat the same time renewing it.
    Be|ore l 91, native ociety as a who|e rejected the radio,
    turned a dea|ear to the technica| deve|opment o| methods o|
    newsdissemination. !here was3 nonreceptive attitude be|ore
    W P YL LLLLPPLbN
    tDlS lDgO1t D1OU_Dt lD D tDC OCCUgIC1. D tDC COlODl3 SItU3-
    tlOD, tDC 13UlO UlU DOt S3tISl 3D DCCU Ol tDC 1!_C1l3D
    gCOgC. lD tDC CODtt3t, tDC :3UIO W3S CODSIUC1CU, 3S WC DdVC
    SCCD, 3 DC3DS USCU D tDC CDCD tO QUICt C3t1 OD DIS WO1K O
    UCgC1SOD3I23tlOD Ol tDC D3tlVC.
    DC D3tIOD3! St1U__lC 3HU |DC CtC3lIOD Ol JIcc 10dtu /-
    _cIl0 D3VC g1OUUCCU 3 lUDU3DCDl3 CD3D_C ID tDC gCOgC. DC
    13UlO D3S 3ggC31CU lD 3 D3SSIVC W3 3t ODCC 3DU DOt ID g1O_ICS
    SIVC St3_CS. YD3t WC D3VC WltDCSSCU lS 3 13UIC3! lt3DSlOtD3tlOD
    Ol tDC DC3DS Ol gC1CCgtIOD, Ol tDC VCt WO1U Ol gC1CCgllOD. Ll
    1_C1l3 lt IS t1UC tO S3 tD3t tDCtC DCVCt W3S, WItD 1CSgCCt tO tDC
    13UlO, 3 g3ttCtD Ol !lStCDID_ D3DltS, Ol 3UUlCDCC 1C3CtIOD. DSOl31
    3S DCDl3 g1OCCSSCS 31C CODCC1DCU, tDC tCCDDIQUC D3U VI1tU3
    tO DC lDVCDtCU. Jhc lultc u] _cIl0 C1C3tCU OUt Ol DOtDlD_,
    DtOU_Dl tDC D3tIOD tO l C 3DU CDUOWCU CVC1 CItI2CD WI tD 3
    DCW St3lUS, lc/ln_ hlm u cx]lctlj.
    1ltCI b1, tDC tCDCD ttOOgS ID OgCt3tIOD lO1DCU tDC D3Dlt
    O CODhSC3tlD_ 3 tDC 13UIOS ID tDC COUtSC Ol 3 t3IU. 1t tDC S3DC
    tlDC l lStCDlD_ lD OD 3 CCtt3!D DUDDCt Ol D1O3UC3StS W3S gtO
    DIDltCU. OU3 tDID_S D3VC g1O_CSSCU. Jhc lulcc u] Jl_hlln_
    _cIl0 D3S DUtIg!lCU. 1OD UDlS, 1OD 13D3SCUS, l1OD
    L3l1O, l1OD V3D3t, g1O_13DS 31C D1O3UC3St tO tDC gCOgC. DC
    g1O_3DS 31C O1_3DlCU D 1_C1l3DS. DC 1CDCD SC1VlCCS DO
    !OD_C1 t1 tO ]3D tDCSC gOWC1lU! 3DU IiUDC1OUS D1O3UC3StS. DC
    1_Ctl3D D3S tDC OggO1tUDIt CVC1 U3 Ol !lSlCDlD_ tO DVC Ot SlX
    UlC1CDl DtO3UC3StS lD 113DlC O1 ID 1CDCD, D DC3DS Ol WDlCD
    Dc C3D lOOW tDC VlCtO1lOUS UCVCOgDCDt Ol tDC VCVO!UllOD
    Stcg D StCg. 1S l31 3S HCWS IS CODCC1DCU, tDC WO1U Ol tDC OCCI:
    glc1 D3S DCCD SCCD tO SUC1 3 g1O_ICSSlVC UCV3!U3tIOD. 1ltC1
    D3VlD_ lDgOSCU tDC D3tIOD3 VOICC UgOD tD3t Ol tDC UODlD3tO1,
    tDC 13UlO WCCODCS D1O3UC3StS l1OD 3 tDC CO1DC1S Ol tDC WO1U.

    D lDl8 CODD0ClOD D3y Dc DcDllODcU lDC 3lllluUc O lDc tcDC


    aUUO1ilIc8 D grc8cDlU3y P_cIt3. P8 Wc kDOW, lccVl8lOD W38 lDlIOUUCc0
    DlO P_c1la 8cVct3 yc3t8 3_O. 1Dll tcccDly, 3 8IDul3DcOu8 DD_u3
    CODDcDl3ty 3CCODg3DlcU lDc DtO3UC38t8. bODc \IDc 3_O, lDc Pt3DtC
    CODcDl3ty cc38c0. hl8 3cl ODCc 3_3D CODht8 lDc 3glDc88 O lDc
    OOUa 3ggc0 lO 30l0P_ct. tcDCDcD Sgc3klD_ lO 1cDcDDcD.
    J J L L HILHH
    1
    DC YCCK Ol bOlU31lt VltD 1!_Ctl3, Ot_3Dl2CU D
    .
    tDC LD-
    CO C O1 tDC 1CSOUtlODS Ol tDC LOD_1tSS Ol Pl:C3D CO-
    DCSC g [
    '
    .
    gCS OD tDC P!_C1I3D W31, !IDK tDC ]c0h tO 3D IDDCDSC tt3DDy-
    UCSttOID_ W3VC.
    . . . .
    DUC1 tDCSC CODUIttODS HlO lDC IlC Ol tDC D3-
    DtOtgOt3tCO U
    .
    .
    D U D3VC 3D CXCCgtIOD3 lDgO1t3DCC D tDC COUD-
    lIOD, t C t3 WI
    .
    D
    t1 S DUIUlD_ gD3SC. 1lC1 tDC W3t 3 OlSg3t

    DCtWCCD t C
    OgC 3DU WD3t 1S l DlCDUCU tO SgC3K
    .
    O1 tDCD WI! DO !OD_C1
    [
    OSSlD!C. DC 1CVOUtlOD31 lDSt1UCtIOD OD tDC S1U__!C
    .
    lO1 ID
    g
    .
    D3!! DC 1Cg!3CCU D 3 1CVOUtIOD31 IDSt1UC-
    Ct3lIOD DUSl DO1

    D
    .
    D D U D_ Ol tDC D3tlOD. DC l1UItlU USC tD3t C3D C
    OOD OD t C UI
    . .
    U
    H3UC Ol tDC 13UlO C3D WC DC lD3_lDCU. 1!_C
    .
    3 3S CD OC
    .
    .
    O1 SCVC13 C31! tDC 13UtO WI D3VC DCCD
    UDQUC CXgCCDCC.
    O1 D3D , ODC Ol tDC DC3DS Ol S3lD_ DO lO

    lDC CCUg3tIOD
    DU O ClCVlD_ lD tDC lDCt3tlOD. DC lUCDtthC3tIOD Ol tDC
    OlCC Ol lDC VCVOUtlOD WllD lDC lUDU3DCDt3 ttUtD O tDC D3-
    tIOD D8S O@DCU lDlt!CSS DOt12ODS.
    O
    Jhc Pgcran amy
    C h3VC 8CCD lhC lt3D8Otm3lIOD O lhC Pl_CtI3D WO3D l3k-
    D_ g!3CC lhtOu_h hCt tCVOlulIOD3ty COmmIlmCDl 3DU hCt ID-
    8ltumCDl3lI23lIOD O lhC VCIl. l WIll tC3UIly DC uDUCt8lOOU lh3l
    lhI8 t3UIC3l Ch3D_C COu!U DOl OCCut WIlhOul h3VID_ gtOOuDU
    tCgCtCu88IOD8 OD lhC OlhCt COmgODCDl8 O Pl_CtI3D 3mIy
    lIC.
    hC 8ltu__lC Ot D3lIOD3l lIDCt3lIOD 3DU lhC mOtC 3DU mOtC
    lOl3! Ch3t3ClCt O lhC tCgtC88IOD h3VC IDIClCU _t3VC lt3u
    m3lI8m8 ugOD lhC 3mIly _tOug 3 3lhCt l3KCD IDlO Cu8lOUy D
    lhC 8ltCCl ID lhC COmg3Dy O hI8 ChIlUtCD, 8ltIggCU 3lOD_ WIlh
    lhCm, lOtlutCU UCOtC lhCItCyC8 lhC8h3tglyCxgCtICDCCU DtOlh-
    CthOOUO mCD WIlh D3tC, DtuI8CU, D!OOUy 8hOuUCt8 3 hu8D3DU
    3ttC8lCU, Ut3__CU 3W3y, ImgtI8ODCU. hC WOmCD 3tC lhCD lCl lO
    hDU W3y8 O KCCgID_ lhC ChI!UtCD tOm 8l3tVID_ lO UC3lh. C
    8h3!! COmC U3CK lO lhI8 8gCCI3l 3DU VCty ImgOtl3Dl 38gCCl O lh
    Pl_CtI3D CODhICl. C WOu!U l IKC hCtC lO lt3CC lhC CVO!ulIOD O
    lhC P!_CtI3D 3mIly, Il8 lt3D8Otm3lIOD, lhC _tC3l mOUIhC3lIOD8
    Il h38 uDUCt_ODC DCC3u8C O 3DU ID lhC COut8C O lhC W3t Ot
    l IDCt3lIOD.
    hC mO8l ImgOtl3Dl gOIDl OlhI8 mOUIhC3lIOD, Il8CCm8 lO u8,
    I8 lh3l lhC 3mIly, tOm UCID_ hOmO_CDCOu8 3DU VItlu3l!y
    mODOlIlhIC, h38 DtOKCD ug IDlO 8Cg3t3lC C!CmCDl8. L3Ch mCm
    UCtO lhI8 3mI!yh38 _3IDCU ID IDUIVIUu3l Ily Wh3l Il h38 lO8l ID
    Il8 DClOD_ID_ lO 3 WOtlU O mOtC Ot lC88 CODu8CU V3luC8. DUI-
    IUu3l gCt8OD8 h3VC OuDU lhCm8ClVC8 3CID_ DCW ChOICC8, cW
    UCCI8IOD8. hC Cu8lOm3ty 3DU hI_hly 8ltuClutCU g3llCtD8 O Dc-
    5
    I 00
    LYL LLLLPLON
    haviorthatwerehecrysta||izationo|traditiona|ideassudden|y
    proved i neective and were abandoned. Tradition, in |act, is
    notso|e|ya combinationo| automatic gestures andarchaic be
    |ie|s At the most e|ementary |eve|, there are va|ues, and the
    need |or j ustihcation. The |ather questioned by thechid ex
    p|ains,comments,|egitimizes
    Itis importantto show thattheco|onized|atherat the time
    o| the hght |or | iberation gave his chi|dren the impression o|
    beingundecided,o|avoidingthe takingo|sides,even o|adopt-
    ingan evasive and irresponsib|e attitude

    Such an experience,
    which is traumatic|ora ci|d when i ts points o|re|erence are
    conhned to the |ami | ycirc|e, now |oses i ts harm|u|ness This
    experience, in |ct,was occurrigon a nationaI sca|e and was
    partandparce|o|thegreat upheava|incidenta| to thecreation
    o|anewwor|dwhichwas|e|tthroughouttheterritory
    Be|ore J, the existence o| nationa|ist parties had a|ready
    introducedchanges into the native private|i|e.Thenationa|ist
    parties, the par|iamentary po|itica| action, the spreading o|
    s|ogansadvocatingsp| i ttingo|rom rance, had a|ready given
    rise to certain contradictions within the |ami|. These deve|-
    opments invi ted the inert resistance o| theco|onizedsocietyto
    turn into action. or the tense immobi |ity o| the dominated
    society, the nationa|ist parties tried to substitute awareness,
    movement,creation The peop|e, asa who|e,agreedwith these
    parties, but they had asharp memoryo| the |egendary|erocity
    o| the ench mi | i tary and po|ice. Witnesses o| the co|oniaI
    invasion,sti||a|ive or3 yearsago,hado|tenre|atd tothem
    episodes o| the conquest. In many regions o| A|geria the -
    coutso|massacresand theburningo|vi||ges weresti|vivid|y
    remembered. The conqueror had sett|ed in such numbers, he
    -aa createdso manycenters o|co|onization,thata certai npas-
    srvty ncouraged by the co|onia| domination made i tse|| evi
    dent andgradua||ytookon a tingeo| despair Be|ore J3, the
    son
    .
    who adopted a nationa|ist position never did so, rea||y,
    agmst his |ather's wishes, but his activityas a mi | i tant in an
    caseneveri nanyrespect modihed hish| ia|behaviorwithin the
    HILHP HII I 0I
    |rameworko|theA|gerian |ami|y. There|ations based on the
    abso|ute respect due to the |ather and on the princip|e that
    thetruthishrsto|a|| theuncha||engeab|epropertyo|thee|ders
    werenot encroachedupon. Modesty,shame, the |earo||ooking
    atthe|ather,o|speakinga|oudinhispresence,remainedi ntact,
    even in the case o| the nationa|ist mi | i tant The absence o|
    actua|revo|utionaryactionkeptthepersona|i ty initscustomary
    channe|s.
    iora |ong time, po|itica| action in a co|onizedcountry is
    |ega| action that iscarried on within the par|iamentary |rame-
    work. A|ter a certai period, when omcia| and peace|u| chan-
    ne|sareexhausted,themi | itanthardens hisposition. Thepo|it-
    ica|partypassesovertodirectaction,andtheprob|emsthatthe
    son |aces are prob|ems o| |i|e or death |or the country. n a
    para||e|way, hisattitude toward his |atherandtheother mem-
    berso|the|ami|y |reesitse||o|everythingthatprovesunneces-
    sarynddetrimenta|to therevo|utionarysituation.Theperon
    is born, assumes his autonomy, andbecomes the creator o| his
    own va| ues. The o|d stu|ti|yingattachment to the |ather me|ts
    n the sun o| the Revo|ution. In A|geria, a|ter Sti| and the
    dierent combats waged by the nationa|ist parties durin the
    stwar period, positions sharpened and the peop|e's po|itica|
    maturitymarked|yprogressed.
    OnNovember , J3, the Revo|utionreopeneda| the prob-
    |ems thoseo|co|onia|ism, buta|so those o| the coonizedsoci-
    ey. Thc co/oni:cdsocictyctccitcd that in otdct to succccd in
    thcgiganticundcttaking into which it hadung itsc/], in otdct
    to dc]cat co/nia/ismandin otdctto bui/d thc H/gctan nation,
    itwou/dhatcto makca tast cott o]sc/]-tcatation,sttain a//
    ts oints, tcncw its b/ood and its sou/. In the course o| the
    mu| tip|eepisodes o|thewar, thepeop|ecame torea|izethati|
    theywished tobringanewwor|d tobirth theywou|d haveto
    create a new A|gerian society |rom top to bottom. In order to
    |u|h|| his aspirations, the A|gerian must adapt himse|| at an
    exceptiona| pace to this new situation )he tr

    th

    |or once,
    e|uded ts tradi tiona| trustees andp|aced tse|| wthm rech o|
    I02
    LYDL LLLLDLbN
    anyseeker. Thegroup, which |ormer|y |ookedto the|ather to
    determineits va|ues, nowhad to seek theseeach|orhimse||,as
    circumstancesdictated.
    Lvery A|gerian |aced with the new system o| va|ues intro-
    duced by the evo|utioniscompe||edtodehnehimse||, to take
    aposition,tochoose.
    henand theather
    Atthetimewhen thepeop|ewereca||ed upon toadopt radi
    ca||ormso|strugg|e, heA|gerian|ami | ywassti|| high|ystruc
    tured. But on the |eve| o| nationa| consciousness, the |ather
    |agged |ar behind the son. A new wor|d had come into being
    |ongbe|ore,which theparentsknewnothingabout,andwhich
    wasdeve|opingwith exceptiona| rapidity. Inacon|used wayi t
    i s true, the |ather had caught in passing a |ew snatches o
    phrases, a |ew sharpedged mean ngs, but never came to the
    decision tohght the occupant,weaponsin hand. Yet there was
    aotanA|gerianwhohad not |aced the cha| |engeo|the oppres
    sronandwonderedwhatwastobedone.LveryA|gerian,at|east
    atone time i n his | i|e, in thecourseo| a meeting, or simp|y a
    discussion, had wished |or the de|eat o| co|onia|ism. At the
    market, in a ca|, on a pi|grimage, in the course o| the tradi
    tiona|ho|idays,therea|wayscamea moment when theA|gerian
    p|ottedagainst theoccupier. But theseexchangeswere| i ke the
    desperate|amentationso|a| | thehumi|iatedo|a|| thecountries
    ithewor|d.Thedeepho|dtakenbyco|onia|society, its|renzy
    totrans|om itse||intoanecessity,the retchednessonwhichi t
    was bui| t, gave t o| i|e that |ami| iar tinge o| resignation that
    specia|ists i n underdeve|oped countries describe under te
    headingo|]ata/ism.
    And it was in these inauspiciouscircumstances that the hrst
    sa|vos o| November JJ burst |orth. Be|ore the evo|ution
    whichabrupt|ysp| i t thewor|d intwo, the|ather|oundhimse|.
    )isamed and a | i tt|e anxious. This anxiety was trans|ormed
    mto con|usion in the presence o| the son, who wou|d become
    absorbed and tense. hus a who|e atmosphere was created
    THE dLGERIdN FdMILY l0J
    tragic,unre|ieved,heightenedbytheeverpresentIrenchpo|,ce
    whose vigi|ancecou|d besensed, and the who|e Luropean cty
    that pointed its hatred, | ike a gun, at the A|gerian quarter.
    Parents very o|ten react accordng to a uniorm pattern The
    kind o| observations that ad been made be|ore J reap-
    peared, and the |ami|iar prudent advice was brought out. But
    thi swasa|soaccompanied by deeatistremarks on'tmakea
    move the Irecharetoostrong you | | neversucceed. Theson
    wou|ddodgediscussioavoidanswering,wou|dtrynottobring
    out into theopenac|ashbetween the new wor|d he was bui!d
    ingand the|ather'suniverseo|inhnitewaitingand res,gnat,n.
    Sometimes the|atherwou|drequire that thesonremamquet,
    giveup thestrugg|e, come back to the |ami|yaad take care o
    hisown. Bache|ors wereto|d thatthey shou|d thmk about mar-
    riage, and married men were reminded o| their duties. is
    agreementbecameovert. TheyoungA|gerianwou|dee|
    .
    ca||ed
    upon to de|end hisposition, to justi|y his | ine obeharor be
    orehis|ather. Hewou|dhrm|ycondemnandrejecttheathers
    counse|s o| prudence. But hc wou/d not tccct and ban thc
    ]athct. Whathewou|dtry todo, on the contrary, wou|d be to
    convert the ami|y. The mi | i tant wou|d rep|ace the son and
    undertake to indoctrinate the |ather. But it wou|d not be the
    sons words that wou|dconvince him. It wou!d be, more than
    anything, the dimensions o the peop|es commitment, the in
    ormationreceivedasto therpression. Theo|dpaterna!assur-
    ance, a|ready shaken, wou|d co||apse once and |or a||. The a
    ther no |onger knew how to keep his ba|ance. He wou|d then
    discover that the on|y way to do it was to join his son. It was
    during this period that the ather buried the o|d a|ues aad
    decidedtoo||owa|ongon thenewpath.]acquesLanzmann, ID
    his |ast book, lita Castto, hnds the same phenomenon in
    ubansocietyduringtheastroRevo!ution
    romsearyas we cantee, n ot contt, and ts
    .
    w
    tter orooud eie a

    d acce

    ance, the
    .
    athe owd rt to
    se to tech to transt hexence to son. atex-
    rnce,seor,wstetteadtatsewedtoethette e
    .
    esO t
    ,
    e
    eaiIy. InesentiIatters, thesonaIwayssaedhsthe
    LYPL LLLPbN
    vcws. YOu nO dOub| knOw |hc Luban QrOvcrb, '1kc la|hcr, !kC
    8Onr`
    Ia|ura!!,` sad.
    "PccOrdng!, |hc la|hcr and |hc sOn wcrc as Onc, un|t! |hc day
    w
    .
    hcn man whO had |akcn rclugc tn |hc mOun|at ns and WhO was
    himsc!l vcr Oung, |OOk Our sOns lrOm L. ha| man s a kInd Ol
    Lhrs|, 1 |c!! Ou l Vha| s a lathcr, cOmQarcd |O a Lhrts|r PO|ht ng,
    scOr. 5O wc
    .
    la|hcrs askcd Omsc!vcs wh Our sOns had cl| us. Yt
    |Ocd |O hnd m
    -
    Our QOOr hcads |hc
    .
    rcaOn lOr such scQara|On and
    wC |hOugh|, scnOr, |ha| Our cxQcOc
    [
    cc Ol a!mOs| a hundrcd cars
    was wrOng. 1| was nO gOOd, Our cXQ

    tcncc, | was us| a !t lc Ol cvCr


    |0 |ha| wc Qasscd On. sOmchOw ,
    .
    wt|hOu| |

    O much |hnktng abOu|


    i|, lrOm la|hcr |O sOn, lOr gcncra|t Ons. Inc smgc man was sumccn|
    a man whO had nO|at ng |O O|!cr bu| tdca!tsm and Qur |. l wa.
    bc||cr |han Our cXQcOcncc. Our mOnc, Our Obs, Our rc!a|Ons.`
    hIS C

    D
    .
    VC1StOD OllhC l3lhC1, hOWCVC1, UtU DOl lOl3y Ci ut-
    D3lC l13UtltOD g3llC1DS Ol DCh3VtOI. 1l WS UtCul lOI lhC
    l3l-C1 lO SltC sOlh hiS UCStC lO 1CSl3Dl tSh hIS CO3gSCU SO V-
    C1

    t_Dly 3DU htS ODSCSStOD Wtlh lhC l1Ihllu CODSCuCDCCS Ol


    lhtS

    gCD

    31. huS DCW lO1uS Ol g3lCID3 OggOStltOD, CCU


    u3lCSl3lODS Ol g3lCD3 3ulhO1Ily, C3uC lO l thl. hCD, lO1
    C3ugC, 3 yOuD_P_C1t3D WOuU UCCiUC lO OID lhC u3utS, lhC
    l3lhC1 WOuU DO OD_C1 lO1u3y lOIDtU tl. C WOuU ggC3,
    13lhC1, lO lhC yOuD_u3DSSCDSC Ol UtSCgIDC 3S 3 utl3Dl, 3DU
    WOuU 3SK tl hC WC1C C3VtD_ tD 1CSgODSC lO 3 uODIt23ltOD C3
    O1 tl hC WC1C UOtD_ SO OD hIS OWD tDtlt3ltVC. 1D lhC 3llC1 C3SC,
    lhC l3lhC1 WOuU DC lhC h1Sl lO 1CutDU lhC uttl3DlSOD Ol lhC
    g1iDCigCS

    l UtSCtgtDC tl yOu1 ChtClS DCCU yOu, lhCy t C3


    yO

    . huS U O1UC1 lO OggOSC 3D 3Cl_OtD_ tDlO lhC u3uiS


    hh, 3llC1 J, CDU3D_C1CU lhC tVCS Ol OhC1 uCuDC1S Ol lhC
    l3uIyWhO 1Cu3tDCU 3l hOuC, lhCl3lhC1h3U DO OlhCI 1CSOu1CCS
    lh3D lO 1CCO_Dt2C lhC DCW V3uCS 3DU lO tDVOkC OlhC1 lhO1t
    ltCS.
    Pl DO ltuC UO WC hDU 3 1C3y g3tDlu C3Sh. hC l3lhC1 SlOOU
    D3Ck DCO1ClhC DCWWO1U3DU lOOWCU tD htS SODS lOOlSlCgS. 1l
    W3S
    .
    lhC yuD_ P_C1t3D WhO SWCgl lhC l3uty IDlO lC V3Sl

    3lOD3 l DC13ltOD uOVCuCDl. bOuCltuCS, hOCVC1, lhC Stlu3


    lOD W3S uO1C UtCul. hC l3lhC1 ut_hl DC 3 DOlO1tOuS CO3D
    ]. 8D2m8DD, uG L0ltO g. 4.
    THE AICERIAN FAMIIY
    05
    O13ltODtSl WtlD lhC COODt3tSl 3UutDtSl13ltOD D lhC VC1y CXC1-
    CtSC OlhtSg1OlCSStOD, lhtS u3D WOulU hDU htuSClCO1DC1CU tDlO
    D3KtD_ 3D t1ICVO3DC ChOtCC. DCtD_ 3 caid 3 gOtCC 3_CDl
    bachagha 3D OCt3 DOUtD_ OCC Dy Vt1luC Ol 3 1t__CU CCC-
    ltOD, hC WOuU DC DOlh 1CCClCU DU CODUCuDCU Dy lhC DCW
    P_C1t3 lh3l htS SOD CuDOUtCU. C1y OllCD hC WOuU 1CSt_D
    OWCVC1, tl ut_hl h3ggCD lh3l lhC CODl3utD3ltOD W3S SuCh lh3l
    DC W3S DO OD_C1 3DC lO l1CC htuSCl l1Ou lhC COODt3tSl Cu
    D13CC. hC OD_ SuCCCSStOD Ol COug1OutSCS W3S SO tugOStD_ lh3l
    lhC1C COuU DC DO lu1DtD_ D3Ck. bCVC3l P_C1t3D l3uttCS h3VC
    CXgC1tCDCCU lhOSC 3l1OCtOuS lI3_CUtCS tD WhtCh lhC SOD, g1CSCDl
    3l 3 DCCltD_ lh3l h3U lO UCCtUC lhC l3lC O htS l3lhC1 WhO W3S 3
    l13tlO1 lO DtS l3lhC13DU, h3U DO OlhC1 ChOCC Dul lO SuggO1l lhC
    D3O1tly 3DU 3CCCgl lhC uOSl t11CVOC3DlC uU_uCDlS Pl OlDC1
    ltuCS lhC SOD WOuU DC C3CU ugOD tD lhC LOuutllCC lO SCl lh
    3uOuDl Ol uODCy lh3l W3S lO DC UCu3DUCU Ol DtS g31CDlS 3S
    lhCt1 CODl1tDultOD lO lhC VCVOultOD, 3DU ODC C3D 1C3Uty tD-
    3_tDC lhCg313UOX Ol lhC Stlu3ltOD Ol3 l3lhC1 COugl3tDtD_lO htS
    SOD3S hC WOuUlO 3D 3SSOCt3lC3DOul lhC CDO1uOuS Suu CX3ClCU
    y lDC C3UC1S. htS UCC3l Ol lhC l3lhC1 Dy lhC DCW lO1CCS lh3l
    WC1C CDC1_tD_ COulU DOl l3t lO uOUtly lhC 1Cl3ltODS lh3l h3U
    lOC1y g1CV3tlCU tDP_C1t3D SOCtCly
    culC1 30llc1
    1D lhC P_C1t3D l3uty, lhC _t1 tS 3lW3yS ODC DOlCh DCDtDU
    lhC DOy. PS tD3 SOCtCltCS tD WhtCh WO1K OD lhC 3DU 1Cg1CSCDlS
    lhC D3tD SOu1CC Ol lhC uC3DS Ol SuDSSlCDCC, lhC D3C, WhO
    tS lhC g1tVtC_CU g1OUuCC1, CDOyS 3D 3uOSl O1Uy Sl3luS. hC
    Dt1lh Ol 3 DOy tD 3 l3uty tS _1CClCU Wtlh _1C3lC1 CDlhuSt3Su
    lh3D lh3l Ol 3 _t1. hC l3lhC1 SCCS tD htu lulu1C WO1KtD_
    g31lDC1, 3 SuCCCSSO1 lO lhC l3uy gOl 3DU 3llC1 hiS UC3lh 3
    _u31Ut3D l1 lhC uOlhC1 3DU lhC StSlCIS. hC yOuD_ _t1 Wtlh-
    Oul DCtD_ huut t3lCU O1 DC_CClCU, C3DDOl hClg DCtD_ 3W31C Ol
    lhCluSSu3UCOVC1 hC1D1OlhC1.
    hC _t1 h3S DO OggO1luDtly, 3 lhtD_S CODStUC1CU, lO UCVClOg
    DC1 gC1SOD3tly O1 lO l3KC 3Dy tDtltltVC. bhC l3KCS hC1 g3CC tD
    0b LPL LLLLPLbN
    theastnetworko|domestictraditionso|Algeriansoiety. The
    woman s li|e in the hoe made up o| en uriesod cstoms,
    allows no innovation. Illi teracy, poverty the status o| an op-
    pressedpeople,maintainandstrengthen thespecic|eatures o|
    the colonized universe, to the point o| hangin their entire
    nature The girl adopts automatically t ehavior and the
    va|ueso|Algerian|emininesociety. irom hotherse learns
    the higher value o| the man. The woa i n underdevel
    pedsociety,andparticularlyin Algeria, isalwaysa minor, and
    the manbrother, uncle or husband-represents rst o a| l a
    guardian. The young girl learns to avoid discussions with the
    man, not to aggravate the man. The |aci|itywith which di
    vorce is obtained inAlgeriansocietyimposes upon the woman
    the weight o| an almost obsessiona| |ear o| being sent back to
    her|ami|y.Theboy,|orhispart, adopts the|athersatti tude.
    Ratherquickly,inthe|amily,theyoungirlavoidsapperng
    be|orethe|ather.Whenthewomanreplacesthegir|atthetime
    o|puberty, thereisa kind o| tacitagreement to the eect that
    the|a:hershallneverbealonewi th his daughter verythingis
    organrzedso astokeep the|atheri nignorance o| the|act that
    his daughter has reached puberty. The |ather wi|| say that it
    does aotconcern him, but in realityhewants to puto|acing
    thegrrls newsituation. This necessity that the |ather |eels not
    tobe exposed to thenewwoanwhohascomeinto thehome,
    |;ads ,he|ami lyto contemplate the girl s marriage. ar|y mar-
    rage Algeria is not motivated by the desire to reduce the
    numsero|mouthsto|eed,butquitel iterallybythewish notto
    acqurre a new woman without status, a chi|dwoman, in the
    hose.Thegir|whocomestowomanhoodmustmarryandhave
    ch|dren.Tohaveagirlwhohasreachedpubertyinthhouseis
    nex:remelydicultproblem|ora|ami ly. Thegirlatpuberty
    rs avaable|or marriage, which explains the rigor wi th which
    she is kept i n the home, protected, and wathed over. This
    a|soexplainstheeasewithwhichsheismarriedo.
    .
    Under

    these conditions it wil| readi | ybe understood that a


    grr| wantg to choose her own husband or re|using the man
    J HILHP HIY
    01
    proposed to her by her |ami|y wou|d encounter considerab|e
    opposition. The gir|who senses herparent:' anxiety and ho
    experiences the precariousness o|hernewstuatton as a chld
    woman |ooksupon marriageasa | i beration,asade|iverance, as
    achieving hnally her ba|ance

