Class 6 Physics Betoppers Iit Neet Foundation Series 2022 Edition - Compress

IIT FOUNDATION
Class VI
PHYSICS
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PREFACE
Our sincere endeavour in preparing this Book is to enable students effectively grasp & understand the Concepts of
Physics and help them build a strong foundation in this Subject.
From among hundreds of questions being made available in this Book, the Student would be able to extensively practice
in each concept exclusively, throughout that Chapter. At the end of each Chapter, two or three Worksheets are provided
with questions which shall cover the entire Chapter, helping each Student consolidate his / her learning.
This Book help students prepare for their respective Examinations including but not limited to i.e. CBSE, ICSE, various
State Boards and Competitive Examinations like IIT, NEET, NTSE, Science Olympiads etc. It is compiled by our in-
house team of experts who have a collective experience of more than 40 years in their respective subject matter /
academic backgrounds.
This books help students understand concepts and their retention through constant practice. It enables them solve
question which are ‘fundamental / foundational’ as well questions which needs ‘higher order thinking’. Students gain the
ability to concentrate, to be self-reliant, and hopefully become confident in the subject matter as they traverse through
this Book.
The important features of this books are:
1. Lucidly presented Concepts: For ease of understanding, the ‘Concepts’ are briefly presented in simple, easy
and comprehensible language.
2. Learning Outcomes: Each chapter starts with ‘Learning Outcomes’ grid conveying what the student is going to
learn / gain from this chapter.
3. Bold-faced Key Terms: The key words, concepts, definitions, formulae, statements, etc., are presented in ‘bold
face’, indicating their importance.
4. Tables and Charts: Numerous strategically placed tables & charts, list out etc. summarizes the important
information, making it readily accessible for effective study.
5. Box Items: Are ‘highlighted special topics’ that helps students explore / investigate the subject matter thoroughly.
6. Photographs, Illustrations: A wide array of visually appealing and informative photographs are used to help the
students understand various phenomena and inculcate interest, enhance learning in the subject matter.
7. Flow Diagrams: To help students understand the steps in problem-solving, flow diagrams have been included as
needed for various important concepts. These diagrams allow the students visualize the workflow to solve such
problems.
8. Summary Charts: At the end of few important concepts or the chapter, a summary / blueprint is presented which
includes a complete overview of that concept / chapter. It shall help students review the learning in a snapshot.
9. Formative Worksheets: After every concept / few concepts, a ‘Formative Worksheet’ / ‘Classroom Worksheet’
with appropriate questions are provided from such concept/s. The solutions for these problems shall ideally be
discussed by the Teacher in the classroom.
10. Conceptive Worksheets: These questions are in addition the above questions and are from that respective
concept/s. They are advised to be solved beyond classroom as a ‘Homework’. This rigor, shall help students
consolidate their learning as they are exposed to new type of questions related to those concept/s.
11. Summative Worksheets: At the end of each chapter, this worksheet is presented and shall contain questions
based on all the concepts of that chapter. Unlike Formative Worksheet and Conceptive Worksheet questions, the
questions in this worksheet encourage the students to apply their learnings acquired from that entire chapter and
solve the problems analytically.
12. HOTS Worksheets: Most of the times, Summative Worksheet is followed by an HOTS (Higher Order Thinking
Skills) worksheet containing advanced type of questions. The concepts can be from the same chapter or as many
chapters from the Book. By solving these problems, the students are prepared to face challenging questions that
appear in actual competitive entrance examinations. However, strengthening the foundation of students in
academics is the main objective of this worksheet.
13. IIT JEE / NEET Worksheets: Finally, every chapters end with a IIT JEE / NEET worksheet. This worksheet
contains the questions which have appeared in various competitive examinations like IIT, NEET, AIEEE, EAMCET,
KCET, TCET, JIMPER, BHU, AIIMS, CBSE, ICSE, State Boards, CET etc. related to this chapter. This gives real-
time experience to students and helps them face various competitive examinations.
14. Different Types of Questions: These type of questions do appear in various competitive examinations. They
include:
• Objective Type with Single Answer Correct • Non-Objective Type

• Objective Type with > one Answer Correct • True or False Type
• Statement Type - I (Two Statements) • Statement Type - II (Two Statements)
• MatchingType - I (Two Columns) • MatchingType - II (Three Columns)
• Assertion and Reasoning Type • Statement and Explanation Type
• Roadmap Type • FigurativeType
• Comprehension Type • And many more...
We would like to thank all members of different departments at BeTOPPERS who played a key role in bringing out
this student-friendly Book.
We sincerely hope that this Book will prove useful to the students who wish to build a strong Foundation in Physics
and aim to achieve success in various boards / competitive examinations.
Further, we believe that as there is always scope for improvement, we value constructive criticism of the subject
matter, as well as suggestions for improving this Book. All suggestions hopefully, shall be duly incorporated in
the next edition.
Wish you all the best!!!
Team BeTOPPERS
CONTENTS
1. Measurement .......... 01 - 10
2. Motion and Force .......... 11 - 22
3. Energy and Work .......... 23 - 44
4. Light .......... 45 - 60
5. Electricity .......... 61 - 76
6. Magnetism .......... 77 - 90
7. Heat .......... 91 - 95
8. Key and Answers .......... 96 - 126

Learning Outcomes Measurement
Chapter -1
By the end of this chapter, you will understand
• Measurement • Measurement of Area

• Systems of units • Measurement of mass
• Measurement of length • Measurement of Time
1. Measurement 2. Systems of Units

Physics is inherently a science of measurement. There are mainly ‘3’ system of units to measure
The act of measuring a quantity required is length, mass and time.
called measurement.
I. Physical Quantity System Length Mass Time
Any quantity that is measurable in physics is C.G.S Centimetre Gram Second
known as a Physical Quantity. F. P. S Foot Pound Second
Examples: Length, Mass, Time M.K.S Metre Kilogram Second
II. Unit
Measurement of a physical quantity means M.K.S system is also known as Standard
comparing it with known standard quantity. Each International (S.I) system. The details of which you
accepted standard quantity is the standard of will be studying in higher classes.
measurement and commonly called unit. I. Metric System
III. Non Standard Units C.G.S and M.K.S systems are known as Metric
In early days, people used to measure length with systems.
the help of parts of body, such as outstreched palm, British system
foot, arm or cubit. F.P.S system is known as British system.
II. Simple multiples of Units
Units used for the measurement of larger distances
are the multiples of SI unit. For example: deca,
hecto, kilo.
Handspan 1 deca = 10
1 hecto = 100
1 kilo = 1000
III. Sub-multiples of Units
Footspan Cubit Units used for measuring smaller distances are the
sub-multiples of SI units.
Such units cannot serve as standard for measuring For example: milli, centi, deci.
length because they are going to be different for
different people. 1
1 deci =
IV. Standard unit 10
The measured value which is same when measured 1
by anybody at any place is known as standard unit. 1 centi =
Fundamental Measurements
100
Measurement used to measure length, mass and 1
time are called fundamental measurements or basic 1 milli =
1000
measurements.
2 6th Class Physics
Formative Worksheet Conceptive Worksheet

1. What do we need to measure physical quantities 1. Pick the odd man out:
accurately? (A) Length (B) Metre(C) Yard (D) Cubit
(A) Standard units 2. Number of fundamental physical quantities in
(B) Standard instruments M.K.S system are:
(A) Two (B) Three(C) Seven (D)Six
(C) Both (A) and (B)
3. Cubit is a
(D) None of these (A) MKS unit of length
2. Measurement has two parts they are ? (B) CGS unit of length
(A) number and unit(B) unit and number (C) FPS unit of length
(C) direction and unit (D) direction and number (D) Non standard unit of length
4. Which of the following is a standard unit of length?
3. The standard used to measure a certain Physical
(A) Decimetre (B) Centimetre
quantity is
(C) Millimetre (D) Metre.
(A) Unit (B) Scale 5. F.P.S stands for
(C) Both (1, (B) (D) None of these (A) Foot, pound, second (B) France, Paris, Spain
4. Pace or a footstep is a (C) Force, pressure. second (D) Foot, Pace, Second
(A) MKS unit of length 6. C.G.S stands for :
(A) Centimetre, gravitation, second
(B) CGS unit of length
(B) Centisecond, gram, second
(C) FPS unit of length (C) Centimetre, gram, second
(D) Non standard unit of length (D) None of these
5. Statement - I : Cubit is a standard unit 7. Multiples and submultiples of units.
Statement - II : 10 Kilometre = 1000 metre (A) Are specific numerical values
(B) Are used as prefixes
(A) Statement I is true ; Statement II is true.
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
(B) Statement I is true ; Statement II is false.
8. Micro means
(C) Statement I is false ; Statement II is true. (A) unit of time (B) 10,00,000
(D) Statement I is false ; Statement II is false.
1 1
6. Statement I : Micro, milli, etc., are to be used as (C) (D)
prefixes for metre only. 10, 00, 000 milli
Statement II : Kilogram is a standard unit. 9. Pick the odd man out.
(A) Statement I is true ; Statement II is true. (A) milli (B) kilo (C) micro (D) centimetre
(B) Statement I is true ; Statement II is false.
(C) Statement I is false ; Statement II is true.
3. Measurement of Length
(D) Statement I is false ; Statement II is false. Length is the distance between two fixed points.
7. Basic (or) fundamental measurements are ?
(A) Length, Mass and Time
(B) Length, Area and Time
(C) Length, density and Time SI unit - metre(m)
C.G.S unit - centimetre(cm)
(D) Density, volume and Time
The various units used to measure length are m,
8. M.K.S system is also named as ? mm, c, m, km etc.
(A) Metric system (B) C.G.S system The inter-relationship among these units with a
(C) British system (D) S.I system standard unit:
1 micro metre = 1 m = 10–6 m
1 millimetre = 1mm = 10-3m
1 centimetre 1cm = 10-2m
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Mesurement 3
I. Least Count 10. The number of rounds of a wire around a pencil

The smallest quantity that can be measured are 24 and the length of the coil is 4.8cm then what
accurately using any instrument is known as least is the diameter of wire ?
count of that instrument. (A) 24 cm (B) 2.4 cm (C) 20 cm (D) 0.2 cm
Least count of regular scale (LC) = 1mm 11. The distance between Radha’s home and her school
1 is 3250 m. Express this distance into km.
= cm (A) 32.5 km (B) 3.25 km
10 (C) 0.325 km (D) 0.0325 km
Mesurement of curved lines can be done by using 12. The height of a person is 1.65 m. Express this value
a piece of thread. in mm.
Thickness of coin by a centimetre scale or (A) 16.5 mm (B) 165 mm
millimetre scale is
(C) 1650 mm (D) 16500 mm
Thickness of one coin
13. While measuring the diameter of the ball, the inner
Thickness  cm or mm  of 'n ' of coins edges of the wooden block stood at 3.4cm and
= 4.7cm on a scale. Calculate the diameter of the
Number of coins  n 
ball ?
Diametre of a wire (A) 1.3 cm (B) 7.7 cm (C) 0.13 cm (D) 0.77 cm
Length of the coins 14. Fill in the blanks
Diameter = (A) 1 cm = mm. (B) 1 dm = metre.
Number of turns in the coil
(C) 1 kilometre = metre. (D)1metre = centimetre.
The diameter of spherical object can be measured 15. Fill in the blanks with < or > sign.
by placing the object between two wooden blocks (A) 1 decametre 1 decimetre.
as shown in the figure. (B) 1 millimetre 1 centimetre.
(C) 1 hectometre 1 kilometre.
(D) 1 decimetre 1 centimetre.
Conceptive Worksheet
10. What is the SI unit of length?
(A) Metre (B) Centimetre
(C) Kilometre (D) All of these
11. 4 kilometre are equal to
(A) 4, 00, 000 metre (B) 40, 000 metre
(C) 4, 000 metre (D) 400 metre
12. 15 cm are equal to
(A) 150 mm (B) 15mm (C) 1.5 mm(D) 0.15 mm
The diameter of spherical object = x2 – x1 13. Which is a correct relationship?
II. Measurement of very large Distances (A) 1m= 100 cm (B) 1 cm = 10 mm
Distance between earth and moon, or earth and (C) 1 km = 1000 m (D) all the correct
sun can’t be done by using conventional units. Such 14. 1 cm = _________ kilometre.
large distances are expressed using following units. (A) 100 (B) 105 (C) 10–5 (D) 10–2
III. Astronomical Unit(A.U) 15. Arrange the following lengths in their increasing
It is the average distance of the earth from the magnitude:
sun. 1 metre, 1 centimetre, 1 kilometre, 1 millimetre.
1 A.U = 1.496 × 1011m (A) 1 centimetre < 1 millimetre < 1 kilometre
< 1 metre
Formative Worksheet (B) 1 millimetre < 1 centimetre < 1 metre <
9. In decreasing magnitude which of the following is 1 kilometre
correct ? (C) 1 kilometre < 1 metre < 1 centimetre < 1
(A) km, cm, m, mm (B) km, m, cm, mm millimetre
(C) m, km, cm, mm (D) km, cm, mm, m (D) none
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4 6th Class Physics
16. 1 Angstrom = ____ ? 19. A school hall measures 20 m in length and 12 m in

