ASME B31.

1 (2008) Power piping: typically found in electric power generating stations, in heating and cooling systems Applicable: boiler external piping from first joint up to and including first block valve for boilers where:
y y

ASME B31.3 (2008) Process piping: typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile and paper plants Exclusions:
y

ASME B31.8 (2007) Gas transportation and distribution systems: piping transporting products, predominantly gas Exclusions:
y

steam or vapor is generated over 100 kPa high temperature water over 1103 kPa and/or temperatures of 120 Celsius

Excluding: fatigue due to pressure cycling

piping systems pressure above 0 and less 105 kPa nonflammable, nontoxic and not damaging to human tissues power boilers covered in BPV code and external piping covered in B31.1 tubes, tube headers, crossovers and manifolds of fired heaters pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps

Including: fatigue due pressure cycling and thermal cycling

y y

pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps metal temperatures below -28.88 Celsius (-20 F) or over 232.22 Celsius (450 F) piping beyond customer's meter set assembly piping in refineries, natural gasoline extraction, gas treating plants vent piping to substantially atmospheric pressures wellhead assemblies proprietary items such as equipment liquid petroleum transportation systems, slurry transportation, carbon dioxide and liquefied natural gas piping systems

Allowable stress:
y y

Allowable stress:
y y

Allowable stress:
y

as per tables in Appendix A shear to remain below 80%, bearing to remain below 160% of allowable stress basis are same as ASME section II Part D Appendix 1 except for cast iron and ductile iron

as per Table A-1 and A-2 shear to remain below 80%, bearing to remain below 160% of allowable stress basis for bolting, cast iron, other material flanges due to leakage below 75% allowable stress of unlisted material (not conforming 323.1.2) can not be used

as per table Appendix D times temperature derating factor in table 841.116A

y y y

Materials: material of unknown Materials: material of unknown Materials: material only specification shall not be used for specification shall not be used for as per Appendix A pressure containing components pressure containing components Quality factor E: depending type Quality factor E: depending type Quality factor E: of weld, radiography and material of weld, radiography and material depending type of weld, radiography and material Factor y: factor depending Ferritic, Austenitic, Nickel and design temperature Factor W: weld strength reduction factor Factor W: weld strength reduction factor Factor f: stress range factor Factor F: design factor Factor T: temperature derating factor, compensate material allowable stress values for temperature, Table 841.166A Pipe under internal pressure Pipe under internal pressure (104.1.2 and 104.1.4 (in creep)): (304.1.2): Pipe under internal pressure (841.11):

P = internal design pressure D0 = outside diameter of pipe SE = maximum allowable stress, including quality factor tm = minimum required thickness y = coefficient table 104.1.2A A = additional thickness to compensate threading, provide additional strength, corrosion allowance W = Weld strength reduction factor when in creep range, is 1 outside creep range (table 102.4.7) Bend under internal pressure (102.4.5):

P = internal design pressure D = outside diameter of pipe S = stress value for material E = quality factor t = pressure design thickness y = coefficient, also from table 304.1.1 W = Weld strength reduction factor

P = internal design pressure D = nominal outside diameter of pipe S = specified minimum yield strength E = longitudinal joint factor, table 841.115A t = wall thickness F = design factor from table 841.114A T = Temperature derating factor from table 841.116A

Bend under internal pressure (304.2.1):

Bend under internal pressure (841.231): For cold bends the deflection of longitudinal axis and the radius is limited according table in paragraph 841.231

pipe under internal pressure where I for intrados is:

pipe under internal pressure where I for intrados is:

and I for the extrados is:

and I for the extrados is:

Hot bends are to be designed and manufactured according ASME B16.49, the internal pressure rating shall not be less than that

which is calculated for straight seamless pipe and the intrados wall thickness should be: and at sidewall I = 1.0, R = radius of pipe bend and at sidewall I = 1.0, R = radius of pipe bend

where the t the wall thickness of the pipe is

Elbows under internal pressure Elbows under internal pressure Elbows under internal (102.4.5): (304.2.1): pressure (841.231?): Elbows manufactured according standards listed in Table 126.1 are suitable for use at the pressure-temperature ratings specified by such standards. Elbows manufactured according standards listed in Table 326.1 are suitable for use at the pressure-temperature ratings specified by such standards. No specific design rules are listed for fabricated elbows

Elbows not according above standards or for which design formulas and not given in the code shall be based on calculations consistent with the design criteria of this code. These calculations shall be substantiated by one or more of the means stated in A B C or D of 104.7.2 (Does this mean or allow that an elbow can be calculated according a bend with uniform thickness? Refer B31.3) Miter bends under internal pressure (104.3.3):

Elbows not according above standards or for which design formulas and not given in the code shall be based on calculations consistent with the design criteria of this code. These calculations shall be substantiated by one or more of the means stated in A B C or D of 304.7.2, or the elbow can be calculated according the Bend calculation, refer 304.2.2. Miter bends under internal pressure (304.2.3):

(Does this mean or allow that an elbow can be calculated according a bend with uniform thickness? Refer B31.3)

Miter bends under internal pressure (841.232): 1. If system hoop stress

1. Only straight pipe calculations 1. When theta =< 22.5 deg than max. allowable pressure shall be

required if:

the lesser of (t = T - c):

2. Pressure shall be limited to 70 kPa if: or and thickness is not less than required for straight pipe 3. Pressure shall be limited to 700 kPa if: and and thickness is not less than required for straight pipe

and

> 40% of specified minimum yield strength miter bends are not permitted. Deflections caused by misalignment up to 3 deg are not considered as miters. 2. If 10% < hoop stress < 40% SMYS the deflection of each miter shall not exceed 12.5 deg. 3. If hoop stress < 10% SMYS the total deflection angle shall not exceed 90 deg.

2. When theta > 22.5 deg than max. allowable pressure shall calculated as (t = T - c):

For all miter bends the R1 shall not be less than:

4. For pressure over 700 kPa: proof test, FEA, etc required with a defined minimum for closely with A: spaced and widely spaced miter bend (T-c) =< 13 mm

4. If hoop stress > 10% SMYS the distance measured at the crotch shall not be less than one pipe diameter

A = 25 A = 2(T-

13 < (T-c) =< 22 mm c) (T-c) > 22 mm 30 Reducer under internal pressure (104.6): 1. Flanged reducer according Table 126.1 are considered suitable at the specified pressure temperature ratings. 2. Where butt welding reducers are made to a nominal pipe thickness, the reducers shall be considered suitable for use with

A = 2(T-c)/3 + Reducer under internal pressure (831.373): 1. Steel butt welded fittings shall comply with ASME B16.9 or MSS Standard Practice and shall have pressure and temperature ratings based on stresses for pipe of the same of equivalent material

Reducer under internal pressure (304.6.1(b)): 1. Reducers according Table 326.1 shall be considered suitable for use at established pressuretemperature ratings or corresponding straight pipe with 87.5% of nominal wall thickness. 2. Concentric reducers not listed in Table 326.1 may be designed

pipe of the same nominal thickness. 3. Components not covered by the standards listed in Table 126.1 shall be based on calculation consistent with this code. Calculations are to be substantiated by one of: - extensive, successful service experience - experimental analysis

according closures as per ASME VIII div.1

(831.31b)

2. Other pressure 3. Eccentric reducers not listed in containing components Table 326.1 are qualified as shall be designed the unlisted components and shall be according design designed and documented philosophy of this code substantiated by one of: substantiated by one of: - extensive, successful service experience - experimental analysis - proof test - extensive, successful service experience - experimental analysis - proof test - engineering calculations 3. Closure heads such as flat, ellipsoidal, spherical or conical heads are allowed for use under this code. Such items may be designed in accordance with ASME VIII div.1 (UG32).