    The | i|e o| an Algerian woman


    doesnot deve|op according to the three periods known in the
    Westchi|dhood, puberty, and marriage. The A|gerian gir!
    knows on|y two stages-chi|dhood-puberty, and marriage. The
    gir| who reaches puberty in A|geria and does not marry pro
    |ongsanabnorma|situationItmustneverbe|orgottenthatthe
    i | |iteracy and the unemployment that revai | i n A|geria |eave
    thegir|nootherso|ution. Ina douat, theunmarried woman
    andagir|becomesawomanatsixteenmustmarry. Considered
    a minor indehnite|y, the woman owes it to herse|| to hnd a
    husband as soon as possib|e, and the |ather is haunted by the
    |earo|dyingandabandoninghisdaughterwithoutsupportand
    there|oreunab|etosurvive.
    A||theserestrictionsweretobeknockedoverandchallenged
    by the nationa| | iberation struggle. The unvei|ed Algerian
    woman, whoassumedan i ncreasing|y imortant p|ace in reo-
    |utionary action, deve|oped her personal ity, discovered the ex-
    a|ting rea|m o| responsibi|ity. The |reedom o| the A|gerian
    peop|e |rom then on became identihed with womans | ibera
    tion, with herentryinto history. Thiswomanwho, in the ave-
    nueso|A|giers or o|Constantine, wou|dcarry the grenades or
    thesubmachinegunchargers, thiswomanwho tomorrowou|d
    beoutraged, violated, tortured, cou|dnotput herse||backinto
    her |ormer state o| mi nd ad re|ive her behavior o| the past
    this woman who was writing the heroicpages o|Algerian his
    torywas, inso doing, burstingtheboundso|thenarrowwor|d
    in which she had | ived without responsib l i ty and was at th
    sametimeparticipatingin thedestructiono|co|onia|smandi n
    thebirtho|anewwoman.
    Thewomeni nA|geria,|rom ! 955, began tohavemode|s. In
    A|geriansocietystorieswere to|do|womenwhoinevergreater
    number suered death and imrisonment in order that an

    P LY DL LLLD1Pb%
    independent Algeria might be born. It was thse mi| itant
    women who constituted the points of reference around which
    heimagination of Algerian feminine society wastobe stirred
    to the boiling point. !he womanfor-marriage proressive|y
    disappeared,andgavewaytothewomanfoaction. !he young
    gir|wasrepl aced bythemilitant, the womanbythesistcr.
    !he female ce||s of the I.L.. received mass memberships
    !he impatience ofthesenew recruits was so geat that it often
    endangered the traditionsofcompletesecrecy. !he leadershad
    to restrain the exceptional ethusiasm and radical ism that are
    a|ways characteristic of any youth engaged in bui|ding a new
    wor|dAssoonastheywereenrolled,thesewomenwou|daskto
    be given the most dangerous assinments On|y progressive|y
    did the politica| training that was given them |ead them away
    from contemplating thestrugg|einan exp|osiveform.!he A|-
    geriangir||earnedtocontainherimpatienceandtoshowunex-
    pectedvirtuesofca|m,composureandhrmness.
    It would happen that a gir| wou|d be sought after by the
    po|ice or that several members of the group she be|onged to
    wo|dbe arrested. !he necessity to vanish, to ake her geta-
    way, would become urgent. !he mi| itant wou|d hrst |eav her
    fami|y and take refuge with friends. But soon orders wou|d
    come from the networ |eadership to join the nearest maquis.
    After all the previous shocks-the daughter re|inquishing the
    veil, putting on makeup, going out at all hours heaven knew
    where, etc-the parents no |onger dare prtest. !he father
    himse|fno|ongerhadanychoice. Hiso|dfearofdishonorhad
    become al together absurd in the lightof the immense tragedy
    being experienced by the people. But apart from this, the na-
    tional authority that had decided that the girl sho|d leave for
    the maquiswou|d have no patience withsuchreticenceon the
    fathers part Cha||enging the mora|ity of a patriot had been
    ru|ed outlongago. oreover, there was the overridingconsid-
    erationofthecombat-hard, intense, imp|acab|e

    !herewas o
    tie to lose. So the gir| would go up into the maquis, a|one
    wtthmen. Iormonthsandmonths,theparents wouldbewith-
    JL HLfHP HA
    ou news ofagir| ofeighteenwhowou|ds|eepi nthe forests or
    in the grottoes, who would roam the dc|c/ dressed as a man,
    withaguninherhands
    !he father's attitude toward the gir|s remainingat home or
    toward any other woman met in the street inevitab|y under-
    wenta radica|change And the girl who had not gone into the
    maquis, who was not actively engaged, became aware of the
    importat ro|e p|ayed bywomen in the revo|utionarystrugg|e.
    The men's words were no |onger |aw. !he women er no
    Iongersilent. A|geriansocietyinthe hghtforliberation, in the
    sacrihces that itwas will ing to make inrder to liberate itse|
    from co|onial ism, renweditselfanddeve|opednewvaes gov-
    rningsexua|re|ations. The womanceasedtobe comp|ement
    forman.Shc /iteta//y ]otgcd a ncm /acc ]ot hcvsc/] |y hct shcct
    :trength.
    Sometimes the gir| wou|d me down from the muntain,
    carryinga new identitycard. She wou|d then have the oppor-
    tunity of te| |ig the father and he mother what prodigious
    actions were taking p|ace every day in the dc|c/. She wou|d
    showphotogrphs. Shewou|dspeak ofherchiefs,of her |toth-
    cts of the popu|ation, the wounded, the Irench prisoners. She
    woud|ookatthefather,shewou|dsitfacingthefather, would
    speaktohimandnotbeembarrased. Andthefatherwouldnot
    turn his faceaway he would not fee| shame. On the contrary,
    he wou|d feel a re| oyatseeing his daughter agan, at seeing
    her new persona|ity radiatin through the house, he would
    not be displeased to hear his daughter speaking out and it
    wou|dabso|ute|ynotoccurtohim toremindherthatawoman
    shou|dbesi|ent.Iorthethreedaysofher|eave,thefatherwould
    fee| noneed toquestion his daughteras to hermora| behavior
    inthemaquis.Thissi|encedidnotbetrayalackofinterestora
    resignation with respect to yesterday's demand of virginity. It
    was rather because the father cou|d gauge the immense step
    taken by society, and these questions that were sti|| present to
    his mind revea|ed themselves to be inapprriate and irrele-
    vant. The A|gerian gir| who was emerging into the agitated
    I 0 LYPL LLLLPLbN
    arena o| history was inviting her |ather to undergo a kind of
    mutationtowrench himse||reeo|himse||.Toasko|awoman
    whowasdai|yriskingher| |ehethershewas seriousbecame
    grotesque and absurd. The mi|i tant gir|, inadopting new pat-
    ternso| conduct cou|d not be judged by traditiona| standards.
    O|dva|ues,steri |eandin|anti|ephobiasdisappeared.
    herothers
    InA|geria, the e|destbrotheristhe|ather'sdesignatedsucces-
    sor. The other members o| the |ami | y very quick|y adopt a
    respect|u|andde|erentia|attitude toward him. Acertai nnum-
    sero|thingsarenotdonei nthee|destbrotherspresene. One
    rscare|u| not tobe with him in thesamegroupo|younsters
    wh
    .
    ere more or |ess |rivo|ous jokes are | i ke|y to be heard.

    The
    atttude o| the younger brother toward his big brothr is com-
    parab|e to that o| the son toward the |ather. The disruption
    that we have seen in the re|ations o| |ather and son is to be
    |oundheretoo,butisparticu|ar|yaccentuated.Brothersmayin
    |actbeactivei nthesamece| | and whe thenetwork isdiscov-
    ered mayjoin the maquis. They ght in the same unit, suer
    t

    gether |rom hunger and at times |rom shortage o| ammuni


    tr
    .
    on. The measured andritua| re|ations o| the pre-war period
    grve way to tota||y new re|ations. The two brothers are inte-
    ratedi naspecicactionandobeyasing|eauthority.
    heo|dre|ationshipconnedwithinthec|osedcircui to|the
    |am|y underwent radica| changes. It wou|d even happen that
    theyoungersonwou|de thegroup|eader.Andthe traditiona|
    respect
    .
    |or the bigbrotherdid notinhibtthepo| itica|ormi|i
    taryche|. Investedwitha power within the|ramework o|the
    Revo|ut.on, he brothcr was|ed to go beyond the stereotyped,
    aut

    atrcao|behavior. Theman whoseemed todisppear


    behmd the brohcr now came to the |ore. The o|der brother
    was no |onger necessari|y right, and each one now dened his
    ownva|ues.
    _ 'D lDC gCtOU COtC lDC VCOulOD, DtOlDCt8 WOtku_ u lC 88m
    g

    ,Dt WOuU 88k lDC OtCm8D lO DC 888_DCU lO UhCtCDl OD8 D DO8


    gI aI, lOO, l

    DtOlDCt8 WDO WCtC Dut8C8 WOulU _O Oul O DCt W8y lO DC


    a88IDCU lO UIhCtCDt W8tU5.
    THE ALCERIAN FAMILY

    Dc Lugc
    The re|ations o| wi|e and husband have i kewise becom
    modihed in thecourseo|thewaro| | iberation. Whereas every
    ne in the house |ormer|yhadwe||-dehned|unctions, the inten
    sity of the strugg|e was to impose unanticipated types o| be
    havior.
    et us take the case of Mustapha. Mustapha has j ust come
    home. A | i tt|e whi|e ago, with another da, he has thrown
    severa|grenades into thepremiseso|the|udicia| Po|ice where
    patiotsare being tortured night andday. Hedoesnot|ee| | ike
    ta|king. He |iesdownandshuts his eyes. His wi|e has seen him
    comei nbuthasnoticednothing.Anhour|ater,thenewsoods
    the district twopatriots have success|u||ycarriedouta spectac
    u|arcoup. Inthea||eywayand in thecourt, thecasua|tieso|th
    adversary are estimated. The angry patro|s that are a|ready
    pouring into the streets ar irre|utab|e proo| that our peop|e
    have dea|t the co|onists a hard b|ow. The woman comes back
    into theroom, andseeingher husband s|umbering, impervious
    to what has happened, gives vent to her contempt You
    wou|dntbeuptodoingathing|ikethat Itseasiertos|eepand
    eat And she goes on to mention a neighbor who has been
    throwni nto prison anotherexecutedbytheenemy,and hna| |y
    thecousinwhohassentpictures |rom the maquis. Treatedas a
    coward byhiswi|e, Mustapharemainssi|ent,doub|yp|easedby
    hiswi|e'shea|thyangerandbythesuccesso|hisassignment.
    This examp|e, a |air|y typica| occurrence in 956, is o|con
    siderab|e interest. In re|ations between men in A|geria, accus
    i nga man o|cowardiceisaninsu|t|orwhichreparationcan be
    madeon|yinb|ood. It isnotpermittedtocast doubt onamans
    courgeoronhisviri|ity noonecanaccetthat.Andwhenth
    accuserisawoman,thingsbecomeabso|ute|yinto|era|e.
    The strugg|e |or | iberation raised woman to such a |eve| o|
    innerrenewa| thatshe is evenb|etoca|| herhusbanda cow-
    ard Rather |requent|y, by a||usions or exp|icitIy the A|gerian
    womanwou|dupbraidherhusbandorhisinactivi ty hisre|us|
    I I2 LYPL LLLPOm
    to mmit himsel|, his lck o| militancy. This was the period
    when young girl among themselves would vow neer to |et
    themselves be marred to t1 n did not elon t the
    .L. N. TheAlgerianoman, inthrowingcautiontohewinds,
    at the same time divets hersel| o| the instinct to protect her
    home. Reproaching oe's husband |or not participatng in a
    combatknown tobdeadlyisaparadoxicalkindo|behavior,to
    say the least. Butthewomen nolonger consider the man'scon
    ditionsas theydidbe|ore.Themansj obisparicactivityand
    noonecanamrm hisviri|ityi|heis nota parto|tehghting
    nation
    Somtimes, however, the womanwas not unin|ormed as to
    herhusband'sactivity.Amil itanto||ongstanding, thehusband
    would |requently vanish, and sometimes she wou|d hnd a re
    volverunderhis pillow.As thesearchesmu|tip|ied,thewoma
    demanded o| her husband that he keep her in|ormed. She
    wouldinsisonbeinggivencertainnamesandaddresseso|mi|i-
    tants towarn in case thehusband shou|d bearrested. It was on
    thegroundso|eectiveness thatshepersuaded her husbandto
    allowhertobecome involved i naction.Shewou|d invoke, |or
    example, thecase o| a militantwho, under torture, ad given
    ames and therebycaused the destruction o|a who|e network,
    and she ould warn her husand against wanting to be the
    only on in the know, out o| a |alse pride concealing itsel|
    behind the mask o| secrecy. Little by li ttle, resistances disap
    peared and the united militant couple, participating in the
    birth o| the nation became the ru|e in Aleria.
    Sometimes the husband, who had been away in the maqus
    |orseveralmonths,wouldcomebackon|eave.Overcomebye
    envelopingwarmth o| the home, he would conhde to his wi|e
    his desire not to go back up there. The wi|e who had re
    sumed, with an intensity that can be imagined, herdimension
    asaoman,wouldsharewithherhusbandtheneedtopro|ong
    and not interrupt those complete|y lied hours that seemed
    to escape time. And as always, in such cases, the |reny with
    which every moment was saored was conditioned by the ever
    THE dLCERIdN FdMILY I I 3
    possible eventua|ity o| a eath that might, any day, sepate
    them |orever Yet it wou|d be the woman who wou|d ask her
    husband to banishsuch an idea |rom hismind. Whatwi||you
    y to the people o| the vi|lage when they ak you questions
    oupromisedtocomebackonce independence had been won
    yousworetobringback|reedom. Howcanyouconsiderresum-
    inga norma| |i|ewhen al|the men are up there or in prison
    O|ten the childless woman, witnessing the mass invo|vement
    o|the nation, seeing theyounggir|s o|thevi||age |eavingone
    |teranother, wou|ddecideto join her husband. She wou|do|
    course not see him o|ten, but in periods o|re|ative calm the
    coup|e cou|dcome together. It was notunusua| |or the woman
    arriving in the maquis to !earn o| the death o| her husband.
    O|tenshewouldreturntothevi||age toherparents'home, but
    sometimes the shock wou|dmake erdecide tostay with the
    ghters and takepart inthestrugg|e |or |iberation. The wom-
    an's presence in the maquis wou|d disturb the husband much
    !e than her i|itant activty in the centers. The woman who
    wou|dset out ona mission three hundred ki|ometers |rom her
    domicile, who wou|d s|eep wherever she cou|d, among un-
    nown companions, inevitab|y created a certain number o|
    problems|orthe husband. Theywere never |ormu|ated, to be
    sure, butnorevo|utioncan, withhna|ityandwithoutrepercus
    sions, make a c|ean sweepo|wel-nigh instinctive modes o|be
    havior. Youcantimagine whatitsiketohearsomeoeasking
    |or your wi|e on the te|ephone. You ca|| yourwi|e, you hand
    her the receiver, and you hear yourse|| being inited to leave
    the rm then your wi|e goes o and sometimes comes back
    fourhoursor|ourdays|ater.Youaregivennoexplanation,but
    youcannotbe unawareo|the action inwhichshe is involved,
    since you yoursel|were the one who mobi| ized her. ou your
    se|| were the one who taught her the strict rues o| abso|ute
    secrecy
    The A|gerian couple has become considerab|y more closel
    nit in the course o| this Revo!ution The sometimes agi|e
    bods,markedbytheprecariousnatureo|tepresent, o|what
    I I1 LYPL LLLPbm
    cou|dberejected |rom one moment to thenext,werestrength
    ened, or at |east changed character. What cou|d |ormer|y be
    desned as mere cohabitation today inc| udes a mu|tip|icity o|
    pomts o| communication. iirst and |oremost is the |act o| in
    curringdangers together,o|turningover in thesame bed,each
    onhis ownside,eachwith his|ragmento|a secret Itisa|sothe

    onsciousness o|co||aboratingin the immense work o|destroy-


    rng the wor|d o| oppression. The coup|e is no |onger shut in
    uponi tse||Itno|ongerhndsitsendin i tse||.Itisno|ongerthe
    resu|to|thenatura| instincto|perpetuation o|thespecies, nor
    the institutiona| ized means o| satis|ying ones sexua| i ty. The
    coup|ebecomes the basicce|| o|thecommonwea| th, the|erti|e

    uc|euso|the

    nation.TheA|geriancoup|ein becominga |ink


    U therevo|utronaryorganization, is trans|ormed i nto a unito|
    e

    istence. Thc ming/ing o] ghtng cpcriccc w/h conga/


    /]c dccpcns thc rc/ations bctwccn husband and wi]c and
    ccmcnts thcir union. Thcrc isa simu/tancous and ccrvcsccnt
    cmcrgcncc

    o] thc citi:cn, thc patriot, and thc modc spoasc.


    The A|gerran coup|e rids i tse|| o| its tradi tiona| weaknesses at
    t(esameti

    ethatthe
    .
    so|idarityo|thepeop|ebecomesaparto|
    hrst
    .
    ory. This cup|e rs
    .
    no |onger an accident but something
    r

    drscovered, w||ed, but|t. It is,as ecansee thevery|ounda


    trono|thesexua| encounter thatweareconcerned with here.
    aiageanivorce
    InA|geriamarriage isgenera||ydecided by the|ami| ies. It is
    a|most a|ways at the wedding that the husband sees his wi|e's
    |ace
    .
    |

    rtherst time. Thesocia|and economicreasons |or this


    tradtrona

    esu+cient|ywe||knownandneednotbeexp|ained
    h

    re. Marrage mtheunderdeve|oped countriesis notan indi


    vr)ua|con
    .
    tract,butacontract betweenc|anandc|an, tribeand
    trbe, |amt|y and |ami|y.
    With the Revo|u

