Experimentation Report Network Theorems

UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Dept of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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Practical Report

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Details:

Experiment:

Workshop:
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107- Network Theorems

Electrical Power and Machines Laboratory

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Date:
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Programme: BEng (Hons) Mechatronics Level 1

Module: Electrical Technology (ELEC 1033)

Names: POORUN Rishikesh 1011608

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PIRTHEE Medha 1016737

Date Submitted: 29.10.10

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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

Experiment 107: Network Theorems

Introduction:

(a) Superposition Theorem

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The superposition theorem states that in a linear circuit with several sources, the
current and voltage for any element in the circuit is the sum of the currents and voltages
produced by each source acting independently. To calculate the contribution of each
source independently, all the other sources must be removed and replaced without
affecting the final result. When removing a voltage source, its voltage must be set to
zero, which is equivalent to replacing the voltage source with a short circuit. When

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removing a current source, its current must be set to zero, which is equivalent to
replacing the current source with an open circuit. When you sum the contributions from
the sources, you should be careful to take their signs into account. It is best to assign a
reference direction to each unknown quantity, if it is not already given. The total voltage
or current is calculated as the algebraic sum of the contributions from the sources. If a

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contribution from a source has the same direction as the reference direction, it has a
positive sign in the sum; if it has the opposite direction, then a negative sign.

In order to use the superposition theorem with circuit currents and voltages, all of the
components must be linear; that is, for all resistive components, the current must be
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proportional to the applied voltage

The principle consists of:

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(i) Measuring the current (I) due to two different d.c sources.
(ii) Measuring current (I1 and I20 due to each source separately, the other source being
removed from the circuit and replaced by its internal resistance. In the circuit board
it is assumed that the internal resistance of the power supplies is negligible
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compared to resistance values in the circuit.

(b) Thevenin's Theorem

Thevenin's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how
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complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source and series resistance
connected to a load. The qualification of “linear” is identical to that found in the
Superposition Theorem, where all the underlying equations must be linear (no exponents
or roots). If we're dealing with passive components (such as resistors, and later, inductors
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and capacitors), this is true. However, there are some components (especially certain gas-
discharge and semiconductor components) which are nonlinear: that is, their opposition to
current changes with voltage and/or current. As such, we would call circuits containing
these types of components, nonlinear circuits.

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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

Experiment

Objective: To verify two fundamental network theorems,

1. Superposition
2. Thevenin

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Equipments: circuit board, digital meter, two d.c sources

Part 1: Superposition Theorem

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Procedure:

1. The circuit is set up as shown below.

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2. Using the digital multimeter set as a voltmeter the d.c sources are adjusted
to values shown in the circuit diagram.
3. The sources are switched off and the d.c supplies are connected with
correct polarity to the circuit board.
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4. The multimeter is set as ammeter and connected to measure the current
in branch in BE.
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5. Both supplies are switched on and the current (I) noted.
6. Both supplies are disconnected. With source V2 removed, terminals C and
D are linked.
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7. Source V1 is connected and the current I1 is noted.

8. Sourced V1 is disconnected and the link CD removed. Terminals A and F are
linked.
9. Source V2 is connected and current I2 noted.
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10.The results were recorded in table 1.

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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

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Part 2: Thevenin Theorem

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Procedure:
1. The circuit is set up as shown below.

connected to RL (2.2 KΩ).

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2. The digital meter is set as voltmeter and the DC source is adjusted to 15V.
3. With the supply switch off, the digital meter, set as milliammeter, was

4. The supply was switched on and the current through RL (IL) was measured.
5. The value was recorded.
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6. RL was changed to 1.0 KΩ and the current IL was noted.
7. With the supply disconnected and the milliammeter removed, terminals A
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and B were linked on the board.
8. The resistance (Rac) across terminals a and c was measured using the digital
meter set as ohmmeter.
9. The measured values were recorded in table 2.
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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

Result:

Table 1: Superposition Theorem

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Measured current / mA

With both supplies (I) 0.72

With V1 only (I1) 0.39

With V2 only (I2) 0.31

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Table 2: Thevenin’s Theorem

Quantity
Rac
Vac
IL with RL = 2.2 KΩ
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Measured
3.38
0.47
0.07
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IL with RL = 1.0 KΩ 0.09
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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

Results and Calculations

1: Superposition Theorem
(i) Due to both sources

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-12 + 10I1 +10(I1 – I2) =0

20I1 – 10I2 = 12____(1)

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10(I2 – I1) + 10I2 +10 = 0

-10I1 + 20I2 = -10 ___(2)

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Solving (1) and (2), we get I1 = 7/15A and I2 = -4/15A
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Thus, I = 7/15 + 4/15