- proof test - detailed stress analysis, such as finite element analysis (Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?) - detailed stress analysis, such as finite element analysis (Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?)

Stubon under internal pressure Stubon under internal pressure Stubon under internal (104.3.1(D)): (304.3.3): pressure (831.4 and app. F): Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is (Fig. F-5): = angle between branch and run = angle between branch and run reinforcement by header

with A is additional thickness for corrosion excess header, with and tolerances, tmh from straight pipe calculation (104.1.2) header excess area, with

reinforcement by branch with

attached reinforcement, weld area and other area Assessment: attached reinforcement, weld area and other area branch excess Assessment: Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))

Area A2 and A3 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 831.4(f))

tr is reinforcement pad thickness weld area area reinforcement ring area saddle on right angle connections Assessment:

Area A2, A3, A4 and A5 to be If multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, assess maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3)) If

then

then assess

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (104.3.1(G)):

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (304.3.4):

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure

Required reinforcement area is

Required reinforcement area is

(831.4 ref. App. F): Required reinforcement area is

K = 1.0 when

K = 1.0 when K = 1.0 when d/D > 0.60 K = 0.6+(2d)/(3D) when 0.15 < d/D <= 0.60 K = 0.7 when d/D <= 0.15 reinforcement by

K=

when

K=

when

K = 0.7 when

K = 0.7 when

header reinforcement by branch with

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

reinforcement by branch with

excess branch area Assessment:

excess branch area branch area Assessment: Assessment: If assess If then excess

then assess Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (831.4 ref. App. F): Required reinforcement area is (Fig. F-5):

Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (104.3.1(D)): Required reinforcement area is

Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (304.3.3): Required reinforcement area is

reinforcement by header, with reinforcement by header, with

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

reinforcement by branch with reinforcement by branch with

attached reinforcement, weld area and other area Assessment:

with

with Area A2 and A3 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 831.4(f))

= thickness pad or a height of = thickness pad or height of 60 0 deg angle fitting with in reinforcement material = area provided by deposited = area provided by deposited weld metal and attached reinforcement weld metal excess weldolet area in reinforcement zone Assessment: Assessment: Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))

Area A2, A3, A4 and A5 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3)) Cap under internal pressure (104.4.1(B)):

Cap under internal pressure (304.4.1(b)): Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

Cap under internal pressure (831.372 and 831.373): Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

L = radius dish r = radius knuckle L = radius dish r = radius knuckle L = radius dish r = radius knuckle

or or or Flat closure under internal pressure (104.4.1(b)): Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34 Flat closure under internal pressure (304.4.1(b)): Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34 Flat closure under internal pressure (831.373): Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34

Flange under internal pressure Flange under internal pressure Flange under internal (104.5.1(B)): (304.5.1(b)): pressure (831.2): Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using B31.3 allowable stresses and temperature limits with: = design gauge pressure = bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature = bolt design stress at design temperature = product SE Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using B31.3 allowable stresses and temperature limits with: = design gauge pressure Also MSS SP-44. = bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature = bolt design stress at design temperature = product SEW Can ASME VIII div.1 be used for calculation? For slip-on welding flanges reference is made to ASME VIII div.1 design. Allowed to use: ASME B16 series as listed in Appendix A such as B16.5.

Blind flange under internal pressure (104.5.2(B)): Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with:

Blind flange under internal pressure (304.5.2(b)): Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with:

Blind flange under internal pressure:

Can ASME VIII div.1 be used? = sum of allowances = internal design gauge pressure = product SE = pressure design thickness as per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34 Blanks (spade) under internal pressure (304.5.3(B)): = sum of allowances = internal design gauge pressure = product SEW = pressure design thickness as per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34 Blanks (spade) under internal pressure (304.5.3(b)): Blanks (spade) under internal pressure:

= sum of allowances = inside diameter of gasket

= sum of allowances = inside diameter of gasket

Can ASME VIII div.1 be used?