NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.

Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information

Endorsed by
Designation: A 194/A 194M – 04a Manufacturers Standardization Society
of the Valve and Fittings Industry
Used in USNRC-RDT Standards

Standard Specification for

Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or
High Temperature Service, or Both1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 194/A 194M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification2 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and 2.1 ASTM Standards: 3
martensitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 through 4 A 153/A 153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
in. and metric M6 through M100 nominal. It also covers Iron and Steel Hardware
austenitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 in. and M6 A 276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
nominal and above. These nuts are intended for high-pressure A 320/A 320M Specification for Alloy-Steel Bolting Ma-
or high-temperature service, or both. Grade substitutions with- terials for Low-Temperature Service
out the purchaser’s permission are not allowed. A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
1.2 Bars from which the nuts are made shall be hot-wrought. of Steel Products
The material may be further processed by centerless grinding A 962/A 962M Specification for Common Requirements
or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution for Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended
annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When annealed and for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep
strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered in accor- Range
dance with Supplementary Requirement S1, the purchaser B 633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc
should take special care to ensure that 8.2.2, Supplementary on Iron and Steel
Requirement S1, and Appendix X1 are thoroughly understood. B 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically
1.3 Supplementary requirements (S1 through S6) of an Deposited on Iron and Steel
optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when B 696 Specification for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically
specified in the inquiry, contract, and order. Deposited
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units B 766 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cad-
and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the mium
applicable“ M” specification designation (SI units), the mate- E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 2.2 American National Standards:4
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units B 1.1 Unified Screw Threads
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the B 1.13M Metric Screw Threads
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each B 18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must B 18.2.4.6M Metric Heavy Hex Nuts
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi- 3. Terminology
cation. 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 Austenitic Grades—All grades with a prefix of “8” or
“9”.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published August 2004. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A 194/A 194M–04. the ASTM website.
2 4
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th
cation SA-194 in Section II of that code. Floor, New York, NY 10036.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
3.1.2 Ferritic Grades—Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, 5. Common Requirements
7M, and 16. 5.1 Material and fasteners supplied to this specification shall
3.1.3 Lot: conform to the requirements of Specification A 962/A 962M.
3.1.3.1 Unless otherwise specified (see 3.1.3.2), a lot is the These requirements include test methods, finish, thread dimen-
quantity of nuts of a single nominal size and grade produced by sions, marking, certification, optional supplementary require-
the same manufacturing process. ments, and others. Failure to comply with the requirements of
3.1.3.2 When Supplementary Requirement S5 is invoked on Specification A 962/A 962M constitutes nonconformance with
the purchase order, the following definitions of a lot shall this specification. In case of conflict between the requirements
apply: of this specification and Specification A 962/A 962M, this
For Grade 8 Nuts—The quantity of all the nuts of a single specification shall prevail.
nominal diameter and grade made from the same heat of steel
and made by the same manufacturing process. 6. Manufacture (Process)
For All Other Grade Nuts (see 8.2 and 8.1.2.1)—All the nuts
of a single nominal diameter and grade made from the same 6.1 Stainless steels for all types of Grade 6 and 8 nuts shall
heat number and heat treated in the same batch if batch-type be made by one of the following processes:
heat treating equipment is used or heat treated in the same 6.1.1 Electric-furnace (with separate degassing and refining
continuous run of not more than 8 h under the same conditions optional),
if continuous-type heat treating equipment is used. 6.1.2 Vacuum induction furnace, or
3.1.4 Type 6.1.3 Either of the above followed by electroslag remelting,
3.1.4.1 For Grade 8 Nuts—Variations within the grade or consumable-arc remelting.
designated by a letter and differentiated by chemistry and by 6.2 The steel producer shall exercise adequate control to
manufacturing process. eliminate excessive unhomogeneity, nonmetallics, pipe, poros-
3.1.4.2 For Grade 6 Nuts—Variations within the grade ity, and other defects.
designated by the letter F as differentiated by chemical addi- 6.3 Grades 1 and 2 nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or shall
tions made for machineability. be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars.
3.1.5 Series—The dimensional relationship and geometry 6.3.1 All Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by cold forging or by
of the nuts as described in ANSI B 18.2.2 or B 18.2.4.6M. machining from cold-drawn bars shall be stress-relief annealed
at a temperature of at least 1000 °F [538 °C].
4. Ordering Information 6.3.2 Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by hot forging or by
4.1 The inquiry and order for material under this specifica- machining from hot-forged or hot-rolled bars need not be given
tion shall include the following as required to describe the any stress relief annealing treatment.
material adequately: 6.4 Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, and 16 nuts shall
4.1.1 Specification designation, year date, and grade, issue be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged,
date and revision letter, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and shall be heat treated to meet
4.1.2 Quantity, number of pieces, the required mechanical properties. These grades shall be
4.1.3 Dimensions (see Section 9), reheated above the critical range of the steel, quenched in a
4.1.4 Options in accordance with 8.2.2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.3, and suitable medium, and then tempered at a temperature not less
12, and than the following:
4.1.5 Supplementary Requirements, if any. Minimum Tempering Temperature, °F
Grade [°C]
4.2 Coatings—Coatings are prohibited unless specified by 2H 850 [455]
the purchaser. Nuts plated with cadmium or zinc shall be 2HM 1150 [620]
marked as stated in 13.2. When coated nuts are ordered, the 3 1050 [565]
4 1100 [595]
purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X2 6 and 6F 1100 [595]
is thoroughly understood. It is the purchaser’s responsibility to 7 1100 [595]
specify in the purchase order all information required by the 7M 1150 [620]
16 1200 [650]
coating facility. Examples of such information may include,
but are not limited to, the following: Nuts machined from bar heat treated in accordance with this
4.2.1 Reference to the appropriate coating specification: specification need not be reheat-treated. For Grade 2HM and
Specifications B 766, B 696, A 153/A 153M, B 695, B 633, or 7M nuts, a final stress relief shall be done at or above the
other specifications as agreed upon by the purchaser and minimum tempering temperature after all forming, machining,
manufacturer. and tapping operations. This final stress relief may be the
4.2.2 Requirements for coating thickness and local or batch tempering operation.
average thickness measurement, or both. 6.4.1 Grade 6 and 6F nuts shall be tempered for a minimum
4.2.3 Requirements for selective plating or coating or modi- of 1 h at the temperature.
fication of dimensions to accommodate coating. 6.5 Grades 8, 8C, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N, 8MN, 8R, 8S, 8LN,
4.2.4 Requirements for hydrogen embrittlement relief. 8MLN, 8MLCuN, and 9C nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or
4.3 See Supplementary Requirement S3 for nuts to be used shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled or cold-drawn
in low temperature applications (Specification A 320/A320M). bars.