    ion, things were gradua||y tochange. The


    p
    .
    resence o|women rn themaquis thecontactbetween unmar-
    red men and women, created unexpected prob|ems |or the
    |oca|i.L. N. |eaders. Menwou|dgototheirsuperioromcerand
    THE dLCERIdN FdMILY
    I I5
    s to marry such and such a nurse. The i.L. N. ocer woud
    esitate|ora|ongtime.Noonecangiveagir|awayinmarriage
    except her|ather, and in the |athers absence her unc|e or her
    brother.Theomcerdid not |ee|he hadaright toentertain the
    moudahid's request and sometimes |ound himse| ob| iged to
    separate the two |overs. But |ove is an incontrovertible |act
    whichmustbe reckoned with, and the |eadership o| the Revo
    lutiongave instructions that marriages cou|d be contracted be
    foreamayororregistryomcia|.
    Registry omces were opened. Marriages, births, and deaths
    cou|d then beregistered. Marriage in the maquis ceased to be
    an arrangement between |ami |ies. A|| unions were vo|untary.
    The |uturewi|eand husbandhadhd timeto know eachother,
    toesteem, to|oveeachother. Lven thecaseo||oveathrstsight
    had ben anticipated by the directives. Whenever an app| ica-
    tion|ormarriageispresented, theinstructionsread, itiswe| to
    postpone any decision |or three months. When the |ather
    |earned o| the marriage o| his daughter in the maquis, the act
    wou|d not be contested or condemned On the contrary, pic-
    tures wou|d be asked |or, and the babies born in the maquis
    wou|d be sent to the grandparents who wou|d care |or these
    chi|dreno|theRevo|utionastheydeserved.
    Such innovationsou|dnot |ai| to have repercussions on the
    traditiona|modeso|marriagethatcontinuedto bepraticedin
    the rest o| thecountry. A|gerian women began at rst to de-
    mand guarantees o| the uture husbands patriotism. They
    wou|drequirethatthe youngmen whowerebeingproposed to
    them be members o| the i. L. N. The |ather's uncha| |engeab|e
    and massive authority |et itse||be shaken by this ne require-
    mentBe|ore theRevo| ution,agir| who had beenasked|orasa
    wi|e wou|d |eave the fami|y circ|e |or severa| days and tae
    re|ugewithre|atives. Thisisexp|ainedby theshame |etby the
    gir|atbeing theobject o|asexua|pursuit. Itwasa|so usua| for
    thyoungbridetoavoidappearingbe|ore her father|or oneor
    two months a|ter the consummation o the arriae. These
    I I b LYPL LLLLPLON
    modest, in|anti|e patterns o| behavior disappeared with the
    Revo|ution and today the maority o| young married women
    ave these|vesbeen presentat the signature o| their contract
    and have natura||y bee consu| ted as to their intended. Mar-
    riage in A|geria underwent this radica| trans|ormation in the
    very heart o|the combt waged bytheMoudaidincs and the
    Moudahidatcs.
    Under these conditions, divorce, the sepaation o| husband
    andwi|e,wasboundtoundergochange.Thehusband'srepd
    ation o| his wi|e that cou|d be immediate|y proc|aimed at any
    timead thatreectedthe |ragi|ityo| theconuga| bond is no
    |onger automatica||y |eg|ized. The husband must exp|ain his
    reasons |or wantinga di vorce. There areattempts atreconci|i
    ation. Inaycase, thehna|decision rests with the|oca| omcer.
    The |ami | y emerges strengthened |rom this ordea| in which
    co|onia|ism has resorted to every means to break the peop|es
    wi||. In the midst o| the gravest dangers the A|gerian adopts
    modern |orms o| existence and con|ers on the human person
    is maximum independence.
    eecety
    Thewomenwhoparticipateinthewarandwhomarryinthe
    maquishaveini tiatedwithin A|gerian |emininesocietyradical
    canges incertainpattrnso|behavior. A onesided interpreta
    tion o| the mainchanges observed must, however, be avoided.
    Te war waged by irench co|onia|ism ob|iges the A|gerian
    peop|e tobeconstant|yandwho||yengaged in thebatt|e. Con-
    |ronted by an adversary who has sworn to keep A|geria, ev
    withouttheA|gerians, it is dimcu|tto remain onese||, to main
    tain pre|erences or va|ues i ntact. ieminine society undergoes
    cangeboth through anorganicso|idaritywith the Revo|ution,
    andmoreespecia||ybecausetheadversarycutsintotheA|gerian
    eshwithunheard-o|vio|ence.
    The women accustomed togoing to the vi||age cemetery or
    to visiting a |oca| sanctuary on iridays, interrupt this activity
    THE dLCERIdN FdMILY 1
    aongotherswhen theyareregroupeda|ongwith tens o|thou-
    sandso|other|ami|ies.
    In thecampthey immediate|y rganize themse|ves ini.L. N.
    ce||s. Tey meet women |rom other regions, exchange their
    experiences o| the repressionbt a|so their experiences |rom
    be|ore the Revo|ution, their hopes. The regrouped Algerian
    woman, cut o|rom her husband who has remained with the
    combatants,takescareo|theo|dandtheorphans,|earns toread
    and to sewando|ten, in a roup o|severa| companions, |eaves
    hecampandoinstheArmyo|Nationa|Liberation.
    Withtheseconsiderab|eshi|tsin popu|ation,thewhoesocia|
    panorama and the perceptua |ramework are disturbed and
    restructured.A mcchta evacuatedis not a mcchta that has mi-
    rated. The chaino|eventso| the operation mustbepatient|y
    |o||owed bombardments o| the region, mu|tip|e raids, abe
    bodied men taking to themuntains, the dead quik|y buried,
    thehostages takenawaybythe irench,certain members o| the
    mcchta taking re|uge in a neighboring town with re|atives or
    friends.
    The regrouped mcchta is a broken, destroyed mcchta. It is
    mere|yagroupo|men, womeadchi|dren. Under thsecon
    ditions, nogesture is keptintact. No previous rhythm is to be
    |ound una|tered. Caughtin the meshes o| the barbed wires, the
    memberso|regroupedA|gerian|ami|iesnei thereatnors|eepas
    theydidbe|ore. Thiscanbeseen, |or examp|e, on theoccasion
    o|adeath. The|amentations, the wai|s, the grie|stricken |ces,
    and the contortions o| the body have today practica|ly disp
    peared.Thec|assicmourningtearsarehard|yany |onger to be
    |ound in A|geria. A|| this began in ! JJ when the irench
    troops, |or the |un o|i t, or in thecourse o|arepression, wou|d
    verrun a |oca|ity ad machinegun hve or ten men. These
    co||ective deaths, without warning, without a previous i||ness
    DC tCDcD cOOD8l OtCC, 8 WC kuOW, D8C _l mO l8D a
    mOD lgCt8D8 DCDDU D8tDCU W:tC8. DCC 8tC lDC DOlOrOu `rCrOu_
    ing CCDlCt8 D WDcD, 88 lDC tCDcD 8ulDOt:l:C8 lDCmCC 8Um:l, U:8C88C
    and mOtl8ly tuD lO 8DDOrm8y DD gurC8.
    mcchlc~a hamct. [ransator's notc}
    I o
    P LYDL LLLLDPLON
    that had been treated and fought, abandoned in the ditch on
    the edge of the road, cannot set into motion emotiona|
    mehanisms that are homogeneous to a society. amentations
    and griefstricken faces are part of a patterned, stab|e wor|d.
    Onedoesnotweep,onedoesnotdoasbeforewhenoneisfaced
    ith mu|tip|e murders. One gritsones teeth and one prays in
    s|ence. One further step, and it is cries ofjoy that sa|ute the
    deathofa moadahid who has fa||en on the e|d of honor. It
    mustnotbebe|ieved, however, that thetraditiona| ceremonies
    re repeated in the case of natura| deaths, resu| ting from i||
    nesses or accidents. Lven then, it seems virtua||y impossi b|e to
    revive the habitua| techniques of despair. The war has dis|o
    ca;ed A|gerian society to such a point that any death is con
    cered of as a direct or indirect consequence ofco|onia|ist re
    pressionTodaythereisnotadeadperson in Algeriawhoisnot
    the victim of irench co|onia|sm It is impossi b|e for an A|
    geriancivi|ian toremain untouched by thewarofco|onia|re
    conuest. More :han this, there is not a death of an A|gerian
    outsde ofA|gera which is not attributed to irench co|onia|
    ism. The A|gerian peop|e have thus decided that, unti| inde
    pendence irench co|onia|ism wi|| be innocent of none of the
    woundsinicteduponitsbodyandi tsconsciousness
    lgeriaisse
    The tactic adopted by rench co|onia|ism since the bein
    ning of the Revo|ution has had the resu|t of separatinghe
    peep- from each other, of fragmenting them, with the so|e
    obectveofmakinganycohesion impossib|e. Thiseortwas at
    hrst concentra;ed on the men, who were interned by tens of
    :housands. It s we|| knon that in I 955-5, the number of
    ternment centers mu|tip|ied rapid|y over the nationa| terri
    tory. odi, Pau| Caze||es, Berrouaghia have he|d fathers and
    usbnds captive for years. The A|gerian woman, sudden|y
    dervedofahusband,isob| igedtohnda meansoffeedingher
    chr|dren. Shehnds herse|fhaving togofrom |ace to p|ace, to
    THE dLCERIdN FdMILI l I 9
    rn her errands, to | ive without the man's protection. ome
    timesshewi|| go and visit her husband interned a hundred or
    twohundredki|ometers from his home. When the men are not
    interned, they are to be found in the maquis, and the mothers
    whoreceive the fami|ya| |owancesdistributedbytheiberation
    Front are |eft a|| a|one to raise the chi|dren. In the cities the
    prisongatesc|oseonanimposingnumberofA|gerian men and
    inorder to ee the regroupment camps, inorder to escpe the
    repeated bombardmentsof irench p|anes, tens of thousands of
    fami |ieshavetakenrefugeinTunisiaandin Morocco.
    The mu|tip|e murders of A|gerian men and women by
    French co|onia|ism have particu|ar|y attracted the wor|d's at-
    tentionandhavegivenriseto thewveofprotests thatwehave
    seen. But we must try to |ook more c|ose|y at the rea|ity of
    A|geria. We must not simp|y y over it. We must, on thecon
    trary, wa|kstep by stepa|ong thegreatwound inicted on the
    A|geriansoi|andontheA|gerianpeop|e.Wemustquestionthe
    A|gerianearth meterbymeter, an measure the fragmentation
    ofthe A|gerian fami|y, the degree to which it hnds itse|f scat-
    tered. A woman |ed away by so|diers who comes back a week
    |ater-it is unnecessary to question her to understand that she
    hasbeenvio|ateddoensoftimes.Ahusbandtakenawaybythe
    nemywho comes backwith hisbodycovered with contusions,
    moredead than a|ive, his mindstunned. Chi|dren scattered to
    thewinds innumerab|eorphanswho roam about, haggard and
    famished. When a man we|comes his wife who has spent two
    weeksinairenchcampandhe says he||o to her andasks herif
    sheis hungry, andheavoids |ookinat herandbows his head
    when such things are a dai|y occurrence, t is not possib|e to
    imagine that theA|gerian fami|ycan have remained intactand
    that hatred of co|onia|ism has not swe||ed immeasurab|y.
    Frenchco|onia|ismsince I 954haswantednothingotherthanto
    break the wi|| of thepeop|e, to destroy its resistance, to |iqui
    dateitshopes ior hve years i thasavoided no extremist tactic,
    whether of terror or of torture. In stirring up these men and
    Z LYPL LLLPbm
    women, co|onialism hasregrouped them beneath a sing|e sign
    Lqua||yvictimso|thesametyranny, simultaneous|y identi|ying
    asing|eenemy this physica||y disprsed people isrealizing its
    unity and |ounding in suering a spiritua| community which
    constitutesthemostso|idbastiono|theA|gerianRevo|ution.
    4
    Mcdi cinc and Looniaism
    e _cM xgc
    ntroduced into A|geria at the same time as raci|ism and
    humi|iation,Western medicalscience, beingparto|theoppres
    sive system, has alway provoked in the native an ambivalent
    ttitude.Thisambivalenceis in|actto be|oundinconnection
    witha||o|theoccupiersmodeso|presence. With medicine we
    come to one o| the most tragic |eatures o| the co|onia| situa
    tion
    na||objectivityandina||humanity,i t isagoodthingthata
    technica||y advanced country benets |rom its know|edge and
    the discoverieso| its scientists. When the discipline considered
    concernsmanshea|th,whenitsveryprincip|eisto easepain,it
    isc|earthatnonegativereactioncan bejutied Butthe co|o-
    nia| situation s precise|y such that it drives the colonized to
    appraise a|| the co|onizers contributions in a pejorative and
    abso|uteway. Theco|onizedperceivesthe doctor,theengineer,
    the schoolteacher, the po|iceman the rura| constab|e through
    the haze o| an a|most organic con|usion. The compu|sory visit
    bythedoctortothedouat isprecededbytheassemb|ingo|the
    popu|atn through the agency o| the po|ice authorities. The
    doctorwho arrives in this atmosphere o| genera| constraint is
    never a native doctor but a|ways a doctor be|onging to the
    dominantsocietyandveryo|tentothearmy.
    The statistics on sanitary improvements are not interpreted
    by the native asprogress in the ght againsti||ness, in genera|,
    Z
    ZZ P LXL LLLPOW
    DUl 3S l1CSh _1OOl Ol lhC CXlCDSIOD Ol lhC OCCU_IC1S hOU OD lhC
    COUDl1y. hCD lhC 1CDCh 3UlhO1IlICS ShOW VISI lO1S lh1OU_h lhC
    I2ILU2OU S3DIlO1IUH O1 lhC O_C13lID_ UDIlS Ol lhC USl3_h3
    hOS_Il3 ID 1_IC1S, lhIS h3S lO1 lhC D3lIVC USl ODC HC3DID_.
    hIS IS Wh3l WC h3VCUODC lO1 lhC _CO_C Ol lhIS COUDl1y, lhIS
    COUl1y OWCS US CVC1ylhID_, WC!C Il DOl lO1 US, lhC1C WOUU DC
    DO COUDl1y. hC1C IS 3 1C3 HCDl3 1CSC1V3lIOD OD lhC _31l Ol
    lhC D3lIVC, Il IS UICUl lO1 hIH lO DC OD CClIVC, lO SC_313lC lhC
    WhC3l l!OH lhC Ch3.
    hC1C 31C Ol COU1SC CXCC_lIODS. D CC1l3ID _C1IOUS Ol C3H, ID
    CC1l3ID llCC CODl1ODl3lIODS, lhC COODI2CU IDUIVIUU3 l13DKy
    1CCO_DI2CS Wh3l IS _OSIlIVC ID lhC UOHID3lO1S 3ClIOD. Ul lhIS
    _OOU l3Ilh IS IHHCUI3lCy l3KCD 3UV3Dl3gC Ol Dy lhC OCCU_IC1
    3DU l13DSlO1HCU IDlO 3 USlIhC3lIOD Ol lhC OCCU_3lIOD. hCD
    lhC D3lIVC, 3llC1 3 H3O1CO1l ID lhC UI1CClIOD Ol l1Ulh, DCC3USC
    DC 3SSUHCS lh3l hIS UClCDSCS h3VC DCCD SU1HOUDlCU, S3yS, h3l
    IS _OOG. lC yOU SO DCC3USC lhIDK SO, lhC COODI2C1 _C1VC1lS
    DIS HC3DID_ 3DU l13DS3lCS, `LODl C3VC, lO1 Wh3l WOUU wC UO
    WIlhOUlyOUr
    hUS, OD lhC CVC Ol lhC WhOC COODI2CU SOCICly, WC 3W3yS
    UISCOVC1 lhIS 1CUCl3DCC lO gU3 Ily O__OSIlIOD lO lhC COODI3ISl,
    lO1 Il SO h3__CDS lh3l CVC1y gU3IhC3lIOD IS _C!CCIVCU Dy lhC
    OCCU_IC1 3S 3D IDVIl3lIOD lO _C1_ClU3lC lhC O__1CSSIOD, 3S 3 COD-
    lCSSIOD Ol COD_CDIl3 IH_OlCDCC. DC COODI2CU _CO_C 3S 3
    WhOC, WhCD l3CCU WIlh CC1l3ID h3__CDID_S, WI 1C3Cl ID 3
    h31Sh, UDUIC1CDlI3lCU, C3lC_O1IC3 W3y DClO1C lhC UOHID3Dl
    _!OU_S 3ClIVIly. l IS DOl UDUSU3 lO hC31 SUCh CXl1CHC ODSC1V3
    lIODS 3S lhIS. `ODOUy 3SKCU yOU lO1 3DylhIDg, WhO IDVIlCU yOU
    lO COHCr 3KC yOU1 hOS_Il3S 3DU yOU1 _O1l l3CIIlICS 3DU _O
    hOHC.
    hC l3Cl IS lh3l lhC COODI23lIOD, h3VID_ DCCD DUIl OD HI I-
    l31yCODgUCSl3DU lhC _OICC SySlCH, SOUghl 3 USlIhC3lIOD lO1 IlS
    CXISlCDCC 3DU lhC C_IlIHI23lIOD OlIlS_C1SISlCDCC ID IlS WO1KS.
    VCUUCCU, ID lhC D3HC Ol l1Ulh 3DU 1C3SOD, lO S3yID_ `yCS lO
    CC1l3ID IDDOV3lIODS Ol lhC OCCU_IC1, lhC COODI2CU _C1CCIVC
    lh3l hC lhUS DCC3HC lhC _1ISODC1 Ol lhC CDlI1C SySlCH, 3DU lh3l
    LLP HPL LLLPH{ 4
    lhC 1CDCh HCUIC3 SC1VICC ID 1_C1I3 COUU DOl DC SC_313lCU
    !OH 1CDCh COODI3ISH ID 1_C1I3. hCD, 3S hC COUU DOl CUl
    DIHSClO l1OH hIS _CO_C, WhO 3S_I1CU lO 3 D3lIOD3 CXISlCDtC
    OD lhCI1 OWD SOI, hC 1CCClCU UOClO1S, SChOOlC3ChC1S, CD_I-
    DCC1S, _313ChUlISlS, 3 ID ODC UH_.
    D 3 DOD-COODI3 SOCICly, lhC 3llIlUUC Ol 3 SICK H3D ID lhC
    _1CSCDCC Ol 3 HCUIC3 _13ClI lIODC1 IS ODC Ol CODhUCDCC. C
    _3lICDll1USlSlhCUOClO1, hC_UlS hIHSClID hIS h3DUS. 1C yICUS
    DISDOUy lO hIH. 1C3CCC_lS lhC l3Cl lh3l _3ID H3y DC 3W3KCDCU
    O1 CX3CC1D3lCU Dy lhC _hySICI3D, lO1 lhC _3lICDl 1C3I2CS lh3l lhC
    IDlCDSIlyID_ Ol SUC1ID_ ID lhC COU1SC Ol CX3HID3lIOD H3y _3VC
    lDC W3y lO _C3CC ID hIS DOUy.
    1l DO lIHC, ID 3 DOD-COODI3 SOCICly, UOCS lhC _3lICDl IS
    l1USl hIS UOClO1. LD lhC CVC O lCChDIgUC, Ol KDOWCU_C, Il IS
    CC31 lh3l 3 CC1l3ID UOUDl C3D h lC1 IDlO lhC _3lICDlS HIDU, DUl
    lhIS H3y DC UUC lO 3 hCSIl3lIOD OD lhC _31l Ol lhC UOtlO1 WhICh
    HOUIhCS lhC O1I_ID3 CODhCDCC. hIS C3D h3__CD 3yWhC1C.
    Ul Il IS ODVIOUS lh3l CC1l3ID CI1CUHSl3DCCS C3D 3__1CCI3Dy
    CD3D_C lhC UOClO1-_3lICDl 1C3lIODShI_. hC LC1H3D _1ISODC1
    WhO W3S lO DC O_C13lCU OD Dy 3 1CDCh SU1_COD WOUU VC1y
    OllCD, USl DClO1C DCID_ _IVCD lhC 3D3CSlhClIC, DCSCCCh lhC UOC
    lO1 DOl lO KI hIH. \DUC1 lhC S3HC CI1CUHSl3DCCS, lhC SU1_COD
    HI_hl DC HO1C lh3D O1UID31Iy 3DXIOUS lO _C1lO1H lhC O_C13
    lIOD SUCCCSSlUy DCC3USC Ol lhC OlhC1 _1ISODC1S, DCC3SC hC 1C3
    I2CU lhC IDlC1_1Cl3lIOD lh3l HI_hl DC _IVCD lhC CVCDl Il 3 _A-
    lICDl UICU OD lhC O_C13lID_ l3DC. hC 1CDCD _1ISODC1S ID lhC
    LC1H3D C3H_S ShOWCU 3 SIHI31 CODCC1D WhCD lhCy 3KCU lhC
    UOClO1S WO1KID_ ID lhC C3H_ IDh1H31y lO 3SSSl ID lhC O_C13-
    lIODS _C1lO1HCU Dy LC1H3D SU1_CODS. IlC13lU1C 3DU lhC HO-
    lIOD _IClU1CS h3VC H3UC HUCh Ol SUCh SI lU3lIODS, 3DU 3llC1 CVC!y
    W31 lhC _1ODCHS lhCy IDVOVC 31C COHHC1CI3y CX_OIlCU.
    D COODI3 lC11IlO1y SUCh SIlU3lIODS 31C lO DC lOUDU ID CVCD
    1C3lC1 DUHDC1. hC SUUUCD UC3lhS Ol 1_C1I3DS ID hOS_Il3S, 3
    COHHOD OCCU11CDCC ID 3Dy CSl3DIShHCDl C31ID_ lO1 lhC SICK
    3DU lhC ID U1CU, 31C IDlC1_1ClCU 3S lhC CCClS Ol 3 HU1UC1OUS
    3DU UCIDC13lC UCCISIOD, 3S lhC 1CSUl Ol C1IHID3 H3DCUVC1S OD
    49
    LYDL LLLLDLb%
    the part o| the Luropean doctor !he Algerian's reusal to be
    hospitalized is always more or less related to that l ingering
    doubtas to thecolonial doctor's essential humanity. It needs to
    be said, too,al thougb itis not the rule, that in certain hospital
    services experimentation on living patients is practiced to an
    extentthatcannotbeconsiderednegl igi ble.
    Ior dozens o|years,despitethedoctor'sexhortations, theAI-
    gerian shied away |rom hospitalization. Lven though the spe-
    cialistmightnsist that ny hesitatonwouldserioslyeodnger
    the patient's l i|e, thepatientwouldhang back and re|usetobe
    taken to the hospital. It ould alays be at the last moment,
    when hardlyanyhope remained, that consent was given. Lven
    then,themanwhomade thedecision ould make it in oppos-
    tion to thegroup andas thecase would be adesperate one, as
    thedecisionhadbeen toolongdelayed,thepatientwouIdusu-
    allydie
    Such experieces would stregthen the group in its originaI
    belie| in the occupier's |undamentally evil character, even
    though he was adoctor. And theAlgerian who, a|ter consider-
    able eort, had succeeded in overcomingthe traditional preju-
    dice o an appreciable extent, who had |orced the decision to
    hospitalize the patient, woud suddenly |eel innitly ui ty.
    Inwardly he would promise not to repeat his mistake !he
    values o| the group, momentarily abandoned, would reassert
    themselves,inanexaceratedandexclusiveway.
    Itwould be aserious mistake,and it would in anycase make
    such an atti tude incompreheosible, to ompare such behavior
    wit that already described as characterizing the poor rural
    populationso|Luropeancountries.!hecolonizedwhoresisted
    rCnch OUCr hOQla CU C QSchtatr CrV cC O thC rCnch
    rmy n _Cra haVC al CCn thC CXQtrCnla tQCQc ht QrOUucCU
    n

    Crta

    anU n nanlrymtn rOm Outh O thC baar Or tC QurQO8C


    O Cltmaltg lhC QCchc lhrChOU Ol tach O lhC Utrnl rcC hC8C
    mCn On whOm lhC rCnch UOctOr QrclcCU lhCC tQCrmtnl wCtc
    DtOughl lO lhC hOQlal On lhC cCnlhc QrClCxl Ol hVn_ lO makc
    lutlhCr CXamn8lOn.
    l w8

    lCll lO lhC lgCr8n

    OcCly 8l

    nC,

    lO lhC gCran QCOQC aOnC


    lO

    alCl lhrOugh cOmDal l8 UClCrmtt8lCn lO Qul an CnU lO uch In


    8mC, 8mOng OlhCt8, On lhC n8lOn8l 8O l .
    ALLPL HP LLLPHA
    Z
    hospitalizationdidnotdosoonthebasiso|the|earo|cities,the
    learo|distance,onolongerbeingprotectedbythe |amily, the
    lear that people wold say that the patient had been sent t
    the hospital to die, that the |amily had rid itsel| o a burden.
    hecolonizednotonlyre|usedtosendthepatenttothehospi
    l,buthereused tosend him to the hosptalo| the whites, o|
    strangers,o|theconqueror
    It is necessary to analyze, patientlyand lucidly, each one ol
    thereactonso|thecolonized,and every time wedo not under
    stand, we must tell ourselves that we are at the heart o the
    dramathato|the impossibilityondingameetingroundin
    anycolonialsituation. Iorsome timeitwasmaintainedthatthe
    native'srel uctance toentrusthimselto a Luropeandoctor was
    due to his attachment to his traditional medical techniquesor
    to hisdependenceon thesorcerersor healerso|his group.Such
    psychological react ionsdoobviouslyexist, and theywere to be
    bserved,nottoomanyyearsago, notonlyamongthemasseso|
    generally advanced countries, but also among doctors them-
    selves. Leriche hasreported tous thehesitancies or there|usals
    o|certaindoctors toadopt the thermometer because theywere
    accustomed to estimating the temperature by taking the pulse.
    Examples o| this kind could be indehnitely multiplied. It is
    hardlyabnormal, there|ore, |orindividualsaccustomed toprac-
    ticing certain customs in the treatment oa given ai lment, to
    adoptingcertainprocedureswhenconrontedwith the disorder
    that illnessconstitutes, tore|use to abndon these customsand
    preduresbecauseothersareimposedon them, inotherwords
    because the new technique takes over completely and does not
    toleratethepersistenceoanyshredo|tradition.
    ereagainwehear thesamere|ran I| I abandonwhat
    am in the habito| doing when mywi|e coughs and I authorize
    the Luropean doctor to give her injections i| I nd mysel|
    li terally insulted andtold1 amasavage this happens , because
    I havemadescratcheson the|oreheado|myson who has been
    complainingo|aheadache|orthree days i|I tell this insulter
    heisrightandIadmitthatIwaswrongtomakethosescratches
    l Z
    P LYDL LLLLDPLb%
    whichcustomhastaughtme todo-i|I doal| these things I am
    acting,|roma strictlyrationa| point o|view, ina positive way.
    Por,asa mattero||act, myson has meningitisand it reallyhas
    to be treated as a meningitis ought to be treated. Butthecolo-
    nia|constellationis such that whatshouldbe thebrotherlyand
    tender insistence o| one who wants only to help me is inter-
    preted as a mani|estation o| the conqueror's arrogance and de
    siretohumiliate.
    Itisnotpossible|or theco|onized societyand theco|onizing
    societytoagreetopaytribute,atthesametimeandin thesame
    place,toasing|evalue I|,againsta||probabi lity, theco|onized
    ocietyexpresses itsagreementonanypoi ntwith the olonizing
    societ, therewill atoncebegin to be ta|k about success|ul i n-
    tegation. It isno necessary to enter into the tragic labyrinth
    o|the general eations o| A erian societywith respect to the
    problemo|tbehghtagainsti l l ness,conceivedo|as anaspecto|
    thePrench presence.We shal| then see in thecourso| thehght
    |or |iberationhecrystallizationo|the newatti tudeadopted by
    theA|gerianpeopleinrespecttomedical techniques.
    hC V8t to thC Lctor
    !he colonized person who goes to see the doctor is a|ways
    dident. Heansers inmonosyllables,gives littleinthewayo|
    explanation,andsoon arousesthedoctor's impatience. !hisat-
    titudeisnottobecon|usedwiththekindo|inhibitin|earthat

    patients usua|ly|ee| in thedoctor's presence. We o|ten hear it


    said that a certain doctor has a good bedside manner, that he
    putshi spatints atease. Butitsohappns that in the colona|
    situation the personi approach, the ai i ty to e onesel|, o|
    establishing and maintaining a contct are not observab|e.
    !hecolonia|situationstandardizesrelations,|or itdichotomizes
    thecolonia|societyinamarkedway
    !he doctor rather quick|y gave up the hope o| obtaining
    in|ormation |rom the co|onized patient and |ell back on the
    c| inica| examination, thinking that the body wou|d be mor
    e|oquentButthebodyproved to beequallyrigid !hemuscles
    LLPL HP LLILPHI l Z1
    were contracted. !here was no re|axing Here was the entire
    man, here was the co|onized, |acing both a technician and a
    colonizer. One must, o|course, lend an ear to the observations
    madebtheEuropeandoctors whoexamined thepatients But
    onemu

    stalsohear those o|the patients themseves when they


    |e|tthe hospital Whereas the doctors say '!he pia in thei
    .
    r
    case is protopathic, poorly dierentiated, diuse as H an 3D
    mal, it is a general malaise rather than a localized pain

    the
    aticnts say !heyasked me whatwas wrong with me, as :| I
    were the doctor they think they're smart and they aren t even
    able totellwhereI |eel pain, andthemnuteyoucome in they
    askyouwhatiswrongwithyou. . .
    !hedoctors say '!hose peopleare rough and unmannerly.
    !he patients say I don' t trust them. Whereas the doctors
    c|aim that the colonized patient doesn' t know what he wants,
    whether to stay sick or be cured, the native keeps saying, "I
    knowhow toget into their hospital, but I don' tknow how I' lI
    get out I get out. Iairly soon the doctor, and even the
    nurse worked out a rule o| action wi th these peop|e you
    could' tpractice medicine, you had to bea veterinarian. But
    na|ly, bysheer persistence, thedoctor wouldmore or less et
    anideao|whatthediseasewasandprescribea treatment,wh:ch
    wou|dsometimesnotbe|ollowed. Socio|ogistswouldthereupon
    enture an exp|anation andclassi|y all theseactions under the
    headingo||atalism.
    !heana|ysiso| this pattern o| behavior within the colonaI
    |rameworkenablesus,on thecontrary, tocometootherconclu-
    ions.
    hen the colonized escapes the doctor, and the integrity o|
    Dl8 8ttlCul8t OD8C8lOn l8 tCl8lCU O lDC OvCt

    l 8tll luUC O

    lDC
    C0lOnl2CU

    WDO l8 D8tUy CvCt ttulDlul DClOtC lDC COlCnI2Ct. DC COlCnI2C0


    0OC8 nOt lCt On
    _
    UOC8 nOl COnlC88 Dm8Cll, l n

    lhC QtC8CnCC O lDc


    C0lOnl2Ct. DC tC8UCt l8 tClCttCU lO lDC COmmunC8lIO

    DClOtC

    DC 00
    LOn_tCM Ol tCnCD

    l8n_u8

    C 8yCDl8ltl8

    8
    _
    U DCutOlO_I8l8 On DC P
    ctl8n 8nU PvOW8l n %CUCOLC_8l t8ClC.
    "DCtC 8tC ODvlOu8y 8 CCtl8ln numDCt O UOCIOt8 WDO 8CI ntm8y
    WDO 8tC Dum8n. ut O UCm l Wlll DC 88lU DC 8tC nOI C Uc
    0Uc.
    l 8
    A OYNG CNlAlSM
    hisbodyis

    presered, heconsidershimse||thevictorbya hand


    somemargrn ior thenativethevisitisa|waysanordeal.When
    t
    eadvant+geassumedbythecolonizeris| imitedtoswalowing
    pr|sorpottons,thecolonizedhastheimpressiono|haingwon
    avrctoryovertheenemy.Theendo|thevisitputsanendtothe
    con|rontatton. Themedicines,theadvice,arebuttheseque|so
    the ordeal. A |or |ata|ism, a |athers apparent re|usal, |or ex
    ample, to admit that he owes his son's |i|e to the colonizers
    operation, ust be tudied n two lights. There is, hrst o| all,
    the|a,tthatthecolonizeperson,whoi nthisrespect is| iethe
    men r n underdeveloped countries or the disinherited in a|l
    parts o| theworld, perceives |i|e notas a oeringora devel-
    opment o| an essential productiveness, but as a permanent
    truggle '
    e
    aamst an omntpresent death. This ever-menacin
    d-ath is experienced as endemic |amine unemp|oyment, .
    hrgh death rate, anin|erioritycomplex and the absenceo|any
    hope|orthe|uture
    All this gnawing at the existence o| the colonized tends to
    makeo|| i|esomethingresemblingan incompletedeath.Actso
    r|usal or rejecton o| medical treatment are not a re|usa| o|
    l|e, but a greater passivity be|ore that c|ose and contagious
    death.

    Seen |rom another ang|e, this absence o| en|ightened


    seharor

    r,veals the co|onized natives mistrust o| the coloniz-


    mgt
    .
    echn

    tcran. Thetechnicianswordsarea|ways understoodi n


    a
    .
    eoratve wa. The truth objective|y expressed is constant|y
    vrtratedbytheleo|thecolonialsituation.
    iclSuperision rementn heouleower
    A poor subject in the doctcr's omce, the co|onized A|gerian
    proves to be an equally unsatts|actory patient. The co|onizing
    d;ctor h
    .
    n)s thathis patient cannot be depended upon to take
    hrs me+rcme r,gularly, that he takes the wrongdoses, |ai|s to
    app:ecrate
    .
    the rmportance o| periodic vits, and takes a para-
    doxrcal, |volousattitudetowardtheprescri beddiet.Theseare
    on|ythemoststrikingand the most common peculiarities that
    henotes. Hence the gene al impression that the patient plays
    MEOICINF ANO COLONIALISM l 9
    hideandseek with his doctor. The doctor has no hold on the
    patient. Hehndsthat inspiteo| promisesand pledges, anatt-
    tudeo|ight,o|disenggement persists. All theeorts exerted
    by the doctor, by his team o| nurses, to modi|y this state o|
    thingsencounter, notasystematicopposition, but a vanishing
    ontheparto|thepatient.
    The hrstthing that happens is that thepatient doesnot re
    turn. Thisinspiteo|the |act thati t has beenclearlyep|ained
    ohim thathisailment, inorder to be cured, requires that he
    be examined several times at given interva|s. This is c|ear|y
    written out in the prescription, it has been exp|ained to him
    andreexplained,andhehsbeengivenadehniteappointment
    withthedoctor|orahxeddate.Butthedoctorwaits|orhimin
    vain. The patient does not arrive When he does oe bac,
    there is the rather shocking discovery that the ma|ady has b-
    come very much agravated Te patient, in |act, comes back
    hve to six mnthsorsometimes ayear later. Worse stil l, hehas
    ailed to take the prescribed medicine. An i nterview with the
    patient reveals that the medicine was taken on|y once, or, s
    o|ten hppens, that the amount prescribed |or one month was
    absorbedinasingledose t maybeworthwhiletodwellonthis
    type o| case, |or the explanations o it that have been given
    appeartousquiteunsatis|actory.
    The sociologcal theory is that the native entertains he
    hrm hopeo| beingcured once and|oral|. The native, in |act,
    seestheai|ment,notasprogressinglittlebyli tt|ebutasassault
    ingthe individual ina singleswoop,so that theeectiveness o|
    aremedywould notdependsomuch oni tsconsistent,periodic,
    andprogressiverepetition buton itstotal impact, itsimmediate
    eect this accounts |or the natives pre|erence |or injections
    Accordingto thistheory, thedoctorwould alwayshave to hea|
    at a single sitting. ilgrmage to a sanctuary, the making o|
    amulets or marks written on a pieceo| paper-these are thera-
    pies thatare applied immediate|ywith the maximumeective
    ness. ]ust as neglecting a ritua| duty or transgressing a given
    taboo causes the disease to break out, so per|orming certain
    5
    A OYNG CNlASM
    act
    .
    io

    s or |o||owing the medicine man's or the sorcerer's pre-


    srrptronsarecapab|eo|expe||ing the disease and restoringthe
    equi|ibiumbetween thedierent|orces thatgovern the|i|eo|
    thegroup
    Thisexp|anationsure|ycontainsan e|emento|truth. But i t
    seemstous,tointerpretaphenomenon arisingouto|theco|o
    nia|situationintermso|patternso|conductexistingbe|orethe
    oreignconquest, even i|thisphenomenon isana|agous tocer
    tain traditiona|patterns,isneverthe|ess incertainrespects|a|se.
    Co|onia| domination, as we have seen, gies rise to and con
    tinues todictate a who|e comp|ex o|resent|u| behavio ad o|
    reusa| on the part o| the co|onized. The co|onized exerts a
    considerab|eeorttoeep away |rom theco|onia| wor|d, not to
    exposehimse||tanyaction o|theconqueror. Ineveryday |i|e,
    o

    ever, theco|onized and the co|onizers are constant|y estab


    shmg bonds o| economic technica|, and administrative de-
    pendence Co|onia|ismobvious|y throws a|| thee| ementso|na
    tivesocietyintocon|usion. Thedominantgrouparrives withi ts
    va|uesand imposes them withsuch vio|encethatthevery| i|eo|
    the co|onized can mani|est itse||on|yde|ensive|y, in a more or
    |ess c|andestine way. Under these conditions, co|onia| domina
    tiondistortstheveryre|ationsthattheco|onizedmaintains with
    his own cu|ture. In a great number o| cases, the practice o|
    tradition isa disturbed practice, theco|onized beingunab|e to
    reject c

    mp|e

    te|y modern discoveries and the arsena| o|wea


    ons agamst dseases possessed by the hospita|s, the ambu|ances,
    the nurses But the co|onized who accepts the intervention o|
    medica| technique, i| he does not go to the hospita|, wi|| be
    subj

    tedtoconsiderab|epressureon theparto|his group. e


    tradtrona|methodso|treatmentareapp|ied inadditionto the
    modern medica| technique. Two remedies are better tn
    one.

    must

    membered that the co|onized who accepts


    percr||rnordrgrta|m at the same time i nsistson|oowing te
    tr

    atment prescribed by the hea|er o| his vi||age or hs dis-


    trrct.
    Theco|onizedobscure|yrea|izesthatpeniciinismoreeec
    MEOICINE dNO COLONIdLISM l I
    tive, but |or po|itica|, psycho|ogica|, socia| reasons, he must at
    the same time give traditiona| medicine its due. The hea|er
    u|h||s a |unction and there|ore needs to earn a |iving. s
    ch|ogica||y, the co|onized has dicu|

    ty, even
    .
    here in thepres-
    ence o| i|| ness, n rej ecting the habits o| his group an th
    .
    e
    reactions o| his cu|ture. Accepting the medicine, even once, r s
    admitting, to a |imited extent perhaps b

    t none:he|ess ambig-
    uous|y, the va|idityo|the Western tech

    ue It
    .
    r demonstrat-
    ingone'scondenceinthe|oreigners medta|

    rence

    |o

    ing the who|edose in one gu| pis | i tera| |ygettmgeven ith r t.