(A) 10-10m (B) 10-8m breadth. Find the area of the school hall.
(C) 10-6mm (D) 10-10cm (A) 1200 m2 (B) 120 m2
17. 1AU = ? (C) 240 m2 (D) 2400 m2
(A) 1.496 × 1011m (B) 1.496 × 109cm
(C) 1.496 × 108m (D) 1.444 × 106m Conceptive Worksheet
18. The size of bacteria is generally measured in 20. Area of 1sqcm is ?
microns. The micrometre  μ m  , is often called (A) 100mm2 (B) 1000mm2
the micron. How many microns make up 1 kilometre (C) 10mm 2
(D) 10,000mm2
? 21. How many small squares are there in 1sq.cm ?
(A) 103 (B) 106 (A) 1000 (B) 100 (C) 10 (D) 1
9
(C) 10 (D) 1012 22. Area of irregular shaped bodies are measured using
19. Least count of a metre scale is ? ?
(A) 1cm (B) 0.1mm (A) Graph paper (B) Scale
(C) 0.1cm (D) 0.01mm (C) Using formula (D) Tape
23. The area of the land is 100m2, here m2 stands for
4. Measurement of Area (A) Numerical value of area
Area is the amount of surface occupied by an object (B) Unit of area
or a place. Area of a regular surface like a (C) Both (A) and (B)
rectangle or a square can be calculated by using (D) None of these
formula knowing its length and breadth (or) length 24. 1km2 = _____________
of its side. (A) 1 hectare (B) 10 hectares
Area = length × breadth (C) 100 hectares (D) 1000 hectares
The SI unit of area is m2 or square metre. 25. 1 hectare = ____________
The other units of area are cm2, mm2, km2 etc. (A) 1000m2 (B) 10000m2
Larger areas are measured in ‘acre’ and ‘hectare’. (C) 100000m2 (D) 100m2
(1acre = 100m2, 1hectare = 100acre).
For measuring bigger areas, such as area of fields
5. Measurement of Volume
or towns hectare is used.
Area of an irregular surface is measured by using The space occupied by a substance (solid, liquid or
a graph paper as there is no formula for finding gas) is called volume.
volume = length × breadth × height
area of irregular shapes.
S.I unit of volume - m3(cubic metre)
Formative Worksheet C.G.S unit of volume - cm3(centimetre cube)
Volume of regular shape like a cuboid = length ×
16. What is the area of rectangular graph paper having breadth × height
6cm length and 5cm width ? Volume of irregular bodies cannot be measured by
(A) 11 cm2 (B) 1 cm2 formula. They can be calculated by using measuring
(C) 30 cm2 (D) 60 cm2 jar and overflow jar .
17. The length of a school compound is 450m and Measurement of volume of liquid
breadth is 145m. Find the area of compound To measure the volume of liquids measuring jars
hectare? can be used directly.
(A) 6525 hectare (B) 652.5 hectare Different Measuring Jars
(C) 65.25 hectare (D) 6.525 hectare
Measuring jar: It is used to measure the liquids
18. 1 m2 = ______x_______hectare.
of desired quantity.
1 hectare = _____y_____ km2 .
Measuring Vessels: They are used to measure
1 mm2 = _____z_____ km2.
volume of liquids like milk and oil.
(A) x = 10–6, y = 10–4, 10–2
Pipette: It is used in laboratories to take specific
(B) x = 10–4, y = 10–2, z = 10–6
volume of liquid.
(C) x = 10–2, y = 10–4, z = 10–6
Burette: It is also used in laboratories to extract
(D) 10–4, y = 10–6, z = 10–2
required volume of liquid for the experiment.
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Mesurement 5
30. 1 litre = ?
Formative Worksheet (A) 1000cc (B) 1000cm
20. Find the volume of cuboid of dimensions 5cm, 4cm (C) 100ml (D) 100cm
and 3cm ?
31. The space occupied by a substance is called
(A) 60 cm3 (B) 120 cm3
3
_________.
(C) 240 cm (D) 480 cm3
21. A measuring cylinder has 75cm3 of water, when a (A) Area (B) Length
stone is droped water level rises to 125cm3. What (C) Volume (D) None of these
is the volume of stone ? 32. The S.I unit of volume is _________
(A) 25 cm3 (B) 50 cm3 (A) Cubic centimetre(B) Cubic millimetre
3
(C) 75 cm (D) 100 cm3
22. A stone of volume 50cm3 lowered into 80cm3 of (C) Cubic metre (D) Cubic litre
water in a measuring jar. Then what will be the 33. One cubic metre is equal to –––––
new reading in measuring jar ? (A) 106 cc (B) 104 cc
(A) 15 cm3 (B) 30 cm3 (C) 103 cc (D) 109 cc
(C) 45 cm3 (D) 60 cm3
34. The volume occupied by a cube whose each side
23. The volume of a rectangular slab is 12 cm3. The
is equal to 1cm is called
length and breadth of the slab are 3 cm and 2 cm
respectively. Find its height. (A) Cubic centimetre
(A) 10 cm (B) 8 cm (B) Cubic millimetre
(C) 4 cm (D) 2 cm (C) Cubic metre
24. A boy has purchased a toy, which is in the form of
(D) None of these
a cuboid. The cuboid has the following
dimensions: 0.003 km × 0.03 m × 3 cm. What is
volume of this cuboid? 6. Measurement of Mass
(A) 900 cm3 (B) 1800 cm3
(C) 2700 cm 3
(D) 3600 cm3 Mass is the amount of matter contained in a body.
25. When a stone is lowered into a measuring cylinder Mass is measured using devices like common
containing water, the volume becomes 9.3 ml. If balance, physical balance etc.,
the volume of the stone is 5.8 ml, find the initial SI unit of mass is kg.
volume of water in the measuring cylinder. The other units of mass are milligram(mg), gram(g),
(A) 3.5 ml (B) 5 ml tonne, quintal.
(C) 6.5 ml (D) 8.5 ml 1mg = 10-3g
26. Express 5cm3 in terms of cubic millimetres
1quintal = 100kg
(A) 500 mm3 (B) 5000 mm3
(C) 50 mm 3
(D) 0.5 mm3 1tonne = 1000kg
7. Measurement of Time
Time is the interval between two events. The SI
26. The space inside a regular or irregular objects is
unit of time is second. The different units of time
known as ?
are given below.
(A) Area (B) Volume
(C) Mass (D) Length 1mean solar day = 24hours
27. The unit for the volume of solids in SI ? 1min = 60seconds
(A) cm3 (B) m3 (C) ml3 (D) l3 1hour = 60seconds
28. 1cubic meter is ? 1year = 365days
(A) 106cc (B) 104cc (C) 103cc (D) 109cc
1decade = 10years
29. In laboratories to take specific volume of liquid we
use ? 1century = 100years
(A) Pipette (B) Burette 1millenium = 1000years
(C) Measuring jar (D) Measuring vessel
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6 6th Class Physics
Formative Worksheet Summative Worksheet

27. One quintal = ______________ton. 1. Statement I: A thread is enough to measure a
(A) 10 (B) 100 (C) 0.1 (D) 0.01 curved line.
28. 1 metric tonne = __________ milligram. Statement II: A scale is enough to measure a curved
(A) 103 (B) 106 (C) 109 (D) 1012 line.
29. 1 microsecond = 10x milliseconds. Find x. (A) Statement I is true ; Statement II is true.
(A) +1 (B) + 3 (C) –1 (D) –3 (B) Statement I is true ; Statement II is false.
30. 1 kg = –––––––––– tonne. (C) Statement I is false ; Statement II is true.
(A) 100 (B) 1000 (C) 10–3 (D) 10–2 (D) Statement I is false ; Statement II is false.
31. A truck of weigh 4.4tonnes. Its value in kg? 2. To measure the length of a curved line, which of
(A) 4400 kg (B) 440 kg the following materials are needed ?
(C) 44 kg (D) 4.4 kg (A) Cotton thread (B) Measuring scale
32. How many seconds are equal to 6hours 8min? (C) Common balance (D) Watch
(A) 86400 sec (B) 43200 sec 3. In which of the following, are indirect methods of
(C) 1296480 sec (D) 648240 sec measurement used?
(A) Measuring thickness of a wire
Conceptive Worksheet (B) Measuring thickness of a coin or plate
35. 1mean solar day = ? (C) Measuring length of table
(A) 365days (B) 10years (D) All
(C) 24hours (D) 60minutes 4. Metre scales have _________________ ends to
36. Which of the following measurement have not avoid error due to ________________
correct expression in S.I unit ? (A) Cylindrical, Volume of the scale
(A) 5l cm cloth (B) Tapered, thickness of the scale
(B) 20sec of time (C) Tapered, Area of the scale
(C) Surface area 40cm2 (D) Cylindrical, Area of the scale
(D) 2kg water 5. 1cm2 = _____________
(A) 10–10 km2 (B) 10–8 hectare
37. 1quintal = ? –4 2
(C) 10 m (D) all of these
(A) 100kg (B) 1000kg 2
6. 1m = ___________
(C) 10kg (D) 500kg
(A) 10–6 km2 (B) 10–4 hectare
38. If the Charminar superfast express staying 00 hours –2
(C) 10 are (D) all of these
in Warangal, then the time in 12 hour clock is 7. When do we say that a bucket is bigger than a
_________ cup?
(A) 12 0’ clock at night (A) When the volume of cup is greater than
(B) 12 0’ clock at noon the volume of bucket.
(C) 18 0’ clock at night (B) When the volume of bucket is greater than
(D) 18 0’ clock at noon the volume of cup.
39. A passenger goes to Secunderabad railway station. (C) When the volume of bucket is equal to
the volume of cup.
He asked the enquiry counter, “When did Tirumala
(D) We can’t say.
express come?” The enquiry counter person replied
“18 hour 15 minutes.” Then the time in his 12-hour 8. Pick the odd man out.
clock was ________. (A) mega (B) kilo (C) tonne (D) hecta
(A) 5 hour – 45 minutes AM 9. The length of a school compound is 450m and
(B) 5 hour – 45 minutes PM breadth is 145m. The area of the school compound
(C) 6 hour – 15 minutes AM in hectares is ________
(D) 6 hour – 15 minutes PM (A) 6.525 hectares (B) 65.25 hectares
(C) 0.6525 hectares (D) 652.5 hectares
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Mesurement 7
10. If an aeroplane is scheduled to take off at 18 hours 7. 1 year = _____________ seconds

– 57 minutes, then time in PM on a (A) 315. 36 × 106 (B) 3.1536 × 106
12 - hour clock is __________ (C) 31. 536 × 106 (D) 3153. 6 × 106
(A) 12 - hour – 57 minute AM 8. A syringe has a capacity of 5 ml. Its capacity in
(B) 12 - hour – 57 minute PM cm3 and m3 is respectively are
(C) 6 - hour – 57 minute AM (A) 5 × 10–6 m3, 5 cm3
(D) 6 - hour – 57 minute PM (B) 5 cm3, 5 × 10–6 m3
(C) 5 × 10–3 m3, 5 cm3
HOTS Worksheet (D) 5 cm3, 5 × 10–3 m3
1. Under the spout of over flow jar, place a measuring 9. A water tank has a capacity of 10, 000 litre. Its
cylinder. Gently lower a stone in the over flow jar. value in m3 is
The stone displaces water which flows out from (A) 100 m3 (B) 1000 m3
the spout into the measuring cylinder. If the reading (C) 1 m3 (D) 10 m3
on the overflow jar is 12ml, then the volume of 10. The water level of a measuring cylinder is 26 ml. A
stone is __________. piece of concrete having a volume of 6 cm3 is
(A) 12 × 10–5 m3 (B) 1.2 × 10–5 m3 immersed in it. The new level of water is
(C) 0.12 × 10–5m3 (D) 0.012 × 10–5m3. (A) 20 ml (B) 26 ml (C) 32 ml (D) 6 ml
11. The mass of an electron is 9.11 × 10–31kg. How
2. One millennium is equal to how many decades?
many electrons would make 1kg?
(A) 10 (B) 100 (C) 1000 (D) 10, 000 (A) 1.1 × 1030 (B) 1.1 × 1031
3. D C
(C) 1.1 × 10–30 (D) 1.1 × 10–31
12. If m1, m2, m3 and m4 are masses of four bodies 0.3
kg, 0.3 mg, 0.3 × 10–6 g and 3000 g respectively.
The above, in increasing order of masses, are as
1 cm follows.
(A) m1 > m2 > m3 > m4 (B) m4 > m2 > m3 > m4
1 cm
(C) m4 > m1 > m2 > m3 (D) m3 > m2 > m4 > m1
IIT JEE Worksheet

B
A
Let ABCD be a centimetre graph paper. The area
I. Single Correct Answer Type
of darkened surface on the graph paper is 1. Chand goes to a hospital for a health checkup.
_______________ There, he is asked to stand in front of a meter scale,
(A) 8 cm2 (B) 11 cm2 so that his height could be measured.
(C) 9cm2 (D) 10cm2 210
2 200
4. If the time on a 12 - hour clock is 3 hour – 45 min 190
PM, then time on 24 - hour clock is _____ 180
170
(A) 15 hour – 45 minutes 160
(B) 15 hour – 12 minutes 150
140
(C) 6 hour – 57 minutes 130
(D) 12 hours 120
110
5. 1 day = _____________ millennium 1 100
90
1 1 80
(A) (B) 70
165000 265000 60
50
1 1 40
(C) (D) 30
46400 365000 20
10
6. 1 decade = _____________ minutes
(A) 52. 56 × 106 (B) 5. 256 × 106 (A) 1 m and 100 cm(B) 1 m and 11 cm
(C) 525. 6 × 106 (D) 5256 × 106 (C)1 m and 10 cm (D) 1 m and 1 cm
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8 6th Class Physics
II. 3.1 mm = km
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The information in which alternative completes the
0 1 2 3 4
given statement?
I
(A) i ii
240 3.1 × 10- 3
2.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (B) i ii
0 1 2 3 4 240 3.1 × 10- 6
II (C) i ii
The respective lengths of pencils I and II are 24 3.1 × 10- 3
(A) 4.5 mm and 3 cm (D) i ii
(B) 4.5 cm and 3 cm
24 3.1 × 10- 6
(C) 4.5 mm and 3 mm
8. The length of a thread is 10-hand spans. It is used
(D) 4.5 cm and 3 mm to measure the circumference of a solid cylinder.
3. Two ants are moving on a ruler, as shown in the For this purpose, the thread is wound around the
given figure. Initially, the ants are at position I. After circumference of the cylinder.
some time, the ants are at position II. If the thread is wound around the cylinder five
times, then what is the circumference of the
I II
cylinder?
(A) One-hand span (B) Two-hand spans
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (C) Five-hand spans (D) Ten-hand spans
9. The height of an ice pole is 120 cm. In every half
hour, the height of the pole reduces to half its length
as the ice melts. What will be the height of the pole
The relative change in the position of the ants is after two hours?
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm (C) 5 cm (D) 9 cm (A) 15 mm (B) 30 mm
4. Which of the following tools must be used to find (C) 60 mm (D) 75 mm
the tallest student in a group of four? 10. Akram has a piece of thread. He measures the
(A) Clock (B) Thermometer length of a table using this thread. He has to place
the thread eight times along the length of the table
(C) Measuring tape (D) Weighing balance
to measure its length. Then, he folds the thread
5. Sandeep has a wooden study table. He wants to twice at its midpoint and again measures the length
measure the height of the table. of the same table.
Which of the following tools can be used by How many times does Akram have to place the
Sandeep to measure the height of his study table? folded thread along the length of the table?
(A) Measuring tape (B) Pan balance (A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 32
(C) Microscope (D) Telescope II. Multiple Correct Answer Type
6. Peter has to run a distance of 200 m. He can run a 11. Which of the following is the unit of length?
distance of 10 m in one second. (A) Metre (B) Centimetre
(C) Foot (D) second
If Peter runs at this rate, then he can cover 200 m
12. Which of the following is the unit of area?
in
(A) cm2 (B) mm2 (C) m2 (D) m/s2
(A) 22 s (B) 20 s (C) 18 s (D) 13 s 13. Which of the following is the unit of mass?
7. Fill in the blanks. (A) pound (B) metere (C) gram (D) ton
14. Which of the following is the unit of volume?
I. 2.4 cm = mm (A) cubic metre (B) mm2
3
(C) cm (D) (foot)3
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Mesurement 9
III. Paragraph Type 23. The length of a blackboard is 240 cm. Rakesh tries
to measure this length using a small wooden stick
1 of length 40 cm. The number of times that the
1 deci =
10 stick must be revolved over the blackboard to
completely cover the length is __________.
1
1 centi = V. Matrix Matching
100
1 24. Column I Column II
1 milli =
1000 (A) 1 Hectogram p) 10- 6 gram
15. 1 decimetre = (B) 1 Decagram q) 102 gram
(A) 10–3 m (B) 10–2 m
(C) 10–1 m (D) 10 m (C) 1milli gram r) 10 gram
16. 1 milligram (D) 1 micro gram s) 10- 3 gram
(A) 10–3 g –2
(B) 10 g
(C) 10–1 g (D) 10 g 25. Column I Column II
17. 1 cm3 (i) Volume of a swimming pool (a) cm3
(A) 10 mm 3 (B) 102 mm 3 (ii) Volume of a glass filled with milk(b) m3
(C) 103 mm 3 (D) 106 mm 3 (iii) Volume of an exercise book (c) litre
18. 1 km2 (iv) Volume of air in a room (d) millilitre
(A) 103 m 2 (B) 106 m 2
(C) 1012 m 2 (D) 1015 m 2
19. 1 milli second
(A) 10–3 s (B) 10–2 s
(C) 10–3 s (D) 10–6 s
IV. Integer Type
20. Radha sees her mother cleaning the room with
broom. She takes two broomsticks of different
lengths and decides to measure the length of her
room. She finds that the length of the room is 18
times the length of the shorter stick. The length of
the shorter stick is half the length of the other stick.
How many longer sticks will be required to fit along
the length of the room?
21. Swati has three dolls. She names them as Reena,
Teena, and Meena. She then takes a metre scale
and measures their heights. She observes that:
I. Reena is taller than Teena by 5 cm.
II. Meena is shorter than Reena by 4 cm.
If the height of Meena is 0.55 m, then Meena is
taller than Teena by ______cm.
22. Ramesh measures the length of a thread and finds
it to be 14hand-spans. He uses it to measure the
circumference of a rectangular table. He wounds
the thread around the circumference of the table.
If the thread is wound around the table two times,
then the circumference of the table is ________
hand spans.
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10 6th Class Physics
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Learning Outcomes Motion & Force
Chapter -2
• Types of Motion • Effects of Force