2
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
6.6 Grades 8A, 8CA, 8MA, 8TA, 8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA, 8.1.5.1 Special Requirement, Grades 2HM and 7M—
8RA, 8SA, 8LNA, 8MLNA, 8MLCuNA, and 9CA nuts shall Preparation of Grades 2HM and 7M nuts for hardness test and
be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged, the hardness test itself shall be performed with consideration to
hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and the nuts shall subsequently (1) protect legibility of markings; (2) minimize exterior dimen-
be carbide-solution treated by heating them for a sufficient time sional changes; and (3) maintain thread fit.
at a temperature to dissolve chromium carbides followed by 8.2 Proof Load Test:
cooling at a rate sufficient to prevent reprecipitation of the 8.2.1 Requirements—All nuts shall be capable of withstand-
carbides. ing the proof loads specified in Table 3 and Table 4. However,
nuts manufactured to dimensions and configurations other than
7. Chemical Composition those covered by ANSI B 1.1, ANSI B 1.13M, ANSI B 18.2.2,
7.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition and B 18.2.4.6M are not subject to the proof load test.
requirements prescribed in Table 1. 8.2.2 Number of Tests:
8.2.2.1 Tests on the number of sample nuts in accordance
8. Mechanical Requirements with 8.1.2.1 shall be performed by the manufacturer following
8.1 Hardness Test: all production heat treatments except that, unless proof load
8.1.1 Requirements: testing or Supplementary Requirement S1 is specified in the
8.1.1.1 All nuts shall be capable of meeting the hardness order, nuts which would require a proof load in excess of
requirements specified in Table 2. 120 000 lbf or 530 kN may be furnished on the basis of
8.1.1.2 Sample nuts of Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 7, 7M, minimum hardness requirements. Proof load testing of nuts
and 16 which have been given the treatment described in 8.1.5 requiring a proof load of over 120 000 lbf or 530 kN is
shall meet the minimum hardness specified in Table 2. covered in Supplementary Requirement S4.
8.1.2 Number of Tests— (Grades 1, 2, 2H, 3, 4, 7, and 16 8.2.3 Test Method—The test shall be in accordance with
and all types of Grade 6): Annex A3, Paragraph A3.5.1, of Test Methods and Definitions
8.1.2.1 Tests on the number of sample nuts in accordance A 370.
with the following table shall be performed by the manufac- 8.3 Cone Proof Load Test:
turer following all production heat treatments: 8.3.1 Requirements—This test shall be performed only
Lot Size Samples when visible surface discontinuities become a matter of issue
Up to 800 1 between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The requirements
801 to 8000 2
8001 to 22 000 3
specified in Table 5 and Table 6 shall be met for the size
Over 22 000 5 range 1⁄4 to 11⁄2 in. and M6 to M36. Nuts not in this size range
and all types of Grade 8 nuts are not subject to this test. Also,
8.1.2.2 In addition, a hardness test shall be performed by the
nuts manufactured to dimensions and configurations other than
manufacturer in accordance with 8.1.5 on one sample nut
those covered by ANSI B 1.1, ANSI B 1.13M, ANSI B 18.2.2,
selected from each nominal diameter and series from each
and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M are not subject to the cone proof load
grade and heat number following completion of all production
test.
heat treatments.
8.1.3 Number of Tests, Grades 2HM and 7M: 8.3.2 Number of Tests—Sample nuts in accordance with
8.1.3.1 Each nut shall be tested by Brinell or Rockwell 8.1.2.1 shall be tested by the manufacturer.
methods to ensure product conformance.5 8.3.3 Test Method—The test shall consist of assembling a
8.1.3.2 In addition, 8.1.2.2 shall be met. hardened cone (see Fig. 1) and the nut to be tested on a
8.1.4 Number of Tests, All Types of Grade 8—Tests on the hardened steel mandrel, and applying the proof load specified
number of sample nuts in accordance with 8.1.2.1 shall be in Table 5 and Table 6. The mandrel shall conform to the
performed by the manufacturer. requirements of Annex A3, Paragraph A3.5.1 of Test Methods
8.1.5 Test 2—In addition to the testing required by 8.1.2.1 and Definitions A 370 except that the threads shall be in
the manufacturer shall also perform hardness tests on sample accordance with ANSI B 1.1 of the appropriate thread series,
nuts after the following test heat treatment. After completion of Class 3A fit or ANSI B 1.13M of the appropriate thread pitch,
all production heat treatments heat the specimen nuts to the tolerance 4H. The hardened cone shall be as described in Fig.
temperatures indicated below for 24 h, then slow cool. Test at 2. The lot shall be considered acceptable if the sample nut
room temperature. withstands application of the proof load without failure.
Temperature,
Grade °F [°C] 9. Dimensions
1 850 [455]
2, 2H, 2HM 1000 [540] 9.1 Nuts shall be hexagonal in shape, and in accordance
3, 4, 7, 7M 1100 [590] with the dimensions for the hex or heavy hex series, as
16 1200 [650] required, by ANSI B 18.2.2 and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M. Unless
otherwise specified, the American National Standard Heavy
Hex Series shall be used and nuts shall be either double
chamfered or have a machined or forged washer face, at the
5
An underline as a marking requirement for grades 2HM and 7M has been option of the manufacturer, and, conform to the angularity
removed but is permitted. requirements of ANSI B 18.2.2 and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M.

