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Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxii
PART I FOUNDATIONS
1 ★ Introduction: The Citizen and Government 2
Government Is How We Are Ruled 5
Is Government Needed? 5
Different Forms of Government Are Defined by
Freedom
and Power 5
Limits on Government Encouraged Freedom 7
The Expansion of Participation Shifted Political Power
8
Participation in Government Is How People Have a Say
in What Happens 8
Citizenship Is Based on Participation, Knowledge, and
Efficacy 9
Who Are Americans? 10
Immigration Has Changed American Identity 11
Who Are Americans in the Twenty-First Century? 12
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Forms of Government 15
American Political Culture Is Built on Liberty, Equality,
and
Democracy 17
Liberty Means Freedom 17
Equality Means Treating People Fairly 18
WHO PARTICIPATES? Can Young People Make a
Difference in Politics? 19
Democracy Means That What the People Want
Matters
21
What Americans Think about Government 21
HOW TO Debate Respectfully 22
Trust in Government Has Declined 24
The Citizen and Government: What Do You Think? 24
Study Guide 25

2 ★ The Founding and the Constitution 28

The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 31
British Taxes and Colonial Interests 31
Political Strife Radicalized the Colonists 32
The Declaration of Independence Explained Why the
Colonists Wanted to Break with Great Britain 33
The Articles of Confederation Created America’s First
National Government 34
The Failure of the Articles of Confederation Made the
“Second Founding” Necessary 34
The Annapolis Convention Was Key to Calling a
National Convention 35
Shays’s Rebellion 35
The Constitutional Convention Didn’t Start Out to
Write
a New Constitution 36
The Constitution Created Both Bold Powers and Sharp
Limits
on Power 39
The Legislative Branch Was Designed to Be the Most
Powerful 41
The Executive Branch Created a Brand-New Office 42
The Judicial Branch Was a Check on Too Much
Democracy 43
National Unity and Power Set the New Constitution
Apart from the Old Articles 43
The Constitution Establishes the Process for
Amendment
44
The Constitution Sets Forth Rules for Its Own
Ratification 44
Constitutional Limits on the National Government’s
Power 44
Ratification of the Constitution Was Difficult 47
Federalists and Antifederalists Fought Bitterly over the
Wisdom of the New Constitution 47
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Democratic Systems 49
Both Federalists and Antifederalists Contributed to
the
Success of the New System 51
The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution 51
Amendments: Many Are Called; Few Are Chosen 51
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Gained the Right to Vote
through Amendments? 53
The Amendment Process Reflects “Higher Law” 54
The Constitution: What Do You Think? 56
Study Guide 57
3 ★ Federalism 60
Federalism Is Established by the Constitution 63
The Powers of the National Government 64
The Powers of State Government 64
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Federal and Unitary Systems
65
States’ Obligations to One Another 66
Local Government and the Constitution 67
HOW TO Make Your Voice Heard at a Local Meeting 68
National and State Powers Have Shifted over Time 70
Restraining National Power with Dual Federalism 70
The Slow Growth of the National Government’s Power
71
The New Deal: New Roles for Government 73
From Layer Cake to Marble Cake: Cooperative
Federalism and the Use of Categorical Grants 74
Regulated Federalism and the Rise of National
Standards
75
Federalism Today Is as Important as Ever 76
States’ Rights 77
Devolution 78
Federal–State Tensions in Two Issue Areas 80
State–Local Tensions 80
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Participates in Local
Elections Compared to National Elections? 81
Political Ramifications of Federalism 83
Federalism: What Do You Think? 84
Study Guide 85
4 ★ Civil Liberties 88
The Bill of Rights Originated with Opponents of the
Constitution 91
The Fourteenth Amendment Nationalized the Bill of
Rights through Incorporation 93
The First Amendment Guarantees Freedom of Religion
94
Separation between Church and State 94
Free Exercise of Religion 97
The First Amendment’s Freedom of Speech and of the
Press
Ensure the Free Exchange of Ideas 97
Political Speech 98
Fighting Words and Hate Speech 99
Student Speech 100
Commercial Speech 100
Symbolic Speech, Speech Plus, and the Rights of
Assembly and Petition 101
Freedom of the Press 102
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Global Freedom of the Press
103
The Second Amendment Protects the Right to Bear