= 11/15A
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= 0.73A

(ii) Short circuiting the 10V supply (V1),

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Reff = 10 + (1/10+1/10)-1
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= 15 k

I = 12/15

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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

= 0.8 mA

I1 = 10/20 × 0.8

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= 0.4 mA

(iii) Short circuiting the 12V supply (V2),

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Reff = 10 + (1/10+1/10)-1

= 15 k

I = 10/15mA = 2/3mA

I2 = 10/20 × 2/3 C
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= 1/3 mA

= 0.33 mA
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Note, I = I1 + I2
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= 0.4 + 0.33

= 0.73 mA

Measured current / mA Calculated current / mA

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With both supplies (I) 0.72 0.733

With V1 only (I1) 0.39 0.400
With V2 only (I2) 0.32 0.333
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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

2: Thevenin Theorem

10k b

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2.2k 4.7k
I2
15 V
+ A
I1 a
ETh
c
- B

1k 5.1k

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d

Using Mesh Analysis,

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Considering loop AbadBA,

-15 + 10k (I1) + 2.2k ( I1- I2) + 1k (I1- I2) = 0

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13.2k (I1) – 3.2k (I2) = 15 -------- (1)
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Considering loop bcdab,

4.7k (I2) + 5.1 k (I2) + 1k (I2 – I1) + 2.2 (I2 – I1) = 0

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-3.2 k (I1) + 13 (I2) = 0 -------- (2)

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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

Using Cramer’s Rule,

13.2k -3.2k I1 15

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-3.2k 13.0k I2 0

13.2k -3.2k

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v=

-3.2k 13.0k

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= (13.2 E+3 * 13.0 E+3) – (-3.2 E+3 * -3.2 E+3)
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= 161.36 E+6
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15 -3.2k

I1=
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0 13.0k

____________

∆v
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= 1.208 mA
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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

13.2k 15

I2 = -3.2 k 0

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___________

∆v

= 0.297mA

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Considering the loop bcab, C
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b
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2.2k
4.7k

a c
ETh
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4.7k (I2) + ETh – 2.2k (I1– I2) = 0

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ETh = 2.2E+3 * (1.208E-3 – 0.297E-3) - (4.7E+3 * 0.297E -3)

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ETh = 0.608 V.

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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

Using the Delta- Star transformation, Fig 5 can be redrawn as shown below

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b

R2 = 5000/3 Ω
4.7k

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a c

R3 = 25000/33 Ω 5.1k

R1 = Rab* Rad = Cd

( 2.2E+3) * (1E+3_)______ = 500/3 Ω

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Ra+Rb+Rc (2.2E+3) + (1E+3) + (10E+3)
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R2 = Rba* Rbd = ( 2.2E+3 )* (10E+3 ) = 5000/3 Ω

Ra+Rb+Rc 13200
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R3 = Rda* Rdb = (1E+3)* (10E+3 ) = 25000/33 Ω

Ra+Rb+Rc 13200
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Rac = RTh = R1 + ( R2 + 4.7E+3) //( 25000/33 + 5.1E+3)

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Rac = 3.4kΩ

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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

Current IL passing through the digital meter when RL = 2.2 kΩ,

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IL = ETh / (Rac+ RL)

= 0.608 / (3.4E+3 +2.2E+3)

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= 0.109 mA.

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Current IL passing through the digital meter when RL = 1 kΩ,

IL = 0.608 / (3.4E+3 + 1E+3)

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= 0.138 mA.
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Quantity Measured Calculated

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Rac 3.38 3.4

Vac 0.471 0.608
IL with RL = 2.2 KΩ 0.10 0.109
IL with RL = 1.0 KΩ 0.12 0.138
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Experimentation Report Network Theorems

Conclusion:

1) According to values from table 1, calculated and measured values for superposition
theorem are mostly the same.

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However, corresponding values in table 2 differslightly. Taking Rac = 3.22 kΩ and using Vac
= 0.48 V, calculated values of IL will be almost same as measured value. This deviation of Vac
from its true value may be accounted due to a change in emf of voltage source or a loose
connection.

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2) It must be noted, though, that the Superposition Theorem works only for circuits that are
reducible to series/parallel combinations for each of the power sources at a time (thus, this
theorem is not suitable for analyzing an unbalanced bridge circuit), and it only works where
the underlying equations are linear (no mathematical powers or roots). The requisite of

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linearity means that Superposition Theorem is only applicable for determining voltage and
current, and not power. Power dissipations, being nonlinear functions; do not algebraically
add to an accurate total when only one source is considered at a time.
The voltage and current figures for the Thevenin series resistance and the Thevenin
source (total) do not apply to any component in the original, complex circuit. Thevenin's
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Theorem is only useful for determining what happens to a single resistor in a network: the
load.
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