3
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsA,B,C
Colum-
Chromium, Molyb- Tita- Other
Grade UNS Carbon, Manganese, Phosphorus, Sulfur,D Silicon, Nickel, bium and Nitrogen,
Material denum, nium, Elements,
Symbol Number % % % % % % Tanta- %
% % % %
lum, %
1 carbon 0.15 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2, 2HM, carbon 0.40 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
and 2H
4 carbon, 0.40–0.50 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 . . . ... 0.20–0.30 . . . ... ... ...
molyb-
denum
3 Type 501 0.10 min 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 4.0–6.0 ... 0.40–0.65 . . . ... ... ...
6 Type 410 S41000 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
6F Type 416 S41600 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.15 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
min
6F Type S41623 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.060 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... Selenium,
416Se 0.15 min
7, 7M Type 0.37–0.49 0.65–1.10 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.75–1.20 ... 0.15–0.25 . . . ... ... ...
4140/
4142/
4145,
4140H,
4142H,
4145H
8, 8A Type 304 S30400 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... ... ...
8C, 8CA Type 347 S34700 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 ... ... 10 x ... ...
carbon
content,
min
8M, 8MA Type 316 S31600 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... ... ...
8T, 8TA Type 321 S32100 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 . . . 5x ... ... ...
(C+N)
min -
0.70
max
8F, 8FA Type 303 S30300 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . ... ... ... ...
min
8F, 8FA Type S30323 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.06 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 ... ... ... Selenium,
303Se 0.15 min
8P, 8PA Type 305 S30500 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 11.0–13.0 . . . ... ... ... ...
with
restricted
carbon
8N, 8NA Type S30451 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16
304N
8LN, Type S30453 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16
8LNA 304LN
8MN, Type S31651 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16
8MNA 316N
8MLN, Type S31653 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16
8MLNA 316LN
8R, 8RAE XM19 S20910 0.06 4.0–6.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 20.5–23.5 11.5–13.5 1.50–3.00 . . . 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.40 Vanadium,
0.10–0.30
8S, 8SA S21800 0.10 7.0–9.0 0.060 0.030 3.5–4.5 16.0–18.0 8.0–9.0 ... ... ... 0.08–0.18
8MLCuN, S31254 S31254 0.020 1.00 0.030 0.010 0.80 19.5–20.5 17.5–18.5 6.0–6.5 ... ... 0.18–0.22 Copper,
8MLCuNA 0.50–1.00
9C, 9CA N08367 N08367 0.030 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 20.0-22.0 23.5- 25.5 6.0-7.0 0.18-0.25 Copper
0.75
16 Chromium 0.36–0.47 0.45–0.70 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.80–1.15 ... 0.50–0.65 . . . ... ... Vanadium,
Molyb- 0.25–0.35
denum AluminumB
Vanadium 0.015
A
The intentional addition of Bl, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted except for Grades 6F, 8F, and 8FA, in which Se is specified and required.
B
Total aluminum, soluble and insoluble.
C
Maximum, unless minimum or range is indicated.
D
Because of the degree to which sulfur segregates, product analysis for sulfur over 0.060 % max is not technologically appropriate.
E
As described in Specification A 276.

