International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 1620~1631

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1620-1631  1620

Modeling and control of a hybrid DC/DC/AC converter to

transfer power under different power management strategies

Amin Alizadeh Asl1, Ramin Alizadeh Asl2

1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tabriz University, Iran
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Urmia University, Iran

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase
transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the
Received Feb 21, 2021 hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the
Revised Jun 22, 2021 grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper
Accepted Jul 14, 2021 time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the
proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate
controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating
Keywords: the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active
and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also
DC/DC/AC converter proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this
Decentralized multivariable scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to
control method manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is
FACTS performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system
PV/FC/battery hybrid power by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
systems
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Three-input DC-DC converter

Corresponding Author:
Amin Alizadeh Asl
Departement of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Tabriz University
East Azerbaijan Province, Tabriz, 29 Bahman Boulevard, Iran
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The use of PV as a conventional resource will be possible in the future. PV can be combined with
other clean energy sources, e.g., fuel cells and batteries [1]. Power electronic converters, which have recently
made significant progress, are characterized by their high efficiency, high reliability, and merging different
renewable energies [2]. The majority of the studies are on multi-input DC-DC converters in the field of
power electronics. Ahrabi et al [3], Furkan Akar et al [4], Banaei et al [5], Danyali et al. [6], Ghavidel et al.
[7], Parham Mohseni et al [8], Neng Zhang et al [9] have introduced a new, highly-efficient multi-input DC-
DC converter suitable for renewable energies. The application of power electronic converters is expanding in
modern power systems [10]-[16] due to the integration of renewable energy. While controlling transmission
power had problems in conventional power systems, transmission power is controllable in modern systems.
Problems associated with real-time control of transmission power are major factors leading to blackout in
traditional power systems, especially when the grid faces cascade outages [17]-[24]. Nowadays, the lack of a
suitable controller makes the system approaches to collapse. However, the control of transmission power
between two busbars is almost impossible in conventional power systems. By employing power electronic
converters, the transmission power can be controlled, and immediate action becomes possible for the
operator.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1621

This paper focuses on the control issues of transmission power. The flexibility and high reliability in
transferring power are the features of the proposed system. An advanced DC-DC converter, three-phase
inverter, and the multivariable decentralized control technique are utilized for this purpose.
There is little research on controlling DC-DC converters connected to a three-phase inverter to transfer the
maximum power of renewable sources. A suitable multivariable control technique should be adopted because
power electronic converters are multivariable systems. The control method must extract the maximum power
of PV and simultaneously control active and reactive power. Khaki-Sedigh, and Moaveni [25] has delineated
different multivariable control techniques, and this paper has employed a decentralized control technique to
control the proposed system. Figure 1 shows the proposed system.
The operation of modern power systems has faced new challenges upon the expanded integration of
PVs. On the one hand, the maximum power of PV must be extracted at any moment to be economically
justified. On the other hand, uncertainty in PV generation will cause problems, including balancing in power
generation and consumption. Therefore, herein, a hybrid structure consisting of a battery and fuel cell is
utilized to control the transferring power proportional to the demanded power while the maximum power of
PV is extracted. A compromise can be made between uncertainty in the generation power of PV and the
power required by the grid via the proposed hybrid structure; if the output power of PV is more than the
demanded power, the proposed controller must charge the battery, and if power demanded by the network is
more than the output power of PV, the control system must add a fuel cell and battery to the structure to
transfer the set power to the network.
The proposed system and controller pursue several objectives simultaneously:
a. Extracting the maximum output power of PV at any moment
b. Managing transmission power with the help of the battery and FC (without disturbing the maximum
power extraction of PV)
c. Regulating DC-link voltage
The important point in this structure is that the transmission power does not affect the extraction of the
maximum power of PV.
First, the dynamic model of a hybrid DC-DC converter is achieved. Then, a suitable controller is
designed. Subsequently, the phase-shift technique is applied to a three-phase inverter to transfer the set
power. Finally, extensive simulation is prepared to validate the proper performance of the proposed system.
Furthermore, fast fourier transform (FFT) analysis is conducted in each mode to present detailed results of
the proposed system.