Arms 104
Rights of the Criminally Accused Are Based on Due
Process
of Law 107
The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures
107
The Fifth Amendment 108
The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel 110
The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual
Punishment 111
The Right to Privacy Means the Right to Be Left Alone
112
Eminent Domain 112
Birth Control 112
WHO PARTICIPATES? Abortion and the Right to
Privacy 113
Abortion 114
Sexual Orientation 114
Civil Liberties: What Do You Think? 115
Study Guide 116
5 ★ Civil Rights 118
Civil Rights Are Protections by the Government 121
Slavery and the Abolitionist Movement 121
The Women’s Rights Movement 122
The Civil War Amendments to the Constitution and
Their
Aftermath 122
Civil Rights and the Supreme Court: “Separate but
Equal” 123
Litigating for Equality after World War II 124
Civil Rights after Brown v. Board of Education 125
The Civil Rights Acts 127
Civil Rights Have Been Extended to Other Groups 132
Women and Gender Discrimination 132
WHO PARTICIPATES? Have Women Achieved Equal
Rights? 133
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Global Economic Gender
Equality 135
Latinos 136
Asian Americans 137
Native Americans 139
Disabled Americans 139
LGBTQ Americans 140
Affirmative Action Seeks to Right Past Wrongs 141
The Supreme Court and the Burden of Proof 141
Civil Rights: What Do You Think? 143
Study Guide 144
PART II POLITICS
6 ★ Public Opinion 148
Public Opinion Is Defined by Basic Values and Beliefs
151
Political Values 151
Political Ideology 152
How We Form Public Opinions 156
Political Socialization 156
Social Groups and Public Opinion 158
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Talks about Politics? 159
Political Leaders 163
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Confidence in Democratic
Institutions 164
Political Knowledge Is Important in Shaping Public
Opinion
165
Political Knowledge 165
Public Opinion Can Shape Government Policy 167
Government Responsiveness to Public Opinion 167
Does Everyone’s Opinion Count Equally? 168
Measuring Public Opinion Is Crucial to Understanding
What
It Is 169
Measuring Public Opinion from Surveys 169
HOW TO Evaluate a Poll 172
When Polls Are Wrong 174
Public Opinion: What Do You Think? 176
Study Guide 177
7 ★ The Media 180
The Media Are Indispensable to American Democracy
183
Journalism 184
The Profit Motive 185
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Internet Freedom 186
Mass Media Ownership 187
Modern Media Have Been Digitally Transformed 187
Newspapers 189
Television 191
Radio 192
Digital Media 192
Citizen Journalism 195
Benefits of Online News 195
Concerns about Online News 196
HOW TO Evaluate a News Source 198
Do Americans Trust the Media Today? 200
Media Influence Shapes What We Think About 200
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Sees Fake News . . . and
Who Does Something about It? 201
How the Media Influence Politics 202
Journalists Shape Political News 205
Media Leaks 205
Adversarial Journalism 206
Regulation of the Media Is Limited 207
The Media and Democracy: What Do You Think? 208
Study Guide 210

8 ★ Political Parties and Interest Groups 212

What Are Political Parties? 215
The United States’ Two-Party System 215
Political Parties Organize and Channel Many Voices
216
Recruiting Candidates 216
Party Organizations Define How Parties Operate 216
National Committees 216
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Comparing Party Systems
217
Parties Seek to Control Government 218
Factions within the Parties 219
Party Identification Guides Voters 220
Who Are Republicans and Democrats? 221
Party Polarization in Society 224
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Votes in Primaries and
Caucuses? 225
Electoral Realignments Define Party Systems 226
The First Party System: Federalists and Jeffersonian
Republicans 226
The Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs 228
The Civil War Party System 228
The System of 1896: Populism and Republican
Responses 229
The New Deal Party System: Government Helps the
Working Class 229
The Contemporary American Party System 230
Third Parties 231
Interest Groups Are Composed of Many Types 232
Types of Interest Groups 233
Why Do Interest Groups Form? 235
HOW TO Start an Advocacy Group 236
What Interests Are Not Represented? 239
What Do Interest Groups Do? 240
Interest Groups Influence Congress through Lobbying
241
Using the Courts 244
How Influential Are Interest Groups? 244
Measuring Interest Group Influence 245
Regulating Lobbying 245
Political Parties and Interest Groups: What Do You
Think?