• Rest & Motion • Contact Forces
• Types of Motion • Non Contact Force
• Forces • Other Force
1. Introduction Example: A vehicle has to be driven.

Rain drops fall due to
Mechanics is the branch of physics that focuses
gravitational pull.
on the motion of objects and the forces that cause
the motion to change. There are two branches of 3. Types of Motion
Mechanics: Kinematics and Dynamics. The word All bodies in motion do not move the same way.
kinematics comes from the Greek word “Kinema” For example, a car moves straight along the road;
meaning motion. The word dynamics comes from a spinning top spins round and round; the strings
the Greek word “dynamis” meaning power. of a sitar move up and down and the pendulum of
Kinematics deals with the concepts that are a clock moves sideways in either direction. The
needed to describe motion without any reference motion of bodies is classified as under:
to forces or the cause of the motion. The goal of I. Translatory Motion
study of kinematics is to develop sophisticated The motion in which all the particles of a body
mental models, which serve us in describing the move through the same distance in the same time
motion of real world objects. is called translatory motion.
Dynamics deals with the relation between the Examples :
forces and the motion. The motion of objects can i) A car or a train moving along a road or
be described by words such as distance, track.
displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration. ii) A ball rolling on the ground.
Before we witness the concepts of kinematics, iii) Firing of a bullet from a gun.
let’s review some basic concepts. iv) A stone hurled from a catapult.
2. Rest & Motion vii) An apple falling from a tree.
viii) A striker on the carom board going
I. Rest
straight to hit the coin, etc.
A body is said to be at rest if it does not change
There are two kinds of translatory
its position with respect to the reference point.
motion:
The objects which remain stationary at a place
(a) Rectilinear motion and
and do not change their position are said to be at
(b) Curvilinear motion.
rest.
a) Rectilinear Motion
Example : A table and chairs lying in a room
When an object moves along a straight line
are in the state of rest, because they
like a ball dropped from a height, the motion
do not change their position with
described by the body is called rectilinear
respect to the surroundings of the
motion.
room.
Examples:
II. Motion i) A ball rolling on the ground.
An object is said to be in motion if it changes its
ii) A car moving on a straight road.
position from one place to another. In other words,
iii) A stone falling freely from the
the movement of an object is known as the motion
roof of a building.
of the object.
iv) A coin moving over a carom
board.
b) Curvilinear Motion III. Circular Motion

When a body moves along a curved path,
When a body moves around a circular path, the
the motion described by the body is called
way an athlete runs around a circular track, such
curvilinear motion.
motion is called circular motion.
Examples: Examples:
i) A stone thrown by a boy from a
i) Motion of an electric fan.
height.
ii) Motion of a merry-go- round.
ii) A car moving along a curved
iii) Motion of a spinning top.
path. iv) Motion of the earth around the sun.
iii) A javelin or shot-put thrown by
Note:In circular motion, the position of a body
an athlete.
itself keeps changing with time, but in
iv) A ball thrown upward at an angle.
rotational motion the position of a body
v) A car or train moving along a does not change. It is to be noted that
curved road or track are all
circular motion is a special case of rotatory
examples of curvilinear motion.
motion.
II. Rotational Motion Comparision of Rotational and Circu-
A motion in which a body moves about a fixed lar Motions
axis without changing its position is called Rotational Motion Circular Motion
rotational motion. 1. Body stays in 1. Body doesn’t
Examples: same place with stay in same
i) The motion of the blades of a fan. moves and place. It
ii) The wheel of a sewing machine. changes its respect to
iii) The motion of a giant wheel. position w ith time.
iv) A spinning top time.
v) A spinning wheel (charkha) 2. The body 2. It moves
vi) A rotating potter’s wheel rotates about an along a path
axis may not whose axis
Combination of Translatory and pass through passing
Rotational Motion the body. through it.
In some cases, the motion of rotation and the
3. No linear 3. Body may
mot ion is undergo linear
motion of translation occur at the same time.
observed for motion.
When a drill cuts through a metal piece, it
the body as a
performs the motion of translation as well as the whole.
motion of rotation at the same time. Other IV. Oscillatory Motion
examples of this kind of motion are the wheels of A motion in which the body as a whole moves to-
a moving bicycle or a car, the ball delivered by a and-fro about its mean position is called oscillatory
spin bowler. motion.
Translational Motion Examples :
i) The movement of a swing.
ii) The oscillation of pendulum of a clock.
iii) The needle of a sewing machine moving
Rotational up and down.
Motion
iv) The piston of a motor car, the pressing
cylinder of a juice machine, the piston
of a spray pump etc.
V. Vibratory Motion
A moving bicycle describes
It is another kind of oscillatory motion in which
both translational and rotational motion
the body does not move as a whole i.e. the entire
object does not move but undergoes change in
shape or size.
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Motion & Force 13
Examples: Examples:
i) When you pluck a string of a guitar or sitar, i) When a spin bowler delivers a ball, the ball
it vibrates to and fro about its position of has a motion of spin (rotatory motion)while
rest and produces music. it moves towards the batsman (translatory
ii) When you strike the membrane of a drum, motion).
it vibrates up and down about its position Linear Motion of the ball
of rest and produces sound. T hese
vibrations are like the oscillations of a
pendulum, except that they are faster.
A spinning ball
There is another difference. The pendulum
swings freely, while the string of a musical
instrument is fixed at two ends, and the ii) A person is drawing water from a well.
membrane of a drum is fixed around the Here, the pulley on which the rope runs
circumference of the drum. has a rotatory motion while the bucket
iii) During breathing, when our chest expands coming up has a translatory motion.
or contracts, the motion is vibratory in iii) A girl riding a bicycle. The wheels of the
nature; all the points on the chest do not bicycle rotate (rotatory motion ) and at the
move out equally. same time the bicycle moves forward in a
VI. Periodic Motion straight or curved path (translatory motion).
A motion which repeats itself at regular intervals iv) A drill used by a carpenter for drilling a
of time is called periodic motion. hole in wood, has both translatory and
Examples: rotatory motions. This is because while it
i) The motion of the earth round the sun is being rotated (rotatory motion), it is also
is periodic. getting pushed forward (translatory motion)
ii) The swinging pendulum of a wall clock. into the wood.
iii) The needle of a sewing machine running v) The earth rotates about its axis (rotatory
at constant speed. motion) and at the same time it revolves
iv) The heart beat of a normal human around the sun in a circular path (translatory
being. motion).
v) The motion of a swing. vi) The mythological Sudarshan Chakra hurled
vi) The movement of the lungs during by Lord Krishna to kill his enemies had both
breathing. translatory as well as rotatory motion.
VII. Random Motion
A body which has a particular motion that suddenly Formative Worksheet
changes to another kind of motion is said to have
1. Which of the following is not making translatory
random motion. In other words, the motion without
motion ?
any sequence or direction is random motion.
(A) A ball delivered by a spin bowler
Examples :
(B) A brill that bores a piece of wood
1) A buzzing bee.
(C) Movement of toy car around circular path
2) A football player on the field.
(D) Moving rear wheel of a bicycle on its stand
3) The motion of a hockey ball during a
2. The motion described by a football ?
game.
(A) Curvilinear (B) Circular
4) The flying motion of a sparrow.
(C) Oscillatory (D) Non-uniform
5) A monkey performing antics on a tree.
3. Which of the following is a periodic motion ?
VIII. Multiple Motion (A) Freely falling body
Sometimes an object manifests two or more types
(B) A swinging pendulum
of motion at the same time. Such motion is called
(C) Bullet fired from the gun
multiple motion.
(D) A flying kite
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4. Which of the following statement is not correct? 4. Passengers sitting in a moving train are in _____
(A) Needle of sewing machine undergoes circular with respect to platform, but in _____ with respect
motion to co-passengers in the train ?
(B) Motion of body thrown upward at an angle is 5. A body undergoing circular motion may also have
curvilinear linear motion. Explain.
(C) Movement of the earth around the sun is circular 6. A book lying on the table is at___ .
(D) Ball dropped from a height is rectilinear 7. A body is said to be in _____ if it changes its
5. How are day and nights caused ? position with respect to surroundings with time.
(A) Rotation of the earth 8. Can a body execute both rotatory and translatory
(B) Gravitational force of earth motion simultaneously ?
(C) Mass of the earth 9. Motion of pendulum of a clock is an example of
(D) None _____ motion.
6. Which of the following is not an example of 10. The heartbeat of a normal resting person is ____
translatory motion ? .
(A) A freely falling stone
(B) A coin moving over carom board
4. Forces
(C) A car or train moving along a curved road Many activities in our day to day life are associated
or track with pushing or pulling.
(D) A ceiling fan Therefore, whenever an object is moved, we can
7. From the following pick out the example for say that it has either been pushed or pulled. This
rotatory motion ? push or pull is known as force. In other words,
(A) A spinning wheel a body moves whenever a force is applied to it.
(B) Merry-go-round Units of force: Force is measured in terms of
(C) Blades of mixer grinder Newton.
(D) All the above 5. Effects of Force
8. Examples for the circular motion ? Force cannot be seen, heard or tasted. Only its
(A) Revolution of earth around the sun effects can be felt or seen. The various effects
(B) Motion of the tip of the seconds hand of a of force are:
wall clock 1. It can move a body initially at rest.
(C) Both 2. It can bring a moving body to rest.
(D) None 3. It can change the direction of a moving
9. Which of the following posses both rotatory and body.
translatory motion ? 4. It can change the speed of a moving
(A) Motion of the wheels of a horse driven body.
cart 5. It can change the shape of a body.
(B) When a drill bores a hole in a wooden piece 6. It can change the size of a body.
(C) Ball delivered by a spin bowler
(D) All the above
6. Contact Forces
10. Motion of a bob of a simple pendulum ? Forces acting between two bodies can be
(A) Rectilinear (B) Curvilinear classified into two broad categories: Contact
(C) Periodic (D) Rotatory force and non-contact force.
Contact forces are those that act between two
Conceptive Worksheet objects, which are in direct contact with each other.
The two common examples of contact forces are
1. Which of type of motion do the strings of the violin
muscular and frictional.
represent?
I. Frictional Force
2. Which type of motion is described by rolling ball
The force of friction acts between all moving
?
bodies, which are in contact with one another.
3. All oscillatory motions are periodic by nature.
The force of friction always acts opposite to the
Explain .
direction of motion. The magnitude of this force
depends on the nature of the surface in contact.
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Motion & Force 15
NOTEWORTHY POINTS II. Electrostatic Force