Input 1

Three-input Three-
Storage

Hybrid DC- phase

DC inverter
Converter
Input 2

DC Side AC Side

Figure 1. General scheme of the proposed system

2. SMALL-SIGNAL MODELING OF HYBRID DC/DC/AC CONVERTER

Figure 2 displays the hybrid DC-DC converter that is the inverter input. Since the output voltage and
current of the DC-DC converter are DC, the inverter and grid or the AC side are modeled only with simple
resistance RL=VO/IO. However, the designed controller is applied to the true system to verify the
effectiveness of the controller. According to Figure 2, it is clear that a discontinuous current is imposed on
PV, which disturbs the maximum power point tracking. A conventional buck-boost is allocated at the
entrance of V2; consequently, IPV=IL2×d2. Thus, this problem can be solved by controlling IL2; in this case, the
maximum power of PV is followed. The proposed system has three modes.
In the first mode, PV and FC can produce the desired consumption power, so the battery must be
bypassed. In this mode, it is assumed that the requested power by grid is more than the maximum power of
PV. In the second mode, the total generation power of PV and FC cannot supply the output, so the battery is
Modeling and control of a hybrid DC/DC/AC converter to transfer power under … (Amin Alizadeh Asl)
1622  ISSN: 2088-8694

discharged. In the third mode, it is assumed that the whole generation power of PV and FC is larger than the
required consumption power in the output stage, so the surplus energy is saved in the battery. A separate
controller must be designed in each mode because the state-space model of the system is different. All three
modes cover the reality in the grid. Therefore, in first step, the controller must identify the mode of operation
and then in the second step, act such that the intended control objectives be achieved.

VS2 S1

is2 iD2 D2 is1 D1

iD1

ic
S2 r2 VS1
r1
ico
Vc Io
iL2
L2

L1
vo RL
Co
is3
S3 VS3 D3
iL1
iBattery
iD3
V2 is4 V1
D4 Battery
VS4 S4
iD4

Figure 2. The Hybrid DC-DC Converter

2.1. First operation mode (Supplying the load without the contribution of the battery)
To bypass the battery in this mode, S3 and S4 must be turned off and turned on, respectively.
Consequently, d4 (duty cycle of S4) =1 and d 3 (duty cycle of S3) =0; thus, d4 and d3 as control signals are
missed. Only d1 (duty cycle of S1) and d2 (duty cycle of S2) are utilized to extract the maximum power of PV
and regulate the output voltage. Furthermore, (1) shows the state-space model of systems.

diL1 dVc
L1 = −r1 iL1 + (V1 + VC )d1 + (V1 − VO )(1 − d1 ), C = (iL2 − iL1 )(d1 − d2 ) − iL1 d2 + iL2 (1-d2 )
dt dt
diL2 dVo Vo
L2 = −r2 iL2 +V2 d2 − VC (1-d2 ), Co = iL1 (1-d1 ) − (1)
dt dt RL

The (1) is driven from the principle of the voltage balance and current balance in the inductor and capacitor
in the steady-state, respectively. Moreover, (1) reveals that reaching the transfer function matrix is impossible
because the duty cycle of switches is directly related to state variables. The linearization technique at the
operating point is a well-known technique for solving this problem. In this method, state variables, duty
cycles, and inputs are divided into two component DC values ( X,V,D ) and perturbation
( x,v,d ):

x = X̄ + x̃, v = V̄ + ṽ, d = D̄ + d̃ (2)

If it is assumed that the perturbation is small and does not significantly vary during the switching period
( x << X , v << V , d << D ), by substituting (2) into (1) and neglecting the second terms, small-signal models are
represented in the matrix form as (3):
•
𝑥̃ =Ax̃+Bũ
𝑦̃=Cx̃+Du (3)

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1623

where x , u , and y are state variables' vector, control variables' vector, and the output system, respectively.
Therefore, the matrix form of the small-signal model for the first mode is obtained as (4):