246
Study Guide 247

9 ★ Participation, Campaigns, and Elections 250

Who Participates and How? 253
Riots and Protests 253
Political Participation in Elections 253
Online Political Participation 256
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Voter Turnout in
Comparison 257
Socioeconomic Status 258
Age 259
Race and Ethnicity 259
Gender 261
Religion 261
State Electoral Laws Regulate Most Voting 262
Registration Requirements 263
HOW TO Register . . . and Vote 264
Voter Identification Requirements 266
The Ballot 266
Presidential Elections 267
Election Campaigns Are a Political Marathon 269
Campaign Consultants 270
Fundraising 270
Campaign Strategy 273
Voters Decide Based on Party, Issues, and Candidates
277
Partisan Loyalty 277
Issues and Policy Preferences 277
Candidate Characteristics 278
The 2020 Presidential Elections: A Tale of Three Crises
278
The Backdrop: Polarization 279
The Campaign 280
The Results 282
The Aftermath 283
Analyzing the 2020 Elections 284
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Participates in Political
Campaigns and Elections? 285
Conclusion: The 2020 Election and America’s Future
286
Political Participation and Elections: What Do You
Think?
287
Study Guide 288
PART III INSTITUTIONS
10 ★ Congress 290
Congress Represents the American People 293
House and Senate: Differences in Representation 293
Trustee versus Delegate Representation 294
Descriptive versus Substantive Representation 295
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Women’s Legislative
Representation 298
Congressional Elections 300
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Elects Congress? 301
HOW TO Contact Your Member of Congress 306
Congressional Organization Determines Power 308
Party Leadership in the House 308
Party Leadership in the Senate 309
The Committee System 309
The Staff System 312
Rules of Lawmaking Explain How a Bill Becomes a Law
313
Committee Deliberation 313
Debate 315
Conference Committee: Reconciling House and
Senate
Versions of Legislation 317
Presidential Action 317
Is Regular Order Still Regular? The Rise of the New
Order in Congress 317
“Follow-the-Leader” Lawmaking 318
Who Influences Congressional Decision-Making? 320
Constituency 321
Interest Groups 321
Party 322
When Congress Has Trouble Deciding 324
Congress Does More Than Make Laws 324
Oversight 325
Advice and Consent: Special Senate Powers 326
Impeachment 326
Congress: What Do You Think? 327
Study Guide 329
11 ★ The Presidency 332
Presidential Power Is Rooted in the Constitution 335
Expressed Powers 336
Implied Powers 341
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Comparing Executive
Authority 343
Delegated Powers 344
Inherent Powers 344
Presidents Claim Many Institutional Powers 346
The Cabinet 346
The White House Staff 347
The Executive Office of the President 348
The Vice Presidency 348
The President’s Party 349
The First Spouse 350
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Supports the President’s
Agenda? 351
Presidential Power Grew in the Twentieth Century 352
Going Public 352
The Administrative Strategy 354
The Limits of Presidential Power: Checks and
Balances
359
Presidential Power: What Do You Think? 360
Study Guide 362
12 ★ The Bureaucracy 364
What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? 367
What Bureaucrats Do 367
How the Bureaucracy Is Organized 371
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Bureaucracy in Comparison
372
HOW TO Apply for a Federal Job 376
WHO PARTICIPATES? What Do People Think of
Federal Agencies? 379
Who Are Bureaucrats? 380
The Bureaucracy Needs to Be Managed 383
The President as Chief Executive 384
Congressional Control 385
Presidential–Congressional Struggle for Bureaucratic
Control: A Case Study 387
Judicial Oversight 389
Whistleblowing 389
Citizen Oversight 389
The Difficulties of Bureaucratic Control 390
Bureaucracy: What Do You Think? 391
Study Guide 392
13 ★ The Federal Courts 394
The Legal System Settles Disputes 397
Cases and the Law 397
Types of Courts 399
Federal Courts Hear a Small Percentage of All Cases
402
Federal Trial Courts 403
Federal Appellate Courts 403
The Supreme Court 403
How Judges Are Appointed 404
The Power of the Supreme Court Is Judicial Review
407
Judicial Review of Acts of Congress 407
Judicial Review of State Actions 408
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Courts in Comparison 409
Judicial Review of Federal Agency Actions 410
Judicial Review and Presidential Power 410