1. Frictional force is a contact force. Take a paper and tear it into pieces. Now, rub a
2. Frictional force always acts between two moving plastic scale against dry hair and bring this scale
objects, which are in contact with one another. close to the paper pieces. What do you
3. Frictional force always acts opposite to the observe?
direction of motion. You will observe that the pieces of paper are
4. Frictional force depends on the nature of the attracted towards the scale. This happens because
surface in contact. rubbing of the scale against dry hair produces an
II. Muscular Force electrostatic charge. Thus, the scale attracts the
The force applied by the action of muscles in our pieces of paper by a non-contact force known as
body is termed as muscular force. electrostatic force.
For example, when you pick up a book placed on
NOTEWORTHY POINTS
the table using your hands, you apply muscular
1. Electrostatic force is a non-contact force.
force. For lifting the book from the table using
2. Electrostatic force can be attractive as well as
your hands, you had to touch the book. You cannot
repulsive.
lift the book without making contact with it. Hence,
3. Electrostatic force is the force that exists either
muscular force is a contact force.
between two charged bodies, or between a
Like humans, animals also use muscular force to
charged and uncharged body.
perform various activities. For example, birds fly
4. Electrostatic force depends on the magnitude of
in the air by flapping their wings.
charge present in the bodies.
7. Non Contact Force 5. Electrostatic force also depends on the distance
Non-contact forces are those forces that act between the interacting bodies.
between two objects, but are not in direct III. Gravitational Force
contact with each another. Do you know why apples fall towards the
Examples of non-contact forces include magnetic ground from trees? Why does water from a tap
force, electrostatic force and gravitational force. flow down?
I. Magnetic Force The Earth attracts everything (that is near or on
What will happen if you bring the South Pole its surface) towards its centre by a non-contact
of a bar magnet close to the North Pole of another force known as gravitational force. It is this
bar magnet? force that makes an apple fall towards the ground
The magnets will attract each other. They attract from the tree and makes the water from a tap
each other with magnetic force. flow down.
What will happen if you bring the North Pole of NOTEWORTHY POINTS
both bar magnets close to each other? The bar 1. Gravitational force is a non-contact force.
magnets will repel each other. The force with 2. Gravitational force is an attractive force.
which they repel each other is known as magnetic 3. Gravitational force is the force that is
force. exerted by the earth on every object, which
NOTEWORTHY POINTS is near or on its surface.
1. Magnetic force can be attractive as well as 4. Gravitational force depends on the mass
repulsive. of the body.
2. Magnetic force is a non-contact force. 5. Gravitational force also depends on the
3. Magnetic force acts between two magnets or distance between the Earth and body.
between a magnet and a magnetic material 8. Other Force
(such as iron). I. Consequential Forces
4. Magnetic force depends on the strength of the A force which comes to play when a force is
magnet used. applied on an object. These forces donot exist on
5. Magnetic force also depends on the distance their own.
Eg: When we stretch a spring or a rubber band,
between the interacting bodies. the consequential force of tension comes to
play which tends to bring the spring or rubber band
to its original shape.
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II. Centrifugal Force 17. Which of the following is not an effect of force?
When a body is moving along a circular path, a (A) Forces can change the size of an object
force that acts always out wards to the circular (B) Forces can change the direction of moving
path is called centrifugal force. object
III. Centripetal force (C) Forces can change the chemical properties
When a body is moving along a circular path, the (D) Forces can change the speed of a moving
force that acts towards the centre of the circle is
called centripetal force. object
18. Force of friction can be reduced by ?
IV. Elastic Spring Force (A) Using lubricants
A pulling or pushing force exerted on a spring (B) By polishing surfaces
can cause the spring to stretch or compress. This (C) By using ball-bearings
force is known as elastic spring force. It is elastic,
because it allows the object to return to its original (D) All the above
shape after being compressed or stretched. 19. Which force always attracts objects towards the
earth ?
Formative Worksheet (A) Gravitational force (B) Magnetic force
11. Magnetic force is a ________. (C) Frictional force (D) Contact force
(A) Contact force
(B) Force at distance
11. Force
(C) Consequential force (A) An move a body initially at rest.
(D) None of these (B) Can bring a moving body to rest.
12. Magnetic force causes ________. (C) Can change the shape of a body.
(A) Attraction (D) All
(B) Repulsion 12. Which of the following is a contact force?
(A) Frictional force (B) Muscular force
(C) Both attraction and repulsion
(C) Both (D) None
(D) None of these
13. Which of the following is a non contact force?
13. The S .I unit of force is ________. (A) Frictional force (B) Muscular force
(A) Newton (B) Kilogram force (C) Magnetic force (D) All
(C) Gram force (gf) (D) Dyne 14. Which of the following is a not a contact force?
14. The Force of friction is ________. (A) Magnetic force (B) Gravitational force
(A) Always an advantage (C) Electrostatic force (D) All
(B) Always a disadvantage 15. The birds fly high in the sky due to
(A) Magnetic force
(C) Sometimes an advantage and sometimes
(B) Gravitational force
a disadvantage
(C) Muscular force
(D) Neither an advantage nor disadvantage (D) Frictional force
15. Deep grooves in the tyres of a tractor : 16. Force is measured in
(A) Increase friction (A) Metres (B) Seconds
(B) Decrease friction (C) Kilogram (D) Newton
17. Electrostatic force is
(C) Make it stable
(A) Only attractive (B) Only repulsive
(D) Make tyre more attractive
(C) Both (D) None
16. Which of the following is not an effect of frictional 18. Apple falls down to earth from the tree when
force ? shook. This is due to
(A) Grooves of tyres flattering after months of (A) Magnetic force
travel on the road (B) Gravitational force
(B) A rolling ball coming to rest (C) Muscular force
(C) Leaves falling to the ground (D) Frictional force
(D) Holding a pencil in hand
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Motion & Force 17
19. A body in circular motion is acted upon by 3. The given figure shows a stone tied to a vertical
(A) Centripetal force rod using a rope. The stone is moving around the
rod.
(B) Centrifugal force
(C) Both
(D) None
20. A spring stretches due to
(A) Centripetal force
(B) Gravitational force
(C) Magnetic force
(D) Elastic force
Summative Worksheet
1. Two ants are moving on a ruler, as shown in the The stone is moving in a
given figure. Initially, the ants are at position I.
(A) rectilinear motion (B) circular motion
After some time, the ants are at position II.
(C) linear motion (D) wave motion
4. The motion of the tires of a bicycle is , while
the bicycle’s motion is .
The relative change in the position of the ants is The given statement is correctly completed by
row
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm
(C) 5 cm (D) 9 cm (A) I II
2. The given figure shows a cork placed on the linear circular
surface of water in a tub. A small stone is dropped
(B) I II
in the water. The cork star ts moving in
circular linear
a motion caused by the motion
produced on the surface of water. (C) I II
linear wavelike
(D) I II
wavelike linear
5. The given figure shows a girl playing in an
amusement park. She is swinging on a swing.
The given statement is correctly completed by
row
I II
(A) per iodic linear
I II
(B) wave circular
I II The type of motion described by the girl on the
(C)
periodic wave swing is
I II (A) Linear (B) Circular

(D)
circular linear (C) Periodic (D) Random
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6. The motion of a top is an example 11. A large box, placed on the ground, has to be
shifted up to a wall, as shown in the given figure.
of motion, whereas that of the bob of
Three boys push the box together. They have to
a pendulum is an example of motion. apply a large amount of force to move the box.
The motion of the box is opposed by the frictional
The information in which alternative completes
force between the box and the ground.
the given statement?
(A) i ii
periodic rectilinear
(B) i ii
rectilinear circular
(C) i ii If wheels were present below the box, then they

periodic rotational would have to apply
(A) More force (B) Same force
(D) i ii (C) Less force (D) No force
rotational periodic 12. In a game of tug-of-war, Mark pulls the rope with
a force of 60 N from the right. Sandy and George
7. In order to push or pull an object pull the rope with respective forces of 40 N and
(A) Force must be applied
20 N from the left. The net force on the rope is
(B) Speed must be applied
(C) Friction must be applied
(D) Electricity must be applied
8. Roger noticed a book lying on a table . In order to
move the book, he must apply a
(A) Gear (A) 0 N (B) 2 N
(B) Load (C) 60 N (D) 120 N
(C) Force 13. Four boys, Hunter, Jackson, Samuel and Sean are
(D) Speed pushing a heavy box. Their respective forces are
9. A wheelchair is pushed from West to East, as listed below.
shown in the given figure. After traveling some Boy Force (N)
distance, it takes two left turns. Finally, it takes a Hunter 25
right turn and comes to a halt. Before the Jackson 25
wheelchair comes to a halt, the direction of force Samuel 30
on it is from: Sean 35
Push
North As a result of the presence of sand on the ground,
the frictional force between the box and the ground
West East is 15 N. The total force experienced by the box is
South Hunter
(A) West to East (B) East to West Jackson
Samuel
(C) North to South (D) South to North Sean
10. A car moves with a constant speed toward East.
A force is applied on the car to make it stop. The
direction of the applied force is toward (A) 100 N toward the left
(A) North (B) South (B) 115 N toward the left
(C) West (D) East (C) 100 N toward the right
(D) 115 N toward the right
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Motion & Force 19
forth about a fixed point.

HOTS Worksheet The information in which alternative completes
1. A bicycle possesses more than one type of motion. the given statement?
The pedal of a bicycle has of motion, (A) i ii

rectilinear circular
while its wheels have of motions.
(B) i ii
The information in which alternative completes
the given statement?
circular periodic
(A) i ii (C) i ii
only one type two types periodic rectilinear
(B) i ii (D) i ii
two types only one type circular rectilinear
(C) 5. Which of the following motions is rectilinear
i ii
motion?
two types three types
(A) Motion of a swing
(D) i ii (B) Motion of the skin of a drum
(C) Motion of a marching soldier
only one type three types
(D) Motion of the hour hand of a clock
2. During an exhibition, four objects having different 6. Four types of motion, which are caused
motions are displayed. The objects and their by the action of direct and indirect
motions are shown in the given figure. forces, are described in the table.
Fluttering of a flag because of
I
wind
II Falling of a ball on the ground
Dropping of an apple from a
III
tree
IV Falling of water from a bottle
Which of the four types of motion is caused by
the application of a direct force?
(A) I (B) II
(C) III (D) IV
7. When a wooden box is suspended by a spring
balance, the spring stretches because
(A) Earth’s gravity pulls the box
Which of the given objects has circular motion?
(B) Earth’s magnetic field attracts the spring
(A) Seesaw (B) Pendulum
(C) of the frictional force between the box
(C) Fan blades (D) Drum sticks
and the spring
3. Which of the following objects does not have
(D) of the electrostatic force between the box
more than one type of motion?
and the spring
(A) Motion of a leaf
8. Joanna is playing carrom along with her friends.
(B) Motion of a screw
She strikes the striker with her index finger and
(C) Motion of a car’s wheel
pockets the queen. Joanna uses which force for
(D) Motion of a rolling coin
pocketing the queen?
4. In motion, the distance of an object from (A) Electric (B) Magnetic
a fixed point remains constant, while (C) Muscular (D) Gravitational
in motion, an object moves back and
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9. Some magnets are brought in contact with a 14. Earth revolves around Sun in 365 days. Earth and
refrigerator. The magnets stick to the refrigerator Sun are not in contact with each other.
because of Earth’s revolution around Sun is caused by the
(A) Gravitational force (B) Magnetic force (A) Shape of Sun
(C) Electric force (D) Nuclear force (B) Shape of Earth
10. A small bar magnet is held by the magnetic force (C) Force between Earth and Sun
of a strong bar magnet fixed on its position on a (D) Distance between Earth and Sun
rough inclined plane, as shown in the given figure.
15. Gravitational force is force, while
force is repulsive as well as attractive.

The given statement is correctly completed by
row
The small bar magnet experiences (A) I II

(A) Only magnetic force An attractive Frictional
(B) Magnetic and frictional forces
(C) Gravitational and magnet forces (B) I II
(D) Gravitational, magnetic and frictional forces A repulsive Magnetic
11. Two magnets are placed at a distance from each
(C) I II
other on a frictionless surface, as shown in the
given figure. An attractive Magnetic
(D) I II
The magnets will experience A repulsive Frictional
(A) only magnetic force
(B) only frictional force IIT JEE Worksheet
(C) magnetic and frictional forces
(D) magnetic and gravitational forces
12. A ball that is thrown up returns to the surface of 1. William lifts a load by pulling the rope of a pulley
Earth because of system. Which force is applied by William to lift
(A) Gravity (B) Friction the load?
(C) Electricity (D) Magnetism (A) Magnetic (B) Muscular
13. The direction of force on an upward moving ball (C) Electrostatic (D) Gravitational
is from 2. Four situations
I. A boy throws a ball up in the air and it falls
freely on the ground.
Earth S UN II. A horse pulls a cart and the cart moves forward.
III.A can is opened with the help of an opener.
IV. A magnet is demagnetized by hammering it.
(A) Up to down (B) Down to up
(C) Left to right (D) Right to left
In which of the given situations is indirect
application of force involved?
(A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV
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Motion & Force 21
3. When a magnet is brought near another magnet, 9. The motion of a snake is

the second magnet moves toward the first. (A) Translatory (B) Oscillatory
The second magnet moves because (C) Circular (D) Random
of force between them which acts . 10. When you pluck a string of a guitar or sitar, it
produces music. This is due to
(A) (A) Translatory motion of the strings
i ii
(B) Vibratory motion of the string
Gravitational Direct ly (C) Oscillatory motion of the string
(D) Circular motion of the string
(B)
i ii II. Multiple Correct Answer Type
11. Which of the following are examples for periodic
Gravitational Indirectly motion?
(C) (A) The motion of the earth round the sun
i ii is periodic.
(B) The swinging pendulum of a wall clock.
Magnetic Directly
(C) The needle of a sewing machine running
at constant speed.
(D) i ii (D) A car moving on a straight road.
12. Which of the following describe random motion?
Magnetic Indirectly
(A) A buzzing bee.
4. At an amusement park, a capsule in a free fall (B) A football player on the field.
tower ride has a huge magnet fitted to its base. (C) A car moving on a circular road.
The capsule is prevented from hitting the ground (D) The flying motion of a sparrow.
by a powerful magnet, placed at the bottom of 13. Which of the following is an effect of force?
the ride. The magnet that faces upward has the (A) Moving a body at rest.
same pole as the magnet that faces downward. (B) Stopping a ball in motion.
Which force prevents the capsule from hitting the (C) Changing the direction of motion.
ground? (D) Changing the speed of a body in motion.
(A) Gravitational (B) Magnetic 14. Contact forces are
(C) Electric (D) Nuclear (A) Magnetic force (B) Frictional force
5. Trenton is pulling a bucket full of water, out of a (C) Gravitational force (D) Muscular force
well. 15. Non contact forces are
What is Trenton working against? (A) Magnetic force (B) Frictional force
(A) Gravitational pull of Earth (C) Gravitational force (D) Gravitational force
(B) Magnetic field of Earth
(C) Elasticity of the rope III. Paragraph Type
(D) Tension in the rope The actual length covered by a moving body in
6. The wheel of a sewing machine describe between two points, irrespective of the direction
(A) Translatory Motion in which the body is moving, is called distance.
(B) Periodic Motion Displacement is the shortest distance between
(C) Circular Motion two points.
(D) None The units of both distance and displacement are
7. Which of the following decribe circular motion?
metre and centimeter.
(A) Motion of a merry-go- round.
Using the above information answer the following
(B) Motion of an electric fan.
quesitons.
(C) Motion of a spinning top.
16. If a body completes one complete revolution in a
(D) All
circular path, then
8. The motion of a girl swinging is
(A) distance = 0
(A) Translatory (B) Oscillatory
(B) magnitude of displacement = 0
(C) Circular (D) Random
(C) Both (A) and (B) are correct
(D) None of these
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17. A man leaves his house at 5.00 a.m. for a morning walk for 2km and returns at 6.00. a.m. What is his
displacement traversed by him in this time?
(A) 4 km (B) 8 km (C) 2 km (D) Zero
18. In the above question, what is the distance travelled by the man?
(A) 4 km (B) 8km (C) 2 km (D) Zero
19. The figure given below shows the path taken by a boy during a walk. Find the total distance covered by the
boy.
B
4 km 3 km
2 km
C D
A
(A) 12 km (B) 9 km (C) 10 km (D) 5 km
IV. Matrix Matching
(Match the following)
20. Column – I Column – II
(A) A car moving on a straight road (p) Periodic motion
(B) A javelin thrown by an athlete (q) Rotatory motion
(C) Motion of a potter’s wheel (r) Curvilinear motion
(D) Motion of heart beats (t) Translatory motion
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Learning Outcomes Energy and Work
Chapter - 3
 Introduction to work  Other forms of energy