    Togradua||yadoptana|mostobsessiona|respect |or theco|

    -
    nizers prescription o|ten proves dicu|t The other poer, m
    |act i ntervenes and breaks the uni|ying circ|e o| the Western
    the.apyLverypi||absorbedoreveryi
    .
    njectionta

    keninvite

    the
    app|ication o|a preparation or the tit t

    a samt. ometimes
    thepatientgivesevidenceo|the |ear

    o|bem

    the -att|e

    ound
    |or dierent andopposed |orces. This|eargivesrse to tmpo

    tantstressesand thewho|epictureo|thei||nessistheebymodi-
    hed Onceagain, theco|onia|wor|drevea|sitse||to becomp|e

    and extreme|y diverse in structure There is a|

    ays an

    pot-
    tiono|exc|usivewor|ds,acontradictory interctton o|derent
    techniques, a vehementcon|rontation o|va|ues
    Dc Loonzcd and tDc ^atvc IoCtot
    The co|onia| situation does not on|yvitiate the re|ations be-
    tween doctor and patient. We have shown that the doctor a|
    waysappearsasa|inkintheco|onia|istnetwor

    k,asa

    pokeman
    |ortheoccupyingpower. We ha| |see that this ambiv|ence o|
    the patientbe|oremedica| techniqueisto be |oun+ even w
    .
    hen
    thedoctorbe|ongstothedominatedpeop|e Thereta ma|est
    amiva|enceo|thecoonizedgroupwithrespecttoanymember
    whoacquires a techniqueor themannerso|theconqueror. Ior
    theoup,in |act,thenativetechnician is |ivingproo|tatan
    oneo|itsmembersiscapab|eo|beinganengineer,a|awyerord
    doctor. But there is at the same time, in the background, the
    awareness o| a sudden divergence between the homogeneous
    I 8 A DYNG CNlASM
    groupenc|osedwithinitse||andthisnativetechnicianwhohas
    escaped beyond the specihc psycho|ogica| or emotiona| cate
    gories o| the peop|e. The native doctor is a Luropeanized,
    Westernizeddoctor, and in certin circumstances he is consid
    eredasno |onger beinga part o| the dominated society. He is
    tacit|yrejected into thecamp o| the oppressors, into theoppo
    ingcamp.It isnotbyaccident thatincertain co|onies the edu-
    cated native is re|erred to as having acquired the habits o| a
    master.
    iormany o| theco|onized, the native doctor iscompared to
    the native po|ice, to the ca d

    to the notab|e. The co|onized is


    bothproudo| thesuccesso| hisand atthesame time |ooks
    upon this technician with disapprova|. The nativedoctor's be-
    haviorwithrespecttothe traditiona|medicineo|hiscountry is
    |ora |ong time haracterized by a considerab|e aggressiveness
    The nativedoctor|ee|s himse||psycho|ogica||y compe||ed to
    demonstrate hrm|y his new admission to a rationa| universe.
    This accounts|or the abrupt wayi nwhich herejects themagic
    practiceso|hispeop|e. Given theambiva|ence o| theco|onized
    with respect to the native doctor and the ambiva|ene o the
    nativedoctorbeorecertain |eatureso| his cu|ture, theenoun
    ter o|doctor and patient inevitab|y proves dimcu|t. Th co|o-
    nizedpatientis thehrst tosetthe tone Once thesuperiorityo|
    Western technique over traditiona| methods o| treatment is
    recognized,itisthoughtpre|erab|etoturntotheco|onizerswho
    are,a|tera||, the true possessors o| the technique. As |ar as
    prctice goes, it is common to see Luropean doctors receiving
    bothA|gerianandLuropeanpatients,whereasA|geriandoctors
    genera||y receive on|y A gerians Some exceptions cou|d o|
    coursebementionedbuton thewho|e, thisdescriptionisva|id
    |or A|geria.Thenativedoctor, becauseo|theoperation o the
    comp|ex psycho|ogica| |aws that govern co|onia| society, |re-
    uent|y hnds hi mse|| in a dimcu|t position.
    We are dea|ing here with the drama o| the co|onized inte
    |ectua|s bc]otc thehght |or |iberation. We sha||soonseewhat
    MEOICINE dNO COLONIdLISM
    important modihcations have been introduced intoA|gera by
    the nationa|waro| | iberation.
    he urogc8n IoCtor Iurng thc btruggc lor Ibcraton
    Genera| |yspeaking, theco|onizingdoctoradopts the attit

    de
    o|hisgrouptowardthestrugg|eo|theA|gerian peop|e ehmd
    the docor who hea|s the wounds o| humanity appears the
    man a member o|a dominntsociety and enoying in Aria
    the beneht o| an incomparab|y higher standard o| |ving tha
    thato|his metropo|itanco||eague.
    e
    Moreover, in centers o| co|oniztion the doctor s near|y
    lwaysa |adowneraswe||. It is exceptiona| tosee in A|geria,a
    co|ony which attracts sett|ers, a doctor who dos not take up
    arming,whodoesnotbecomeattachedto theso|.Whethrt-e
    lad has come to hi |rom his |ami|y, or he has bought r
    himse|| the doctor is a sett|er. The Luropean popu| ion in
    A|geria has not yet c|ear|y marked out |o itse|| th de

    ent
    setors o| economic |i|e. Co|on| society is a mob|e socety,
    poor|ystructuredand theLuropean,evenwhenhe is techni
    ian, a|ways ssumes a certain degree o| po|yva|ence. I n the
    hearto|everyLuropenintheco|oniestheres|umbe

    rs
    .
    amano|
    energy, a pioneer, a adventurer.
    .
    Not even th crvr| servnt
    trans|erred|ortwoyearstoaco|oa|terrrtory|a|sto|ee|hm
    se||psycho|ogica| |ychangedincertain

    respects.
    .
    The Luropean individua| in A|gera does not take hrs p|ace
    McdcaI practcc n thc coIor

    cs

    cr

    y oltcn assum

    s an spcct

    stcm
    atzcd gracy. njcctons ol tcc-dtsttIlcd w

    tcr,

    tIIcd a

    s
    .
    pcmIIin o

    vtamn B- I Z, chcst Xrays, radothcrap

    scsson

    to stabtItc a canccr,
    vcn by a dctor who has no radoIogtcaI cg p
    .
    mcnt. a

    c camplcs n
    -lattcr casc, thc doctor nccd ony pIacc thc

    pat

    cnt bchtnd a shcct and


    altcr I5 or Z0 mnutcs announcc that thc scsston t ovcr
    ;

    cvcn a

    pcns
    that doctors n ruraI ccntcrs (scvcraI c
    ^
    ampIcs ol thts m AIgcrta arc
    nown) boast ol tang Xrays wth thc atd ol |

    acu

    m cIcanc

    . wc may
    cnon thc casc ol a Luropcan doctor practtcmg tn RabcIas (tn thc
    rcgon ol rlansvIIc) who cxpIans how hc managcs, o

    ma

    (ct

    ay_ to
    carn morc than 30,000 lrancs n thc coursc ol a mormng. I

    c-
    syrngcs ol uncguaI szc wth saIt scrum and say to thc
    l
    patcnt, _

    h
    h
    ch
    . .
    do you want thc 500 thc I 000 or thc I 500 ranc onc. c
    ncctton
    l h th most cx-
    gat

    nt,
    -
    s
    .
    o t
    .
    hc octor cxgIans, 'aImost a ways c ooscs c
    gcnstvc tncctton.
    l 31 A DYNG CNA!SM
    inastructuredandre|ative|ystab|esociety.Theco|onia|society
    is inperpetua| movement. Lvery sett|er invents a new society
    sets up or sketches new structures. The dierences between
    craltsmen, civi| servants, workers, and professiona|s are poor|y
    dehned Lvery doctor has his vi neyards and the |awyer busis
    himse|l with his rice he|ds as passionate|y as any sett|er. The
    doctor is not socia||y dened by the exercise ol his prolession
    a|one.Heis|ikewise theownerofmi||s, wine ce||ars,ororange
    groves, and hecoy|yspeaksof his medicine as smp|ya supp|e-
    mentary source of income. Not exc|usive|y dependent on his
    practice,derivingasometimesenormousincomelrom his prop
    erties,thedoctorhasacertainconceptionofprofessiona|mora|-
    i tyand ofmedica| practice. The co|ona|istarrogance, thecon-
    temptfor the c|ient, the hatelu| bruta|ity toward the inigent
    aremore or|esscontained in theformu|a, I dont have t sit
    around waiting for c|ients to make a |iving. The doctor i n
    Besanon,i nLie, or i nBase| has |elt the |andand has taken
    hisp|ace in the economicsectordehned by his prolession. Per
    petua|| in contact with suering humanity, the wor|d of the
    sickandthedisab|ed,thedoctorhasasetofva|ues.Thushewi||
    usua|ly be found to be|ng toone o the democratic parties,
    andhisideasare|ike|ytobeantico|onia|ist. Intheco|onie, the
    doctor is an integra| part of co|onization, of domination o
    exp|oitation. InA|geria we must not be surprised to nd that
    doctors nd prolessors of medicine are |eaders of co|onia|ist
    movements.
    TheA|gerian doctor is economica||y interested in the main
    tenanceofco|onia|oppression

    Thisis not a question ofva|ues


    orofprincip|es,butoftheincomparab|yhighstandardof| i ving
    that theco|onia| situation rovideshim. his exp|ains the fact
    that veryoltenhe assumes the ro|e ol mi|itia chiefor organizer
    of counterterrorist raids In the co|onies, in norma| times
    that is, in the absence ol the war ol | iberationthere is some
    thingofthecowboyandthepioneerevenin theinte||ectua|.In
    a period ol crisis the cowboy pu||s out his revo|ver and his
    instrumentsotorture.
    MEOICINE dNO COIONId|ISM l 35
    In this frightfu| war that i s bathing A|geria tn b|ood, an
    eort i s required to understand certain lacts, objective|y dis-
    tressingi nanorma|situation.Themurderolcertandoctors in
    A|geriahasneverbeenc|ear|yunderstoodbywr|dopi nion. In
    thecrue|estwars,itistradition|lorthemedcacorpstobe |eft
    unscathe. ior examp|e in 944, whi|e lreeing a vi| age in the
    rion ol Be|lort, we |eft a guard at the entrance to a scho|
    where German surgeonswere operatingon the wouned. The
    A|geran po|itca|menare qute aware of theexistenceol |aws
    ol war. They know the co|exity ol the prob|em and the
    dramatic situation of the Luropean popu|ation. How is one to
    ex|ain those cases, the decisions made to take the | ile of a
    doctor
    Itisa|mosta|ways because the doctor himse|l, by his behav-
    ior, has decided to exc|ude himse|l from the protective circ|e
    thattheprincip|esandtheva|esolthemedica|proionve
    wovenaroundhim. Thedoctorwho iski||ed inA|geria, iniso-
    |a tedcases,isa|waysawarcrimina.Inaco|onia|situationthere
    are specia| rea|ities. In a given region, the doctor sometimes
    revea|s himse|f as themostanguinary of co|onizers. Hs den-
    tity as a doctor no |onger matters. |ust as he was a doctor in
    additiontobeinga propertyowner, sohe becomes thetorturer
    who happens to be a doctor. The doinantauthorty, lor tht
    matter, hasorganized theovera|| behavior of the doctor as it
    re|ates to thestrugg|e for | ibration.Thus, anydoctr treating
    an A|gerian whose wound appears suspicious must, on na|ty
    of|ega| action, takedown thename lthepatient, his adress,
    the names of thoe accompanyinghim, their address, and com-
    municatethe informationtotheauthorities.
    th rcsgcct to thcsc qcasurcs thc Councl ol thc rdcr ol Doctors n
    rancc adogtcd a vcry hrq goston consstcnt wt thc grcat rcnch
    tradton.
    hus, ts Prcsdcnt, ProIcssor PcdcIvrc, n an ocaI Icttcr addrcsscd
    to thc Councls ol thc rdcr ol Doctors oI AIgcrs, ol Constantnc, and oI
    ran wrotc: 'May rcqnd you that n no casc and undcr no grctcxt
    can groIcssonal sccrccy bc voIatcdl Icwsc gont out to you that
    doctors arc duty bound to trcat aII gcrsons wth thc saqc consccntous-
    ncss, whatcvcr bc thcr rcIgon or thcr racc, whcthcr thcy arc lrcnds or
    cncmcs. wsh to draw your attcnto, hnaIIy, to thc Iact that thc Codc

    P LYDL LLLDPb%
    As |or thc pharmacists, thcy wcrc to bc givcn ordcrs not to
    dclivcrwitout a mcdical prcscription such drugs as pcnici l l in
    strcptomycin, antibiotics in cncral, alcohol, aorbcnt cotton,
    antitctanus scrum Morcovcr, thcywcrcstronglyurgcd to notc
    downthc idcntityandthcaddrcsso|thcpaticnt
    A soon as thcy wcrc known to thc pcoplc, thcsc mcaurcs
    conmcd thcir ccrtainty that thc colonitcrs wcrc in complctc
    rccmcnt to ght against thcm. Convinccd that thc Europcan
    doctors nd pharmacists would comply with this dccision, thc
    Frcnch authoritic postcd policc omccrs in civil ian clothcs or
    in|ormcrs in thc vicinity o| thc pharmacics run by Algcrians.
    Thcsuppingo|mcdicincs in ccrtain arcas bccamc a dimcult
    and pain|ul problcm. Alcohol, sulpha drugs, syringcs wcrc rc-
    |uscd. In 55thc Frcnch military command in i ts cstimatcso
    Algcrian losscs ncarly always includcd ccrtain numbcr o|
    hypothctically woundcd who, "|or Iack o| trcatmcnt arc as-
    sumcddcad.
    Thccolonitingdoctor mcanwhilc, cmphasitcd his mcmbcr-
    shipin thc dominatingsocictybyccrtainatti tudcs. Whcn judi-
    cialinquiricsintothccascso|Algcrianswhohadnotdicdinthc
    coursc o| policc qucstioning bcgan, it would happcn that thc
    dc|cnscwouldask|oramcdicolcgalcxamination.hisdcmand
    would somctimcs bc mct. Th Europcan doctor assigncd to
    cxaminc thc paticnt always concludcd that thcrc was no cvi-
    dcncc to sggcst that thc acuscd had bccn torturcd. A |cw
    timcs, carly in 955, Algcrians wcrc appointd as cxpcrts. But
    pccisc instructionsprohibiting thiswcrcsoon issucd. Likcwisc,
    | it happcncd that a Europcan doctor notcd "thc cxistcncc o
    clcmcnts that might suggcst thc hypothcsis that acts dcscribcd
    by tac accu

    cd produccd his wounds, anothcr cxpcrt opinion


    was mmcdatcly |ound to contradict him. Obviously, such a
    Ol COnlOl

    , I

    l t8 P

    ltClC hrCC, ha8 ClCarly 8IalCU `hr d0cl0t mul


    ltc0l

    0

    htI ]

    0ltrnlI ull_h lhr !0mr c0nacrnl0u!nrIa, uh0lrurt 0r lhctt


    condIlIOn, lhrIt n0lon0Ilj, lhrlt trt_t0n, lhrtt tr]ul0lton 0nd htI ]rctn_
    lou0td lhrm. yC may aUU lurlhCr IhI many LurOQCan UOCIOt8 rlu8CU
    tO aQQly IhC UC8O8 aUOQtCU Dy IhC tCnh auIhOtl IIC8 ln Pl_Cra.

    LLP HP LfLPH l 1
    doctor as ncvcr callcd in again. Not in|rcqucntly thc Euro-
    pcan doctor in Algcria would dclivcr to thc leal authority a
    ccrtihcatco|naturaldcath |or anAlgcrian who had succumbcd
    to torturc or who morc simply, had bccncoldlycxccutcd. Simi-
    larly, it invariably happcncd that whcn thc dcmand o| hc dc
    |cnsc |or anutopsywasratcd, thcrcsults would bc ncaivc.
    On thc strictly tcchnical lcvcl, thc Europcan doctor ac vel
    collaboratcswith thc colonial |orccs i nthcir most |right|ul and
    mostdcgradingpracticcs.Wc should l ikc to mcntion hercsoc
    o| thc practiccs cngagcd in by thc Europcan mcdical corps in
    Algcria,whichshcdlightonccrtain"murdcrso|doctors.
    First o|all, thc truth scrum. ' Thc principlc o| this drug is
    wcllknown a chcmical substancc hvinghypnotic properics is
    injcctcd into a vcin, which, whcn thc opcration is carried out
    slowly, produccs a ccrtain loss o| control, a bluntin o con
    sciousncss. As a thcrapcuticmcasurc uscd i nmcdicinc it is obvi
    ously a vcry dangcrous tcchniquc, which may causc a scrios
    mpairmcnt o| thc pcrsonality. Many psychiatrists, considcrin
    th dangcrs grcatcr than thc possiblc improvcmcnts, havc long
    ago abandoncd this tcchniquc or cxamining sphcrcs o| thc
    unconscious.
    All thc Acadcmics o| Mcdicinc o| all thc countrics in c
    worldhavc |ormalIycondcmncdthcusco|thispracticc |orlcgal
    cnds and thc doctor who violatcs thcsc solcmn proscriptions is
    obviously contcmptuous o|thc |undamcntal principlcs o|mcdi
    inc. Thc doctor who hghts sidc y sidc with his pcoplc, as a
    doctor must rcspcct thc i ntcrnationaI chartcr o| his pro|cssio
    Acriminaldoctor, in all countrics in thcworld, iscntcnccd to
    dcath. Thc cxamplc o| thc doctors in thc human cxpcrimcnta
    ioncampso|thcNatis is particularlycdi|ying.
    Thc Europcandoctors inAlgcriausc thc truth scrumwith
    staggcring |rcqucncy. Wc may rccall hcrc thc cxpcricncc o|
    HcnriAllcg,asrclatcd in Thc @ucstion.
    Wchavchadoccasiontotrcatmcnandwomcnwhohadbccn
    . C_, 0 @urIlton UIIIOn8 UC %nuI, bb.
    b P YDL LLLLDPLb%
    subcctcd to this torturc |ordays. Wc shall study clscwhcrc thc
    gravcconscqucnccso| thcscpracticcs, butwc an pontouthcrc
    that thcmost important conscqucncc hasappcarcd to us to bc a
    ccrtain inbility to distinguish thc truc |rom thc |alsc, and an
    almost obscssivc |car o| saying what should rcmain hiddcn. Wc
    must always rcmcmbcr that thcrc is hardly an Algcrian who is
    notaparty toat lcast onc ccrct o|thcRcvolution Monthsa|tcr
    this tortrc, thc ormcr prisoncr hcsitatcs to say his namc, thc
    townwhcrchcwas born. Evcryqucstionishrstcxpcricnccdasa
    rcpctitiono|thc torturcrtorturcdrclationship.
    thcr doctors, attachcd to thc various torturc ccntcrs intcr
    vcnc a|tcr cvcry scssion in ordcr t p thc torturcd back into
    condition|orncwscssions. Undcrthccrcumstanccs, thc impor
    tant thingis |or thc prisoncr not to givc thc slip to thc tcam in
    chargc o| thc qucstioning in othcr words, to rcmain aIivc.
    Evcrything~hcart stimulants, assivc doscs o|vitamins~isuscd
    bc|orc during, and a|tcr thc scssions to kccp thc Algcrian
    hovcring bctwccn l i|c and dcath. Tcn timcs thc doctor intcr
    vcncs, tcn timcs hc givcs thc prisoncr back to thc pack o|
    torturcrs.
    In thc Europcan mcdicaI corps in Algcria, and cspccialIy in
    thc military hcalthcorps such things arc common. Pro|cssional
    morality,mcdical cthics, sc rcspcctandrcspcct|orothcrs, havc
    givcnwaytothcmost uncivilicd, thc most dcgrading thcmost
    pcrvcrsc indso| bchavior. Finally, attcntion must bc callcd to
    thc habit |ormcd byccrtain psychiatrists o| ying to thc aid o|
    thc poIicc. Thcrc arc, |or instancc, psychiatrists in Algicrs
    known to numcrous prisoncrs, who havc givcn clctric shock
    trca;mcnts tothcaccuscdandhavc qucstioncd thcm during thc
    wakgphasc, which is charactcritcd by a ccrtain con|usion, a
    rcIaxation o| rcsistancc, a disappcarancc o| thc pcrson's dc
    |cnscs. Whcn by chancc thcsc mcn arc libcratcd bccausc thc
    doctor, dcspitc this barbarous trcatmcnt, was ablc toobtain no
    in|ormation, what is brouht to us is a pcrsonaIity in shrcds.
    Thc worko| rchabilitating thc man is thcn ctrcmcIy dicult.

    )