Most Cases Reach the Supreme Court by Appeal 411
Accessing the Court 411
Beyond the Judges: Key Players in the Federal Court
Process 414
WHO PARTICIPATES? Comparing How States Select
Judges 415
Lobbying for Access: Interests and the Court 416
The Supreme Court’s Procedures 416
Supreme Court Decisions Are Influenced by Activism
and
Ideology 420
Influences on Supreme Court Decision-Making 420
Judicial Power and Politics 423
The Federal Judiciary: What Do You Think? 424
Study Guide 425
PART IV POLICY
14 ★ Domestic Policy 428
The Government Shapes Economic Policy with Three
Tools
431
Fiscal Policies 431
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Global Tax Rates 433
Monetary Policies 435
Regulation and Antitrust Policy 437
Economic Policy Making Is Inherently Political 438
How Much Should the Government Intervene in the
Economy? 438
The Welfare State Was Created to Address Inequality
441
Foundations of the Welfare State 441
Social Policies Open Opportunity 445
Education Policies 445
Health Policies 447
Housing Policies 450
Who Gets What from Social Policy? 451
The Elderly 452
The Middle and Upper Classes 452
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Receives Benefits from
Social Programs? 453
The Working Poor 454
The Nonworking Poor 455
Minorities, Women, and Children 455
Domestic Policy: What Do You Think? 457
Study Guide 459
15 ★ Foreign Policy 462
The Goals of Foreign Policy 465
Security 465
Economic Prosperity 469
Human Rights 470
American Foreign Policy Is Shaped by Government
and
Nongovernment Actors 471
The President and the Executive Branch 471
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Foreign Aid in Comparison
473
Congress 477
Interest Groups 478
Tools of American Foreign Policy: Diplomacy, Money,
and
Force 479
Diplomacy 480
The United Nations 480
The International Monetary Structure 481
Economic Aid and Sanctions 481
Collective Security 482
Military Force 482
Soft Power 484
Arbitration 484
WHO PARTICIPATES? Who Serves in the U.S.
Military? 485
Daunting Foreign Policy Issues Face the United States
486
A Powerful China and a Resurgent Russia 486
Nuclear Proliferation in Iran and North Korea 487
Trade Policy 487
Global Environmental Policy 488
Foreign Policy: What Do You Think? 489
Study Guide 490
Appendix
1. The Declaration of Independence A1
2. The Articles of Confederation A5
3. The Constitution of the United States of America
A11
4. Amendments to the Constitution A21
5. The Federalist Papers A30
6. The Anti-Federalist Papers A38
7. Presidents and Vice Presidents A45
Endnotes A49
Answer Key A87
Credits A89
Glossary/Index A93

Introduction: The Citizen and

Government
During the coronavirus pandemic in the spring of
2020, the Strategic
National Stockpile was deployed to help get health
care workers across
the United States personal protective equipment.
However, some states
received more equipment for their health care workers
than others,
depending on the population and need of each state.
Here, nurses in
Florida don masks and face shields as they begin
testing for the virus at a
senior center.
WHAT GOVERNMENT DOES AND WHY IT MATTERS
When Kimberly
Green-Yates, chief operating officer of a group of
nursing homes in
Oklahoma, heard about the coronavirus deaths in
Washington State nursing
homes in early 2020, she ordered a large supply of
PPE, personal protective
equipment such as masks and gloves, and locked it
away. “The people we
take care of are the most vulnerable. Without PPE, we
can’t keep them safe,”
she said. But Green-Yates worried; some of the
equipment was used up
during the flu season and it wasn’t clear whether new
equipment would be
available. Her state’s department of emergency
management had requested
additional supplies from the Strategic National
Stockpile, which is managed
by the federal Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS) for use
during crises that overwhelm local resources. Usually
such emergencies—
think of hurricanes or chemical plant explosions—are
geographically
concentrated. But the nationwide coronavirus
outbreak forced HHS to make
decisions about how to allocate its stockpile around
the country. It chose to
allot medical masks, gloves, and gowns by a formula
using outbreak severity
and state population, rather than outbreak severity
alone. That meant that
Florida, population 21 million, received all of the
180,000 masks it requested,
while Oklahoma, population 4 million, received only
10 percent of its
500,000-mask request.