4
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
TABLE 2 Hardness Requirements
Completed Nuts Sample Nut after Treatment as in 8.1.5

Grade and Type Brinell Rockwell Hardness Brinell Rockwell

Hardness Hardness, Hardness B
C Scale B Scale min Scale, min
1 121 min ... 70 min 121 70
2 159 to 352 ... 84 min 159 84
2H 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 179 89
To 11⁄2 in. or M36, incl 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 179 89
Over 11⁄2 in. or M36 212 to 327 35 max 95 min 147 79
2HM and 7M 159 to 235 ... 84 to 99 159 84
3, 4, 7, and 16 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 201 94
6 and 6F 228 to 271 20 to 28 ... ... ...
8, 8C, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N, 126 to 300 ... 60 to 105 ... ...
8MN, 8LN, 8MLN, 8MLCuN, 126 to 300 ... 60 to 105 ... ...
and 9C
8A, 8CA, 8MA, 8TA, 126 to 192 ... 60 to 90 ... ...
8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA, 126 to 192 ... 60 to 90 ... ...
8LNA, 8MLNA, and 126 to 192 ... 60 to 90 ... ...
8MLCuNA
8R, 8RA, 8S, and 8SA 183 to 271 B 88 to C 25 ... ... ...
9C, 9CA 126 to 192 ... 60 to 90 ... ...

9.2 Unless otherwise specified, threads shall be in accor- Steels Only), mechanical tests, and the minimum tempering
dance with ANSI B 1.1 or ANSI B 1.13M, and shall be gaged temperature for nuts of Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, and
in accordance with ANSI B 1.2 and ANSI B 1.13M as 7M.
described in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2. 12.2 Certification shall also include at least the following:
9.2.1 Nuts up to and including 1 in. nominal size shall be 12.2.1 A statement that the fasteners were manufactured,
UNC Series Class 2B fit. Metric nuts up to and including M24 sampled, tested and inspected in accordance with the specifi-
nominal size shall be coarse thread series tolerance 6H. cation and any supplementary requirements or other require-
9.2.2 Nuts over 1 in. nominal size shall be either UNC ments designated in the purchase order or contract and was
Series Class 2B fit or 8 UN Series Class 2B fit. Unless found to meet those requirements.
otherwise specified, the 8 UN series shall be furnished. Metric 12.2.2 The specification number, year date, and identifica-
nuts over M24 nominal size shall be coarse thread series tion symbol.
tolerance 6H.
13. Product Marking
10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
13.1 All nuts shall bear the manufacturer’s identification
10.1 Nuts shall be free of defects and shall be good
mark.
commercial finish.
13.2 Nuts shall be legibly marked on one face to indicate the
10.2 If visible surface imperfections in size 1⁄4 through 11⁄2
grade and process of the manufacturer, as presented in Table 7.
in. and M6 through M36 and in any grade other than Grade 8
Marking of wrench flats or bearing surfaces is not permitted
become a matter of issue between the manufacturer and the
unless agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser. Nuts
purchaser, the cone proof load test described in 8.3 shall be
coated with zinc shall have an asterisk (*) marked after the
employed.
grade symbol. Nuts coated with cadmium shall have a plus sign
10.3 If a scale-free bright finish is required, this shall be
(+) marked after the grade symbol.
specified on the purchase order.
13.3 For purposes of identification marking, the manufac-
11. Retests turer is considered the organization that certifies the fastener
11.1 Provisions for retests by the purchaser and his repre- was manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accor-
sentative are specified in Supplementary Requirement S2. dance with the specification and the results have been deter-
mined to meet the requirements of this specification.
12. Certification
12.1 The producer of nuts shall furnish a certification to the 14. Keywords
purchaser or his representative showing the results of the 14.1 bolting; chemical analysis; coated; marking on fasten-
chemical analysis, macroetch examination (Carbon and Alloy ers; plated

5
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
TABLE 3 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel — Inch Series
NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.
Proof Load, lbfA
Nominal Threads Stress Area
Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Size, in. per Inch in.2
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexG
⁄
14 20 0.0316 4 130 3 820 4 770 4 300 5 570 4 770
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 6 810 6 290 7 860 7 070 9 170 7 860
3⁄8 16 0.0774 10 080 9 300 11 620 10 460 13 560 11 620
7⁄16 14 0.1063 13 820 12 760 15 940 14 350 18 600 15 940
1⁄2 13 0.1419 18 450 17 030 21 280 19 160 24 830 21 280