-r1 ̄ 1 -1+D
D ̄1 V̄O +V̄C
dĩ L1 0 0
dt L1 L1 L1 L1
dĩ L2 ĩL1
̄2
-r2 -1+D ̄V2 +V̄C ĩL1
0 0 ĩ 0 d̃ 0100 ĩL2
dt L L L
= ̄ 2 ̄ 2 [ L2 ] + ̄ ̄ 2 [ 1 ] , y = [ ][ ];D = 0 (4)
dv
̃c -D1 1-D2 ṽc -IL1 -IL2 ̃d2 0001 ṽc
dt
00
C C ṽo C C ṽo
dv
̃o ̄1
1-D -1 -ĪL1
[ dt ] [ 00 ] [ 0 ]
CO RL C O CO

2.2. Second operation mode (Supplying the load with discharging the battery)
In this mode, the maximum power of PV and FC must be extracted, and the battery is connected to
the system to regulate the output voltage. S4 must be kept turned on to discharge the battery. Moreover, the
power flow to the battery is controlled by turning on and turning off S3. Furthermore, (5) expresses the state-
space model of systems.

diL1 dV
L1 =-r1 iL1 + (V1 +VC +VB )d3 + (V1 +VC )(d1 − d3 ) + (V1 − VO )(1-d1 ), C =-iL1 d2 + (iL2 − iL1 )(d1 − d2 )+iL2 (1-d1 )
dt dt
diL2 dVo Vo
L2 =-r2 iL2 + (V2 +VB )d3 +V2 (d2 − d3 )-VC (1-d2 ), Co =iL1 (1-d1 ) − (5)
dt dt RL

Similar to the first mode, the dynamic model is obtained as (6):

𝑑𝑖̃L1 -r1 𝐷̄1 -1+D̄1 𝑉̄𝑂 +V̄𝐶 𝑉̄𝐵

0 0
𝑑𝑡 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿1
𝑑𝑖̃L2 𝑖̃L1
-r2 -1+D̄2 𝑑̃1 𝑖̃L1
𝑉̄2 +V̄𝐶 𝑉̄𝐵
0 𝑖̃ 00 1000 𝑖̃
𝑑𝑡 𝐿2 𝐿 2 𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝑣̃𝑐 = -D̄1 1-D̄2
[ L2 ] + ̄ ̄2 2 [𝑑̃2 ] ,y= [0100] [ L2 ] ; D=0 (6)
𝑣̃𝑐 -IL1 -IL2 𝑣̃
𝑑𝑡 00 0 𝑑̃3 0001 𝑐
𝐶 𝐶 𝑣̃ 𝑜 𝐶 𝐶 𝑣̃𝑜
𝑑𝑣̃𝑜 1-D̄1 -1 -ĪL1
[ 𝑑𝑡 ] [ 𝐶 00 𝑅 𝐶 ] [ 𝐶𝑂 00 ]
𝑂 𝐿 𝑂

2.3. Third operation mode (Supplying the load with charging the battery)
The charge path is established by turning off the S4, and the current of the battery is controlled by
turning on and off the S3. Moreover, (7) shows the state-space model of systems.
diL1 dV
L1 =-r1 iL1 + (V1 +VC )d3 + (V1 +VC − V𝐵 )(d1 − d3 ) + (V1 − VO )(1-d1 ), C =-iL1 d2 + (iL2 − iL1 )(d1 − d2 )+iL2 (1-d1 )
dt dt
diL2 dVo Vo
L2 =-r2 iL2 + V2 d3 +(V2 − VB )(d2 − d3 )-VC (1-d2 ), Co =iL1 (1-d1 ) − (7)
dt dt RL

Similar to the previous mode, the dynamic model is obtained as (8):

−r1 ̄ 1 −1+D
D ̄1 V̄O +V̄C -V̄B V̄B
dĩ L1 0 0
dt L1 L1 L1 L1 L1
dĩ L2 ̄2
−r2 −1+D ĩL1 V̄2 +V̄C -V̄B V̄B d̃1 ĩL1
0 0 ĩ 0 1000 ĩ
dt L2 L2 L L2
= [ L2 ] + ̄ ̄ 2 [d̃2 ] ,y= [0100] [ L2 ] ; D=0 (8)
dv
̃c ̄ 1 1-D̄2
−D ṽc -IL1 -IL2 ṽc
dt
00 0 d̃3 0001
C C ṽo C C ṽo
dv
̃o 1-D̄1 −1 -ĪL1
[ dt ] [ CO 00 RL CO ] [ 00
CO ]