Moreover, nearly all of the supplies in the national
stockpile were expired.
Most had been purchased in 2007 when extra funding
for pandemic flu
preparation had been included in the federal budget.
But by 2020 they had
“exceeded their shelf life,” according to an HHS letter.
“Public health
emergency preparedness . . . has been chronically
underfunded for years,”
said Michael Lanza, spokesman for the New York City
Health Department,
which had requested 2.2 million masks and received
78,000, all expired.
1
Every day, government affects our lives and those of
our family members,
friends, and community. Sometimes those efforts are
difficult to recognize,
like when we eat a hamburger that because of
government meat inspection
doesn’t make us sick. Sometimes government’s
activity is very visible, like
when the governors of New York and Washington
State, in response to the
coronavirus pandemic, requested major disaster
declarations, which the
federal government approved, freeing government
resources such as new
medical stations for those states. And sometimes
government’s activity falls
short, like the beleaguered Strategic National
Stockpile, undermining
Americans’ security and well-being.
Americans have a variety of different views about the
appropriate role of
government. Some saw the work-from-home orders
put in place by some
local and state governments in response to the
coronavirus pandemic as
threats to their liberty and a classic case of
government overreach. Yet others
thought such mandates came too late to ensure
Americans’ health and
security. Moreover, the pandemic affected Americans
very differently, as
both the coronavirus’s health effects and its
economic implications varied by
age, gender, race, and class. Government’s success
in offsetting the virus’s
health and economic effects varied across different
groups as well.
Thus government affects us all in ways big and small.
The purpose of this
book is to show what government does, how, and
why—and what you can do
about it.
CHAPTER GOALS
Differentiate between forms of government (pp. 5–9)
Describe the rights and responsibilities that citizens
have in a democracy
(pp. 9–10)
Describe the social composition of the American
population and how it
has changed over time (pp. 10–17)
Describe how cultural values of liberty, equality, and
democracy
influence the U.S. system of government (pp. 17–21)
Summarize Americans’ attitudes toward government
(pp. 21–24)
Endnotes
Lydia DePillis et al., “Here’s Why Florida Got All the
Emergency
Medical Supplies It Requested While Other States Did
Not,” ProPublica,
March 20, 2020, www.propublica.org/article/heres-
why-florida-got-all-
the-emergency-medical-supplies-it-requested-while-
other-states-did-not
(accessed 3/23/20). Return to reference 1
Government Is How We Are
Ruled
Differentiate between forms of government
Government is the term generally used to describe the
formal institutions
through which a territory and its people are ruled. A
government may be as
simple as a town meeting in which community
members make policy or as
complex as the vast establishments found in many
large countries today, with
extensive procedures, laws, and bureaucracies. In the
history of civilization,
thousands of governments have been established.
The hard part is
establishing one that lasts.
Even more difficult is developing a stable government
that is true to the core
American political values of liberty, equality, and
democracy. Though in
principle these three values are endorsed by most
Americans, in practice each
of them means different things to different people,
and they often seem to
conflict with one another. This is where politics comes
in. Politics refers to
conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure,
and policies of
governments.
IS GOVERNMENT NEEDED?
Government is needed to provide basic services,
sometimes called “public
goods,” that citizens all need but probably cannot
individually provide
adequately for themselves. These include defense
against foreign aggression,
maintenance of public order, a stable currency,
enforcement of contractual
obligations and property rights, and some measure of
economic security.
Government, with its powers to tax and regulate, is
viewed as the best way to
provide public goods. However, there is often
disagreement about which
public goods are essential and how they should be
provided.
Much of what citizens have come to depend on and
take for granted as part of
their everyday environment is in fact created by
government. Throughout the
day, for example, a typical college student relies on a
host of services and
activities organized by national, state, and local
government agencies. The
extent of this dependence is illustrated in Table 1.1 on
p. 6.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT ARE
DEFINED BY FREEDOM AND POWER
Two questions are of special importance in
determining how governments
differ: Who governs? And how much government
control is permitted?