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 23 660 21 840 27 300 24 570 31 850 27 300
⁄
58 11 0.226 29 380 27 120 33 900 30 510 39 550 33 900
3⁄4 10 0.334 43 420 40 080 50 100 45 090 58 450 50 100
7⁄8 9 0.462 60 060 55 440 69 300 62 370 80 850 69 300
1 8 0.606 78 780 72 720 90 900 81 810 106 000 90 900

1 1⁄ 8 8 0.790 102 700 94 800 118 500 106 700 138 200 118 500
1 1⁄ 4 8 1.000 130 000 120 000 150 000 135 000 175 000 150 000
1 3⁄ 8 8 1.233 160 200 148 000 185 000 166 500 215 800 185 000
1 1⁄ 2 8 1.492 194 000 170 040 223 800 201 400 261 100 223 800

All Types of Grade 8, Grades 9C and 9CA

Heavy HexH HexI
14 ⁄ 20 0.0316 2 540 2 380
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 4 190 3 930
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 6 200 5 810
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 8 500 7 970
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 11 350 10 640

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 14 560 13 650
58⁄ 11 0.226 18 080 16 950
3 ⁄4 10 0.334 26 720 25 050
7 ⁄8 9 0.462 36 960 34 650
1 8 0.606 48 480 45 450

1 1 ⁄8 8 0.790 63 200 59 250

1 1 ⁄4 8 1.000 80 000 75 000
1 3 ⁄8 8 1.233 98 640 92 450
1 1 ⁄2 8 1.492 119 360 111 900
A
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
Based on proof stress of 130 000 psi.
C
Based on proof stress of 120 000 psi.
D
Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi.
E
Based on proof stress of 135 000 psi.
F
Based on proof stress of 175 000 psi.
G
Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi.
H
Based on proof stress of 80 000 psi.
I
Based on proof stress of 75 000 psi.

6
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
TABLE 4 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel — Metric
NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.
Proof Load, kNA
Nominal
Threads Stress Area
Size, Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Pitch mm2
mm
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexG
M6 1.0 20.1 18.0 16.6 20.8 18.7 29.2 20.8
M8 1.25 36.6 32.8 30.2 37.9 34.0 44.1 37.9
M10 1.50 58.0 51.9 47.9 60.0 53.9 69.9 60.0
M12 1.75 84.3 75.5 69.5 87.3 78.4 101.6 87.3
M14 2.0 115.0 102.9 94.9 119.0 107.0 138.6 119.0
M16 2.0 157.0 140.5 129.5 162.5 146.0 189.2 162.5
M20 2.5 245.0 219.3 202.1 253.6 227.8 295.2 253.6
M22 2.5 303.0 271.2 249.9 313.6 281.8 365.1 313.6
M24 3.0 353.0 315.9 291.2 365.4 328.3 425.4 365.4
M27 3.0 459.0 411.0 378.7 475.1 426.9 553.4 475.1
M30 3.5 561.0 502.1 462.8 580.6 521.7 676.0 580.6
M36 4.0 817.0 731.2 674.0 845.6 759.8 984.5 845.6

All Types of Grade 8, and

Grades 9C and 9CA
Nominal Size, mm Thread Pitch Stress Heavy HexH HexI
Area,
mm2
M6 1.0 20.1 11.1 10.4
M8 1.25 36.6 20.1 18.8
M10 1.50 58.0 31.9 29.9
M12 1.75 84.3 46.4 43.4
M14 2.0 115.0 63.3 59.2
M16 2.0 157.0 86.4 80.9
M20 2.5 245.0 134.8 126.2
M22 2.5 303.0 166.7 156.0
M24 3.0 353.0 194.2 181.8
M27 3.0 459.0 252.5 236.4
M30 3.5 561.0 308.6 288.9
M36 4.0 817.0 449.4 420.8
A
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
Based on proof stress of 895 MPa.
C
Based on proof stress of 825 MPa.
D
Based on proof stress of 1035 MPa.
E
Based on proof stress of 930 MPa.
F
Based on proof stress of 1205 MPa.
G
Based on proof stress of 1035 MPa.
H
Based on proof stress of 550 MPa.
I
Based on proof stress of 515 MPa.

7
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
TABLE 5 Proof Load Using 120° Hardened Steel Cone — InchA
Proof Load, lbf
Nominal Threads Stress Area
Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Size, in. per Inch in.2
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexD
14 ⁄ 20 0.0318 3 800 3 550 4 400 4 000 5 150 4 400
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 6 150 5 700 7 100 6 400 8 300 7 100
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 8 950 8 250 10 300 9 300 12 000 10 300
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 12 000 11 100 13 850 12 450 16 150 13 850
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 15 700 14 500 18 100 16 300 21 100 18 100
⁄
9 16 12 0.182 19 650 18 150 22 700 20 400 26 500 22 700
⁄
58 11 0.226 23 900 22 050 27 550 24 800 32 150 27 550
⁄
34 10 0.334 33 650 31 050 38 850 34 950 45 300 38 850
7 ⁄8 9 0.462 44 300 40 900 51 100 46 600 59 650 51 100
1 8 0.606 55 150 50 900 63 650 57 300 74 250 63 650
1 1⁄8 8 0.790 68 000 62 800 78 500 70 650 91 600 78 500
1 1⁄4 8 1.000 81 250 75 000 93 750 84 400 109 350 93 750
1 3⁄8 8 1.233 94 250 86 950 108 750 97 800 126 850 108 750
1 1⁄2 8 1.492 106 700 98 500 123 100 110 800 143 600 123 100
A
Based upon the following equation (this equation cannot be used for extrapolating values beyond the size ranges listed in this table):
CPL 5 ~1 2 0.30D! 3 f 3 As