    LLPL HP LLLPH
    This is only onc o| thc numcrous crimcs of which Frcnch co
    nialismin AIgcria hasmadcitscl|guilty.
    cAgcran VcoQc, %cdca cchnguc and thc
    o Ibcraton
    Wc havc had occasion many timcs to point out thc appcar-
    ancco|radicaIIy ncw typcso| bchavior in various aspccts o| thc
    privatc and public li|c o| thc Algcrian. Thc shock that brokc
    thcchains o| colonialism has modcratcd cclusivc atti tuds, rc-
    duccd ctrcmcpositions, madc ccrtainarbi trary vicws osolctc.
    Mcdical scicncc andconccrn |or oncs hcalth havc always bccn
    proposcd or imposcd by thc occupying powcr. In thc coIonial
    situation, howcvcr, it is impossiblc to crcatc thc physical and
    psychoogical conditions |or thc lcarning o| hygicnc or |or thc
    assimilation o| conccpts conccrning cpidcmic discascs. In thc
    colonial situation, going to scc thc doctor thc aministrator,
    thc constablc or thc mayor arc idcntical movcs. Thc scnsc of
    alicnation |rom colonial socicty and thc mistrust o| thc rcprc-
    scntativcso| its authority, arc always accompnicby an aImost
    mcchanical scnsco|dctachmcntandmistrust of cvcn thc things
    that arc most posi tivc and most protabIc to thc population.
    Wc havc notcd that in thc vcry rst months of thc struggc
    thc rcnch authoritics dccidcd to put an cmbargo on antibi-
    otics cthcr, aIcohol, antitctanus vaccinc. Thc Algcrian who
    wishcd toobtainanyo|thcsc mcdicationswasrcuircd togivc
    thc pharmacist dctailcd in|ormation as to his idcntity and that
    o|thcpaticnt.ustwhcnthcAlgcrian pcoplcdccidcd olongcr
    to wai t|orothcrs to trcat thcm, colonialism prohibitcd thc salc
    o| mcdications and surgical instrumcnts. ust whcn thc Algcr-
    ian was scttoIivc and takccarco|himscl|, thc occupyingpowcr
    ` YC DavC 8CCn mtaty UOClOt8, CallCU lO lhC DCUUC Ol an P_Ctan
    8OUCt wOunUCU n COmDat, tCluC lO ttCat hm. hC OCa QtCtCxt wa8
    that thCtC wa8 nO On_Ct a ChanCC tO 8avC lhC wOunUCU man PltCt thC 8O
    UCt haU UCU, thC UOCtOt wOulU aUmt that th8 8OlulOn haU aQQCatCU tO
    Dm QtClCtaDlC tO a 8tay n Qt8On whCtC l wOulU havC DcCn nCCC88aty to
    ccU hm whC awatn_ CxCCulOn hC P_Ctan8 Ol thC tC_On Ol lU8
    now a CCttan hO8Qta UtCCtOt whO wOuU kCk thC DlcCUn Chc8t8 Ol thc
    Wat WOunUCU yn_ n thC COttUOt O 8 c8taD8hmCnt
    19 P LYDL LLLLDPLb%
    doomcd him to a horriblc agony. Numcrous Famil ics had to
    stand by powcrlcss, thcir hcarts Full oF rancor, and watch thc
    atrocious dcath by tctanuso| woundcd moudahidincs who had
    takcn rcFugc in thcir houscs. From thc carlicst months o| thc
    Rcvolution thc dircctivcs oF thc National Front wcrc cl carly
    givcn any wound, no mattcr how bcnign, automatically rc
    quircd an anti-tctanuvaccinc injcction. This thc pcoplc kncw.
    And whcn thc wound, ugly to lookat, had bccn clcancd oF thc
    dirt and grit pickcd up in thc coursc oF thc rctrcat, thc com
    radcs oF thc woundd man would suddcnly bc scitcd with thc
    FcaroFa tctanus in|cction. But thc pharmacists wcrc adamant
    thc salc oF antitctanus vaccinc was prohibitcd. Dotcns and
    dotcns oFAlgcrians today can dcscribc thcslow,Fright|ul dcath
    oF a woundcd man, progrcssivcly paralytcd, thcn twistcd, and
    again paralytcd by thc tctanus toxin. No onc rcmains in thc
    room tothccnd,thcysayinconclusion.
    ct thcAlgcrian, whcn hc somctimcs would gct a Europcan
    tomakc hispurchascs, wouldscchim rcturn with thcmcdicinc
    which hc had obtaincd without dimcul ty Thc samc Algcrian
    had prcviously bcggcd all thc pharmacists oF thc vicinity, and
    had hnallygivcn up, having Fclt thc last pharmacists hard and
    inquisitorial cyc on him. Thc Europcan would rcturn, loadcd
    down wthmcdicincs, rclaxcd, innoccnt. Such cxpcricnccs havc
    not madc it casy|or thc Algcrian to kccp a balanccd judgmcnt
    toward mcmbcrs o| thc Europcan minority. Sciccc dcpoliti-
    citcd,scicncc in thcscrvicc oF man, is oFtcn noncxistcnt i n thc
    colonics. ForthisAlgcrianwhoFor hours has bcggcd unsucccss-
    FullyFora hundrcdgrams oFstcrilccotton, thc colonialist world
    constitutcs a monol ithic block. Alcohol bcingsimilarly prohib-
    itcd, thc wounds would bc drcsscd with lukcwarm watcr and,
    For lack o| cthcr, amputatons would bc carricd out without
    anacsthctics.
    Now all thcsc things that could not bc Found, that wcrc hcld
    by thc advcrsary, withdrawn |rom circulation, wcrc to takc on
    a ncw valuc. Thcsc mcdications which wcrc takcn For grantcd
    bcForc thc strugglc Forl ibcration, wcrc trans|ormcd into wcap
    LP HP LPH 91
    ons.Andthcurbanrcvolutionarycclls havingthcrcsponsibility
    for supplying mcdications wcrc as important as thosc assigncd
    to obtain i nFormationas to thc plans and movcmcnts oF thc ad-
    vcrsary. Evcn as thc Algcrian tradcsman discovcrcd ways ol
    supplying thc pcoplc with radios, so thc Algcran pharmacist,
    thc Algcrian nursc, thc Algcrandoctor multiplicd thcir cdorts
    to makc anti biotics and drcssings availablc to thc woundcd at
    all timcsFromTunisiaandMorocco, hnally,duringthccrucial
    months oF ! 9and ! 9 was to comc a stcady ow oF mcdicl
    supplics that savcd an incalculablc numbcr oF human livcs.
    Thc dcvclopmcnt oF thc war in Algcria, thc sctting up ol
    units oF thc National Army oF Libcration throughout thc tcrri
    tory, brought about a draatic public hcalth problcm. Thc
    i ncrcasc in thc numbcr oF arcas constitutinga thrcat to thc ad-
    vcrsary lcd him to intcrrupt rcgular activi tis, such s thc
    visit oF thc doctor to thc douats. From onc day to thc ncxt thc
    populat ion was lcFt toshiFt For itsclF, and thc National Libcra
    ion Front had to takc drastic mcasurcs. It Found itsclF Faccd
    with thc ncccssity oF sctting up a systcm oF public hcalt cap-
    ablco|rcplacingthc pcriodicvisito|thc colonildoctor. This is
    how thc l ocal ccl l mcmbcr rcsponsiblc For hcalth bccamc an
    important mcmbcr oF thc rcvolutionary apparatus. Thc prob-
    lcm, morcovcr, bccamc morc and morc complcx Board-
    mcntsandraids oncivilianswcrc now addcd to naturaldiscascs.
    It isa known |actthat oronc Algcrian soldicr h, thcrc J!C tcn
    civilianskillcd or woundcd. Thcrc is no lackoFcsimony |rom
    Frcnch soldicrs to this ccct. Undcr such circumstanccs, mcdi-
    cal supplics and tcchnicians bccamc indspcnsablc. It ws dur-
    ing this pcriod that ordcrs wcrc givcn to mcdical studcnts,
    nurscs, and doctors to join thc combatants. Mcctings crc or-
    ganitcd amongpolitical lcadcrs and hcalth tcchnicians. A|tcr a
    short timc, pcoplcs dclcgatcs assigncd to handlc public hclth
    problcms camc and joincd cach ccll All qucstions wcrc dcalt
    with inarcmarkablcspiritoFrcvolutionarysolidarity.
    Thcrc was no patcrnal is thcrc was no timidty. n thc
    contrary,a conccrtcdcortwasmadctoachicvcthc hcal pn
    9Z P YDL LLLDPbN
    lh3l h3U DCCD WOtKCU Oul. hC hC3!lh lCChDCI3D UU DOl
    !3uDCh 3 `g8yChO!O_IC3! 3gg:O3Ch gtO_t3m O: lhC gu:gO8C O
    WIDDID_ OVCt lhC uDUCtUCVC!OgCU gOgu!3lIOD. hC gtOD!Cm
    W38, uDUCt lhC UtCClIOD Ol lhC D3lIOD3! 3ulhO:ly, lO 8ugC:VI8C
    lhC gCOg!C8 hC3!lh, lO g:OlCCl lhC !IVC8 O Out WOmCD, O Out
    ChI!UtCD, OOutCOmD3l3Dl8.
    C mu8l UWC!! OD lhC DCW tC3!Ily lh3l lhC tI8C O 3 D3lIOD3!
    gOWCt h38 COD8lIlulCU ID P!_CtI3 8IDCC ! JJ1. hI8 D3lOD3!
    3ulhOtly h38 l3KCD ugOD Il8C!l lhC :C8gOD8IDI!Ily Ot lhC hC3!lh
    O lhC gCOg!C, 3DU lhC gCOg!C h3VC 3D3DUODCU lhCt O!U g388V
    Ily. hC gCOg!C IDVO!VCU ID lhI8 h_hl 3_3ID8l UC3lh h3VC 8hOWD
    CxCCglOD3! COD8CICDlIOu8DC88 3DU CDlhu8I38m ID lhCI: OD8Ct-
    V3DCC O lhC UItCClIVC8.
    hC P!_CtI3D UOClOt, lhC D3lIVC UOClO: WhO, 38 WC h3VC 8CCD,
    W38 OOKCU ugOD DClO:C lhC D3lIOD3! COmD3l 38 3D 3mD3883UOt
    O lhC OCCugICt, W38 :CIDlC_t3lCU IDlO lhC _tOug. !CgD_ OD
    lhC _tOuDU WIlh lhC mD 3DU WOmCD O lhC mcrh/as, !IVID_ lhC
    Ut3m3 O lhC gCOg!C, lhC P!_C:I3D UOClOt DCC3mC 3 g3:l O lhC
    P!_CtI3D DOUy. hCtC W38 DO !OD_Ct lh3l tClICCDCC, 8O COD8l3Dl
    UutID_ lhC gCtIOU O uDCh3!!CD_CU Ogg:C88IOD. C W38 DO
    !OD_Ct `lhC UOClOt, Dul `Out UOClO:, `Out lCChDCI3D,
    hC gCOg!C hCDCClOtlh UCm3DUCU 3DU g:uClICCU 3 lCChDguC
    8ltIggCU O Il8 OtCI_D Ch3t3ClC:I8lIC8, hC W3t O !IDC:3lIOD ID-
    ltOUuCCU mCUIC3! lCChDIguC 3DU lhC D3lIVC lCChDI3D IDlO lhC
    !IC O IDDumCt3D!C tC_IOD8 Ol P!_C:I3. Ogu!3lIOD8 3CCulOmCU
    lO lhC mODlh!y Ot DCDDI3! VI8Il8 O utOgC3D UOClO:8 83W P!-
    _CtI3D UOClOt8 8Cll!ID_ gCtm3DCDl!y D lhCIt VI!!3_C8. hC HCVO-
    !ulIOD 3DU mCUICIDC m3DC8lCU lhCIt g:C8CDCC 8Imu!l3DCOu8!y.
    l I8 uDUCt8l3DU3DC lh3l 8uCh l3Cl8 8hOu!U gtOVIU lhC D388
    Ot 3D IDCOmg3t3D!C UyD3m8m 3DU lhC gOIDl O UCg3:lutC Ot
    DCW 3llIluUC8. hC gtOD!Cm8 Ol hy_ICDC 3DU O gtCVCDlIOD O
    UI8C38C WCtC 3ggtO3ChCU ID 3 :Cm3:K3D!y C:C3lIVC 3lmO8ghC:C
    hC !3ltIDC8 tCCOmmCDUCU Dy lhC CO!ODI3! 3UmIDI8l:3lOD h3U
    DOl DCCD 3CCCglCU ID lhC mcrh/as Dul lhCy WCtC DOW ID8l3!!CU ID
    @C3l DumDCt8. 1UC38 OD lhC l:3D8mI88IOD O IDlClIDu! g3t08lC8
    CtC ImmCUI3lC!y388ImI!3lCU Dy lhC gCOg!C. hC C!mID3lIOD O
    L
    /LL^ H^L LL1L^H1
    8l3_DDl gOO!8 W38 uDUCtl3KCD 3DU lhC h_hl 3_3ID8l gO8l-D3l3!
    Oghlh3!mI3 3ChCVCU 8gCCl3Cu!3: tC8u!l8. hC gtOD!Cm W38 DO
    !OD_C: lh3l mOlhC:8 DC_!CClCU lhCt ChI !U:CD, Dul lh3l 3utC
    myCID W38 3l lmC8 uD3V3 3D!C hC gCOg!C W3DlCU lO _Cl
    WC!!, W3DlCU lO C3:C Ot lhCm8C!VC8 3DU WCtC 3DxIOu8 lO uDUCt-
    8l3DU lhC Cxg!3D3lIOD8 g:OhCtCU Dy C!!OW UOClOt8 O: Du:8C8.
    bChOO!8 Ot Dut8C8 WC:C OgCDCU 3DU lhC I!!IlC:3lC, D 3 CW U3y8,
    g:OVCU C3g3D!C O m3D_ Dl:3VCDOu8 IDCClIOD8.
    bImI!3:!y, O!U 8ugC:8l lOD8 DC_3D lO C:umDC. IlChCt3l,
    mara0ou/ism [3!:C3Uy COD8UC:3D!y UI8C:CUIlCU 38 3 :C8u l Ol lhC
    g:Og33DUu C3::U OD Dy lhC IDlC! !CClu3!8| , DC!C ID lhC dinn,
    3!! lhC8C hD_8 lh3l 8CCmCU lO DC g3tl O lhC VC:y DCD_ O lhC
    P!_C:I3D, WC:C 8WCgl 3W3y Dy lhC 3ClIOD 3DU gt3ClCC DI l3lCU
    Dy lhC HCVO!ulIOD. LVCD ID8l:uClIOD8 UICu!l Ot h_h!y lCCh-
    DO!O_C3! 8OCClIC8 lO 3CCCgl WC:C 388mI!3lCU Dy lhC !_C:3D.
    C8h3!! _IVC lWO8I_DhC3DlCx3mg!C8O lh8.
    tI:8l O3!!, 3 :u!C W38 m3UC 3_3D8l _VD_ 3 U:DK O W3lCtlO
    3 m3D WOuDUCU D lhC 3DUOmCD. 1D8l:uClOD8 WC:C C3lCO:I3!.
    CClu:C8 WC:C _VCD lO lhC gCOg!C. Ol 3 Oy, DOl 3 _:! ul DC
    P CD3D_C D 3ll lUOC OD lDC _3fl O lDC _CI3D lOW3IO lDC OCCDQCf5
    DOS_ la CCDlCIS W3S KCWSC lO DC DOlCO. l WO

    uO 1 3C

    H3
    ]
    QCD
    |
    D3l
    lDC DCCO O 3 _3fl CU df DCOC3lOD Of O 3 SUIy\C3 O_tIJltOD lITQ

    lDC
    lO C3ffy ODl D lDC aae WOU t3USC lDC GOtlOf lO 3OVlSC

    lC Ci Vl 3D
    lO Cl D DSC DC lt3DSCffCO lO 3 DOS_l3 OtCClCO Dy lDC ' Itt: tH. (DC
    DCSIl3lOt| S 3HO fCUS3S lH3l H.O CCD DCl W lD DC
    .
    OIC lDC HCVO ul

    OD
    V3DJSDCO 3DO lHC QO_U3lOD wOUO

    OOW lDC OIOCI _lVCD Dy lDC _C:aD
    OOClOf H lDC D3QUIS. DS HCW 3llI lDOC W3S VCfy D3fkCO UbOb1. l

    3O
    OCC3SIOD OUI D_ lHl S _tfOO lO V S l 3 _IC3l HUDDCI O io. :,i HC
    LDIO_C3D OOClOfS CxQfCSSCO lDCf SDI_fSC lO DC 3l lDC lIDC. bl l
    ]
    CC lDC
    W3f lDCy S3O, lhC NOSCDS Cl lDCD8CVCS DC lfC3lCO liIC DOSQIl3S
    lDC

    fOQOflOD O hVC lO OHC 3S CODQ3fCO lO lDC QICCCOII1g
    .
    ytJIS. l
    .
    DC
    WOnCfS WHy lDS S SO. l SDODO 3S

    D

    3GGCO
    .
    lD3l laC DO8
    J
    I l3 .D.

    .
    lDC D3QDI S D3O 3 Slf3lCglC t l1 lCICSl D3VII:g clVi l . l S C3ftO
    lSlI3llODS
    G
    OI Dy lDC fCDCD 3DO KCCQD_ DCOCa SDQ_ CS lOI lDC SOOICIS, WHO t3U
    DOl DC CVuCU3 lCO.
    N
    mataboutismthc Qf3ClCC O DCOCHC Dy lDC matabout, lDC OS CD
    _ICSl. (f3HSAlOf S nOlt

    . .

    DC djit n (_DI3 dit oun) S 3 S_l
    |
    l l . 1C
    .
    i.e. . : :HC H
    \
    tISt S !
    lDC hCOS. OQU 3f DC I C 3l
    |
    fl UUlCG
    .
    lO Dt D Q_1 t DQ

    II. i l I l I :l t l 1 J lDC
    DCDODCDu O C. DflD, ClfCUDtlStOD, D3If3gC, slCkDCSS, CJlD. H lDC
    3SC O OSC3SC, 3Dy D_3fDCDl O DC3 lH W3S DlCf_IClCO 3S lHC WOfK Ol
    a D3O djnn.
    199
    P LY1DL LLLLDPLb%
    aowcd to rcmain unin|ormcd as to this ruc ncvcr a drop o|
    watcr to a sodicr woundcd i n thc bcy. A|tcr a battc whic
    awaitingthcarriva o|a doctor, thc pcopc gathcrcd round thc
    woundcd woud istcn without wcakcning to thc cntrcatics o|
    thc combatant. Forhours thc womcn woudobstinatcy rc|usc
    thc woundcd thc rcqucstcd swaow o| watcr. And cvcn thc
    moudahid's ownsondidnothcsitatctosaytohis|athcr Hcrc
    is your gun, ki mc i| you want, but wi not givc you thc
    watcr you ask |or.' Whcn thc doctor arrivcd, thc ncccssary
    opcration woud bc pcr|ormcd, and thc moudahid woud havc
    thcmaximumchancco|rccovcring.
    Thcsccondcxampcrcatcstothcstrict dict tobc|oowcdi n
    thccoursc o|a typhus in|cction. n thc hospita thc obscrvancc
    o| thc rucs isobtaincd by thc prohibition o| |amiy visits. For
    cxpcricncc has shown that whcncvcr a mcmbcr o| thc |amiy is
    aowcd to visit thc paticnt hc cts himsc| bc movcd by thc
    typhus paticnt's hungcr' andmanagcs tocavchimsomccakcs
    or somc chickcn. Thc rcsut is that o|tcn an i ntcstina pcr|ora-
    tionrcsuts.
    nthccoonia situation, thcsc thingsassumca spccia signih-
    cancc, |or thc coonitcd intcrprcts this mcdica injunction as a
    ncw |orm o| torturc, o| |aminc, a ncw mani|cstation o| thc
    occupant's inhuman mcthods. | thc typhus paticnt is a chid,
    onc can udcrstand thc |ccings that can ovcrcomc thc mothcr.
    Out in thc dc0c/, on thc othcr hand, thc Agcrian nursc or
    doctor is abc to win thc paticnt's |amiy ovcr to a compctc
    coopcration hygicnic prccauts, rcguar administration o|
    mcdications, prohibition o| visits, isoation, and strict obscrv
    ancc o| dict |or scvcra days. Thc Agcrian mothcr who had
    ncvcr i n hcr i|c sccn a doctor, woud |oow thc tcchnician's
    instructionstothccttcr.
    Spcciaists in basic hcath cducation shoud givc carc|u
    thought to thc ncw situations that dcvcop in thc coursc o| a
    struggc |or nationa ibcration on thc art o| an undcr-
    dcvcopcd pcopc. Oncc thc body o| thc nation bcgins to ivc
    LLPL HP LLLPH 11
    againi na cohcrcntanddynamic way, cvcrythingbccomcs pos-
    sibc. Thc notions about nativc sychoogy' or o| thc basic
    pcrsonaity arc shown to bc vain. Thc pcoc who takc thcir
    dcstiny into thcirow hands assimiatc thcmost modcrn |orms
    o|tcchnoogyatanctraordinaryratc
    J
    PgCr a !urOCan NnOrI
    In thc prcccdingpagcs wc havc on scvcral occasions tricd to
    shcd light on ccrtain aspccts o Agcrias Europcan socicty. Vc
    havc dran attcntion to thc o|tcn odious bchavior o| ccrtain
    Europcans. Onc wouldo oursc havc likcd to Gnd amon ^-
    gcria's Europcan doctors and intcl lcctuals a dcsirc to lcsscn tc
    tcnsion, to |aci litatc contacts, to play down thc conict. c
    know that, instcad, Europcan intcllcctuals havc takcn ovcr th
    colonists' causc. Thc Srignys, thc Borgcauds, thc Laquircs
    havc disappcarcdor opcratc in thcbackground. Nor must it bc
    imagincd that thcy act through intcrmcdiarics. That pcriod is
    now closcd. Thc Lagail lardcs and tc Rcgards arc not straw
    mcn. Thcyhavcassumcd thclcadcrshipo|thccolonialist|orccs,
    madc dircct contacts with thc army and thc Frcnch partics o|
    thc right, and do not rulc out thc possibility o| a suddcn brck
    |rom Francc. Thc traditionalists o colonitation havc long ago
    bccn outdistanccd. Accustomcd to parliamcntary action, to
    political prcssurcs, and to backstgc mancuvcring, thcsc mcn in
    thc past thrccmonthshavcshown a markcd hcsitation. This is
    bccausc thc nc kingpins o thc colonitation scc thc |uturc in
    apocalyptic tcrms. Somc o|Algcrias Europcan intcl lcctuals, bc-
    causc thcy havc links with thc coloniaI powcr, havc o|tcn con-
    tributcd to giving thc Algcrian war its hallucinatory charactcr.
    " t8t QuD8hCU n c cmj 0dcrnc, unC 99,
    " bt_ny Ot_CauU, LauCtC-lC8Utn_ _utC8 8mOn_ thC tCnCD
    COOn8t.
    La_aatUC, HC_atUyOun_ aCtv8t lCaUCt8.
    4
    9b
    P LYDL LLLLDPLb%
    Wc havcsccn doctors assigncd |ull timc to thc dispcnsaric o|
    thc j udicial policc, andwc know that philosophcrs and pricsts,
    in thc rclocation or intcrnmcnt ccntcrs, assumc thc missio o|
    brainwashing, o| probing souls, o| making thc Algcrian man
    unrccognitablc.
    ButwcshallsccthatAlgcrias Europcanmi nority is |ar |rom
    bcingthc monolithic block that onc imagincs. Mr. Ladont, thc
    dircctoro| thc ncwspapcrL'Echo d'Omn
    .
    i ndcclaringrcccnty
    that Algicrs docs not rcprcscnt Algcria, i n |act mani|csts thc
    dcsirc that ccrtain Europcans |ccl to kccp thcir distancc |rom
    thc colonialist cncral Sta o| Algicrs. Onc could go |urthcr
    and say that thcruc Michclct, thcruc dIsly, and a |cw ca|s o|
    Babcl-Oucddo notrcprcscntAlgcria.
    In April ! 95J, at a mcctingo| thc Board o| Dircctors o| thc
    M. T. L. D. , thc dccision was rcachcd to cstablish contact with
    thc Europcan population and to initiatc cxchangcs o| vicws
    with thc main groups rcprcscnting thc intcrcsts o| thc Euro-
    panmi nority.Thc U. D. M.A. likcwsc, in i ts doctrinal publ ica-
    tions, cnstantly rcmindcd its militants o| thc stratcgic and
    poli tical ncccssity o| not consigning all thc Europcans to thc
    colonialist sidc. Wc may mcntion, incidcntly, that scvcral
    Europcans wcrc at that timc mcmbcrs o| thc U. D. M. A.
    Such positions wcrc rapidly to bring rcwards In thc citcs,
    morcandmorcmcctings wcrchcldbctwccn Moslcm Algcrians
    and Europcan Algcrians. Thcsc mcctings had nothing in com-
    mon with thc FrancoMoslcm |orccs o| thc colonialist authori-
    tics. Thcrc was no mchoui

    no cxoticism, no patcrnalism or
    humility. Mcnand womcn discsscd thcir |uturc, callcd attcn
    tiontothcdangcrsthatbcsctthcircountry.
    roups o|youngpcoplc wouldmcct during this pcrid and
    hC tuC %chClCl, lhC tuC U8lyn lhC hCarl O lhC Du8nC88 cCulCt
    Ol Pl_Ct8 aDClLuCU-QOQular UtIrcl rCguCntCU Dy urOQCn8.
    %.L.L.%OVCmCnl Or lhC rumQh Ol LCmOcralc DCrlC8. Pu
    PlgCran nalOnal8t Qaly lOrmCU DClOrC thC HCVOlulOn. [ran8latOt8
    nOlC)
    1.L %.P.-LCmOctl 1nOn Ol lhC PlgCran %anlC8tO. PuOlhCt
    PlgCran naIOnal8l Qatly. [ran8lalOt8 nOtC)
    ` -lraUlOnal PtaD mullOn U8h. [ran8lalOt8 nOlC)

    HLLH LLLLHP PL 9J
    outings wcrc organitcd. Associations o| girIs joncd hands and
    bcgan to work togcthcr thc psychological bascs |or human
    and rcalIy dcmocratic cncountcrs wcrc dchnitcly Iaid.
    Europcanswho wcrcknownorsupposcd to bcdcmocrats and
    anticolonial ists wcrc approachcd by thc cadcrs. ThcAlgcrian
    qucstion was studicd |rom all anglcs, and vcry o|tcn, a|tcr a
    complctcsurvcyo| thc colonial situation, thc Europcans would
    bc thc oncs to cxprcss surprsc that Algcria had not yct drawn
    thc conclusions to wich thc plitical |ailurcs pointcd. cry
    o|tcn thcscEuropcanswouldthcmsclvcs rcach thc rcalitationo|
    thc ncccssity |or armcd action as thc onIy mcans o| rcscuing
    Alcria|romitsdcspcratcsi tuation.
    Ithaso|tcnbccnclaimcdthatthcF. L. N. adc nodistinction
    among thc didcrcnt mcmbcrs o| Algcria's Europcan socicty.
    Thoscwhomakcsuch accusations|ailtotakc into accountboth
    thc policy long dchncd b thc Front with rcspcct to Algcria'
    Europcans, and thc constant support that hundrcds and hun
    drcds o| Europcan mcn and womcn havc brought to our units
    andtoourpoliticalcclls.Whatwchavcsaidis thatthcAlgcrian
    pcoplc arc spontancously awar o| thc importancc o| thc Euro
    pcan population which cxprcsscs tscl| through its opprcssivc
    systcm and cspccially through thc silcncc and inactivity o| thc
    Frcnch dcmocrats i n Algcra in thc |acc o| thc amrmcd and
    totalviolcncco|thccolonial ists.
    Othcrthi ngsbcingcqual, itcanbc saido|AlgcrasEuropcan
    dcmocrats wht has bccn cndlcssly rcpcatcd o| thc Frcnch par
    tics o| thc Lc|t |or a long timc history is madc without thcm.
    Thcywcrc unablc to prcvcnt thc scning o|contingcnts to Al-
    gcria, unablc to prcvcnt uy Mollct's capituIation. Thcy wcrc
    passivc undcrLacostc powcrlcss bc|orc thc miltarycoupo| thc
    ! Jth o| May. Ncvcrthclcss, thcir cxistcncc has |orccd thc nco-
    |ascists o|Alcria and Fancc to bc on thc dc|cnsivc. Thc Lc]t
    has donc no/hing ]ot |ong t imc in Fmncc. ct by its action, its
    dcnuncations, and its analyscs, it has prcvcntcd a ccrtain
    numbcro|things.
    Algcria' Europcan dcmocrats, in thc |ramcworko|thcAlgc
    b ^ Y"l lLLL"^LbN
    rianwarcouldnotas a wholc act likc thcirhomoIogucs l iving
    in Francc. DcmocracyinFrancc traditionallyI ivcs inbroadday-
    light. In AIgcria,dcmocracy is tantamountto trcason. A Claudc
    Bourdct,a Domcnach, a Picrrc Cotcanpublicly takc a position
    didcrcnt |rom that o| thc govcrnmcnt o| thcir country. Bcing
    |ormcr mcmbcrs o| thc rcsistancc having |rom thc bcginning
    dcvotcdthcir livcs tothcdc|cnsc andto thc triumph o| ccrtain
    principlcs, thcycxpcricnccno hcsitation.Andthc thrcats, whcn
    thcycomc,donotbudgc thcm. But wc mustcmphasic thc |act
    that within thc |ramcwork o| thc Frcnch hcxaon dcmocratic
    traditions havc by and largc bccn maintaincd Francc, as an
    impcrialist country has gcat racist potcntiaIitics, as wc havc
    sccn morc clcarly in thc past to ycars, but among Frcnchmcn
    thcrc arc rccxcs thatopcratc spontancously. This accounts |or
    thc rclativc |rccdom Ic|t to opponcnts~lcss and lcss, howcvcr,
    bccausc Francc is bcginning to bc colonicd by tc AIgcrian
    activists~andthisalsoaccounts|or thcoutbursto|publicindig-
    nation that grccts cvcry rcvclation that rcachcs Francc rcgard-
    ingthc torturcs practiccdinAlgcria.
    Bccausco|thcirowncontradictions andbccausc o| thc powcr
    and thc radicalism o| thc rcactionary partics, thc |orccs o| thc
    Lc|t in Francc havc up to thc prcscnt timc bccn unablc to
    imposc ncgotiation. But undcniably thcy arc constantly |orcing
    thc cxtrcmists to unmask thcmsclvcs, andhcncc progrcsivcly

    to
    adoptthc positionsthatwill prccipitatcthcirdc|cat.
    In Algcria thc |orccs o| thc Lc|t do not cxist. It is unthink-
    ablc |or Europcan dcmocrats rcally to militatc in Algcria out-
    sidc thc AIgcrian Communist Party. Wc know that cvcn thc
    Algcrian Communist Partywas|ora long timc conncd within
    arc|ormistpositiono|thcFrcnch Uniontypc,andthat|or long
    months a|tcr Novcmbcr !, 94, thc Algcrian Communists dc-
    nounccd thc tcrroristcs jrovocatcurs-in othcrwords, thc F.L. N.
    AIgcria's Europcandcmocrats havc |rom thc bcginning livcd
    in a morc or lcss cIandcstinc statc. Drowncd in thc Europcan
    mass thcy l ivc in a worIdo| vaIucs that thcir principlcs rcjcct
    and condcmn. Thc Europcandcmocrat is on thc dc|cnsivc. Hc
    HLLH LLLLH^ ^L b
    has contacts with Algcrians but i n sccrccy. In thc Eurocan
    colony hc isrc|crrcdto as thc Arab. All thcsc phcnomcna arc
    clI known, and thcy havc appcarcd in Indochina, in A|rica
    southo|thc SaharainTunisiaand in Morocco.
    This dcmocratic Europcan, accustomcd to scmiclandcstinc
    contacts with Algcrians, unwittingIy lcarns thc laws o| rcvolu-
    tonary action. And whcn thosc whom hc uscd to rcccivc in his
    hoc tcll him togivc shcltcr toa |ricnd, tondmcdications,or
    to transport a parcc, thcrc is as a rulc no diculty. Wc must
    cmphasic thc point that ncvcrhas a mcmbcr o| thc Front dc-
    ccivcd a Frcnch dcmocrat . It would bc out o| thc qucstion to
    cxposc a man or a woman who had always commandcd our
    cstccm to thc sl htcs risk, without warning thcm. Thc dcci-
    sion to hclp thc F. L. N. was takcn quitc knowingly, in a whol ly
    rcsponsiblc way. Ncvcr has a Frcnch dcmocrat bccn dcccvcd.
    Somctimc, cspccially in thc cxtrcmcly crucial pcriods o| ! 9,
    itwouldhappcnthatadcmocratwouldholdbackandrc|usc, n
    dcspair, thc scricc rcqucstcd but ncvcr was thcrc an attcmpt
    to dcccivc or to cxploit thc sinccrity and thc good will o| thc
    Europcans.
    It should pcrhaps bc addcd that o|tcn thc Europcan would
    ask not to bc told thc dctails o| thc mattcr in conncction with
    which his collaboration was bcing sought. But thc lcadcrshp
    was uncompromisingasto this. Thc F. L. N. wantcd rsponsiblc
    pcoplc, notpcoplcwhoatthcslightcst hi tch wouldbrcakdon
    and claim that thcy ha bccn dcccivcd.
    Thc Europcan mcn and womcn who hac bccn arrcstcd and
    torturcd by thc policc scrviccs and thc Frcnch parachutits, y
    thcir atti tudc undcr torturc, havc shown thc rightncss o| thi
    position takcn by thc F. L. N. Not a singlc Frcnchman has r
    vcalcd to thc colonialist policc in|ormation vital to thc Rcvo
    tion.On thc contrary, thcarrcstcd Europcans havc rcsistcd long
    cnough to cnabc thc othcr mcmbcrs o| thc nctwor to disap
    pcar. Thc torturcd Europcan has bchavcd likc an authcnc
    militantnthcnationalght|or indcpcndcncc.
    For vc ycars thc F. L. N. has not considcrcd it ncccssary t
    A DYNG CNASM
    insiston the participation ofLuropeans in the hght for |ibera-
    tion. This po|icy is dictated by the consideration t-at th
    .
    ese
    Luropeans shou|d not be made conspicuous, that the act
    .
    on
    shou|d not be dierentiated from that of any other A|gerran.
    Thei. L. N. didnotwanttomaeofthemshowLuropeans in
    teranksof the Revo|ution, on the mode| o co|onia| A|geria
    where the show Mos|em and |ew were ritua||y to be found
    ineverycommittee.
    Iot thc I.1.N., in thc ncw socict that is bcing bui/t, thctc
    atcon/ H/gctians. Itom thc outsct, thctcotc, ctc