3. DESIGNING THE CLOSED-LOOP CONTROLLER AND EXAMINING ITS PERFORMANCE

In the first mode, the main control objectives were specified. I L2 is controlled to PV working at
maximum power, and the output capacitor voltage is controlled to adjust the output voltage. As explained
before, in the first mode, the duty cycle of S3 and S4 is missed as control signals, and only d 1 and d2 are
available as control signals due to bypassing the battery. Now, one must control state variables (IL2, VO) with
d1 or d2. In multivariable control, control signals for each output (state variables) are selected by the relative
gain array (RGA) matrix. The RGA is a widely-used classical method for determining the best input-output
paring for the multivariable process control system. In its general form, the RGA matrix is defined as (9):

Modeling and control of a hybrid DC/DC/AC converter to transfer power under … (Amin Alizadeh Asl)
1624  ISSN: 2088-8694

Λ(G(jω))=G(jω).*G(jω)-T (9)

The RGA matrix is calculated in the steady state as:

2.39 −1.39
Λ(G(0))=G(0).*G-T (0) = ( ) (10)
−1.39 2.39
2.1365 −3.2139 2.0774
Λ(G(0))=G(0).*G-T (0) = ( 0 3.3333 −2.3333) (11)
−1.1365 0.8806 1.2559

2.2656 −1.4350 0.1694

Λ(G(0))=G(0).*G-T (0) = ( 0 1.8224 −0.8224) (12)
−1.2656 0.6126 1.6530

(10), (11), and (12) are the RGA matrix for the first, second, and third modes, respectively.
The RGA matrix shows the dependency of the control signal to the output. In (10)-(12), diagonal
elements have significant values compared to other elements, so it can be concluded that, in (10), d1 and d2
have the most impact on IL2 and VO, respectively. However, being positive has a priority to the value in the
RGA matrix. Therefore, pairing the input-output set is defined as follow:

First mode: I L 2 → d 1 VO → d2
Second and Third modes: I L 1 → d 1 I L 2 → d 2 V O → d 3

Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the closed-loop configuration in the first, second, and third mode. The
most important part of the multivariable system is system coupling. In these schemes, the CP matrix is placed
to decouple the system, and PI controllers undertake reference tracking. There are several options for
designing the CP matrix, but in general form, CP depends on systems and the control objective. The CP is
chosen as follows for decoupling the system in the steady state:

CP=[𝐺(0)]-1 (13)

Figure 3. Scheme of closed-loop for first mode

Figure 4. The closed-loop scheme for second and third modes

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1625

The closed-loop performance is simulated with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK. Figure 5 shows
the closed-loop performance in the first mode. In Figure 5, U = [4 0]T is applied to the system in the second
moment. It is expected that Y1 and Y2 should have value due to the inherent coupling in multi-input systems.
The CP matrix makes the system decouple in the steady state, and the PI controller causes reference tracking
to occur. The accurate performance of the controller is evident because it managed to eliminate the intrinsic
coupling in the system, and reference tracking happened simultaneously. All these features are achieved by a
simple CP matrix and diagonal PI controller. Figures 6 and 7 demonstrate closed-loop performance in the
second and third modes. Similar to the first mode, good performance has been achieved.

Figure 5. Closed-loop performance in the first mode Figure 6. Closed-loop performance in the second
mode