 Factors determining work  Inter-conversion of energy
 Kinds of work  The Ultimate source of energy
 Potential Energy
 Kinetic Energy
1. Introduction
The terms energy and work are commonly used in
everyday life. For example, when we play and get
tired we say we are left with very little energy.
When we do a lot of home work, we say we are A speeding car
left with very little energy. After all, what is this When a boy kicks a football, he is doing physical
energy? work. When a porter carries a load for you, he is
doing physical work. When a car or a bus moves,
it does mechanical work.
You can see that work can be done by living or
non-living bodies. However, we recognise only
that work which causes some kind of motion or
displacement. For example, if you are pushing a
wall and it does not move, then no work is done.
However, if you are pushing or pulling a chair such
that it moves, then work is said to be done.
A man pushing a car When a force causes displacement in its own
Ability to do work is called energy. direction, work is said to be done.
For example, if you are carrying your school bag
Now, the question arises, what is work? on your back and standing, you are not doing any
When you are preparing your lessons you may say work. It is because the force applied by you is not
you are doing mental work. When the headmaster making the bag move in its own direction. Similarly,
of your school addresses the school assembly, he if you push a wall and it does not move, then no
is doing mental work. work is done, no matter how much energy you
have spent.
On the other hand, if you apply force on a heavy
box and it moves, then work is done. Similarly,
when a cart man or the bullocks pull a cart, such
that the cart moves, work is said to be done.
A boy preparing his lesson
A wind mill moving with the force of air

(c)
NOTE: For doing the work, two conditions are
necessary:
(i) There must be force acting on the body.
A woman drawing water from a well (ii) The body must move in the direction of applied force.
In some cases, the force applied does not produce
displacement of a body. Instead the body gets Mathematically, work is defined as the product
deformed. of force and displacement through which force
For example, when an inflated rubber balloon is acts.
squeezed, it gets deformed in the direction of applied If F is the applied force, ‘S’ is the displacement in
force. Thus, work is done. the direction of applied force and W is the work
2. Factors Determining Work done, then:
Consider an empty box being pushed from, position Work done = Force × Displacement through which
A to position B through a distance x. naturally, some force acts.
force is required to move the box through distance
x, and hence, some work is done. W=F×S
Now imagine that the box is filled with stones and Units of Work
it is again moved from A to B, through a distance
‘x’. It is obvious that the force required to do so The unit of work in C.G.S. system is ‘erg’.
will be more than that in the first case. In other W = F . S = 1dyne × 1cm = 1erg
words, more work is done in the later case.
(i) erg : Work done is said to be one ‘erg’ if a force of
We can say that the work done by a body
one dyne displaces the body through a distance
depends upon the force applied, i.e., the more
of 1 cm along the direction of force.
the work done, the more is the force applied.
Consider a box filled with stones. Let the box be 1 erg = 1 dyne × 1 cm = 1 g cm s–2 × cm
displaced by 2 m from A to B by some force. Some or 1 erg = 1 g cm2 s–2
work is done in moving the box. If the same force
is used to push the box so that displacement is 4 m, The unit of work in S.I. system is joule (J)
the work done will be doubled. Thus, we can W = F . S = 1N × 1m = 1 joule
conclude that more the displacement of a body, more
is the work done. (ii) Joule : Work is said to be one joule, if a force 1
newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 m
along the direction of force.
1 J = 1 N × 1 m = 1 kg × m× s-2 × m
1 J = 1 kg m2 s–2
Relation between Joule and erg :
(a)
1 J = 1 N × 1 m = 105 dyne × 100 cm = 107 dyne
cm
or 1 J = 107 erg.
Work done can be positive, negative or zero
depending upon the direction of force and direction
(b) of motion. (Displacement)
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Energy and Work 25
Types of Work
(i) Positive work done :
Work done by a force on a body (or an object) is said
to be positive work done when the body is displaced
in the direction of applied force. g = -ve
s=h
Vertically projected body

S
Here Negative work done
 Force (iii) Zero work :
 displacement are in the same direction a) If S = 0 i.e., the body does not move from its
Examples : position on the application of force, then
(a) The body falling freely under the action of W=0
gravity has positive work done by the Thus, no work is done by the force if it fails
gravitational force. to displace the body.
(b) The work done by the engine is positive. b) When a person pushes a wall but fails to
body move the wall, then work done by the force
on the wall is zero.
c) When a body moves in a direction
F S perpendicular to the direction of the force no
g = +ve S=h
work is done by the force.
u=0
d) When a person carrying a suitcase in his hand
or on his head is walking horizontally, the
work done against gravity is zero.
Freely falling body e) No work is done on a body when it moves
(ii) Negative work done :
along a circular path.
The work done by a force on a body is said to be
f) Work done by the flying aeroplane is zero as
negative work done when the body is displaced in a
the force and displacement are perpendicular
direction opposite to the direction of the force.
to each other.
 displacem ent Note: Work done is zero if
1. the displacement is zero.
 force are in opposite direction.
2. the force and the displacement are
(a) When an object is lifted upward to a certain perpendicular to each other.
height, then the work done by the force of
gravity (equal to the weight of the object) on
the object is negative.
(b) Work done by a person with a suitcase on his
head moving upwards in the vertical
direction. Here the displacement is in the
upward direction and the force of gravity acts
in the downward direction.
(c) When brakes are applied on a moving vehicle,
work done by the braking force is negative.
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2. The factors on which work depends is

(A) Force (B) Displacement
(C) Both (D) None

S 3. The CGS unit of work is
(A) erg (B) joule (C) watt (D) metre

F 4. The SI unit of work is
(A) erg (B) joule (C) watt (D) metre
5. What is the work done by a coolie of mass 80 kg,
standing with a rice bag of 50kg on his
shoulder?
(A) 130 J (B) 50 J (C) 80 J (D) Zero
6. Calculate the amount of work done when moving
a 567N crate a distance of 20 meters.
(A) 10340 J (B) 11340 J (C) 12340 J (D) 13440 J
7. If it took a bulldozer 567.6 joules of work to push a
mound of dirt 30.5 meters, how much force did
the bulldozer have to apply?
(A) 9.3 N (B) 10.6N (C) 18.6 N (D) 37.2 N
Formative Worksheet 3. Kinds of Energy

1. Calculate the amount of work done, when a force
As already stated, the ability to do work is called
of 25N displaces a body through 10m, in its
energy. Thus, from the point of view of Physics if
own its direction.
a body has energy, it must be able to cause
(A) 125 J (B) 250 J (C) 375 J (D) 500 J
motion and must exert some force. No doubt,
2. Renatta Gass is out with her friends. Misfortune
there are many kinds of energy, but broadly speaking
occurs and Renatta and her friends find
energy has been divided into two kinds, i.e., kinetic
themselves getting a workout. They apply a
energy and potential energy.
cumulative force of 1080 N to push the car 218 m
to the nearest fuel station. Determine the work done 4. Potential Energy
on the car.
(A) 2.35 × 105 J (B) 2.35 × 106 J Potential energy is a kind of stored energy in a body.
7
(C) 2.35 × 10 J (D) 2.35 × 108 J Following investigations will prove the above
3. A fork lift moves 34m carrying a 1023N box across statement. Let’s perform an activity.
the warehouse floor. How much work is done by
the fork lift. ACTIVITY-1
(A) 3478 J (B)78234 J Suspend a brass bob from an iron stand as shown
(C) 435720 J (D) 34782 J by the position C. Place a matchbox very close to
4. How much work is done by a person who uses a brass bob (see the figure given below).
force of 27.5N to move a grocery buggy 12.3m? Now stretch the brass bob to position A which is at
(A) 1014.75J (B) 676.5 J a higher level. Release the brass bob.
(C) 338.25 J (D) 169.125J It will be seen that as brass bob hits the matchbox,
5. 55, 000J of work is done to move a rock 25m. How it shifts from position 1 to position 2.
much force was applied?
(A) 1100 N (B) 2200 N
(C) 3300 N (D) 4400 N
FCormative WW
onceptive orksheet
orksheet
1. The ability to do work is called
(A) Power (B) Energy
(C) Charge (D) None
Raised brass stores energy
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Energy and Work 27
Repeat the experiment by raising the brass bob to Mathematically, potential energy is the product of
position B. It is seen that matchbox shifts from weight of body and vertical distance through which
position 1 to position 3. a body is raised.
Following conclusions can be drawn from the above Potential energy = Weight of a body × Distance
investigation: through which a body is raised.
P.E.= mgh.
(i) The work done in raising the brass bob is stored in
it in the form of energy. {Where, mg = weight of body , g = acceleration
due to gravity with a value of 9.8 m/s2 and h =
(ii) The more is the work done in raising the brass bob distance through which body is raised.}
to higher level, the more is the energy stored in it.
Examples of Potential Energy
(iii) The stored energy in the brass bob can exert force,
(i) When we wind up the spring of an alarm clock, our
and hence, makes the matchbox move.
muscular energy is stored in its spring. It is this
ACTIVITY-2 energy which is slowly released and moves the
Take a spring made from a strong wire and fix it on hands of the clock.
a wooden board as shown in figure given below.
Wound-up spring of alarm clock

(ii) In a toy pistol, the spring gets compressed and
stores muscular energy. It is this stored potential
Compressed spring and an iron weight
energy which pushes out the plastic dart.
On the spring, place a 100 g weight or a stone and

compress spring with your hand. You will notice
that the shape or configuration of the spring
changes.
Remove the compressing force (your hand). It is
seen that iron weight flies off.
From the above investigation, we conclude that Toy pistol
energy can be stored in a body due to the change (iii) When the rubber sling of a catapult is stretched,
in its configuration or shape. the muscular energy is stored in rubber in the form
From activities 1 and 2, it is clear that the energy of potential energy. It is this stored potential energy
which can be stored in a body depends upon: which throws the stone in the sling of thecatapult
in forward direction.
(i) change in positions of body, i.e., how high the body
is raised from ground level,
(ii) change in the configuration or shape of the body.
This stored energy is called potential energy.
The energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration is called potential
energy.
catapult
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(iv) When the string of a bow is stretched, the muscular

energy is stored in the string and bow in the
form of potential energy. It is this potential energy
which makes the arrow shoot forward.
From the above activity, following conclusions can

be drawn
(i) A moving body has energy.
Stretched bow and arow
Similarly, water stored high up in the dams; in water (ii) The energy of the moving body is more, if its mass
tanks on the top of the buildings has potential energy. increases.
When a blacksmith lifts a hammer high above his ACTIVITY-4
head or a woodcutter lifts an axe above his head, it
is their muscular energy which is stored in the Place a wooden coin on the carrom board and hit it
hammer or axe in the form of potential energy. with a striker gently as shown in figure-a. It is seen
that wooden coin moves forward through a small
5. Kinetic Energy distance.
The bodies in motion are capable of doing work,
and hence, possess energy. This energy is called
kinetic energy. The word kinetic comes from
Greek word Kineses which means motion.
The energy possessed by a body due to its motion
is called kinetic energy.
ACTIVITY-3
Take two wooden boards. Incline one of the boards
against the other board as shown in figure given
below. At base of the inclined board place a glass
marble B. On the top of the inclined board place a
small marble A. Allow the marble A to roll down
the inclined plane, so that it hits marble B. Measure
the distance through which marble B moves.
Repeat the experiment with a bigger marble C.
Measure the distance through which marble B
moves. It is seen that in the second case marble B
moves through a larger distance.
Repeat the process, but hit the striker with full force.
It is seen that wooden coin moves through a large
distance. It even strikes the edge of board and
moves in other direction.
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Energy and Work 29
From this investigation, we can conclude that the

more the speed of moving body, the more is its
kinetic energy.
Factors Determining Kinetic Energy
From activities 3 and 4, it is clear that kinetic energy
of a body depends upon following factors:
(i) The more the mass of a body, the more is its kinetic
energy.
(ii) The more the speed of a moving body, the more is
its kinetic energy. In higher classes, you will learn
that:
(d) Hurricane blowing off roof of a hut
1
Kinetic energy= × Mass of the body × (Speed)2
2
1
K.E. = × m × v2
2
Examples of Kinetic Energy
Any material object which moves has kinetic
energy. For example
(i) A running train has kinetic energy.
(e) Shooting arrow
(ii) A speeding car has kinetic energy.
(a) A running train

(f) Stone rolling down the slope of hill
(b) A speed car
Freely oscillating pendulum

(c) Strong wind (iii) A strong wind, blowing off the leaves from a tree,
has kinetic energy.
(iv) Hurricane blowing off the roofs of huts, has kinetic
energy.
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(v) A shooting arrow has kinetic energy. 8. An object of 100 kg is lifted to a height of 10 m
vertically. What will be the work done? [g = 9.8 m/
(vi) A stone rolling down a hill has kinetic energy.
s2 ]
Inter-conversion of Kinetic Energy into (A) 9800 J(B) 9008 J (C) 9.8 J (D) 8.9 J
Potential Energy
9. A box of mass 2 kg is pushed along a floor through
Suspend a brass bob from some support with the 2m against a force of friction 5N. The same box is
help of 1 strong cotton thread. This arrangement lifted up through a height of 2m. What will be the
forms a pendulum. work done in both cases respectively (g = 9.8 m/
Pull the pendulum to position A. In doing so, we s2 )
have raised the pendulum, and hence, our muscular (A) 10 J, 39.2 J (B) 15 J, 36.2 J
energy is stored in it in the form of potential energy. (C) 12 J, 39.2 J (D) 10 J, 32.9 J
Now release the pendulum. As the pendulum moves 10. A coolie lifts a box of 15 kg from the ground to a
from position A to B, its speed goes on increasing height of 2.0 m. The work done by the coolie on
and height goes on decreasing. Thus, we can say the box is ( Given g = 9.8 m/s2)
the potential energy at A changes into kinetic energy, (A) 250 J (B) 294 J (C) 300 J (D) 350 J
till at B all the potential energy changes into kinetic
11. A work of 4900 J is done on a load of mass 50 kg to
energy.
lift it to a certain height. What is the height through
When the pendulum moves from position B to which the load is lifted ?
position C, it gains height and at the same time slows (A) 12 m (B) 14 m (C) 10 m (D) 18 m
down. Thus, from B to C its kinetic energy changes
12. What will be the K.E of a body of mass 2 kg moving
into potential energy. At C, the pendulum will have
with a velocity of 0.1 metre per second ?
maximum potential energy.
(A) 0.1 J (B) 0.01 J (C) 0.001 J (D) 1 J
During reverse motion, i.e., from C to B, the potential
13. Two bodies of equal masses move with uniform
energy changes into kinetic energy. Similarly, from
velocities v and 3v respectively. Find the ratio of
B to A, the kinetic energy changes into potential
their kinetic energies.
energy.
(A) 9 :1 (B) 2 : 9 (C) 1 : 9 (D) 1 : 1
Thus, we conclude that potential energy and kinetic
energy are interconvertible. As all the forms of 14. A 1kg mass has a kinetic energy of 1 Joule when its
energy can be put under the heading of either velocity is
potential energy or kinetic energy, we reach to a (A) 0.45 m/s (B) 1 m/s
point where we can define a law called law of (C) 1.4 m/s (D) 4.4 m/s
conservation of energy. 15. An object of mass 1 kg has a potential energy of 1
Law Conservation of Energy J relative to the ground, when it is at a height of
The sum total of energy in a system is a constant [g=10 m/s2]
quantity. It can neither be created nor destroyed. (A) 0.1 m (B) 1 m (C) 9.8 m (D) 32 m
However, energy can change from one form to
another form. FCormative WW
onceptive orksheet
orksheet
Formative Worksheet 8. When a body rolls down an inclined plane, it has
(A) only kinetic energy
6. A person of mass 50 kg climbs a tower of height 72 (B) only potential energy
metre. The work done is [g = 9.8 m/s2] (C) both kinetic and potential energy
(A) 35280 J (B) 32580 J (D) neither kinetic energy nor potential energy
(C) 52380 (D) 58320 J 9. The kinetic energy of a body depends
(A) on its mass only
7. How much is the mass of a man if he has to do
(B) on its velocity only
2500 joule of work in climbing a tree 5m tall ? (g =
(C) on its mass as well as on its velocity
10 m/s2)
(D) neither on its mass nor on its velocity
(A) 30 kg (B) 40 kg (C) 50 kg (D) 45 kg
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Energy and Work 31
10. Water stored at a height in a dam possesses 6. Other Forms of Energy