where:
CPL = cone stripping proof load lbf,
D = nominal diameter of nut, in.,
f = minimum proof stress of nut, psi; see footnote b, c, d, e, and f,
As = tensile stress area of nut, in.2 = 0.7854 [D - 0.9743/n]2, and
n = threads per inch.
B
Based on proof stress of 130 000 psi.
C
Based on proof stress of 120 000 psi.
D
Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi.
E
Based on proof stress of 135 000 psi.
F
Based on proof stress of 175 000 psi.

TABLE 6 Proof Load Using 120° Hardened Steel Cone — MetricA

Proof Load, kN
Nominal Thread Stress Area
Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Size, mm Pitch mm2
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexD
M6 1.0 20.1 16.9 15.4 19.3 17.3 22.5 19.3
M8 1.25 36.6 29.6 27.3 34.2 30.8 39.9 34.2
M10 1.50 58.0 45.7 42.1 52.8 47.5 61.5 52.8
M12 1.75 84.3 64.6 59.5 74.7 67.1 86.9 74.7
M14 2.0 115.0 85.6 78.9 99.0 88.9 115.3 99.0
M16 2.0 157.0 113.5 104.7 131.2 118.0 152.9 131.2
M20 2.5 245.0 166.6 153.6 192.7 173.2 224.4 192.7
M22 2.5 303.0 199.6 183.9 230.8 207.4 268.7 230.8
M24 3.0 353.0 224.9 207.4 260.1 233.7 302.9 260.1
M27 3.0 459.0 277.7 256.0 321.1 288.6 373.9 321.1
M30 3.5 561.0 321.3 296.2 371.6 334.0 432.6 371.6
M36 4.0 817.0 415.3 382.8 480.3 431.6 559.2 480.3
A
Based upon the following equation (this equation cannot be used for extrapolating values beyond the size ranges listed in this table):
CPL 5 ~1 2 0.012D! 3 f 3 As 3 0.001

where:
CPL = cone stripping proof load lbf [kN],
D = nominal diameter of nut, in. [mm],
f = minimum proof stress of nut, psi [MPa]; see footnote b, c, d, e, and f,
As = tensile stress area of nut, mm2 = 0.7854 [D - 0.9382P]2, and
n = thread pitch, mm.
B
Based on proof stress of 895 MPa.
C
Based on proof stress of 825 MPa.
D
Based on proof stress of 1035 MPa.
E
Based on proof stress of 930 MPa.
F
Based on proof stress of 1205 MPa.

8
 A 194/A 194M – 04a

FIG. 1 Application of Hardened Steel Cone to Testing of Nuts

FIG. 2 Hardened Steel Cone

TABLE 7 Marking of Nuts

Nuts Hot- Nuts Machined Nuts Manu-
Grade and Forged or from Bar factured in
Type Cold- Stock Accordance
Punched with 6.6
1 1 1B ...
2 2 2B ...
2HA 2H 2HB ...
2HMA 2HM 2HMB ...
3 3 3B ...
4 4 4B ...
4LB 4L 4BL ...
6 6 6B ...
6F 6F 6FB ...
7 7 7B ...
7LB 7L 7BL ...
7MA 7M 7MB ...
8 8 8B 8A
8C 8C 8CB 8CA
8M 8M 8MB 8MA
8T 8T 8TB 8TA
8F 8F 8FB 8FA
8P 8P 8PB 8PA
8N 8N 8NB 8NA
8MN 8MN 8MNB 8MNA
8R 8R 8RB 8RA
8S 8S 8SB 8SA
8LN 8LN 8LNB 8LNA
8MLN 8MLN 8MLNB 8MLNA
8MLCuN 8MLCuN 8MLCuNB 8MLCuNA
9C 9C 9CB 9CA
16 16 16B
A
The letters H and M indicate heat-treated nuts (see Section 6).
B
See Supplementary Requirement S3.

9
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by
the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be
agreed upon in writing by the manufacturer and purchaser. Supplementary requirements shall in no
way negate any requirement of the specification itself.