Figure 7. Closed-loop performance in the third mode

4. SIMULATION RESULTS
The closed-loop controller was designed in previous sections. In this section, the hybrid DC-DC
converter is connected to a three-phase inverter to transfer the power of PV, FC, and battery to the grid. All
modes are simulated by MATLAB/Simulink. Figures 8 and 9 display PV and FC characteristics,
respectively. The ready block of PEMFC is a preset model for fuel cells in MATLAB/Simulink and has been
employed in this paper.
The simulation consists of three modes. In the first mode, the sun irradiation of PV is S=500W/m2,
and under this condition, the maximum generation power of PV is about 10800 W, and it occurs at 300 V.
Moreover, in this mode, the maximum power of FC equals 8325 W, and it happens at around 225 A. The
battery is bypassed in this mode, and the total generation and transmission powers are assumed to be equal
(10800+8325=19125 W).
In the second mode, the sun irradiation of PV is S=600 W/m 2, and the maximum power under this
irradiation is 12950 W and takes place at 300 V. FC has 6000 W in the second mode, and under this power,
FC can give nearly 133 A. The summation of powers from both sources equals 12950+6000=18950 W;
therefore, in comparison to the first mode, the total generation power has decreased. Consequently, the
battery must be added to the system to resolve the lack of power and converter losses.
In the third mode, the irradiation of PV is S=750 W/m2, the maximum power of PV reaches about
16102 W, and the voltage of PV is close to 285 V. The power of FC is approximately 4284 W, and under this
Modeling and control of a hybrid DC/DC/AC converter to transfer power under … (Amin Alizadeh Asl)
1626  ISSN: 2088-8694

power, FC can give 86 A. The total generation power from both sources equals 16102+4284=20386 W,
which is larger than the demanded power for transferring. As a result, the battery must be charged to save
surplus energy in the third mode.
The state variables of the hybrid DC-DC converter are controllable. Hence, IL1, IL2, and VO must be
controlled to extract the maximum power of resources besides regulating the DC-link voltage. The output
voltage of the inverter depends on the DC-link voltage. Therefore, the inverter does not need to be controlled
in a conventional way such as sinusoidal pulse width modulation. Furthermore, the output voltage of the
inverter can be controlled by changing the DC-link voltage (Van=2Vdc/π). The only parameter that must be
controlled in the inverter is the phase difference. In all three modes, the inverter must be able to produce a
+90o phase difference (  = 90o ); in this case, maximum active power is transferred from the DC side to the
AC side.

Figure 8. PV characteristics Figure 9. Fuel cell characteristics

A 6-s simulation with three power management strategies is provided to evaluate the proposed
control system in each operation mode. Figure 10 and Figure 11 depict the duty cycles of S1, S2, S3, and S4,
respectively, and show the control signals that vary to extract the maximum power of resources. Figure 12
represents the hybrid DC-DC converter outputs. The most important part of the control system is the duty
cycles of the converter switches, which have been shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11 because the transient-
state of the converter depends on the variation of duty cycles.

Figure 10. Duty cycles of S1 and S2 Figure 11. Duty cycles of S3 and S4

Based on Figure 12, it is confirmed that FC works at maximum power due to I L1=225A in the first
mode, IL1=133A in the second mode, and IL1=86A in the third mode. Since IL1 is the exact IFC, as expected,
the FC operates at maximum power. The current of first (IL1) and second (IL2) sources, output voltage of DC-
DC converter (VO), and the current of the battery (Ibattery) have been shown in Figure 12. Proper transient-

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1627

state, suitable overshoot and undershoot of DC-DC converter state-variables, and reference tracking can be
clearly seen in Figure 12, which is the result of the appropriate operation of the control system.
Figure 13 depicts the output voltage of the inverter. Figure 14 verifies that PV operates at maximum
power. To prove that the inverter managed to produce a +90 o phase difference in each mode, the output
voltage of the inverter must be examined by FFT analysis. In all the modes, the voltage amplitude of the grid
is assumed to be 100 V with a 60Hz frequency. Since all the calculations are based on amplitude, a 3/2 factor
appears in basic equations.

Figure 12. Output of the hybrid DC-DC converter

Figure 13. Output voltage of the inverter Figure 14. Output voltage and current of the PV

First-mode simulation 0  t  2 ; Figure 15 represents the output voltage of the inverter. As expected,
the fundamental harmonic has a +90o phase difference, and it causes the maximum power of PV and FC to be
transferred to the AC side or gird side. A simple phase shift can produce the desired phase difference in the
inverter. Figure 16 shows the FFT analysis of the current of the inverter (Ian).
FFT analysis in Figure 15 (a) and Figure 15 (b) confirms that the inverter produces a +90o phase difference,
according to:

3 V1 V2 V1=300.3V2=100XL=2.64Ω
P12(3φ) = sin δ → P12(3φ) = 17069W
2 XL

On the other hand, FFT analysis gives the phase differences between current and voltage:

Modeling and control of a hybrid DC/DC/AC converter to transfer power under … (Amin Alizadeh Asl)
1628  ISSN: 2088-8694

3 V=300.3∠+90o I=120∠18.4o
Sin v(3φ) = VI ∗ →
2
3
Sin v(3φ) = × (300.3) × (120)∠90o − (180 + 18.4)o
2
Sin v(3φ) = − 17063 − j51290.5

P12 confirms Sinv, which means that the inverter transfers 17063 W of active power to the grid. Only a 6W
difference between Sinv and P12 is originated from numerical errors, which is acceptable in this range of
power.

(a) (a)

(b) (b)

Figure 15. FFT analysis of Van in the first mode, Figure 16. FFT analysis of Ian in the first mode,
(a) inverter output voltage; (b) fundamental (a) inverter output current; (b) fundamental
component amplitude component amplitude

Second-mode simulation 2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4; Figure 17 (a) and Figure 17 (b) presents an FFT analysis of
Van. It verifies that the inverter produces a +90 o phase difference. Similar to the first mode, Figure 18 (a) and
Figure 18 (b) shows the FFT analysis of the current of inverter (I an).

3 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉1=325.3∠+90𝑂 𝑉2=100∠0𝑂 𝑋𝐿=2.64

𝑃12(3𝜑) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿 → 𝑃12(3𝜑) = 18490.4
2 𝑋𝐿

Sinv can be calculated from the FFT analysis in the second mode according to Figure 17 and Figure 18:
3 Van=325..3∠+90o ian=129.1∠17.1o
Sin v(3φ) = VI ∗ →
2
3
Sin v(3φ) = × 325.3 × 129.1∠ − 107. 1o
2
Sin v(3φ) = − 18523 − j60209.56

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1629

Sinv and P12 confirm each other well. A 32W difference is originated from numerical errors, which is
acceptable in this range of power. In all the equations, V1=Van (the inverter voltage) and V2=Vgird.

(a) (a)

(b) (b)

Figure 17. FFT analysis of Van in the second mode, Figure 18. FFT analysis of Ian in the second mode,
(a) inverter output voltage; (b) fundamental (a) inverter output current; (b) fundamental
component amplitude component amplitude

Third-mode simulation 4  t  6 ; Figure 19 indicates the power of the battery in three modes. Similar to the
first and second modes Figures 20 (a), (b) and Figures 21 (a), (b) depict the FFT analysis in the third mode.
Figure 20 proves that the inverter creates a +90 o phase difference.

3 V 1V 2
P12(3 ) = sin  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
V 1= 314.3+ 90o V 2 =100o
XL = 2.64
→ P12(3 ) = 17865W
2 XL

From FFT analysis

3 V an = 314.3 + 90o ian =125 17.7o

Sin v (3 ) = V I * ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ X L = 2.64
2
3
Sin v (3 ) =  314.3  125 − 107.7o
2
Sin v (3 ) = −17917.05 − j 56141.53

Sinv and P12 match each other.

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1630  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 19. Power of the battery in all the modes

(a) (a)

(b) (b)

Figure 20. FFT analysis of Van in the third mode, Figure 21. FFT analysis of Ian in the third mode,
(a) inverter output voltage; (b) fundamental (a) inverter output current; (b) fundamental
component amplitude component amplitude

5. CONCLUSION
A new multivariable control technique was employed here to transfer the intended power to the grid
side and extract the maximum power of PV simultaneously. The performance of the controller was examined
under different scenarios. Simultaneous active power control and DC-link voltage regulation were possible
for the proposed system.
In the proposed system, the three-phase inverter worked with a 50Hz switching frequency, due to
which the leakage current of PV was no longer a problem. Power management and online operation can be
performed more reliably in micro-grids and modern power systems with the proposed system. Still, more
research on control and various power management strategies is required.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021 : 1620 – 1631
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1631

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Modeling and control of a hybrid DC/DC/AC converter to transfer power under … (Amin Alizadeh Asl)