(A) only kinetic energy
(B) only potential energy No doubt energy can be classified either under the
(C) both kinetic and potential energy heading of kinetic energy or potential energy. “Yet
(D) neither kinetic energy nor potential energy for the sake of convenience, we have classified
11. Strong wind can turn the blades of a wind mill energy under different headings.
because it possesses 1. Mechanical Energy
(A) kinetic energy
With exception of energy in fuels (such as kerosene
(B) potential energy
oil, coal, etc., or the energy in cells and battery), all
(C) both kinetic and potential energy
forms of kinetic energy and potential energy taken
(D) none of these
together, form mechanical energy. Muscular energy
12. When the speed of a moving object is doubled, its
of all kinds of animals is also a kind of mechanical
(A) kinetic energy halved
energy. In generating this energy, chemical energy
(B) kinetic energy decreases
of the food is utilized. It is released in the form of
(C) kinetic energy is doubled
heat energy.
(D) kinetic energy increases four times
2. Heat Energy or Thermal energy
13. A flying aeroplane has
(A) only kinetic energy When you cook food in pressure cooker by placing
it over stove, the heat energy changes water to
(B) only potential energy steam. The steam, in turn, lifts the weight on the
(C) both kinetic and potential energy top of lid and whistles. This lifting of weight suggests
(D) none of these that heat is a form of energy which is capable
of doing work.
14. If the velocity an object increases 4 times, its kinetic
energy increases
(A) 4 times (B) 8 times
(C) 16 times (D) 32 times
15. If a spring is compressed. The potential energy of
the spring
(A) remains unchanged (B) increases
(C) decreases (D) becomes zero
16. A body of mass 1 kg is lifted through a height of 1m,
then its work done is
(A) 8.9 J (B) 9.8 J (C) 98 J (D) 89 J
In 1765, James Watt, a young scientist, noted this
17. A man lifts a brick of mass 5 kg from the floor to a
phenomenon which led to invention of steam engine.
shelf 2m high. How much work is done ? (g = 9.8
m/s2 ) In the modern thermoelectric power houses, it is
(A) 8.9 J (B) 9.8 J (C) 98 J (D) 89 J the heat energy of burning coal which is used to
18. A ball of mass 1 kg is thrown up. It reaches a raise steam. The steam then runs the turbines of
maximum height of 5m. What is the work done by the generator and produces electric energy.
the force of gravity during motion [g = 9.8 m/s2]
(A) (D).9 J (B) 6.9 J (C) 49 J (D) 9.8 J
19. A load of 100 kg is pulled upwards by 5m. Calculate
the work done. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
(A) 4900 J(B) 9400 J (C) 9.(D) J (D) 94.0 J
20. If acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2, what will
be the potential energy of a body of mass 1 kg kept
at a height of 5 m ?
(A) 20 J (B) 30 J (C) 40 J (D) 50 J
Diesel railway engine
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All modern automobiles need heat energy. Whether

it is a moped or a heavy truck or diesel railway
engine, all use heat energy of burning petrol or diesel
for doing work.
We ourselves are dependent on heat energy’ for
doing work. The food which we consume burns
slowly in our cells to liberate heat energy. It is this
heat energy which makes us do muscular work.
3. Light Energy
Electric Kettle Electric grinder
Light does not seem to move objects, as it is a very
weak kind of energy. However, if a very intense 6. Magnetic Energy
beam of light is allowed to fall on fine dust particles, A magnet can easily pull the pieces of iron towards
they are found to move. This suggests that light is itself. Thus, as a magnet is capable of causing
a form of energy which is capable of doing motion in the iron articles, it has an energy which
work. may be called magnetic energy.
4. Sound Energy The figure (a) given below shows two trolleys A
Sound does not seem to move objects, as it is a and B on which two powerful magnets are fixed,
fairly weak kind of energy. However, when the such that their North poles face each other. Bring
sound waves fall on the ear-drum, they make it the trolleys close to one another. You will notice
vibrate. It is these vibrations which are carried to that a lot of force is required to bring the trolleys
the brain and we hear sound. Thus, sound is a form close together.
of energy which is capable of doing work.
When a supersonic plane breaks the sound barrier,
the sound waves produced by it, really shake the
buildings. Similarly, the thunder of the cloud also
shakes buildings, thereby suggesting that sound is
an energy. (a)
5. Electric Energy
Electric energy is one of the most important forms
of the energy for modern living. When this energy
is passed through an electric motor, it sets its axle
in circular motion. It is this circular motion, which
is utilised in running ceiling fans; table fans; juicers; (b)
grinders; etc. It is used for running electric trains. Now release the trolleys. You will observe that both
It is used in factories for running heavy machines. the trolleys move away from each other as shown
It is also used in heating devices such as heaters, in figure (b). Thus, experiment proves that magnet
geysers, electric kettles, etc. It is also use of lighting has energy, which is commonly called magnetic
in bulbs and tube lights. energy.
Magnetic energy is used in electromagnets to lift
heavy loads of iron. It is also used in electric motors,
electric generators, microphones, television tubes,
telephones, etc.
7. Chemical Energy
The chemical energy is a kind of hidden energy in
the atoms of elements or compounds. In fact, it is a
kind of potential energy which is possessed by the
Electric train atoms of elements or compounds on account of
their arrangement of electrons. When these
www.betoppers.com
Energy and Work 33
elements or compounds react, the arrangement of 7. Inter-Conversion of Energy

electrons changes with the release of energy. This
energy is, generally, released in the form of heat I. Inter-conversion of Mechanical Energy
energy. For example, the food we eat, changes into (i) When an electric drill is used to bore a hole in a
heat energy, because it is the chemical energy of wooden block, smoke starts rising. It is because
food and the oxygen which changes into heat energy. mechanical energy of drill changes into heat
Similarly, when we strike a match, the chemical energy as shown in the figure given below.
energy on the match head changes into heat energy.
In fact, it is the chemical energy of fossil fuels,
such as coal or petroleum, which changes into heat
energy when we use them. In special cases such
as electric cells or electric batteries, chemical
energy changes into electric energy.
8. Nuclear Energy
The nucleus within the atom has enormous amount (ii) When two stones are struck against each other
of energy which holds the protons and neutrons sharply, sparks of light are produced along with
together. When the nucleus of a heavy atom such sound. Thus, mechanical energy changes into
as uranium or plutonium is smashed, it releases light and sound energies as shown in the figure
nuclear energy in the form of heat and light energy. given below.
The nuclear energy can be used for peaceful
purposes as well as destructive purposes.
(iii) When the water stored in dams is allowed to flow

from a pipe and directed against turbine, the
mechanical energy of the flowing water rotates the
turbine. The turbine is coupled to electric generator,
Atomic explosion where the mechanical energy of the turbine
Atom bomb and Hydrogen bomb are the devices changes into electric energy as shown in the
in which nuclear energy is released suddenly. It figure given below.
causes enormous damage.
In nuclear power plants, nuclear energy is used for
peaceful purposes. The heat energy released during
nuclear reactors is used to raise steam. The steam
is then used to run electric turbines to generate
electric energy.
9. Radiant Energy
While vibrations of matter produce thermal and
sound energy, radiant energy results from vibrations
of charges. Radiant energy is another name for Hydro power plant
waves of electromagnetic energy. For example, the A spark generator converts mechanical energy of
sun’s energy is transported to Earth as waves of motion into the electrical energy of a spark. When
radiant energy. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared the spark generator ’s spring is compressed,
radiation, light waves, X-rays and cosmic rays are mechanical energy is stored as potential strain
all waves of radiant energy. energy. When the stored strain energy is released,
the spring exerts force on the surfaces of a certain
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type of crystal, which then becomes electrically IV. Inter-conversion of Sound Energy
charged. If enough charge accumulates on the
When we speak in front of a microphone, the sound
surfaces, a spark will jump between oppositely
energy changes into electric energy (Fig.a).
charged parts of the crystal.
(iv) Mechanical energy of motion is converted into V. Inter-conversion of Magnetic Energy
thermal energy when surfaces rub together, (i) When an electric generator works, the mechanical
producing friction between the objects. We can energy interacts with magnetic energy and
illustrate thermal energy from friction by using an changes into electric energy.
electric drill to rotate a metal tube filled with water.
Two blocks of wood squeezed against the tube (ii) If two magnets are placed on top of one another
produce the friction. When we pour a small amount with their like poles facing, the magnets repel
of water into the metal tube and cork it with a rubber each other. We can feel this force when we do
stopper, the mechanical energy of motion converted work to push the top, floating magnet closer to the
into heat by friction turns the water into steam. The bottom magnet. When we release the floating
steam blows the cork out of the tube, thus magnet, some magnetic energy is converted into
converting thermal energy back into mechanical mechanical energy of motion and gravitational
energy of motion of the stopper. potential energy as the magnet moves upward and
floats.
II. Inter-conversion of Heat Energy
VI. Inter-conversion of Electric Energy
(i) In steam engines or diesel engines, the heat energy
is converted into mechanical energy. (i) In electric motors; fans; grinders; etc., the electric
energy changes into mechanical energy.
(ii) Appliances, such as toasters and hair dryers, contain
thermostats to regulate their temperature. Some
thermostats illustrate the conversion of thermal
energy into mechanical energy of motion.
(ii) In the preparation of certain chemical compounds,
the heat energy changes into chemical energy.
III. Inter-conversion of Light Energy
(i) During photosynthesis, the light energy changes into
chemical energy. The plants take the carbon microphone Electric Motor
dioxide gas and water and these react with the help
of chlorophyll and sunlight to form starch and
oxygen.
(ii) When light energy falls on silver salts coated on
photographic plate, it changes into chemical
energy.
(iii) When light energy is absorbed by photo-voltaic
cells, it changes into electric energy Photo-voltaic Electric fan
cells are commonly used in electronic calculators; (ii) In electric kettles and electric room heaters, the
wrist watches; photographic cameras; etc. electric energy changes into heat energy.
(iii) In electric bulbs, tube lights, etc., the electric energy
first changes into heat energy and then light
energy.
(iv) In electromagnets, the electric energy changes into
magnetic energy.
(v) During the electrolysis of salt solutions the electric
A calculator Electronic Wrist watch energy changes into chemical energy.
www.betoppers.com
Energy and Work 35
VI. Inter-conversion of chemical Energy flowing water is made to run the turbine, which is
coupled to an electric generator. In the electric
(i) During the process of burning, the chemical energy
generator, the kinetic energy of rotating turbine is
changes into heat energy and light energy.
converted into electric energy. The electric energy
When wood is burnt, the chemical energy changes
is carried over long distances through the copper
into heat and light energies.
wires mounted on the transmission towers.
(ii) In electric dry cells or car batteries, the chemical
In a way any kind of energy which we use on earth
energy changes into electric energy.
has come from the sun in the form of solar energy.
car battery
(iii) In explosive devices, such as fire crackers, bombs,
etc., the chemical energy changes into heat,
light and sound energies.
8. All Energy Chains Start from the
Sun
The sun produces an enormous amount of heat
energy and light energy due to fusion of hydrogen
atoms. For us on the surface of the earth, the sun
is the prime source of energy.
The green plants absorb carbon dioxide from air Energy Chain
and water from soil and then, with the help of Solar energy is directly used by us in drying clothes
chlorophyll and sunlight, convert them into starch and other materials. Solar energy is directly used
and oxygen. Thus, the solar energy is trapped by in solar cells which are used in watches; calculators
the plants in the form of chemical energy. and artificial satellites. Solar cookers are used fori
It is this chemical energy in the food which changes cooking food.
into heat energy and then muscular energy in our
bodies. Even in the fossil fuels such as coal or
petroleum (which are formed from the plants or
animals), the chemical energy is basically the
trapped solar energy.
The water cycle is also caused due to solar energy.
A large amount of water vaporises due to solar
energy. When this water forms clouds and it rains,
it is the solar energy which changes into mechanical Artifical satellite
energy of water.
Flowing water is a very important source of energy.
These days big dams are constructed on the rivers.
The water stored in the dams has potential energy.
When the stored water is made to flow through
special channels, the potential energy of water
changes into kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of
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28. In which of the following, heat energy is converted