    individua/
    /iving in H/gctia is an H/gctian. In tomottou's dccnd

    n
    .
    t
    H/gctia it ui// bc u to cvct H/gctian to asumcH/gcan ctt
    nshiottotccct itin]avoto]anothct.
    There are, to be sure, the war crimina|s, a|| those torturers
    spawned by the civi| strifes of Saigon, Tunis, or Mekns, and
    whotodayinA|giersorin Mascara, before theendoftheco|o-
    nia|reignwhoseapproach theysense,are bentonsheddingthe
    greatestpossib|eamountofb|ood.Thosemenbe|ongnowhere
    Nowthattheirencho|onia|empire is beingshaken byits|ast
    spasms, the irench wou|d do we|| to identify them. If they
    return to irance, thesemenshou|dbe keptundersurvei||ance.
    |acka|sdonot taketo feedingon mi|k ov;rnight. The taste of
    b|ood and of crime is deep|y embedded U the very beg of
    these creatures who, i t shou|d be said, must be retieved by
    psychiatry.
    Therearea|sothefewhundredLuropeanco|onia|ists,power
    fu|, intractab|e, those who have at a|| times instigated repres
    sions, broken the irench democrats, b|ocked every endeavor
    within the co|onia| framework to introduce a modicum of de-
    mocracy intoA|geria.
    The A|gerian peop|e need not restate their position with
    respect tothesemen whohaveconsidered A|geria and the A|
    gerians as a private reserve. The peop|e have exc|uded them
    fromtheA|gerian nationand theymustnot hope to be taen
    back.
    Wesha||nowshowindetai| thattheLuropean minority ha
    HLH ULH^ ^LJI
    I5J
    in the past few years become diversihed and that considerab|e
    numbersofnonArabA|gerianshaveidentihed themse|ves with
    the
    .
    A|gerian cause and co||aborate active|y in the strugg|e
    whr|eothersomcia||yhght in theranksoftheA|gerian Revo|u
    tion.
    geaews
    The A|gerian |ews represent onehfth of the nonMos|em
    popu|
    .
    ationo|A|geria.Theiattitudetowardthestrugg|eofthe
    A|geran peop|e is obvious|ynot a homogeneous one. A socio
    economic ana|ysis aords a comp|ete exp|anation of thedi er
    entattitudesadoptedby themembersofthe|ewishcommuni ty
    Ahrstgroupof|ewshas bound itsfateveryc|ose|y with that
    of the co|onia| domination. |ewish tradesmen, for examp|e,
    protectedagainstcompeti tionfrom theA|geriansbytheirstatus
    as irenchmen, wou|d not |oo too |avorab|y upon the setting
    upofan A|gerian nationa| authorityand the disappearance of
    preferentia| systems. t is a fact that the banks make it enor
    mous|y dimcu|t for A|gerian tradesmen to borrow money
    and very o|ten b|ock their transactions and thus active|y co|
    |aborateintheirbanruptcy, or inanycase|imittheexpansion
    of their business andconsequent|yprevent it from becoing3
    dangertoothertadesmen.
    nevery|arecity inA|geria, however, oneortwoA|gerians
    can be found who by dint of tenacity and business acumen,
    havemanagedtocircumventthemaneuvers and toconstitutea
    threat to the preeminence o the |ewish tradesmen.
    fever theygettheirindependence, the tradesmen admit,
    they wi| takeourp|ace. On the |eve| of economic competi-
    tion, there|orethereistefearonthepartofthe|ewishtades-
    man that equa|ity in the competition thatwou|d be set up by
    anA|gerian powerwou|dbeprej udicia|tohim. Thisfearisfar
    from bein the exc|usivecharacteristicof|ewish tradesmen. It
    is tobe |ound in Lurpean tradesmen o| a|| origins, in every
    busines, |arge and sma|| The end of the co|onia| regime is
    |ookeduponas theendofprosperity.
    I 51
    A DYING CNlASM
    Itmust bepointedout, however, thatsuch astateo|mind is
    nott be |oundat all levels and in all regions In the centers
    were the |ewish tradesman maintans close contacts wit the
    Algerin popultion and where economic independence is
    pretty clear, there is a con|uion o| interests In thee centers
    |ewish tradesmen |urnish the P. P. its supp ies o mi l itary
    clothes blankets . . . . I t is no secret that since I 9u1 several
    |ewish tradesmen have been arresed |or aiding and abetting
    theAlgerianRevolution.
    |ewish civilservants, practical ly the only administrative per
    sonnelrecrui ted|oca|ly-Algeria sLuropeansaresettlersor else
    exercise liberal pro|essions-also look upon the prospect o| the
    birtho|anAlgerianstate with |earandtrembling tiseasy|or
    them to guess that the |reedom o| every Algerian to receive
    schoolingandpossibly ascholarship, thedisappearanceo|ostra
    cismando|thenumcrusc/ausus, wou|dintroduceradical modi
    hcations n their privileges. One remembers the discontent ex-
    pressed by Luropean civi|servants in Algeria when, in a show
    o| conscience, the irench authorities waved the spectre o|
    theaccessiono|Mos|emstopublicservice.
    This state o| mind, a| though |requent in Algeria, does not
    exclude absolutely opposite positions. We know |ewish po|ice
    omcers who especially in I 9aaau, retarded the arrest o|
    patriotseen hough it had been ordered on a high level, thus
    o|tenenablingthemtodisappear.
    iinally, colonial Algeria being an eminently racist country
    the di erent mechanismso| racist psycho|ogy are to be |ound
    there.Thusthe|ew,despsedandexc|udedbytheLuropean is
    quite happyon certainoccasions toidenti|y himsel|with thoe
    whohumi|iatehim to humiliae theAlgerian in turn But it is
    eryrare,exceptintheregiono|Constantinewhere many poor
    ]ews hnd shelter in the shadow o| the colonial reign, to see
    ]ews, i

    broad day| ight, amrm their membership in A|geria'


    extremtstgroups.
    Alongsidethetwolargecategorieso||ewishtradespeop|eand
    A&.N.AIy oI Natona bcraton. (ransIator' notc)
    dLCERId`S EUROFEdN MINORITY l 55
    civi |
    .
    servants, there is the great majority a oating, hghly
    Arabizedmsshavinon|ya poor knowledge o|irench,consid
    ering itsel| by tradi tion and sometimes by drss as authent
    natives. This mass represents three|ourths of the A|geran
    ]ewish population. They are in the Algerian terri tory the
    homologues o the Tunisian ]ews o| the Moroccan Dcrba or
    the mc//ah. ior these |ews, there is no problem they are
    Algerians.
    We see there|ore that the |raction o| the ]ewish minorty
    actively engaged in the ranks o|colonialism is relatively unim

    ort

    ant. etusno|ookatthecaseo|Algerian|ews participat


    mgm theght|ornationalliberation.
    At the time when the irench aut horities decided to reate
    urban and rural mil i tias, the |ewish citizens wished to know
    what ati tde to adopt in the |ace o| this mobilization. A |ew
    o|themdidnothesitateto proposetothei. L that,insteado|
    responding to the requisition order, they join the nearest
    maquis. The iront as a whole advised caution, merely sking
    these |ews, within the |ramework o| their pro|essions, to be-
    come the eyes and ears o| the Revo|ution inside the enemy
    apparatus.
    Theirpresence in the mil itias, moveover, has rendered serv
    ie to the struggle. Thus the members o| a patrol advise the
    chie|so|thesieo|theunits,thenatureo|theirarms,theroute
    to be |ollowed, the tmes when the roundsaremade. ikewise
    thechiesareo|ten kep in|ormed o|reprisal operations organ
    izedaainstthisorthatdouar.
    Thus, too, a Luropean o| A|geria who has actively partici-
    patedithhisunit inthemassacreo|Algeriansmay,a|ewdays
    later, be the victim o| an attempt on his |i|e organized by the
    dancs. '
    ior the Luropean population ignorant o| the events that
    havedetermined thedecision o|thelocalcel |o|thei.. N. , the
    attempt may appear unjustand inexcusab|e. But for the other
    cwh artcrs ol Morocca towns
    IV
    ~pIuraI ol jdai, a dcath vountccr, n thc sIamc tradto.
    I 5b A DYNG CNASM
    members o| the mi|itia, who remember the cries o| the men
    murdered in the douat and o| the women being raped, the
    reason |or this ac is c|ear. The righness o| popu|ar justice
    mani|ests itse|| ina particu|ar|yconvincingway. The observer
    |ami| iar with events in detai| may notice in the course o| the
    days|o||owingtheattemptthatsevera|civi|servantsamongthe
    i|itiamen have asked |or their trans|er ore|se have |itera||y
    edtoA|giers.
    Atothertimes,the]ewsparticiatenancia||yinthestrugg|e
    andmakeamonth|ycontributionthroughanintermediary.
    It is we| | |or the irench to know these things as |or the
    irench authorities, they are we|| aware o| them. It is we|| |or
    the]ews to knowthem too, |or it is not true that the]ew is in
    |avor o| co|onia|ism and that the A|gerian people rej ect him
    andre|egatehimtothecampo|theoppressors.
    The A|gerian peop|e, in truth, did not wait unti| l J to
    dene theirposition withregard to the ]ews. Here in|actisa
    passage |rom theappea|addressed in the |orm o|a tract to the
    ]ews o|A|geria, at the mostdmcu|t moments o| the Revo|u-
    tion,thatis,inthe|a||o| J.
    hc Pgcrtan QcoQc consdcr |hat t ts thctr du| toda to
    addrcss thcmsclvcs dtrcc|l |o thc _cwsh communt| tn ordcr to
    ask t| socmnl to amrm t|s ln|cn|ton |o bclong |o thc Plgcrtau
    Iatton. hts clcarl amrmcd chocc wt dtsstQa|c all mtsundcr-
    stand ngs and wtll roo| ou| |hc gcrms ol |hc ha|rcd maln|atncd by
    1rcnch colontaltsm.
    A|ready in the issue o| theP/atc]otmc pub| ished in August
    J, the i. . . had declared, on the subject o| the ]ewish
    minority
    Plgcrtans ol _cwsh ortgn havc no| c| ovcrcomc thctr gualms
    ol consccncc, nor choscn sdcs.
    1c| us hoQc |hc wtll, tn grca| numbcr, takc |hc Qa|h ol tho
    who havc rcsQondcd |o |hc ca ol thc gcncrous la|hcrland, and
    havc gvcn |hctr lrtcndshtQ to |hc Hcvolu|ton by alrcad Qroudy
    Qroclamng |hctr Plgcrtan na|tonalt|.
    ]ewish inte||ectua|s have spontaneous|y demonstrated their
    support o| theA|erian cause, whether in thedemocratic and
    dLCERId'S EUROFEdN MINORITY
    l57
    tradiiona||y anti-co|onia|ist parties ori n | ibera| groups. Evcn
    toda, thc )cish /awcts and doctots who in thc cams ot in
    tisonshacthc]atco] mi//ions o] H/gctiansattcst to thcmu/ti-
    tacia/tca/ito]thcH/gctianNation.
    ariousgroupso|the]wsh popu|ationo|A|geriahave| ike
    wisetakenanomcia|stand. In August J, agoupo|]ews i n
    onstantinewrote
    lnc ol |hc mos| Qcrnctous mancuvcrs ol coontalsm tn Pgcra
    was and rcmatns |hc dt vtston bc|wccn _cws and %oscms . . . . hc
    _cws havc bccn n Pgcrta lor morc |han |wo |housand cars, thcy
    arc |hus an tn|cgra Qar| ol |hc Pgcrtan QcoQc . . . . %oslcms and
    _cws, chtdrcn ol lhc samc car|h, mus| no| la tnto |hc |raQ ol
    Qrovoca|ton. Ha|hcr, |hcy mu>| makc a common lront agatnst t,
    no| c||tng |hcmscvcs bc duQcd b thosc who, no| so ong ago, wcrc
    ohhandcd con|cmQa|ng lhc |o|a cxtcrmtnatton ol thc _cws as
    a sau|ar s|cQ tn |hc cvou|ton ol humant|.
    In]anuaryl J, inresponsetotheiront'sappea|,agroupo|
    A|gerian]ewswrote
    1| ts |tmc, |oda, |ha| wc should rc|urn |o thc Plgcran commu
    nt |. P|tachmcn| |o an ar|thcta rcnch na|onatt ts a snarc and a
    dcuston a| a momcn| whcn |hc oung and Qowcrlu modcO
    Plgcrtan natton ts raQd |aktng shaQc . . . . _cws havc oncd |hc
    ranks ol |hc Pgcrtans hgh|tng lor na|tona tndcQcndcncc . . . . bomC
    havc Qatd wt|h |hcr t vcs, o|hcrs havc bravc bornc |hc loucs| QO
    lcc bru|at|tcs, and man arc |oda bchnd |hc doors ol Qrtsons and
    thc ga|cs ol conccn|ra|ton camQs. Vc aso know |ha| tn thc common
    hgh| %oscms and _cws havc dtscovcrcd |hcmsclvcs |o bc raclal
    bro|hcrs, and |ha| |hc lcc a dccQ and las|tng a||achmcn| |o |hc
    Pgcr an la|hcrand. 1n QrOcatmtng our a|tachmcn| |o |hc Pgcr
    tan Pa|on, wc Qu| an cnd to thc Qrctcx| uscd b |hc colontalts|s
    whcn |hcy |r |o Qroong |hctr domtna|ton b makng |hc rcnch
    QcoQc bccvc |ha| |hc rcvo| hcrc s on |hc rcsu| ol a mcdcval
    lana|tctsm . . . .
    geriaettle
    Another myth to be destroyed is that A|geria's stt|ers were
    unanimous|yopposedtotheendo|co|onia|domination.
    Hereag n, irenchco|ona|ismmustknowthatthemostim-
    portant backing given by A|geria's Luropeans to the peop|e
    stru|e ha been and remains that o| the ett|ers. Lven the
    b
    P YDL LLLLDPLb%
    Algcrianshavc bccnsurpriscdby thc Frcqucncy with which thc
    scttIcrs havc rcspondcd to thcappcals oF thc F. L. N. In anycasc,
    oncc contactcd by thc F. L. N. no scttlcr has cvcr rcportcd to
    thc Frcnh authoritics. It has happcncd that thcy havc rcFuscd
    an ppcaI, but thc sccrct has aIways bccn kcpt.
    In thc countrysidc, From thc rst months oF 955, thc smalI
    scttIcrs, thc Farmcrs, thc managcrs wcrc approachcd by turns.
    OF coursc, thc known cxtrcmc rghtists wcrc systcmaticaIIy
    avoidcd. cncrally spcaki ng, cspccialIy i n thc smaII and mc
    dium population ccntcrs, mcn know onc anothcr, and tc AI
    gcrianFor his part has From thc bcginning put a IabcI on cvcry
    Europcan. Whcn an F. L. N. cclI would dccidc to contact thc
    Europcans in thc rcgion, thc mcmbcrs kncw at oncc who wcrc
    thc oncs who should automatically bc cxcIudcd. Thcy aIso
    kncw, though with Icss ccrtainty, which oncs wouId probabIy
    ontributcthcir hclp tothccvoIution.
    cry oFtcn, cscciaIIy i n thc smaII ruraI ccntcrs, onIy onc
    mcmbcr oF thc cclI is madc rcsponsibIc For rcIations with thc
    Europcans. Onc can rcadiIy imaginc thcvigiIancc that must bc
    cxcrciscd in thc hrst months oF thc struggIc to prcvcnt iI
    adviscd movcs on thc part oF miI itants not yct sumcicntIydisc
    pIincd. Wc havc sccn in Fact that thc Europcan minority was
    sccn as an undidcrcntiatcd whoIc within thc Framcwork oF thc
    coIoniaI situation. On Novcmbcr , 954, thcrc was thcrcForc
    an cxtrcmc ovcrsimpIication. Thc outIincs and paradoxcs oF
    thc worIdstoodoutinsuddcnsharpncss.
    Thc scttlcr who hclps thc cvolution might bc Icd to ccho
    colonialistrcmarks in pubIic~at thc caF or in a convcrsation
    in ordcr to assurcthc othcrEuropcans oF his solidarty. With
    thcm thc onIy thing that counts is Forcc . . . Thcy'rc aII in
    cahoots. . . . ' Thc pcoplc, who havc thcir cars to thc ground,
    hnd out that thcsc rcmarks havc bccn madc, anda ncwbodyoF
    cvi+cncc uiIds up in thc villagc. That scttlcr is unanimousIy
    dcs

    gnatcdasatargctForthc]adancs. Itthcnbccomcsncccssary
    to tcrvcnc tactFuIly, to prohibit any act oF host iIity to thc
    HLLH LLLHP PI J
    crson or against thc propcrty oF that scttIr and at thc samc
    tmcnotgivcanyhintas to thcrcasonsForthcsc instructions.
    Somctimcs it may bc dccidcd to burn a Fcw haystacks in thc
    hcIdsoFa scttIcrwho, ina rcgion that has othcrwisc bccnratcd
    tothcgroundbythc F. L. N. , has paradoxicaIIysudcrcd nodam-
    agc. Thccolon alist Europcans sooncr or Iatcr bcgin to wondcr
    what is bchind thc Fronts unusuaI rcspcct For that scttIcr's
    hcIds. c may mcntion also that in ccrtain IocaIitics wc
    havc cvidcncc oF rcs bcing sct or livcstock bcing sIaughtcrcd
    byEuropcanncighborsj caIousoF thc protcction a scttIcr sccms
    to cnjoy, in contrast to thc aImost daiIy raids carricd out by
    units oFthc . L. N. onthcirpropcrtics
    Sincc 955, many Farms bcIonging to Europcan scttIcrs havc
    bccn uscd by turns as inhrmarics, rcFugcs, or rcIay stations.
    hcnthcFrcnch troops, inthc coursc oF thcir Forays, bcgan to
    makc a habit oF systcmaticaIIy dcstroying thc grain rcscrvcs oF
    thc AIgcrian popuIation, thc A. L. N. dccidcd tostock thcir sup-
    pIics on thc Farms oF Europcans. Thus scvcraI Farms bcIongng
    to Europcans wcrc transFormcd into A. L. N. granarics, and a
    nghtFalI scctions oF thc A. L. N. units could bc sccn comng
    down From thc mountains to takc dcIivcry oFsacks oF whcat or
    cmolna.
    At othcr timcs wcapons would bc storcd on thc Farms. This
    wasthc pcriodduringwhich, inmanyarcas mccti ngs wouIdbc
    hcId on Europcan Farms. DcIivcrics oF arms wcrc madc undcr
    hcsacrcdprotcctionoF thc EuropcanscttIcr. It somctimcs hap-
    pcncd, too, that scttIcrs wouId acccpt thc wcapons that wcrc
    dcI ivcrcd thcm by thc Frcnch army~on thc prctcxt oF scIF-
    protcctionand hand ovcr to thc A. L. N. thosc that thcy had
    had prcviousIy. FinaIly, sincc thc bcginningoF thc cvoIution,
    a cat numbcr oF Europcan Farmcrs havcrcguIarIy bccn hcIp
    ingthcAlgcrian cvoIutionhnancialIy.
    ThcdotcnsoFEuropcanscttIcrsarrcstcdForarmstramc arms
    tranport, hnanciaI support oF thc rcbclIion,' sumcc to show
    thc scopc oF this Europcan participation in thc nationaI hght
    For Iibcraton Thc Frcnch authoritcs sincc thcy havc discov
    I b0
    A DYNG CNASM
    ered this commitment of the Luropeans to the cause of the
    ront,haveformedthehabitofkeepingithidden,orofand-
    ingthese Luropeans as Communists. Thispropaganda trick has
    two objectives iirst, to revive theargument that North Africa
    isatargetofCommunistin|tration into theN. T.O.strategic
    system, into theheartofWesterncivi|ization. Next, todiscredit
    thosemen, topresentthem as foreign agents, even mercenar
    ies. irench co|onia|ism refuses to admit that a genuine Luro
    peancanrea||yhghtsidebysidewiththeA|gerianpeop|e.
    Luropean farmers, without engaging in combat, he|p the
    rontbyrefusing, for examp|e, the protection that the irench
    rmy oers to provide them. These refusa|s are sometimes of
    consequence, for in farms happeningtobeinacrucia|strategic
    area a passageway between two mountains frontier regions
    te absence of co|onia|forces favors the moveent of units of
    te L. N. or the supp|ying of the moudahidincs' It some
    timeshappens that the irench Armydecides, in the courseofa
    contro| operation in agiven sector, toestab|isha postona farm
    despite the sett|ers opposition. The owner then never fai|s to
    notifytheiront thatthesequartersarebeingsetupwithouthis
    consentandthathehasnotasked anyone for protection.
    The sett|erdoes hisbest, in fact, to make things uncomfort
    a|efortheirench mi|itary, and in any case tocommunicateto
    te |oca|chiefsofthei. L. N. detai|edinformationas to the sie
    dthemora|eoftheunitpostedonthefarm.
    rea tete
    In the urbancentersA|geria'sLuroeanswere toworkessen-
    tia||y in the po|itica| ce|ls. With the measures taken by the
    rench mi nisters Souste||eand Lacoste, we found that pharma
    ceutica| products and surgical instrument were hit by an em
    argoWehavea|readypointed out thatdirectives addressed to
    doctors made it an ob| igation for them to notify te police
    authoritiesofanywoundedmanwhoappearedsuspect
    II
    oudchtdnc:~glural ol moudchd. Fightcn [originally hghtcn in
    Moslcm Holy War} .
    dLCERId'S EUROFEdN MINORlTY l bl
    Luropean doctors and pharmacists then began t o treat
    wounded L. N. members without discrimination, and to de
    |iverthe antibiotcsand the eterasked forby the i L. N. mili
    tant. undreds of millions of units ofpenicil|in daily made
    theirwaytothemaquis.
    Otherdoctors wentfurtherandunhesitating|yanswerdca||s
    togo tothenearbymountainsto treatthewounded. Sometimes
    when the wound was very serious the moudahid woud be
    taken in the doctors car to a friendly clinic and treated lor a
    week or two. The irench po|ice |earned ol these things, for
    after a certain period some ol these clinics were regu|ar|y
    searched.
    Luropeannurses,fortheirpart,foundwaysofspiritingsurgi
    cal instruments,sulladrugs,dressingsfromthehospita|s
    It wou|d also sometimes happen that, alter a wounded pris
    onerhadbeenoperated on byirenchdoctors,whilesti| under
    the eect of anaesthesia he wou|d disc|ose certin secrets. The
    nurse,alterthewounded man wasentire|yawake, wou|dadvise
    him to becautiousand tell him what he hadrevealed. On the
    other hand, itcould a|so happen that an intern present in te
    room wou|d immediate|y telephone to the po|ice wo wou|d
    then, twohoursalteracritica|operation,subjectthepatientto
    rea|torturesessions.
    Luropean doctors |ikewise organized c|andestine training
    courseslorfuture medicalcorpsme ofthe L. N. Severa|suc-
    cessive classes of medica| corpsmen thus were turned out by
    theseschoo|sandjoined thosetrained incorrespondingcenters
    directed byAlgerian doctors
    Luropean girls would put themse|vesat the dsposa|of a po-
    | itica|ce|l, obtain paer and mimeograph machines, andwou|d
    often hand|e the printing ol i. L N. tracts. Youngsters wou|d
    make themselvesresponsiblefordrivingmembers of a network
    in theircars. Luropean fami|ieswould take important politica|
    leadersundertheirwingandinanumberofcasesenabedthem
    to escae enera| Massu'sdranets Luropean po|itica gures,
    1Z LY1DL LLLLD1L1b%
    highlyplaccdcivilscrvants, Furnishcd|alscpassports,|alscidcn
    titycards,andFalsccmploymcntcards to F. . N cclls.
    It was thanks to thc involvcmcnt o| an incrcasingly largc
    numbcr oF Algcria's Europcans that thc rcvolutionary organiza-
    tion was ablc, in ccrtain towns, to cscapc thc pol icc and thc
    parachutists.
    Wc know that many Europcans havc bccn arrcstcd and tor-
    turcd|orhavingshcl tcrcdandsavcd politicaor mili tarylcadcrs
    oF thc Rcvolution From thc colonialist hounds.
    Thc Europcans havc not contcntcd thcmsclvcs with carrying
    mcdications and mcn in thcir cars. Thcyalsocarry arms. Auto
    matic pistols, cascs o| grcnadcs, havc thus bccn ablc to pass
    through all roadblocks, as Europcans arc ncvcr scarchcd carc
    Fully. It has cvcn happcncd that, whcn a Europcan's car has
    bccn scarchcd, thc drivcr, to avoid bcing molcstcd, has cx-
    plaincd thc arms bysayinghc wantcd tobcrcadyto "smash thc
    Arabs.' Such anatti tudc dcl ights thc highway polcc, and this
    antinativc sol idari ty is Frcqucntly toastcd in thc ncarcst
    0istto.
    Finallyand thisisquitc uncxpcctcd, though ithas happcncd
    scvcral timcsmcmbcrsoFthc policcwillrcport tothclocalccll
    on planncd opcrations, will warn a givcn Algcrian that hc is
    bcingwatchcdor,atthclastminutc,advisc him thata torturcd
    prisoncr has bccn madc to talk and has namcd him as thc local
    chicF
    Apartfromthc Europcansarrcstcd and oFtcn FrightFully tor
    turcd by thc Frcnch troops For complicity with thc cncmy
    thcrc arc oF coursc in Algcria a grcat numbcr oF Frcnchmcn
    cngagcd in thc hght For l ibcration. Othcs havc paid For thcir
    dcvotion to thc Algcrian national causcwith thcir livcs. It was
    thus, to givc an cxamplc, that Ma trc Thuvcny, an attorncy oF
    Oran, who had Fought For a long timc i n thc ranks oF thc
    F. N. , didas thc rcsulto|anassault organizcd inMorocco by
    thcFrcnchSccondBurcau.
    IZ
    CC ggD0 .
    HLLH LLLLHP PL 5
    ppcdI'
    Thc pcrsonal cxpcricncc on which I am rcportingan AIgcr-
    ian Europcan's awakcning to a consciousncss o| his Algcrian
    nationalityis innowaycxccptional. Othcrs havc had itbcForc
    mc It sccms to mc worth whic, howcvcr, to show how Euro-
    pcan studcnts withoutanypast cxpcricncc o| political activity,
    havingsimplylc|tist lcanings to bcgin with, havc hnally choscn
    in this war to bc Algcrians. cr Fcw, to bc surc, havc carricd
    thcir idcasthroughcomplctclyandjoincd thcF. . N. Thismust
    not bc hcld against thcm. I know |rom cxpcricncc how hart-
    rcnding this radical attitudc can bc. I should likc simply to
    cmphasizc a Fact too o|tcn ovcrlookcd in thc coursc o| thc
    Rcvolution, Europcans o|Algcria havc bccomc conscious o| bc-
    longing to thc Algcrian nation. Whilc thcy arc not a majority,
    thcyarc ncvcrthclcss morc numcrous than is gcncraIIy bcl icvcd
    inAlgcriaor in thc world. Thcycannot cxprcss thcmsclvcs. It is
    in part inthcirnamcthatIamspcakinghcrc.
    Whcn it brokc out on Novcmbcr 94, thc Algcrian Rcvo-
    l ution was suddcnly to rcvcal our ambivalcncc. Wc had pro-
    nounccd oursclvcs in |avor o| thc right oF thc ictnamcc
    pcoplc and thc Tunisian pcoplc to thcir indcpcndcncc. Thcsc
    positions wcrc purcly thcorctical, howcvcr, as thc totaI abscncc
    oF political liFc in our communtyadordcd no opportunity |or
    concrctc attitudcs. As |or thc rights o| thc Algcrian pcoplc, thc
    qucstiondidnotcvcnarisc,andwc took rcFugc bycom|ortably
    and magically dcnying thc problcm. Thc scgrcgation oF poI iti
    cal liFc intotwocollcgcs' cncouragcd us in this in thc sccond
    collcgc, thc Algcrian problcms in thc hrst collcgc, thc Frcnch
    problcms. Sowc woulddiscuss and takc postions on thc E. D
    andonthcrolco|thcFrcnchCommunistParty inparliamcnt.
    Evcn thc colonal problcms wcrc approachcd From a Frcnch
    point oF vicw. This abscncc | curiosity with rcgard to our
    ` D8 aQQCnU COn88l8 Ol lDC lC8lmOny Ol LDarlC8 LCrOmn, lOrCt
    lDlCtu al lhC balnl nnC 8yhalrC mO8Qlal t u at8.
    L.L.L.-hC LutDQCan LCCn8C LOmmunly. bCC nOlC , ga_C Z1 Du
    tDC WOCOC_C y8lC. t8DS8lOtS DOtC)
    Ib1 A DYNG CN!A!SM
    countr's burning prob|ems had its origin, it must be recog
    nized, in theunconscious race prej udice we a|| bore within us,
    havingbeen inocu|ated by twenty years ofco|onia| | ile. Beig
    oftheLeft,wehad,tobesure,surmounted theaggressiveco|-
    nia|istracism,butwehadbynomeansridourse|vesolpaterna|
    ism. ot the |east ol the shocks that we experienced was the
    rea|izationthatweweresti|racistinattitude.
    Irom the ver beginning, the co|onia|ists wou|d attack us,
    wou|d ask us pointb|ank to choose, to be lor or against the
    ]c//agha, to be for Irance or antiIrance. In the begin-
    ningwesti| werebewitched.Refusingto takeapositiononthe
    prob|em, we took reluge in protests against the bruta| i ties of
    therepression. Acommittee ofstudentsforthedefenseofcivi|
    | iberties had been set up. decided to become a member t
    was inthisCommitteethat wasab|elor thersttimetohave
    po|itica|discussionswithA|gerians. ptothattimeIhadnever
    had such conversations even with my best Mos|em friends. P
    tacitagreementseemed to have beenconc| uded we recognize
    the va|idity of nationa|ist sentiments among our Mos|em
    friends, but we never spoke of this so as not to break those
    bondsolfriendshipwhosefragi|i ty we sensed. In thisstudents'
    committee,re|ationsbetween Mos|ems and ourse|ves were ini
    tia||yratherambiva|ent.Theywantedtogiveapo|itica|dimen
    sion to thecommittee'sactivity, whi|ewe fe|t it shou|remai
    on the humanitarian |eve|. Alter wehad aed a fewmotions
    condemningtherepression, a concrete gesture wasproposed t
    us. A student arrested in Paris had been translerred to Tii
    Ouzou.ehadaeanrecord. Itwasdecided thatae|egatio
    wou|dgoandbringhimaparce|andde|ivera |etterofprotest
    totheAttorneyGenera|.
    Ivo|unteered.Astheru|ewastohaveequa|representationof
    both nationa| groups, the de|egation inc|uded three Mos|ems
    andthreeLuropeans twoewsandmyse|f. In thecourseolthe
    trip, the conversation broght out many ideas share by our
    lluu~AIgcran prtsans.
    dLCERId'S EUROFEdN MINORITY Ib5
    os|emcomradesandourse|ves acommon|oveofcountr, the
    samespiration to translorm it, to enrich it, the sam
    .
    e esiret
    seeitlreedola||racepre udice,ofanytraceofco|oasm.But
    wedivergedonthequestion olthe rebe||ion. ior my