S1. Strain-Hardened Austenitic Steel Nuts Grade L7 shall apply. When low-temperature requirements are
S1.1 Strain hardened Grades 8, 8C, 8T, 8M, 8F, 8P, 8N, or specified for Grade 7M nuts, the Charpy test procedures and
8MN nuts may be specified. When Supplementary Require- requirements as defined in Specification A 320/A 320M for
ment S1 is invoked in the order, nuts shall be machined from Grade L7M shall apply. Depending on the size of nuts, separate
cold drawn bars or shall be cold forged to shape. No subse- test samples of the same heat may be required and shall be
quent heat treatment shall be performed on the nuts. Nuts made processed through heat treatment with the nuts for which the
in accordance with this requirement shall be proof load tested test is to apply. Impact testing is not required when the bar
in accordance with 8.2.2.1 and shall withstand the proof load stock or nut is smaller than 5⁄8 in. in diameter or 16M in
specified in Table 8 and Table 9. For nuts requiring proof loads diameter.
over 120 000 lbf or 530 kN, Supplementary Requirement S4 is S3.2 An“ L” shall be added to the marking, as shown in
invoked. The hardness limits of Table 2 do not apply to strain Table 7, for nuts so tested.
hardened nuts. Nuts made in accordance with this requirement
shall be marked with the Grade symbol underlined. S4. Proof Load Tests of Large Nuts
S4.1 Proof load testing of nuts requiring proof loads of over
S2. Retests by Purchaser’s Representative 120 000 lbf or 530 kN may be required. When specified, the
S2.1 The purchaser’s representative may select two nuts per test is to be performed in accordance with 8.2 to the loads
keg (200-lb unit [90-kg]) for sizes 5⁄8 in. and M16 and smaller, required by Table 10 and Table 11. The maximum load will be
one nut per keg for sizes over 5⁄8 in. and M16 up to and based entirely on the equipment available.
including 11⁄2 in. and M36, and one nut per every two kegs for
sizes larger than 11⁄2 in. and M36, which shall be subjected to S5. Control of Product by Heat Number
the tests specified in Section 8. S5.1 When control of nuts by actual heat analysis is
required and this supplementary requirement is specified, the
S3. Low-Temperature Requirements for Grade 4, Grade manufacturer shall identify the completed nuts in each ship-
7 or Grade 7M Nuts ment by the actual heat number. When this supplementary
S3.1 When low-temperature requirements are specified for requirement is specified, a certificate including the results of
Grade 4 or Grade 7 nuts, the Charpy test procedures and the actual production tests of each test lot together with the heat
requirements as defined in Specification A 320/A 320M for chemical analysis shall be furnished by the manufacturer.

TABLE 8 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel — Inch Series
NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.
Proof Load, lbfA
All Other Types All Other Types
Nominal Threads Stress Area, Grade 8M Grade 8M
of Grade 8 of Grade 8
Size, in. per in. in.2 (strain hardened) (strain hardened)
(strain hardened) (strain hardened)
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexB
14 ⁄ 20 0.0316 3 480 3 160 3 950 3 480
⁄
5 16 18 0.0523 5 760 5 240 6 550 5 760
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 8 510 7 740 9 675 8 510
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 11 690 10 630 13 290 11 690
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 15 610 14 190 17 740 15 610

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 20 020 18 200 22 750 20 020
58⁄ 11 0.226 24 860 22 600 28 250 24 860
3 ⁄4 10 0.334 36 740 33 400 41 750 36 740
7 ⁄8 9 0.462 46 200 41 580 53 130 46 200
1 8 0.606 60 600 54 540 69 690 60 600

1 1⁄8 8 0.790 75 050 67 150 82 950 75 050

1 1⁄4 8 1.000 95 000 85 000 105 000 95 000
1 3⁄8 8 1.233 110 970 98 640 123 300 110 970
1 1⁄2 8 1.492 134 280 119 360 149 200 134 280
A
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
B
Based on proof stress of 110 000 psi up to 3⁄4 in.; 100 000 psi 7⁄8 to 1 in.; 95 000 psi 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 in.; 90 000 psi 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 in.
C
Based on proof stress of 100 000 psi up to 3⁄4 in.; 90 000 psi 7⁄8 to 1 in.; 85 000 psi 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 in.; 80 000 psi 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 in.
D
Based on proof stress of 125 000 psi up to 3⁄4 in.; 115 000 psi 7⁄8 to 1 in.; 105 000 psi 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 in.; 100 000 psi 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 in.