Formative Worksheet to mechanical energy?
16. Which of the following belongs to the category of (A) Steam engines (B) Diesel engines
mechanical energy? (C) Petrol engines (D) All
(A) Kinetic energy (B) Potential Energy 29. When light energy falls on silver salts coated on
(C) Muscular energy (D) All photographic plate, it changes into ____
energy.
17. When you cook food in pressure cooker by placing
(A) Electrical (B) Heat
it over stove, the _____energy changes water
to steam. (C) Chemical (D) None
(A) Electrical (B) Magnetic 30. In which of the following light energy changes to
electric energy?
(C) Chemical (D) Heat
(A) Electronic calculator
18. Who invented steam engine?
(B) Photographic cameras
(A) Joule (B) James Watt
(C) Wrist watches (D) All
(C) Newton (D) Rutherford
31. If two magnets are placed on top of one another
19. Which energy causes the sensation of vision? with their like poles facing, the magnets repel
(A) Sound (B) Electrical each other. In this case, some magnetic energy is
(C) Magnetic (D) Light converted into ______.
20. Which of the following is capable of doing work? (A) Electric energy
(A) Sound energy (B) Light energy (B) Mechanical energy
(C) Heat energy (D) All (C) Gravitational potential energy
21. Which energy makes an electric motor to work? (D) Both B and C
(A) Sound energy (B) Light energy 32. In an electric kettle, ______ energy is changed
(C) Heat energy (D) Electrical energy ______ energy?
22. Chemical energy is kind of (A) electric, magnetic (B) mechanical, electric
(A) Kinetic energy (B) Potential energy (C) electric, heat (D) electric, light
(C) Both (D) None
23. In fossil fuels, _____ energy changes to heat Conceptive Worksheet
energy.
21. In generating muscular energy, ______ energy of
(A) Sound energy (B) Chemical energy food is utilized.
(C) Heat energy (D) Electrical energy
(A) Electrical (B) Magnetic
24. When the nucleus of a heavy atom such as uranium (C) Chemical (D) Heat
or plutonium is smashed, it releases
22. Heat is a form of _____
(A) nuclear energy (B) heat energy
(A) Velocity (B) Power
(C) light energy (D) All
25. Which of the following is the result from vibration (C) Energy (D) Speed
of charges? 23. Which energy makes us to do muscular work?
(A) Thermal energy (B) Sound energy (A) Electrical (B) Magnetic
(C) Radiant energy (D) Heat energy (C) Chemical (D) Heat
26. In which of the following, mechanical energy is 24. Which energy causes the sensation of hearing?
converted to heat energy (A) Sound (B) Electrical
(A) Drilling (B) Striking of stones (C) Magnetic (D) Light
(C) Water fall (D) None 25. Which energy is released during thunder storm?
27. When the turbine is coupled to an electric generator, (A) Sound energy (B) Light energy
________ energy of the turbine changes into (C) Heat energy (D) All
________energy.
(A) electric, mechanical (B) mechanical, electric
(C) sound, light (D) electric, magnetic
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Energy and Work 37
26. Which energy is hidden in atoms of elements or

compounds? Summative Worksheet
(A) Sound energy (B) Chemical energy
I. Fill in the blanks
(C) Heat energy (D) Electrical energy
27. When we strike a match, the ______energy on the 1. Ability to do work is called_________.
match head changes into ______energy. 2. When a force causes _____________in its own
(A) sound, chemical (B) chemical, light direction, the work is said to be done.
(C) chemical, heat (D) chemical, electrical
3. Work done by a body is the product of ________
28. In electric cells or electric batteries, _______energy
and displacement.
changes into _____energy.
(A) sound, chemical (B) chemical, light 4. One joule is the product of force of 1N and
(C) chemical, heat (D) chemical, electrical displacement of______.
29. During which of the following explosions, nuclear 5. Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
energy is released suddenly? configuration or________ is called potential
(A) Hydrogen bomb (B) Atom bomb energy.
(C) Both (D) None
30. Which of the following are the waves of radiant 6. Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
energy? ______________is called kinetic energy.
(A) Radio waves (B) Infrared 7. In hydroelectric dams the _________energy of
(C) X rays (D) All flowing water is transformed into electric
31. When two stones are struck against each other energy.
sharply, mechanical energy is converted to 8. When we speak in front of a microphone, the sound
(A) Electrical energy (B) Light energy energy changes into_____energy.
(C) Sound energy (D) Both B and C
32. When hands are rubbed, ________ energy is 9. Nuclear energy is released in the for m of
changes into ________energy. ________________ energy when the atom
(A) electric, mechanical disintegrates.
(B) mechanical, thermal 10. During photosynthesis, the ______energy changes
(C) sound, light to chemical energy.
(D) electric, magnetic II. Statements given below are incorrect. Write
33. During which of the following, light energy is the correct statements.
converted to chemical energy?
(A) Photosynthesis (B) Combustion 11. Work is done when we hold a pile of books in our
(C) Respiration (D) All hands.
34. In which of the following light energy changes to 12. Work done by a body is the product of pressure and
electric energy? displacement.
(A) solar cooker (B) Pressure cooker
13. When electric current flows through a bulb, the
(C) Wrist watches (D) All electric energy first changes into light energy and
35. In which of the following, sound energy changes then heat energy.
into electric energy?
(A) Electronic calculator(B) Photographic cameras 14. When we speak in front of a microphone the electric
(C) Wrist watches (D) Microphone energy changes into sound energy.
36. In which of the following, the electric energy 15. During photosynthesis heat energy changes into
changes into mechanical energy? chemical energy.
(A) Electric motors (B) Fans
16. In charging a car battery, the chemical energy
(C) Grinders (D) All
changes into electric energy.
17. A wound up spring of a watch possesses kinetic
energy.
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18. Nuclear energy is released in the form of light 34. Water stored in a tank on the top of roof has:
energy.
(A) potential energy (B) kinetic energy
19. When a stone is projected vertically upwards its
(C) potential as well as kinetic energy
kinetic energy changes into potential energy.
(D) solar energy
20. Kinetic energy of a body decreases with the
increase in mass. 35. The ultimate source of energy on the earth is:
III.. State whether the following statements are true (A) coal (B) petroleum
or false: (C) flowing water (D) sun.
21. Magnetic energy is always attractive in nature. 36. The cause of water cycle in nature is:
22. The SI unit of energy is Joule. (A) chemical energy (B) nuclear energy
23. A stretched bow and arrow system has kinetic (C) solar energy (D) potential energy.
energy. 37. Strong current of water turns the blades of turbine
24. The energy possessed by an electric cell is chemical because it possesses:
energy. (A) potential energy
25. During photosynthesis, the light energy changes into (B) kinetic energy
chemical energy.
(C) both potential and kinetic energy
26. An electric bulb converts electric energy into heat
energy. (D) none of these.
27. The source of energy in a nuclear bomb is chemical 38. Work is said to be done when:
energy. (A) force acts upon a body, but the body does not
28. A freely falling stone possesses K. E and P.E. move
29. In human body, the chemical energy of food changes (B) force acts upon a body and moves it in the
into heat energy. direction of force
30. In hydroelectric stations, the potential energy of (C) force acts upon a body, but the body does not
flowing water changes into electric energy. move in the direction of applied force
IV. Choose the correct answer (D) none of these
31. The work done by a body is the product of force 39. It two boys push a table in opposite direction with
and: equal force, then
(A) distance (B) speed (A) work is said to done (B) no work is done
(C) displacement (D) velocity. (C) double work is done (D) none of these.
32. The SI unit of work is: 40. When a person speaks in front of a microphone,
the sound energy is converted into:
(A) newton (B) pascal
(A) loud sound energy (B) magnetic energy
(C) joule (D) newton-metre.
(C) chemical energy (D) electric energy.
33. Burning of paper is an example of conversion of:
V. Find the odd one out. Give a reason for your
(A) chemical energy into heat energy choice.
(B) chemical energy into heat and light energy 41. Water stored in a tank, wound up spring of watch,
(C) chemical energy into light energy stretched spring, speeding train.
(D) heat energy into light energy 42. A shooting star, a flying bird, blowing wind, a stone
lying on the top of roof.
43. Coal, kerosene oil, petrol, solar cell.
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Energy and Work 39
6. Three essential criteria for something to qualify

HOTS Worksheet scientifically as work done:
1. Which of the following quantities is a vector quantity? I A force must act on a body. II The body must be
displaced. III Directions of the applied force and
(A) Displacement (B) Distance
the displacement must be the same.
(C) Energy (D) Work
With reference to the scientific definition of work
2. When brake is applied on moving car, its motion is done.
retarded. In such a case, the work done by the
brake on the car is said to be (A) only II is inessential
(A) zero (B) positive (B) only III is inessential

(C) negative D) positive or negative (C) both I and II are inessential
3. Which of the following conditions is correct for non-
(D) both I and III are inessential
zero work done?
7. 50 J of work is done against the force of gravity in
(A) Force acting on the body is zero.
lifting a stone to a certain height. What will be
(B) Displacement of the body is zero. the potential energy of the stone at that height?
(C) Displacement of body is perpendicular to the (A) 200 J (B) 100 J (C) 50 J (D) 30 J
force.
8. The ability of a body to do some work is known as:
(D) Displacement produced by force is in opposite
direction to the force. (A) force (B) energy (C) power (D) momentum
4. A constant force is acting upon a particle that is 9. 20 J of work is done against the force of gravity in
always perpendicular to the velocity of the particle. lifting a stone to a certain height. What will be
The motion of the particle takes place in a plane the potential energy of the stone at that height?
and it is known as uniform circular motion. Which
of the following statements is correct for uniform (A) 200 J (B) 100 J (C) 20 J (D) 10 J
circular motion? 10. Energy of a body is defined as the
(A) Velocity of the particle is constant. (A) rate of work done by the body
(B) Acceleration of the particle is constant.
(B) amount of work done by the body
(C) Kinetic energy of the particle is constant.
(C) ability to do some work by the body
(D) Work done by perpendicular force on the
particle is non-zero. (D) rate of change of velocity of the body
5. A boy carries a 20 kg load from point C to A along 11. Which of the following statements is correct with
the path CA as shown in the figure.What is the reference to the work-energy theorem?
work done by the boy against the gravitational pull
of the earth? (A) The sum of the kinetic energy and potential
energy of a body is the work done by the net force
on the body.
(B) The difference of the kinetic energy and
potential energy of a body is the work done by the
net force on the body.
(C) The change in the potential energy of a body is
the work done by the net force on the body.
(D) The change in the kinetic energy of a body is
the work done by the net force on the body.
(A) 190 J (B) 289 J (C) 392 J (D) 490 J
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12. Cars I and II, having masses m and 2m respectively, 16. Which of the following statements is correct for
are moving with velocities hydro power plants?
2v and v respectively. They are brought to rest by (A) Chemical energy is converted into electrical
the application of breaks. The cars take the same energy.
time and cover the same distance before coming
to rest. (B) Electrical energy is converted into chemical
What is the ratio of change in kinetic energy of energy.
car I to that of car II? (C) Mechanical energy is converted into electrical
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 4 (D) 4 : 1 energy.
13. A car of mass 1200 kg starts from rest and acquires (D) Electrical energy is converted into mechanical
a uniform velocity of 18 m/s. What is the work energy.
done on the car?
17. Which of the following materials is not a biomass
(A) 184400 J (B) 188400 J fuel?
(C) 194400 J (D) 198400 J (A) Wood (B) Crops
14. Which of the following statements is correct with
reference to the work-energy theorem? (C) Plastic (D) Organic garbage
(A) The sum of the kinetic energy and potential 18. The main reason for the production of ocean waves
energy of a body is the work done by the net is the _____________.
force on the body. Which information completes the given statement?
(B) The difference of the kinetic energy and (A) gravitational pull of the sun
potential energy of a body is the work
(B) gravitational pull of the moon
done by the net force on the body.
(C) The change in the potential energy of a body is (C) winds that blow across the earth
the work done by the net force on the body. (D) winds that blow across the sea
(D) The change in the kinetic energy of a body is 19. Hydro power plants use _______ energy of water
the work done by the net force on the body. accumulated at a height to spin a turbine. Which
15. A block of magnet is kept with its North-pole on the ‘form of energy’ completes the given statement?
top and the South-pole at the bottom, as shown in (A) potential (B) chemical
the given figure.
(C) kinetic (D) heat
20. Which arrow diagram correctly represents the steps
Another special magnet of a relatively small size is in energy conversion in hydropower plants?
dropped on top of the block magnet. It is observed (A) Heat energy  Kinetic energy  Electric
that the two magnets do not come in contact with energy
each other. Which diagram shows the exact
positions of the poles on the special magnet? (B) Kinetic energy  Heat energy  Electric
energy
(C) Kinetic energy  Potential energy  Electric
energy
(A) (B)
(D) Potential energy  Kinetic energy  Electric
energy
21. The energy produced by exploiting the differences
in temperatures between the water on the surface
and at the bottom of the ocean is harnessed in a
(C) (D)
(A) geothermal power plant
(B) wave energy power plant
(C) tidal energy power plant
(D) ocean thermal power plant
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Energy and Work 41
22. The strong winds that blow over the sea is useful in 3. A frontend loader needed to apply 137 newtons of
the generation of force to lift a rock. A total of 223 joules of w o r k
(A) tidal energy (B) wave energy was done. How far was the rock lifted?
C) geothermal energy (D) ocean thermal energy (A) 1.627 m (B) 2.6225 m
23. In which of the following solar devices the ultimate (C) 3.2564 m (D) 4.2545 m
energy that is produced is not heat energy?
4. A young boy applied a force of 2,550 newtons on
(A) Solar cell (B) Solar heater
his St. Bernard dog who is sitting on the boy’s tennis
(C) Solar cooker (D) Solar furnace shoes. He was unable to move the dog. How much
24. Which of the following statements about wind power work did he do trying to push the dog?
plants is correct?
(A) 10 J (B) 20 J (C) 30 J (D) none
(A) It cannot be built along coastlines
5. What will be the velocity of a body of mass 100 g
(B) It can be built only along coastlines
having a kinetic energy of 20 J ?
(C) It cannot be built in regions with constant high
wind speeds (A) 20 m/s (B) 15 m/s
(D) It can be built only in regions with constant high (C) 10 m/s (D) 25 m/s
wind speeds 6. The kinetic energy of an object of mass ‘m’ moving
25. Consider following statements. with a velocity of 5 m/s is 25 J. What will be its
I. Biogas is a conventional source of energy. K.E when its velocity is increased three times ?
(A) 225 J (B) 200 J (C) 150 J (D) 100 J
II. Biogas is formed in the absence of oxygen.
7. A car is moving with a uniform velocity of 54 km/h.
III. Biogas can be stored before utilization. What is the K.E of a boy of mass 40 kg sitting in
Among the given statements, his car?
(A) only statement I is correct (A) 4500 J (B) 4000 J (C) 3500 J (D) 3000 J
(B) only statement III is correct
8. What will be the height through which a body of
(C) statements I and II are correct mass 0.5 kg should be lifted, if the energy spent for
(D) statements II and III are correct doing so is 1.0 joule ? (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 0.1 m (B) 2 m (C) 1 m (D) 0.2 m
IIT JEE Worksheet
9. During electrolysis, electrical energy is changed to
___ energy.
1. You and 3 friends apply a combined force of 489.5N
to push a piano. The amount of work done (A) Light (B) Sound
is 1762.2J. What distance did the piano move? (C) Chemical (D) Gravitational
(A) 3.6 m (B) 4.7 m (C) 5.8 m (D) 6.9 m 10. During burning, chemical energy is changed to
2. If a weight lifter raises a barbell with a mass of _____ energy.
125.7 grams doing 5,023 joules of work, what
(A) heat (B) light (C) both (D) none
distance did he move the barbells? Remember that
you need a force, not a mass. You must f i r s t 11. In which of the following, chemical energy is
calculate the force in order to complete your changed to electrical energy?
solution. HINT: Weight is a force. Weight on earth
(A) Burning (B) dry cells
is determined by multiplying an object’s mass times
(C) electric kettle (D) Solar cooker
earth’s gravitational pull (9.8m/s2 ).
(A) 2032.2 m (B) 3253.6 m 12. In explosive devices, such as fire crackers, bombs,
etc., the chemical energy changes into ____
(C) 4083.7 m (D) 5465.8 m
energy?
(A) heat (B) light (C) sound (D) All
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II. Multi Correct Answer Type III. Paragraph Type