Some nations are governed by a single individual—a
king or dictator, for
example. This system is called autocracy. Where a
small group—perhaps
landowners, military officers, or the wealthy—controls
most of the governing
decisions, that government is said to be an oligarchy.
If citizens or the general
adult population have the power to rule themselves,
that government is a
democracy.
TABLE 1.1
The Presence of Government in the Daily Life of a
Student at “State
University”
TIME SCHEDULE
7:00
A.M. Wake up. Standard time set by the national
government.
7:10
A.M.
Shower. Water courtesy of local government, and
supplied
by either a public entity or a regulated private
company.
7:30
A.M.
Have a bowl of cereal with milk for breakfast.
“Nutrition
Facts” on food labels are a federal requirement.
8:30
A.M.
Drive or take public transportation to campus. Airbags
and
seat belts required by federal and state laws. Roads
and
bridges paid for by state and local governments.
8:45
A.M.
Arrive on campus of large public university. Buildings
are
70 percent financed by state taxpayers.
9:00
A.M.
First class: Chemistry 101. Tuition partially paid by a
federal
loan (more than half the cost of university instruction
is paid
for by taxpayers), chemistry lab paid for with grants
from the
National Science Foundation (a federal agency) and
smaller
grants from business corporations made possible by
federal
income tax deductions for charitable contributions.
Noon
Eat lunch. College cafeteria financed by state
dormitory
authority on land grant from federal Department of
Agriculture.
2:00
P.M.
Second class: American Government 101 (your
favorite
class!). You may be taking this class because it is
required
by the state legislature or because it fulfills a
university
requirement.
4:00
P.M.
Third class: Computer Science 101. Free computers,
software, and internet access courtesy of state
subsidies plus
grants and discounts from Apple and Microsoft, the
costs of
which are deducted from their corporate income
taxes;
internet built in part by federal government.
Duplication of
software prohibited by federal copyright laws.
6:00
P.M.
Eat dinner: hamburger and french fries. Meat
inspected for
bacteria by federal agencies.
7:00
P.M.
Work at part-time job at the campus library. Minimum
wage
set by federal, state, or local government.
8:15
P.M.
Go online to check the status of your application for a
federal student loan (FAFSA) on the Department of
Education’s website at studentaid.gov.
10:15
P.M.
Watch TV. Networks regulated by federal government,
cable
public-access channels required by city law. Weather
forecast provided to broadcasters by a federal agency.
Midnight
Put out the trash before going to bed. Trash collected
by city
sanitation department, financed by user charges.
Governments also vary considerably in terms of how
they govern. In the
United States and a number of other nations,
constitutions and other laws
limit what governments can do and how they go about
it. Governments
limited in this way are called liberal or constitutional
governments.
In other nations, including some in Latin America,
Asia, and Africa, the
government recognizes no formal limits, but is
nevertheless kept in check by
other political and social institutions that it cannot
control—such as self-
governing territories, an organized religion, business
organizations, or labor
unions. Such governments are generally called
authoritarian.
In a third group of nations, including the Soviet Union
under Joseph Stalin,
Nazi Germany, and North Korea today, governments
not only lack legal
limits but also try to eliminate institutions that might
challenge their
authority. These governments typically attempt to
control all of a nation’s
political, economic, and social life and, as a result,
are called totalitarian.
Americans have the good fortune to live in a nation in
which limits are placed
on what governments can do and how they can do it.
By one measure, 52
percent of the global population lives in democracies,
but only 14 percent
enjoy true liberal democracy with free and fair
elections, the rule of law, and
constraints on the executive (president or prime
minister); 38 percent live in
more limited democracies.
2
LIMITS ON GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGED
FREEDOM
The founding generation of the young United States
established many of the
principles that would come to define individual liberty
for all citizens—
freedom of speech, of assembly, and of conscience,
as well as freedom from
arbitrary search and seizure. Yet the Founders
generally did not favor
democracy as we know it. They supported property
requirements and other
restrictions for voting and for holding office so as to
limit political
participation to the White middle and upper classes.
Once these institutions
and the right to engage in politics were established,
however, it was difficult
to limit them to the economic elite.

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