10
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
TABLE 9 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel — Metric
NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.
Proof Load, kNA
All Other Types All Other Types
Nominal Thread Stress Area, Grade 8M Grade 8M
of Grade 8 of Grade 8
Size, mm Pitch mm2 (strain hardened) (strain hardened)
(strain hardened) (strain hardened)
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexB
M6 1.0 20.1 15.3 13.9 17.3 15.3
M8 1.25 36.6 27.8 25.3 31.3 27.8
M10 1.50 58.0 44.1 40.0 49.9 44.1
M12 1.75 84.3 64.1 58.2 72.5 64.1
M14 2.0 115.0 87.4 79.4 98.9 87.4
M16 2.0 157.0 119.3 108.3 135.0 119.3
M20 2.5 245.0 186.2 169.0 210.9 186.2
M22 2.5 303.0 209.0 187.9 240.9 209.0
M24 3.0 353.0 243.5 218.9 280.6 243.5
M27 3.0 459.0 300.6 268.5 332.7 300.6
M30 3.5 561.0 367.5 328.2 406.7 367.5
M36 4.0 817.0 506.5 449.4 563.7 506.5
A
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
B
Based on proof stress of 760 MPa up to M20 mm; 690 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 655 MPa M27 to M30; and 620 MPa for M36.
C
Based on proof stress of 690 MPa up to M20 mm; 620 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 585 MPa M27 to M30; and 550 MPa for M36.
D
Based on proof stress of 860 MPa up to M20 mm; 795 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 725 MPa M27 to M30 mm; and 690 MPa for M36.

TABLE 10 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts — InchA

Proof Load, lbfB
Nominal Threads Stress Area,
Size, in. per in. in.2 Grades 2, 6, 6F Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Grade 1 Heavy Hex
Heavy Hex Heavy Hex
1 5⁄ 8 8 1.78 231 400 267 000 311 500
1 3⁄ 4 8 2.08 270 400 312 000 364 000
1 7⁄ 8 8 2.41 313 300 361 500 421 800
2 8 2.77 360 100 415 500 484 800
2 1⁄ 4 8 3.56 462 800 534 000 623 000
2 1⁄ 2 8 4.44 577 200 666 000 777 000
2 3⁄ 4 8 5.43 705 900 814 500 950 250
A
ANSI B18.2.2 in the size range over 11⁄2 in. provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 8.3.1.
B
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table
3 or Table 8. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.

TABLE 11 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts — MetricA

Nominal Proof Load, kNB
Thread Stress Area,
Size, Grades 2, 6, 6F Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Pitch mm2 Grade 1 Heavy Hex
mm Heavy Hex Heavy Hex
M42 4.5 1120 1002.4 1159.2 1771.4
M48 5 1470 1315.7 1521.4 1771.4
M56 5.5 2030 1816.9 2101.0 2446.2
M64 6 2680 2398.6 2773.8 3229.4
M72 6 3460 3096.7 3581.1 4169.3
A
ANSI B 18.2.4.6M in the size range over M36 provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 7.3.1.
B
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table
3 or Table 8. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.

S6. Grain Size Requirements for Non H Grade determined in accordance with Test Methods E 112. The grain
Austenitic Steels Used Above 1000 °F size so determined shall be reported on the Certificate of Test.
S6.1 For design metal temperatures above 1000 °F [540
°C], the material shall have a grain size of No. 7 or coarser as

11
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS

X1.1 Strain hardening is the increase in strength and section reduction, die angle and bar size. In large diameter bars,
hardness that results from plastic deformation below the for example, plastic deformation will occur principally in the
recrystallization temperature (cold work). This effect is pro- outer regions of the bar, so that the increased strength and
duced in austenitic stainless steels by reducing oversized bars hardness due to strain hardening is achieved predominantly
to the desired final size by cold drawing or other process. The near the surface of the bar. That is, the smaller the bar, the
degree of strain hardening achievable in any alloy is limited by greater the penetration of strain hardening. Thus, the mechani-
its strain hardening characteristics. In addition, the amount of cal properties of a given strain hardened fastener are dependent
strain hardening that can be produced is further limited by the not just on the alloy, but also on the size of bar from which it
variables of the process, such as the total amount of cross- is machined.

X2. COATINGS AND APPLICATION LIMITS

X2.1 Use of coated fasteners at temperatures above ap- 780 °F [415 °C]. Therefore, application of zinc coated fasteners
proximately one-half the melting point (Fahrenheit or Celsius) should be limited to temperatures less than 390 °F [210 °C].
of the coating is not recommended unless consideration is The melting point of cadmium is approximately 600 °F [320
given to the potential for liquid and solid metal embrittlement, °C]. Therefore, application of cadmium coated fasteners should
or both. The melting point of elemental zinc is approximately be limited to temperatures less than 300 °F [160 °C].

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 194/A 194M – 04, which may impact the use of this specification. (Approved July 1, 2004)

(1) Added the heading “Type” to 3.1.4. (2) Added new Section 7, Chemical Composition.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 194/A 194M – 03b, which may impact the use of this specification. (Approved January 1, 2004)

(1) Revised 7.1.3 and Table 2 hardness and marking for Grades
2HM and 7M.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 194/A 194M – 03a, which may impact the use of this specification. (Approved October 28, 2003)

(1) Clarified Impact test requirements in S3.1.

(2) Changed maximum hardness of Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, and 16
in Table 2.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 194/A 194M – 03, which may impact the use of this specification. (Approved May 10, 2003)

(1) Added Grade L7M to Supplementary section S3.

12
 A 194/A 194M – 04a
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).

13