    art, I
    considered it understandab|e |ike an excess made posstbe by
    the excesses olco|onia|ism, but I relused to accept the va|idity
    ofvio|ence. MyMos|emcomrades did not agree on thispeint,
    and we had a |ong discussion on the subect. They entrre|y
    approved ol a prolession ol faithpatrio;ic, rica| and
    passionatethatT,aew,e| ivered tousU the,ourseola
    mea| I was great|y shaken by this prolesson ol larth. It was
    undoubted|y what I needed to be moved to think about my
    re|ationshiptotheA|geriannation. Isti|had toomuchunco
    scious antiArab lee| ng n me to be convi nced by a Mos|em
    Arab. IttookthespeechbythatA|gerianewtoshakeme.
    AtTiziOuouwewere bare|ya||owed togetag|mpseofour
    comrades |awyer. We were next ca||ed in by the po|ice. We
    werequestionedseparate|y.Atonepointwe sawa Mos|emcom-
    rade coming out ol the omces, ver pa|e, supported by two pe
    |ice omcers. We rst thoughthe had been ma|treated but thrs
    wasnotthecase. Hehadsimp|ybeen threatened withreprisa|s
    to his lami|y because ol his brother in the maquis

    h, was
    being sought by the po|ice. His name was Ben Mndr.

    Hrs
    brotherwasLardiBenM Hidi,incommandofthew /aya I ,
    member ol the C. C L since then arrested and murdered

    by
    the irench troops. I was the |ast to be questioned. The cr
    proceeded to |ecture me You are the on|y irenchman U the
    gang. . . . `
    . , ,
    d
    Ibrokeintoremindhimoltheomcra|posrtronaslormu at
    by the government A|geria is irance, Agerians are irench-
    men.
    Youarelromirance,olcourse.
    o,IwasborninA|giers.
    uu-a mItary rcon (thc Ara
    wo

    lor 'p,_v___
    y
    ').
    I
    _

    .
    _
    C tt ol Coordnaton and Lxccuton. L was c
    .
    I
    oq
    d
    m
    d

    b
    cc
    th L M tat Iaunchcd thc nsurrccton. (ransIators notc ccc c y c . . .,
    1 bb P LXL LLLPOW
    1D bO jOU UODL KDOW LDC 1C3 113DS, WDO 1IVC O LDC
    VI3_CS.
    ,
    D3VC IVCU lO1 CI_DLjC31S ID L13DSVIC.
    ISLCD, jOU1C jOUD_, jOUVC CL jOU1SCl DC C311ICU 38.
    YOU UDUC1SL3DU 3LC1.
    C WC1C 1CC3SCU ODj 3L 3DOUL CI_DL OCOCK 3L DI_DL, 3lLC1
    D3VID_ DCCD _UL LD1OU_D LDC C1IHID3 3DLD1O_OHCL1IC UC_31L
    HCDL. O _1OLCSL 3_3IDSL LDIS VIO3LIOD Ol 1I_DLS, OU1 SLUUCDL
    COHHILLCC O1_3DI2CU 3 _UDIC UCHODSL13LIOD ID 3 SH3 D3.
    D1CC DUDU1CU SLUUCDLS, DC31j 3 U1O_C3DS, HCL UDUC1 LDc
    CD3I1H3DSDI_ Ol LWO DIVC1SILj _1OlCSSO1S. 1 1CSOULIOD W38
    _3SSCU CODUCHDID_ LDC CXCCSSCS Ol LDC 1C_1CSSIOD, UCH3DUID_
    LDC 1CSLO13LIOD OlUCHOC13LIC1I_DLS.
    1 lCWU3jS 3LC1, WILD 1---, 1C_1CSCDLCU OU1 COHHILLCC 3L
    3 HCCLID_ WDICD W3S LOO1_3DI2C3 DI__1OLCSL_3LDC1D_. O1 LDC
    H1SL LIHC W3S _UL ID CODL3CL WILD OSCH _OILIC3 C3UC18.
    DCSC WC1C .. . L. LOWD COUDCIO1S. [bCC lOOLDOLC b, _. 3.]
    W3SSL1UCK Dj LDCI1CODSCICDLIOUSDCSS 3DU LDCI1 HOUC13LIOD. 1t
    LDC H1SL HCCLID_, UISCUSSIODS LOOK _3CC 1C_31UID_ LDC U3LC O
    3j LD CDOSCD lO1 LDC HCCLID_.'' 1LDOU_D CDSCD SOCj OT
    _1
    .
    3CLC3 1C3SODS, CC1L3ID U1O_C3DS OD LDC O1_3DI2ID_ COH
    HlLLCC lCL LD3L LDC CDOICC Ol LDIS 3DDIVC1S31j HI_DL OOK IKC &
    UCIDC13LC _1OVOC3LIOD. DC . . . L. COUDCIO1S 3_1CU LO 3
    CD3D_C OlU3LC, DUL 1 VCDCHCDLj _1OLCSLCU. DCj D3U DOt
    3SKCU LD3L LDC HCCLID_ DC DCU OD 3j LD, DUL SIDCC SOHC
    SCCHCU LO CODSIUC1 lIS 3DDIVC1S31j 3S D3VID_ 3 CC1L3ID IH_O1
    L3DCC, DC 3LL3CDCU LO tL 3D CVCD _1C3LC1 IH_O1L3DCC. 3j LD 8
    3 U3j l HOU1DID_ lO1 US, 3DU WC SD3 DC LCID_ lDC COODI3ISL8
    LD3L WC D3VC DOL lO1_OLLCD, LD3L WC SD3 DCVC1 lO1_CL. DCSC
    WO1US SOHCWD3L SDOCKCU LDC U1O_C3DS, 3DU LDC1C W3S 3 CC1L3ID
    UDCSIDSS, LDC U1O_C3DS 1ClUSID_ ODCC 3_3ID LO OOK _OILIC3
    13
    .
    ILj U LDC l3
    .
    CC, 3DU W3DLID_ LO 1CH3ID SL1ICL1j WILDID LDC
    HlLS Ol 1C_UDtC3D C_3ILj. D LDC CDU, LDC HCCLID_ W3S _1O-
    DIDILCU.
    aj , 0lDc UalC Ol lDC aDjaD u[1SD@ D aDU a1OuDU b6ll
    aDU LucHa.
    L LLP PL1Y U1
    DCD, WILD lDC lDI1U gU31lC1, C3DC _1C_313lIOD lO1 CX3HID3-
    LIODS, 3HU lhC UClCHSC Ol UCDOC13LIC IDC1lICS W3S _L OD LDC
    D3CK SDCl. CODLIDUCU LO D3VC UISCUSSIODS WILD Dj OSCH
    l1ICDUS. IlLC Dj IllC, W3S DC_IDDID_ lO UHUC1Sl3HU LDC
    HC3DID_Ol lhC 31HCUSl1U__C 3DU I lS HCCCSSILj. UL CX_1CSSCU
    UOUDLS 3S LO LhC V3UC Ol lDC 31HCU 3CLIOD lD3L W3S DCID_ C31-
    1ICU OD. 13VID_ HO OLDC1 SOU1CC Ol IHlO1D3lIOD lh3H lDC OC3
    _1CSS, WC WC1C SUDCCLCU U3Ij LO LDC COODI3ISL_1O_3_3DU3 LD3L
    H3UC LDC ]c//0_

    0 OUl LO DC CXL1CHISLS 3DU DI_DW3j D3UIlS. C


    _31lj 3CC_LCU lDCSC VICWS, DUL IL COUU DOL DC _3IHS3IU lh3L LDC
    DO11O1S Ol lDC 1C_1CSSIOD lUj COUDlC1D33DCCU LDC hO11O1S Ol
    LDC H3gUIS31US. CLWCCD lDC LWO WC WC1C OOKID_ lO1 3 LDI1U
    W3j OUL. lDOU_DL 3L LDC LIHC LD3L LDIS W3S _OSSIDC 3DU LD3L &
    IDC13 O_IDIOD W3S LO DC lOUDU ID 1_C1I3, C3_3DC Ol OIDID_
    lO1CCS WIlD 1CDCD IDC13 O_IDIOD 3DU Ol IH_OSID_ 3 SOULIOD
    D3SCU OD LDC 1CCO_DILIOD Ol LDC 1I_DL Ol lDC _CO_C LO H3KC
    LDCI1 OWD CDOICCS.
    j UISCUSSIODS WILD HCHDC1S Ol Hj OWD l3HI1j 3HU WILD Hj
    l1ICDO DCC3HC CSS 3DU CSS l1CgUCDL 3DU WC1C IDC1C3SID_j UIS
    COU13_ID_. V3CC _1C UUICC D3U C1jSL3I2CU UDUC1 LDC _1CSSU1C O
    CVCDLS, 3DU IL W3S IH_OSSIDC LO _CL _CO_C lO LDIDK UIS_3SSIOD-
    &LCj, LO D3VC 3D IDLCCCLU3 3__1O3CD LO LDC _1ODCD. 1 Sl1ID_
    OlIDSULS WOUU gUICKj L3KC LDC _3CC Ol31_UHCDLS. 13ILO1
    S.O.D._1O113D-LOHHUDISL3DLI1CDCD . . . 3DU CS_CCI3j
    LDC SU_1CHC IDSUL, cndc55t5lc. [ D3U DCVC1 SCCD 3 D3D SO
    D3LCU 3S CDUS13DCC CXCC_L bOUSLCC, 3 `cndc55t5lc 3DU 3
    DOLO1IOUS _CW WDO DCL13jCU 13DCC Dj W3DlID_ lO _IVC 1_C1I3
    LO LDC 113DS.)
    Ul DCDC3LD LDCSC 13CI3ISL OULDU1SLS IL W3S C3Sj LO UISCC1D 3
    UCC_ 3DXICLj. LDC lC31 Ol DCID_ 1UH OUL Ol LDC COUDl1j. `D3L
    WI DCCOHC Ol USr W3S 3 gUCSLIOD LD3L OllCD 1CCU11CU WDCD
    U3j-LO-U3j CVCDLS WC1C UISCUSSCU. 1313j2CU Dj LhCI1 3HXICLj,
    LDCSC U1O_C3DS COUU IH3_IDC DO OLDC1 SOULIOD LD3D LDC _C1
    _CLU3LIOD Ol LDC 5l0lu5 gu0. D3L 1_C1I3S 1CDChDCD WC1C
    HOSL WO11ICU 3DOUL, ID l3CL, W3S WDCLDC1 O1 DOL LDCj WOUU DC
    3DC lO TCH3ID ID 1_CTI3. 13VID_ LO C3VCWDCLDC1 lO1 13DCC,
    P 1Y1"L LL1L1P1b%
    L3D3U3 O1 132I [3S SOHC WC1C CODlCHQ3lID_]HC3Dl CXIC.
    W3S 3DC lO C3H QCOQC ODy Dy 3UHIllID_ lh3l Sh31CU lhCI1
    lC31S 3DU lh3l IlW3S Q1CCISCy ID O1UC1 lO 1CH3ID ID 1_C1I3 lh3l
    W3S ID l3VO1 OlDC_OlI3lIOD. Cl US l13DKy 1CCO_DI2C, S3IU,
    lh3l 1_C1I3 IS DOl 13DCC Cl US 3UHIl Il OQCDy SIDCC WC 3
    lhIDK Il. YOU WI _13Dl lh3l lhC1C h3VC DCCD QOIlIC3 HISl3KC8
    3DU SOCI3 3DUSCS ID 1_C1I3. Cl US l3CC Il 3DU Cl US UISCUSS lhC
    lUlU1C WIlh lhC 1_C1I3DS. WOUU DC ISlCDCU lO WI lh lhC QIly
    DCSlOWCU OD ODC WhO h3S OSl hIS HIHU. hC IUC3 lh3l ODC COUU
    COHC lO lC1HSWIlh 113DS
    1llC1 CDUCSS UISCUSSIODS 3DU HOUDl3IDS Ol 1C3UID_, DC_3D
    lO SCC lhID_S HO1C CC31y. O D_hl lO1 lhC hUH3DI23lIOD Ol lhC
    1CQ1CSSIOD W3S lUlIC l W3S DCCCSS31y lO D_hl ID O1UC1 lO IH-
    QOSC 3 QOIlIC3 SOUlIOD. Ul u

    0/ SOUlIODr 1l SOOD DCC3HC


    CC31 lO HC lh3l Il CVCD lhC CHD1yO Ol 3 SOCI3 1CVOUlIOD W3S
    lO DC C1C3lCU ID 1_C1I3, lhC COODI3 IDKS WIlh 13DCC WOUU
    h3VC lO DC D1OKCD. 1_C1I3S VC1y SU1VIV3 1CgUI1CU lh3l ShC
    Q1OHOlC lhC DCCUCU 1CVOUlIOD, 3DU lhIS 1CVOUlIOD COUU DC
    3CCOHQIShCU ODy lh1OU_h IDUCQCDUCDCC. h3U ID lhIS W3y
    COHC 1OUDU lO lhC IUC3S Ol lhC ]c//0_0 OVC Ol COUDl1y, lhC
    Q3SSIOD3lC UClC1HID3lIOD lO IVC hC1C, OD lhC ODC h3DU, 3DU O
    lhC OlhC1 Hy 1CVOUlIOD31y IUC3S, O1 HO1C SIHQy Hy CllISl
    C3DID_S, U1OVC HC lOW31U lhC S3HC _O3 3S lhC OSCH D3lIOD
    3ISlS. YCl W3S lOOCODSCIOUS Ol lhCUIC1CDl1O3US Dy WhICh WC
    h3U 1C3ChCU lhC S3HC 3SQI13lIOD. DUCQCDUCDCC, yCS. 3_1CCU
    WhOChC31lCUy. Ul u

    0l IDUCQCDUCDCCr C1C WC _OID_ lO


    D_hl lO DUIU3 lhCOC13lIC, lCUU3, OSCH Sl3lC lh3l l1OWDCU OD
    lO1CI_DC1Sr hO COUU C3IH lh3l WC h3U 3 Q3CC ID SUCh 3D
    1_C1I3r
    hIS W3S ID _Uy JJ, 3DU UDlI lh3l U3y h3U DCVC1 1C3U 3
    8ID_C l13Cl3 SID_C l13Cl CH3D3lID_-l1OH WhOH, IDUCCUr
    COQC l3KCU 3DOUl lhC . . D. , 3DOUl lhC . D. 1.' hC
    C3UC1S Ol lhC lO1HC1 .. . L, h3U DCCD 1CC38CU, 3llC1 DCID
    @..P.~0uUcmcnl W0lton0t1lc Hgcftcn, a HUUcO: lDc1OaU Da-
    lODaSl HOVcHcDl, WDOSc caUc1 WaS cSSa aU_, WDCD 1cuScU lO _OD
    O1CcS WlD lDc ... [1aDSalO18 DOlc]
    HLH LLH L1Y b
    311CSlCU ID DOVCHDC1, DCC3USC Il W3S lCl lhCy WC1C DOH
    Q31lICIQ3HlS. hO W3S 3l lC hC3U Ol lhC VCVOUlIOHr 1Q31l
    l1OH IDUCQCDUCDCC, Wh3l WC1C lhC ODCClIVCS Ol lhC 1CVOUlIOH
    31ICSr 3S Il 3 lhCOC13lIC, 3 1ClO1HISl, 3 UCHOC13lIC Sl3lC lh3l
    lhCy WC1C Q3HHIH_r ---lOU HC, ID 3HSWC1, lh3l lhIS W3S
    CC1l3IHy IDQO1l3Hl DUl lh3l IH lhC 3Sl 3D3ySIS Il W3S UQ lO lhC
    1_C1I3DQCOQClhCHSCVCS lO UCCIUC, lh3l OHC DUSl DC WIlh lhC
    QCOQC, lh3l lhIS W3S lhC OHy W3y lO lt3HSOtH lhC H3lIOH3
    lCVOUlIOH IDlO 3 SOCI3 1CVOUlIOH. ---, 3 DCDC1 Ol lhC
    1_C1I3D LOHHUHISl 13tly, W3S SO11y lh3l hIS IUC3S WCtC DOl
    Sh31CU Dy lhC 131ly, WhICh W3S 3UOQlIH_ 3 UCQO13DC WJI lID_
    QO ICy. 1 S3W 3 _1C3l UC3 Ol -ID lhC COU1SC Ol lhC SUHDC1
    Ol l UJJ, 3HU WC gUICKy 3_1CCU lO WO1K 3DOH_ lhC SlUUCHlS. 1l
    3QQC31CU IHQO1l3Dl lO US lO l1 lO 13y SlUUCDl IDC13 OQIDIOD
    3l lhC 1COQCHID_Ol lhC l3 SCSSIOD 3DU lO 3UHCh 3 C3DQ3I_H O
    IDlO1H3lIOH lO OQCD lhC DIHUS Ol lhC SlUUCDlS lO lhC IUC3 Ol
    IDUCQCDUCDCC 3DU Ol OU1 IDlC_13lIOD IHlO lhC 1_C1I3H H3lIOD.
    1lW3S 3l lhIS lIHC lh3l S3W lhC h1Sl l13ClS ISSUCU Dy lhC 1ODl.
    h3U Q1CVIOUSy DCCD lOU Ol lhC UCDOC13lIC Ch313ClCt Il h3U
    3CgUI1CU 3llC1 lhC .. . L. h3U SQIl O ltOH I l. 1 HUSl 3UHIl
    lh3l lhCSC l13ClSWC1C 3 1CICl lO DC. lhC lUlU1C UCHOCt3lIC 3HU
    SOCI3 Sl3lC lh3l lhCy 3UVOC3lCU W3S 3 C3USC lO1 WhICh Il W3S
    QOSSIDC lO h_hl. hC CVCHlS Ol 1hIIQQCVIC Ol 1U_USl ZU lhD
    D1OKC Oul. ' 3ll3ChCU 3 _OOU UC3 Ol IHQO1l3DCC lO lhCH 3HU 1
    h1Hy CODUCHDCU lhCD, DUl lhCy UIU HOl Sh3KC Hy UClCtDD3
    lIOD lO hCQ lhC VCVOUlIOD.
    hC UISSOUlIOD Ol lhC 1_C1I3D LODHUDISl 131ly, lhC CVC1
    _1C3lC1 1CSl1IClIOHS OH CIVI IDC1lICS, lhC _1OWID_ I11Il3lIOH Ol
    lhC U1OQC3DS, lhC 1ISC Ol l3SCISH lh3l WC COUU ODSCtVC 3HOD_
    OU1 SlUUCHl COH13UCS, COHh1DCU US ID OU1 IUC3S. 1l W3S HCCCS-
    S31y lO C1C3lC 3 SOIU CllISl lO1CC ID lhC \DIVC1SIly, WhICh WOUU
    DC C3Q3DCOl 1CSISlIH_ lhC l3SCISl UQSUt_C, lO D1IH_OUl 3D IDlO1-
    H3lIOD DUClID WhICh WOUU OQCD lhC CyCS Ol lhC U1OQC3H
    SlUUCDlS lO DC_ID WIlh, 3HU h3VC 3D IHQ3Cl OD 3l C3Sl 3 Q31l Ol
    Pu_uSl ZU, OO-3D uQII8ID_ ID IDc COu1Sc O wDICD m3Dy wDlcS
    Wc1c D3883LIcU. [I3D83lDI8 DClC)
    l70 A DYING CLNlALlSM
    thecommunity.Ambitiousthoughi twas,this program wasnot
    misdirected, as was shown by the iportance that the |ascist
    studentsassumedoniebruarythandMay th. Un|ortunate|y,
    wewereunab|etocarryitthrough.
    Within therameworko|thisp|anwemadecontact with the
    various student |actions. T ---asked me i| I wou|d agree t
    meetsomenationa|ist studentso|i. . N. tendencies. I waso|
    course wi||ing and one day we met a medica| student
    . hne, at the L| attar hospita|. The meeting was very
    cordia| . hnewassceptica|as totheresu|ts,buthe was wi||ing
    to participate in the rst meetings. I next made contact with
    students whohad|ormed an association under the convenient
    |abe|o|progressiveandMandouist.C---,oneo|theout-
    standing members, showed no enthusiasm and reused on var
    ious pretexts to participate T ---and I quick|y got the
    impression thatC---hadsomething bettertodo thanto p|ay
    with students.
    A|ter two or three meetings, nothing came o| our group
    excepta|ewmotionsthatwewereunab|eeithertodistributeor
    to have printed in the newspapers. The hope o |aunching a
    bu||etin and o| broadcasting our ideas among the students
    quick|y evaporated. It was then decided to amend our p|ans.
    Weset upastudygroup thatwas to dea| withcertaineconomic
    questions. WantingtobeA|gerianswe|e|t it wasobvius|ythe
    dutyo|a||o|useitherto betakeourse|ves to themaquis,ore|se
    serious|y to prepare ourse|ves to become the countrys |uture
    |eaders in the pro|essiona| and technica| he|ds. Our qua|i hca
    tions as hghters weremore than dubious, and as we were not
    heroes, wisdomeasi|yprevai|ed. Butwewerereadytohe|p the
    ironti|i tweretoca||uponus.
    Meanwhi|e theatmosphere inA|geria wasbecomingincreas-
    ing|ychared. Moroccosaccession toindependenceandthedis
    so|utiono|theNationa|Assemb|ygaverise toanagitation that
    ZV
    amnc Khnc. S ncc thcn, Sccrctary o| Statc n thc ProvsonaI Gov-
    crnmcnt o| thc AIgcran RcpubIc.
    Z1
    pandouc, a bcraI LathoIc pro|cssor, dctcstcd by thc scttIcrs.
    [ransIator's notc
    dLCERId'S EUROFFdN MINORITY l7l
    ept mounting unti| the outbrea on iebruary th. We be
    camemoreand moreknownandwe were sometimesinsu| tedin
    the street by peop|e we did not know. On the other hand
    |ibera|studentsincreasing|ycametoask usto exp|ain things,
    wanting to be to|d about the evo|ution concerned oer the
    |uture o| thecountry and asking to havecontact with Mos|em
    students With the |atter and with the U. . L. M.A. we had
    rank and open re|ations, devoid o| any misunderstanding.
    hey considered us A|gerians. Common activities, even minor
    ones-mimeographing and distributing together the tracts o|
    the U L. MA.,assuringorder|iness duringcon|erences-made
    usmorereadi|yaccepted. But thewa||o|distrustwassometimes
    s|owtovanish
    On the occasiono|e|ections to the tudents enera| Assem
    b|y,oursma||groupwasab|e todrawupsoca||ed| ibera| |istsin
    nearly a|| the schoo|s to oppose the |ascist | ists. Aided by the
    b|undering racism o| our adversaries and by eective wor
    among the |ewish minority, an eective wave o| antiracism
    deve|oped. iorthe hrst time in its history, the e|ected enera|
    Assemb|ywasa |e|twing one, readyto |o||ow terecommenda
    tions o| the U. N. L. i. against tortures and vio|ations o| |ega|
    it. his quick|y became c|ear when three students were ar
    rested. WithBenYahiaand Ben Batouchewe dra|tedamotion
    demanding that the |ega| time |imito|incarceration in po|ice
    headquarters be respected, and warning against physica| ma|
    treatment. hismotion, unanimous|yadopted,created a cer
    tainstir among thestudents. Butthe resu|ts o| the e|ections to
    ZZ
    cbruary b, I 9b~Dcparturc o| SoustcIIc |rom Algcrs and rrvaI

    ol
    Guy poIIct, thcn thc ncw rcnch Prmc Mnstcr, whch sct o tic |trst
    major scttcrs' dcmonstraton, n tic cours o
    ,
    | whch

    hc Prcmcr w
    pcItcd wth tomatocs and othcr obccts and |rghtcncd to abandong
    thc modcratc poIcy hc had comc to ntatc. (ranslator' notc)
    ,
    Z3
    U- G= o MA "Untcn Ccnra|c dcs Ftudmnts Musu/mans d/gttcns
    U. N. . ."Untcn Naltcna/c dcs Eludtanls Franats, a progrcssvc
    studcnt organaton with nationwdc mcmbcrsip n ranc

