Bee Lab12

QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERSITY OF ENGG., SCI. & TECH.
, NAWABSHAH
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
LAB NO. 12
Name: ________________________________________ Roll Number: ___________________

Signature of Teacher: ____________________________ Date: _________________________
Equipment Equipment Safety Group

Equipment Use Score
Identification Handling Adherence (20)
(4) (4) Work
(4) (4) (4)
OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate the operation of BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) biasing.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
 Power Supply Module (0 - 12V)
 Edibon Trainer CBE (M-15)
 Voltmeter
 Ammeter
 Oscilloscope.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
 Transistor NPN (2N2222A)
 Resistors (68KΩ, 27KΩ, 1KΩ, 680Ω)
 Few Connecting Hard Wires
THEORY:
The basic function of a transistor is Amplification. In amplification, the weak signal is
applied at one terminal of the transistor and the output is obtained from the other terminal. On
important requirement during amplification is that only the magnitude should be increased while the
shape of the signal should not be changed. This increase in the amplitude of the signal without any
change in the shape is called Faithful Amplification. In order to achieve faithful amplification, it is
required to apply proper connections. This arrangement is known as Biasing. A bias circuit allows
the operating condition of a transistor to be defined, so that it will operate over a pre-determined
range. This is normally achieved by applying a small fixed dc voltage to the input terminals of a
transistor. The purpose of biasing is to establish a steady level of transistor current and voltage
formally called DC operating point or Q point. There are several methods to achieve the B.J.T
biasing, but of them, most prominent is the Voltage Divider Biasing Method.
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIASING:

This method is the most widely used because of its tendency to remain independent from
Temperature Coefficient (β). The term “Voltage Divider” comes from the fact that in this kind of
biasing arrangement, two resistors form the voltage divider arrangement as shown in figure 12.1
below:
Figure 12.1: Voltage Divider Biasing
For any kind of biasing, two factors are very important to determine Q-point (Load Line),
such as maximum IC and maximum VCE. For transistor, the resulting d.c current and voltage establish
an operating point on the characteristic curve that defines the region that will be employed for the
amplification of the applied signal.
Note: The point at which IC and VCE intersect each other is known as Operating Point.
DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS:
For Base Voltage, the following formula is used:
For Voltage drop across emitter resistance, the following formula is used:
Where, VBE = 0.7v for silicon
For Emitter Current, the following formula is used:
As, it is clear that
Therefore, the voltage drop across the collector resistor can be calculated by:
Finally, the voltage drop across the transistor can be calculated by:
Note: βdc was never used in calculations; Hence, Voltage divider biasing circuits are immune to
changes in βdc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 12.2: Voltage Divider Biasing Circuit
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections according to figure 12.2.
2. Calculate the values of different parameters according to the above mentioned formulae.
3. Measure the practical values and compare with the theoretically calculated values.
4. From the measured values of IC and VCE, draw the load line and locate the Q-Point.
5. Finally, plot the graph showing the locations of Q-point.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Fill the following observation table and plot the graph representing the Q-point on the dc load
line.
S.No Calculated Values

VCC VBB VRE IC VRC VCE
1
Measured Readings
2 VCC VBB VRE IC VRC VCE

GRAPH PAPER: Plot the graph representing the Q-point on the dc load line.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What do you mean by term “Biasing”?

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2. What is dc load line and Q-point?

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3. What are the applications of Voltage Divider Biasing?

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4. What is Faithful Amplification?

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QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERSITY OF ENGG., SCI. & TECH.

Name: ______________________ Roll Number: _

Equipment Equipment Safety Group

VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIASING:

Where, VBE = 0.7v for silicon

For Emitter Current, the following formula is used:

As, it is clear that

Figure 12.2: Voltage Divider Biasing Circuit

S.No Calculated Values

2 VCC VBB VRE IC VRC VCE

1. What do you mean by term “Biasing”?

2. What is dc load line and Q-point?

3. What are the applications of Voltage Divider Biasing?

4. What is Faithful Amplification?

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