    .
    Z0
    Bcn Yaha, thc prcsdcnt o| thc GcncraI Uon ol AIgcan Studc
    (
    t,
    who Iatcr bccamc a mcmbcr o| thc Natona LouncI ol tc Ag

    ran
    cvoIuton Bcn Batouchc, commandcr o| thc Army o| Natona Ltbcr-
    aton, who was tcr kIcd n battIc.
    1Z P LYDL LLLLDPLb%
    thc Frcnch National Asscmblysoon camcandswcpt othcr con-
    ccrns into thc background. How closc wc thcn sccmcd to our
    goal Thc triumphoFthc c|t in Franccj ustihcdallour hopcs.
    Anxious studcnts kcpt comin to us in incrcasing numbcr.
    "What is going to bccomc oF us whcn ncgotiations bcgin and
    Algcria, pcrhaps, acquircs hcr indcpcndcncc Will wc still bc
    ablc to rcmain' !t thcn occurrcd to us to organic mcctings oF
    Moslcm studcnts and Europcan studcnts. Two or thrcc such
    mcctings took placc whcrc cvcryonc spokc Frccly. Thc Eur
    pcans worrics wcrc cxprcsscd mainly in aggrcssivc tcrms rc-
    spcctFor thc rights oF thc minori ty, rcspcct |orculurc, Forrcli-
    gion. Oncvcry point thc Moslcms gavc thcirrcply. And as in a
    psychodrama, thc aggcssivcncss would disappcar with thc
    anxicty. ! was ablc to obscrvc that this casing oF tcnsion oc-
    currcd whcn thc Moslcms dcclarcd ou arc Algcrians, justas
    wc arc, but iFyou want to lcavc thc country you arc Frcc to do
    so.' And thc Europcans would always answcr, Wc don t want
    to lcavc and wc dontwant to bc strangcrs in thiscountry On
    such a basis FruitFul discussions could takc placc.
    Mcanwhilc Fcbruary th was approaching. Thc atmosphcrc
    had bccomc ncrvous, tcnsc, irritating. Wc rcccivcd thrcatcning
    lcttcrsandinsultingtclcphonccalls.
    Thc Fascists madc thcir hrst attcmpt on thc dcputy Hcrnu
    Thcnitwas Camus's turn.Wc hadgoncto his lccturc to hcar
    onc ol our cldcrs and iF nccd bc protcct him From thc Fascists.
    Onthispointwcwcrcnotcallcdon to i ntcrvcnc.Camus'saudi-
    cncchadbccn carcFullyscrccncdand thc approachcs to thc ha
    wcrc guardcd by thc hclmctcd C. .S. Wc cxpcctcd that
    Camus would takc a clcar postion on thc Algcrian problc
    hatwcwcrctrcatcdto wasaswcct-sistcrspccch. Hccxplaincd
    to us at lcngth that thc innoccnt civilian population must bc
    protcctcd,buthcwascatcgorcal lyagainst Fundraisingin Favor
    ol thc innoccnt Familics oF pol itcal prisoncrs. Wc in thc hall
    " Ctnu-a taUCalOCall Ol lDC %CnUC-tanCC gCtuaOn. PlDCtl
    amu8lDC P_Ctl anDOtn tCnCD WtlCt, DODC t2CWnnCt n b1.
    +
    L.V.b.Lom]0_ntc 0]u0tt0tnc dc 0tutl0 a natOnal COn8la
    uaty atmy COtg8, lnUCgCnUCnt Ol lDC tC_ulat atmy. [tanlalOt8 notc)

    HLLH LLLHP API 1J


    wcrc dumbFoundcd. Outsidc, thc mob oF Fascists was rhythmi-
    cally yclling ''d/gctic ]tanaiscl" and scrcaming "Camus to
    thcgallows '
    Butthcscdcmonstrationssccmcdtoustobcthcdyingspasms
    oF thc colonialist bcast. Evcn thc monstcrcmonstrationon thc
    occasionoFSoustcllcsdcparturc,cvcnProFcssor Bousquct'shys-
    tcrical appcals and thcir rcpcrcussions among thc studcnts did
    not Fac us. Wc had an immcnsc hopc in thc ncw Frcnch
    govcrnmcnt invcstcd by thccntirc Asscmbly to makc thc pcacc.
    Not For a momcnt did wc doubt that this govcrnmcnt ould
    put an cnd to Fascism i n Algcria. What Edgar Faurc and his
    majority oF thc ccntcr had donc i n Morocco, Cuy Mollct and
    his lcFt-wing majority would surcly do morc casily i n Algicrs.
    Whcn ! say wc,' ! am not only spcaking oF thc Europcans. I
    amalsothinkingoF thc Moslcmswho thoughtas wcdid thatthc
    cnd was ncar and who wcrc asking us to work togcthcr in thc
    immincntpcaccaswchaddoncinthcwar
    hcn camc Fcbruary th. For two days thc wholc city had
    bccn a sccthing cauldron oF cxcitcmcnt. olumns paradcd
    through thc strccts waving thc ttico/otc and singing thc Mat-
    sci//aisc, shouting "d /gctic ]tanaisc!" ars wovc back and
    Forth, tossingout tracts, honking without lctup. Such was thc
    atmosphcrc in which Cuy Mollct was rcccivcd. ! was not
    prcscnt at thc sccnc oF thc monumcnt honoring thc dcad, but
    my comradcs told mc about it Not lor a momcnt had wc
    thoughtthat this wclcomc couldmakc Cuy Mollct comc to thc
    ravc dccisions that Followcd. Wc thought, on thc contrary,
    that, irritatcd by Algcrias Europcans, hc would havc Fcwcr
    scrupls,a lcss uncasy conscicnccabout imposing thc ncgotiatcd
    solution that wc wcrc all looking Forward to And so wc wcrc
    stupchcd to lcarn at thc cnd oF thc a|tcrnoon oF Ccncral
    atroux's rcsination. !t was Bcn Batouchc who announccd i t
    to us. Hcwas ovcrwhclmcd. I saw hnc, ncxtto mc, turnpalc
    and clcnch his hsts with lury. All around us pcoplc wcrc cm-
    bracing amid grcat bursts oFlaughtcr singing thc Matsci//aisc.
    hc itysuddcnly took on thc appcarancc oFa vast Fair. I wa
    1 P Y1DL LLLDP1b
    D3u8C3lCU Dy8O muCh 8lugIUI ly. 8 WC 8Cg3t3lCU, ODC Ol u883IU,
    uU DOW WC h3VC DO ODC !Cll Dul lhC t.. D. lO 8gC3K lOt u8.
    l guICK!y DCC0mC ODVtOu8 lO u8 lh3l Wtlh tt3DCC tC!uCl3Dl lO
    m3KC lhC l38CI8l mIDOttly Ol_CtI3 lOC lhC m3tK, Il W38 hCDCC-
    lOtlh ug lO lhC t. . D. lO UO 8O. llCt tCDtu0ty blh WC COu!U DO
    !OD_Ct lutD OutCyC8 lOW3tU tt3DCC. DOl ltOm hCtWOu!U 83lV3
    lIOD COmC. hC Cxlt3OtUID3ty 3g0lhy Ol lhC ttCDCh gCOgC, COD
    htmCU ID lhC COut8C Ol 3 ltIg lOOK lO 3tI8, CODVIDCCU mC Ol
    lhI8.
    D lhC l3CC Ol lhC l38CI8l-3CO8lC 8ut_C Out _tOug Ut8IDlC
    t3lCU. h3l, 3llCt 3 ! COu!U WC UO hCtC W38 DO !Ou_Ct 3Dy
    ChOtCC OlhCt lh3D DClWCCD 3CO8lC 3DU lhC ttODl. lhItU lOtCC
    COu!U h3VC h3U mC3DID_ OD!y tl Il h0U DCCD 8uggOtlCU Dy lhC
    1tCDCh Cll. bIDCC lhC 1tCDCh Cll W38 g3ytD_ lhC _3mC Ol
    !_Ctt3D l38CI8m, 3Dy 3llCmgl lO Ot_3DI2C ! IDCt3! 3ClIOD ID P!
    _ICt8 W38UOOmCU lOl3I!utC. DOODCJmOD_ u8 h3U 3Dy Ill u8IOD8
    38 lO lht8. DU ID l3Cl lhC 8uD8CguCDl 8O-C3!!CU lIDCt3! mOVC
    mCDl W38 ID !3t_C g3tl COmgO8CU Ol mCltOgOltl3D CIVI! 8CtV3DlS
    OD Uuly ID!_CtI3.
    Lut O8!Cm COmt3UC8 WCtC 8OOD lO OID lhC m8guI8, 3DU lhc
    LOmmuDI8l8, 3llCt lhC 3IllOl C38C, lutDCU lO Cl3DUC8lIDc
    3ClIOD. hC OlhCt8 gCtlOtmCU 8OmC mIDOt 8CtVICC8 OD lhc
    8gOl 3ClID_ 38 !CllCt-DOxC8, gtOVIUID_ 8hC!lCt, ClC. h3U lCll
    !_ICt8 lOt lhC g8yChI3ltIC hO8gtl3l ID !tU3, WhICh h3U lhC
    tCgul3lIOD Ol DCID_ 3 DC8l Ol ]c//agha. 8 3D tDlCtD WIlh 3
    UOlOt KDOWD lOt hI8 0DlI-COODI3!I8l VtCW8, W38 8OOD C388IhCU,
    tCCClCU Dy 8OmC 3DU 3UOglCU Dy OlhCt8. tCm3IDC lOt CI_hl
    mOulh8 tD !tU3, WhOy 3D8OtDCU ID my WOtK 38 3D tDlCtD. y
    8O!IU3tIly WIlh lhCHCVOulIOD W38 ImIlCU lO hClgID_UI8ltIDulC
    lt3Cl8, 3DU g388ID_3tOuDUCOgIC8OlE/ Moudahid lh3l h3U ID
    my gO88C88IOD. h0U 3CCU lO UO mCUIC3! WOtK, Dul lhC OggOt-
    luDIly lO COmmIl my8Cl lutlhCt DCVCt m3lCt3!I2CU. D l3lC C
    CCmDCt l 9b !Cll IU3 lOt 3tt8. WhO!C 8Cl Ol 3t_umCDl8
    3CCOuDlCU lOt lht8 UCg3tlutC, Ot lhI8 UI8_uI8CU hI_hl. g3tl ltOm
    3Ol-3 jOUD_ IcDCD PgcI3D DODCOmmSSODcO OmCcI, 3 LOm-
    BuD8l, WDO OjD3DlcO 3D ccClIC lOWcI 3DO W38 _UlOlIDcO.
    H1L LL^ ^LJY 10
    l3mI!y tC38OD8, C8gCCI3!!y DCCUCU gCt8gCClIVC. 8 1 W38 DOl
    WOtKID_ lOt lhC ttODl, tC3!I2CU my u8C!C88DC88. C8IUC8, lhC
    DItlh Ol lCttOtI8m ID lhC CIly tCVIVCU gtOD!Cm8 Ol COD8CICDCC
    WhICh lhC 8ugCtlCD8C 3lmO8ghCtC Ol Pl_CtI3 m3UC ImgO88tD!C
    lO tC8O!VC WIlh 3 COOl hC3U. tID3!!y, my WIlC8 [I!!-lOuDUCU| lC3t
    Ol my DCtD_ ttC8lCU [3llhOu_h 3tDI lt3ty 3ttC8l8 WCtC U3Iy
    OCCuttCDCC8| W08 WIlhOul UOuDl lhC UCCI8IVC 3t_umCDl.
    D tt3DCC lhOu_hl WOulU hDU tC8l. lOuDU OD!y 3 D3U
    COD8CICDCC. LVCty U3y lhC DCW8g3gCt8 DtOu_hl DCW8 Ol 3ttC8l8
    3DU Ol htID_8 Ol lttCDU8 Ol mIDC. LVCty ltC8h IlCm Ol DCW8 UC-
    gtC88CU mCmOtC. lCll CVCD mOtC u8CC88. ltICU lO h_hl, lO 8lIt
    ug tC3ClIOD8 Ol gtOlC8l 3mOD_ lhO8C 3tOuDU mC, lO m3KC lhCm
    uDUCt8l3DU. l W38 W38lCUCOtl. hC 3tI8I3D8 h3U lhCIt mIDU8
    OD!y OD lhCIt CVCDID_8 Oul, OD lhC g!3y8 lhCy W3DlCU lO 8CC, OD
    lhCIt V3C3lIOD8 lh3l h3U lO DC gl3DDCU lhtCC mODlh8 3hC3U Ol
    lImC. lOuDU my8C!l UClC8lID_ lhCm, UC8gI8ID_ 3!! lhO8C ttCDCh
    mCD WhO 8CDl lhCIt 8OD8 O lO lOtlutC gCOg!C ID !_CtI3 3DU
    C3tCU 3DOul OlhID_ Dul lhCIt !IlllC 8hOg8. tCCClCU 3Dy lCClID_
    1 h3U 3DOul DC!OD_ID_ lO lhC ttCDCh D3lIOD. y gCOg C WCtC
    CCtl3IDly DOl lhO8C DOut_COI8UCVOIU Ol3Dy IUC3l. hCy WCtC lhC
    gcOglC WhO SuCtCU 3DU UICU CVCt U3y ID lhC dc0cls 3DU ID
    lhC lOtlutC Ch3mDCt8.
    hC8C IDIlI3! tC3ClIOD8, lO DC 8utC, DCC3mC 3llCDu3lCU. UC-
    VClOgCU SOuDU ltICDU8hIg8 WIlh UCmOCt3lIC lCl!OW IDlCtD8 lOt
    WhOm lhI8 CO!ODI3! W3t W3_CU Dy lhCIt COuDlty W38 0 C08C Ol
    UCCg 8uCtID_. ul lC!l3l hOmC OD!y WIlhl_CtI3D CmI_tC8.
    hI8 8l3y ID tt3DCC lutDCU Oul ID lhC CDU lO DC VCty gtOhl
    3D!C. l CODhtmCU lOt mC Wh3l 3!tC3Uy 8CD8CU lh3l W38 DOl
    1tCDCh, lh3l h3U DCVCt DCCD ttCDCh. 3D_u3_C, CullutC-lhC8C
    3tCDOlCDOu_h lO m3KC yOu DC!OD_ lO 3 gCOglC. bOmClhtD_m

    tC
    I8 DCCUCU 3 COmmOD !IlC, COmmOD CxgCtICDCC8 3DU mCmOtC8,
    COmmOD 3Im8. l ! lhI8 !3CKCU ID tt3DCC. y 8l3y ID tt3DCC
    8hOWCU mC lh3l DC!OD_CU lO 3D l_CtI3D COmmuDIly, 8hOWCU
    mc lh3l W383 8lt3D_Ct ID tt3DCC.
    hCD my Ut3ll CxCmglIOD CxgItCU ID 3y l 9, UIU DOl
    hcSI3lC !OD_. 1 h3U 3ltC3Uy UCCIUCU lO OID lhC t.. .
    I 1b
    P YDL LLLD1Pb
    l I8 3 yC3tDOW 8IDCC h3VCOIDCU lhC P!_CtI3D HCVO!ulIOD.
    HCmCmDCtID_lhCUImCu!l3DU3mDI_uOu8 CODl3Cl8 h3Uh3U 3l
    thC Oul8ClOl lhC HCVO!ulIOD, h3U 8OmC lC3t lh3l mI_hl DOl
    DCWClCOmCU. y lC3t W38 uDlOuDUCU. W38 WClCOmCU lIKC 1Dy
    OlhCtPl_CtI3D. tOtlhCP!_CtI3D8 3m DO !OD_Ct 3D 3lly. 3m 3
    DtOlhCt, 8Imgly3 DtOlhCt, lIkC lhC OthCt8.
    gDU II
    y D3mC I8 tC88OD VOD. PllCt h3VID_ 8gCDl my CDlItC
    yOulh IDP!_CtI3, ID ODC, WCDl lO tt3DCC ID l 99 lO CODlIDuC
    my8luUIC8 lhCtC.
    D l 9Z, 3llCt my mIlIl3ty 8CtVICC, lOOk lhC COmgCllIVC
    Cx3mID3lIOD lOt 3 COmmI88IOD ID lhC P!_C:I3D gOlICC. W38
    3UmI llCU JDU 388I_DCU lO lhC cturttr ubltguc Ol b3IDl-
    PtD3uU, 3 l3t_C VI!!3_C Ol lhC ggCt LOD8l3DlIDC l3lC3u,
    8OmC lhItly K !OmClCt8 ltOm bClIl. LD 3y b, l 9J, lOOk OVct
    mygO8l 38 gO!ICCOmCCt. W38 lhCD lWCDly-lOut yC3t8 O!U.
    l mu8l DC tCmCmDCtCU lh3l b3IDlPtD3uU I8 lOC3lCU 3l lhC
    CCDlCt Ol lhC tC_IOD Ol bClIl, WhCtC ID l 99 mOtC lh3D 9,
    P!_CtI3D8 WCtC m3883CtCU ID lhtCC U3y8. hC LutOgC3D8 lOt
    WhO8C gtOlCClIOD W38 tC8gOD8IDlC WCtC lhC VCty ODC8 WhO, lCD
    yC3t8 DClOtC, h3U g3tlICIg3lCU ID lhC H rGb hunt. hC8C mCD
    WCtC 8lI!l tCmIDI8CID_ 3DOul lhCIt CxglOIl8 ID l 9J 3DU COmg3t-
    ID_ lhCIt tC8gCClIVCtCCOtU8. h3U VCtylCW gtIV3lC UC3lID_S Wlh
    lhC8C LutOgC3D8 ID b3IDl-PtD3uU. LD lhC OlhCt h3DU, C8l3U-
    lI8hCU tICDU8hIg8 WIlh Pl_CtI3D8 3DU CVCD WIlh 3 DumDCt O
    kDOWD D3lIOD3!I8l8. y 8ugCtIOt8, 8ugCtIDlCDUCDl8 L3VIDI PD-
    lOIDC 3DU 3mDCtl 3tIu8, Ol COut8C W3tDCU mC. hC mO8l
    CxCIlCU LutOgC3D CIVI!I3D8, WhCDCVCt lhC OCC38IOD 3tO8C, kCgl
    tCmIDUID_mC Ol thc rulc. lOkCCg lhCPt3D8UOWD.
    LDDOVCmDCt , l 99, lhC HCVOlulIODDtOKCOul.
    YCtyuICk!y C3mC lO tC3!I2C lh3l DClOD_CU ID lhC C3mg O
    lhO8C WhO h_hl lOt 3D P!_CtI3D D3lIOD. hC COuDl!C88 lOtlutcS
    lh3l h3U OCC38IOD lO WI lDC88 ID lhC CxCtCI8C Ol my UulIC8 WCtc
    tO 8ltCD_lhCD my h3ltCU Ol COlODI3lI8m Pl_CtI3D8 lOtD 3g3tt Uy
    tWO mI!Il3ty ltuCK8UtIVCD ID OggO8IlCUItCtIOD8, Cl388IC lOttutcS
    HL 1LH^ ^L1Y 11
    Dy W3lCt, C!CCl:Cly, h3D_ID_ Dy lhC lhumD8 Ot Dy lhC lClIC!C8.
    LDC U3y my WlC WhO h3U DCCD KCgl 3W3KC 3!! D_hl, 38 8hC
    h3U Ot 8CVCt3! WCCK8, Dy lhC CtIC8 Ol lhC lOtlutCU [WC !VU
    3DOVC ODC Ol lhC lOtlutC Ch3mDCt8 Ol b3IDlPtD3uU), uD3D!C lO
    8l3DU Il 3Dy !Ou_C:, WCDl 3DU VO!CDl!y g:OlC8lCU lO lhC 8O!UIC:8
    3DU lhC L. H. b tC8gOD8D!C lOt lhCC g:3ClICC8. bhC W38 !CU D3CK
    lO lhC hOu8C Wlh lWO m3ChuC _uD8 UI__D_ DlO hC: tD8. l
    W38 3l lhI8 gC:IOU lh3l W3 CODl3ClCU Dy 3 mCmDCt Ol lhC !OC3!
    t. . D. CC!!. O lhI8 CC!! W38 lO COmmuDC3lC V3:Ou8 IlCm8 Ol
    IDlOtm3lIOD uClu! lOt lhC C3:yID_ OD Ol lhC D3lOD3 W3t Ol
    !IDCt3lIOD.
    W38 3DC lO g38 OD WO:U 38 lO lhC hOut 3DU g!3CC Ol tOuDU-
    ug8, 38 lO WhICh P!_Ct3D8 WCtCDCID_ lO!!OWCU, 3 lO WhCh C3lC
    WCtC 8ugCClCU g388CU OD lhC CDlItC 8CC:l :CgOtl 3UU:8CU Dy
    bugCtIDlCuUCDl L3VDI lO lhC buDtClCCl Ol bCll :C_3:UD_ lhC
    ImgCDUID_ IDlCtDmCDl Ol t. 3mIDC CD3_hDC, lhC g:C8CDl
    IDI8lCt Ol O:CI_D P3It8 Ol lhC tOVI8OD3l LOVCtDmCDl Ol
    lhC P!_CtI3D HCguD!IC.
    hU OCC38IOD lO _IVC lhC D3mC8 Ol P!_Ct3D IDlO:mC:8 Cm
    g!OyCU Dy lhC CO!OD3!I8l gO!CC. hC8C 3_CDl8 WC:C ODVOu8ly
    VCty U3D_CtOu8, lOt lhCy 8OmClmC8 m3D3_CU lO hDU Oul 3 COD-
    8IUCt3D!C DumDC: Ol8CC:Cl8.
    D 3y l 9b, 3mOu PDU3! 3h, 3 VClCt3D WhO :3D 3 OOt8h
    C3lC, ODC Ol lhC mO8l 3ClVC 8CCtCl 3_CDl8, W38 CxCCulCU u lhC
    mIUUlC Ol lhC tuC b3IDlPu_u8lD. P lCW mODlh !3lCt 3DOlhC:
    8gy, PKlOul u8l3gh3, W38 ID lu:D _:CVOu8!yWODUCU-
    D _uDC l 9b, bugC:IDlCuUCDl L3VDI, Cxh3u8lCU Dy 8CVC:3!
    mODlh8 Ol lOtluC 8C88IOD8, !Cll OD 8ICK lC3VC. W3 lhCD gul D
    Ch3t_C Ol lhC Commissariat. D lhC 3:ChIVC8 _Ol hO!U Ol3 l Ol
    D3mC8 Ol P!_CtI3D 8u8gCCl8 WhO WC:C tCCmmCDUCU lO DC CxC-
    CulCU ID 8hOtl OtUCt. hI8 !Il W38 lhC WOtK Ol my CO!!C3_uC
    bghODIX _C3D 3DU Ol bCCODU ICulCD3Dl Y3tID L3m!!C.
    m3UC 3 COgy Ol l, WhICh ImmCU3lC!y g38CU OD lO lhC
    lOC3! ChICl. bhOtl!y 3llCt lhI8 W38 3ttC8lCU. ClOtC lh8, hOW-
    CVCt, W38 3D!C lO COmmuDIC3lC lO lhC ChICl 3D IDVCDlOty Ol lhC
    WC3gOD8 8ugg!IC8 8DU 3mmuDlIOD tC8CtVC8 ID CCtl3ID gO8l8.
    1 1d
    P 1 DL LLLLDPLb%
    Thc Poi ticaSupcrintcndcntoFthcSouthcrnonc thc North
    crnandSouthcrnoncswcrcscparatcdby thc nationa highway
    that dividcd thc viagc in two dccidcd on thc basis oF thi
    inFormation to attack scvcra Farms and todcstroya numbcr of
    FrcnchArmyoutposts.
    BcForc my arrcst, on thc occasin oF thc murdcr oF Bcn
    Mihoud Sad, a burst oF machinc gun bucts was hrcd in my
    dircction. Iwasnothi t.
    Summary cxccutions incrcascd in numbcr undcr thc dircc-
    tion of Major Pucch. Thus, to givc an cxampc, hFty Agcrians
    wcr cxccutcd and buricd in a pot bconging to thc Mayor oF
    Saint-Arnaud.
    On Novcmbcr d, 9b, was arrcstcd by ordcr oF Ccncral
    DuFour and brought bcForc thc mi itary tribunal which con-
    dcmncd mc to vc ycars imprisonmcnt with a spcndcd
    scntcncc.
    It is a an Agcrian that I havc donc a thcsc things. I do
    not havc thc imprcssion oF having bctraycd Francc. am an
    Agcrianand ikc anyAgcrianI havcFought and continucto
    ghtcooniaism. P a conscious Agcrian citicn Fct I must
    takc mypacc by thc sidc oF thcpatriots. This is what hvc
    donc.
    " cD NtDuU0 ba10, QUUC 8CtUc, & kc0 Uj 0la0cD, uD mQlc0-
    Uct Zb, 19bb. c uD lDc 8l u 8UQcCl8 lu Uc cXcCUlc0 Uj lDc @uVcM-
    0cDl utCO.
    IOnCuOn
    Wc havc tricd i nthc prcccdingpagcs to shcd ight ona fcw
    acctsoF thc Agcrian Rcvoution Thc originaity and thc im-
    paticnt richncss of thc Rcvoution arc now and Forcvcr thc
    grcat victorics oF thc Agcrian pcopc. This communi ty in ac
    tion, rcnovatcd and Frcc of any psychoogica, cmotiona, or
    cga subjcction, is prcparcd today to assumc modcrn and
    dcmocraticrcsponsibiiticsoFcxccptionamomcnt.
    Thcthcsisthatthc aunchingoFa ncwsocictyispossibc ony
    within thc Framcwork oF nat iona indcpcndcncc hcrc nds its
    coroary. Thcsamctimcthat thccoonitcdman braccs himscF
    torcj cctopprcssion, aradicatransFomationtakcspaccwithin
    him whichmakcs any attcmpt to maintain thc coonia systcm
    impossibc andshocking. It is this transFormation that wc havc
    studicdhcrc
    It is truc that indcpndcnccproduccs thc spiritua andmatc-
    ia conditions For thc rcconvcrsion oF man. But it is aso thc
    i nncr mutation, thcrcncwa oF thc socia and Famiystructurcs
    thatimposcwith thcrigorofa awthccmcrgcnccoF thc Nation
    andthcgrowthoFitssovcrcignty.
    Wc say hrmy that Agcrian man and Agcrian socicty havc
    strippcd thcmscvcs of thc mcnta scdimcntation and oF thc
    cmotiona and intccctua handicaps which rcsutcd From JU
    ycarsoFopprcssion. This samccooniism thathcd thc pcopc
    in thc tight mcshcs oF thc poicc and oF thc army is tody
    woundcdtothcdcath.Frcnchconilism in Agcriahas aways
    11J
    b
    A DY NG CNlAlSM
    deve|oped on the assumption that it wou|d |ast |orever. The
    structures bui|t, the port |aci|ities, the airdromes, the prohibi-
    tion o| the Arab |anguage, o|ten gave the imprssion that he
    enemycommitted himse||,compromised himsel|, hal|lost him
    se||inhisprey,precise|yinordertomakeany|uturebreak,any
    separation, imposib|e Lvery mani|estation o| the irench
    presence expressed a continuous rooting in time and in the
    A|gerian |uture, and cou|d a|ways be read as a token o| an
    indehniteoppression.
    Itwasthesizeo|theLuropeansett|ement, therapacityo|the
    sett|ers and their racist phi|osophy that required o| every
    irench expression in A|geria a maximum o| so|idity and o|
    weight. Likewise, it was the robustness and the vehemence o|
    irench achievements that maintained and rein|orced the o
    pressive category o| co|onia|ism
    Tothehistoryo|theco|onizationtheA|gerian peop|e today
    opposethehistoryo|thenationa|| iberation.
    It remains to be seen whether the irench government wi|
    become aware o|whatis sti| possib|e. We have reviewed the
    victorious progess o| the co|onized on the path o| his | ibera
    tion, asrevea|ed in a numbero| its particu|araspects. We have
    indicated that strict|y on the |eve| o| the individua| and his
    tremendous dynamism a revo|ution|undamenta| irreversib|e
    ever more |arreachingas curred.
    It is now time |or reason to make itse|| heard. I|the irench
    Government now hopes to revive the conditions that existed
    be|ore J oreven Jb, itiswe|| thatitshou|dknowthatthis
    is now impossib|e. I| on the other hand, it is wi||ing to take
    accounto|thechanges that have occurred intheconsciousness
    o|A|gerianman in the|asthveyears, i| itiswi||ingto|end an
    eartotheinsistentand|raternaIvoicesthatgiveimpetustothe
    Revo|utionandthataretobeheardin the strugg|eo|a peop|e
    who spare neither their b|o nor their suering |or the
    triumpho||reedomthenwesaythateverythingissti| | possib|e
    The crushing o| the A|gerin Revo|ution its iso|ation its
    l


    l

    LLPLLLP b
    asphyxiation its death through exhaustionthese are mad
    dreams
    The Revo|ution in depth the true one, precise|y because it
    changes man and renewssociety,hasreached an advanced stage.
    This oxygen which creates and shapes a new humani tythis
    too,istheA|gerianRevo|ution

    You might also like