13. Choose the one fall under the category of mechanical I. Mathematically, work is defined as the product of
energy. force and displacement through which force
acts.If F is the applied force, ‘S’ is the displacement
(A) Kinetic energy (B) Potential Energy
in the direction of applied force and W is the work
(C) Muscular energy (D) Electrical Energy
done, then: Work done = Force × Displacement
14. Which of the following is a form of energy? through which force acts.
(A) Sound (B) Light W=F×S
(C) Heat (D) Momentum The SI unit of work is Joule (J) and cgs unit is erg.
15. When the nucleus of a heavy atom is smashed, it 1 J = 107 erg.
releases 23. How much work is done by a person who uses a
(A) nuclear energy (B) heat energy force of 50 N to move a grocery buggy 10 m?
(C) electrical energy (D) light energy 24. 6000 J of work is done to move a rock 25m. How
16. Nuclear energy is released by the explosion of much force was applied?
(A) Hydrogen bomb (B) Atom bomb 25. You and your friends apply a combined force of
(C) Flower pot (D) Fire Cracker 800 N to push a stone. The amount of work done
is 3200 J. What distance did the stone move?
17. The waves of radiant energy are
II. According to law of conservation of energy. “Energy
(A) Radio waves (B) Infrared can neither be created nor be destroyed, but can
(C) X rays (D) Cathode rays be changed from one form to another form”.
18. Mechanical energy is converted to _____, when 26. The sound energy in a microphone changes into
two stones are struck against each other sharply. (A) chemical energy (B) mechanical energy
(A) Electrical energy (B) Light energy (C) electrical energy (D) magnetic energy
(C) Sound energy (D) Magnetic energy 27. The electrical energy in an electromagnet changes
into
19. Heat energy is converted to mechanical energy in
(A) light energy (B) heat energy
(A) Steam engines (B) Diesel engines
(C) magnetic energy (D) chemical energy
(C) Petrol engines (D) Electric bell
29. During charging of a battery, the electrical energy
20. Light energy changes to electric energy in changes into
(A) Electronic calculator(B) Photographic cameras (A) magnetic energy (B) chemical energy
(C) Solar Cooker (D) Wrist watches
(C) mechanical energy (D) none of these
21. If two magnets are placed on top of one another
III. Relation between kinetic energy and momentum
with their like poles facing, the magnets repel each
other. In this case, some magnetic energy is Let us consider a body of mass ‘m’ having a velocity
converted into ______. ‘v’ , then
(A) Electric energy (B) Mechanical energy momentum of the body P = mass × velocity
(C) Gravitational potential energy
(D) Sound energy P
P=m×v  v --------- (1)
22. The electric energy changes into mechanical energy
m
in From definition, kinetic energy (K.E) of the body
(A) Electric motors (B) Fans
1
(C) Grinders (D) Microphone K.E = mv 2 --------- (2)
2
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Energy and Work 43
Now putting the value of (1) in (2) we have 35. Column-1 Column-II
(a) Work (p) Metre
2
1 P (b) Force (q) Joule
K.E  m 
2 m (c) Displacement (r) Metre/second2
1 P2 1 P2 P2 (d) Acceleration due to gravity (s) Newton

K.E. = m 2   ----- (3)
2 m 2 m 2m 36. Column-1 Column-II
Thus we can write (a) Electric drill (p) Heat to Mechanical
2
P = 2m × K.E (b) Steam engine (q) Sound to Electrical
P 2m  K.E (c) Photosynthesis (r) Mechanical to Heat
(d) Microphone (s) Light to Chemical
Thus momentum = 2  mass  kinetic energy
37. Column-1 Column-II
29. What will be the momentum of a body of mass 100
g having kinetic energy of 20 J? (a) Electric Generator (p) Electric to Mechanical
(A) 2 kg m/s (B) 4 kg m/s (b) Electric Motor (q) Heat to Mechanical
(C) 5 kg m/s (D) 6 kg m/s (c) Burning (r) Magnetic to Electric
30. Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 4 kg possess equal (d) Hair dryer (s) Chemical to Heat
momentum. The ratio of their kinetic energies is
V. Integer Type
(A) 4 : 1 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2
38. How much work in Joule is done by a force of 4 N
31. Two bodies masses 1 kg and 4kg having equal kinetic is moving a body through a distance of 2 m in its
energies. The ratio of their momentum is own direction ?
(A) 4 : 1 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 39. The work done in pulling a load of 100 kg 4900 J.
32. Two bodies A and B of unequal masses having same What is the height in metres to which it is pulled ?
momentum have masses in the ratio 1 : 2 then their [g = 9.8 m/s2]
K.E are in the ratio
40. When mass and velocity and doubled, the kinetic
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 4 energy becomes _____ times the original.
33. The kinetic energy of a given body is doubled. Its
momentum will
(A) remain unchanged (B) redoubled
1
(C) become times (D) become 2 times
2
IV. Matrix Match Type
34. Column-1 Column-II
W
(a) Work (p)
F
(b) Kinetic energy (q) mgh
1 2
(c) Potential energy (r) mv
2
(d) Displacement (s) F  S
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Learning Outcomes Light
Chapter - 4
B y t h e en d o f t h i s ch a p t e r, y o u w i l l u n d er s t a n d
 Terms related to light  General terms to the refelction

 Rectilinear propagation of light  Laws of reflection
 Pin hole camera  Image
 Reflection of light  Shadows
1. Introduction 2. Terms related to Light
If we enter a dark room, objects present there are 1. Optical Medium: Any material (or) non-
not visible. However, if a bulb is switched on, material through which light energy passes
everything in the room becomes visible. It shows wholly (or) partially is called optical medium
that for vision the presence of light is essential. Examples: Vaccum, air, water, glass etc.
Definition of Light: It is an invisible energy which 2. Homogeneous Medium: An optical medium
causes in us sensation of sight (vision). Since light is which has a uniform composition throughout is
obtained from heat energy, i.e., when an object is called homogeneous medium.
heated to a temperature beyond [500 0C, we can say Examples: Vaccum, diamond, distilled water,
that light is a kind of energy]. pure alcohol etc.
It must be kept in mind that light energy makes the 3. Heterogeneous Medium: An optical
surrounding objects visible, but by itself it is an medium, which has different composition at
invisible energy. different points is called heterogeneous
Example: If we are seeing a coloured poster, then we medium.
are seeing only the poster and not the coloured lights Examples: Air, muddy water, fog, mist, clouds,
reflected fronts it. It is because light is invisible. The smoke etc.
various colours reflected from the poster excite the 4. Transparent Medium: A medium which
retina of the eye, which in turn sends a message to allows most of the light energy to pass through
the brain. It is the brain which finally makes out the it is called transparent medium.
colours of the poster. Thus, we can conclude that Examples: Vaccum , glass, clear air, alcohol,
light is an invisible energy which causes in us benzene etc.
sensation of vision.
5. Translucent Medium: A medium which
Sources of Light: Sun is the primary source of light partially allows the light energy to pass through
for mankind. In addition to it, lighted bulb, a it is called translucent medium.
fluorescent tube, a lighted candle ,a kerosene oil
Examples: oiled paper, tissue paper, ground
lamp, etc., are other sources of light.
glass, butter paper etc.
Speed of Light: Light travels at very fast speed i.e.,
6. Opaque Bodies: The bodies which do not
3 × 108 m/s. It means the speed of light is 300000000
allow the light energy to pass through them are
m/s or 300000 km/s.
called opaque bodies.
Luminous Bodies: The bodies which give out light Examples: Bricks, wood, metals etc.
energy by themselves are called luminous bodies.
7. Point Source of Light: A source of light
Examples: The sun, the stars, glow worm etc. which is of the size of pinhead is called point
Non-luminous Bodies: The bodies which do not source of light.
give light energy by themselves , but reflect the light Example: The pinhole act as a point source of
energy falling on them are called non-luminous light.
bodies.
Examples: moon, wood, furniture etc.
8. Extended Source of Light: Any source of Example: If a parallel beam is made to pass
light which is bigger than point source of light through a convex lens, then it meets at a point.
is called extended source of light
This kind of collection of rays is called
Examples: Bulb, Tube light, burning candle etc.
convergent beam of light.
9. Ray of Light: The path along which light
energy travels in a given direction is called ray
of light. Formative Worksheet
1. Statement I :Diamond is a homogenous medium
10. Beam of Light: A collection of number of rays Statement II: Bodies which can absorb light energy
of light is called beam of light. are called opaque bodies
(A) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is the
correct explanation of Statement-I
11. Parallel Beam: When the rays of light travels (B) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is not
parallel to each other, then the collection of such correct explanation of Statement - I.
rays is called parallel beam. (C) Statement - I is true, Statement - II is false.
(D) Statement - I is false, Statement - II is true.
2. Match the following:
12. Divergent Beam: When the rays of light
originating from a point ,travel in various Column-I Column-II
directions, then the collection of such rays is (A) Optical medium 1) Vacuum
called divergent beam. (B) Heterogeneous medium 2) Muddy water
(C) Transparent medium 3) Clear air
(D) Translucent medium 4) Oiled paper
5) Fog
3. Choose the correct statements:
(A) Objects that allow light pass through them are
called transparent objects
(B) The objects which emit light of their own are
Example: The rays coming out from a bulb or a called luminous bodies
burning candle or a car headlight constitute a (C) Light is a form of energy
divergent beam. (D) Objects that allow light pass through them are
Note: A point source produces a divergent beam of called opaque objects
light. 4. Statement I : Light can travel through vacuum
13. Convergent Beam: When the rays of light Statement II : Light needs a medium to travel.
coming from different directions, meet at a point (A) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is the
then the collection of such rays is called correct explanation of Statement-I
convergent beam. (B) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is not
correct explanation of Statement - I.
(C) Statement - I is true, Statement - II is false.
5. When the rays of light originating from a point, travel
in various directions, then the collection of such rays
is called
(A) Parallel beam (B) Beam of light
(C) Divergent beam (D) Convergent beam
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Light 47
6. When the rays of light travel parallel to each other, 7. Bodies which do not allow the light energy to pass
then the collection of such rays is called through them are called
(A) Parallel beam (B) Beam of light (A) Transparent bodies (B) Translucent bodies
(C) Divergent beam (D) Convergent beam (C) Opaque bodies (D) Optical medium
7. When the rays of light coming from different
3. Rectilinear Propagation of Light
directions, meet at a point then the collection of such
rays is called Light travels in a straight line as long as it is travelling
(A) Parallel beam (B) Beam of light in the same medium. We can observe that light
(C) Divergent beam (D) Convergent beam travels in a striate line when we observe the beam
8. Choose the correct statements : of a car headlight on a misty night or a beam of a
(A) Any source of light which is bigger than point torchlight entering a smoky room. We can also
source of light is called extended source of light perform an experiment to demonstrate that light
(B) A source of light which is of the size of pinhead travels in a straight line.
is called point source of light. Experiment – 1
(C) An optical medium, which has different Aim: to demonstrate that light travels in a straight
composition at different points is called
line
heterogeneous medium.
Aids: three square cardboard sheets of equal size,
(D) An optical medium which has a uniform
composition throughout is called homogeneous plasticine of suitable stands, candle, knitting needle,
medium. iron nail.
Method:
Conceptive Worksheet 1. Take three cardboard squares of equal size.
1. Light travels in Locate the centre of each piece of cardboard
(A) Straight lines by drawing the diagonals.
(B) Curved lines 2. With the help of a nail, make a hole at the centre
(C) Sometimes in straight lines sometimes in of each cardboard.
curved lines
(D) Can’t say 3. Now fix the three cardboards on plasticine or
2. Sun is a on stands so that they remain upright.
(A) Luminous body (B) Non-luminous body 4. Arrange the three cardboards A, B and C, one
(C) Transparent body (D) All of these behind the other such that their centres are in
3. Choose the correct statements: the same horizontal line. You may pass a
(A) Brick is a opaque body knitting needle through the holes to confirm if
(B) Star is a luminous body they are in a straight line.
(C) Sun is primary source of light 5. Now place a burning candle in front of the
(D) Light is an invisible energy board C and look through the pinhole in board
4. A source of light which is of the size of the pin head A. The flame will be clearly visible. This shows
is called that light travels in a straight line. Now, move
(A) Point source (B) Extended source board B slightly and again look through the
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B) pinhole in board A. You will not be able to see
5. Light causes the the flame. This shows that light does not travel
(A) Sensation of smell (B) Sensation of sound in a zig–zag way.
(C) Sensation of sight (D) Sensation of touch Conclusion: light travels in a straight line. This
6. A point source produces property of light is called rectilinear propagation of
(A) Convergent beam (B) Divergent beam light.
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) and (B)
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Rectilinear propagation of light 5. Factors affecting the size of the image formed
by a Pin Hole Camera:
4. Pin Hole Camera (a) The size of the image decreases as the object
1. Principle: It is based on the principle of distance increases.
rectilinear propagation of light. (b) The size of image increases as image distance
2. Construction: increases.
(a) It consists of a rectangular card board 6. Magnification of Image: The ratio between the
box, such that its one side is made of height of the image and height of the object is called
ground glass screen. magnification. It represents the number of times an
(b) The side opposite to the ground glass has image is magnified (or diminished) with respect to
a hole of the size of pin head in its middle size of the object.
.
Magnification 
Sizeof image  A'B'
(c) The box is blackened from inside so as to AB
absorb any rays of light falling on its walls, Sizeof object
directly or indirectly. 7. Advantages of Pin Hole Camera
3. Working: Consider an object AB in front of pin 1. It does not require any lens and hence, the
hole camera . The rays of light starting from image is completely free from the defects of
various points of object travel in all direction. A lenses.
ray of light starting from point A and travelling 2. It can take very sharp pictures of still objects.
along AH, on passing through pin hole strike 3. It is cheap and easy to construct and operate.
the screen at A1 . 8. Disadvantages of Pin Hole Camera
A 1. The time of exposure is too large and uncertain.
Thus, the final image is either over-exposed or
under-exposed.
2. It cannot take pictures of the moving objects.
3. It is cumbersome and not easy to operate.
B’ 4. If pin hole becomes wider, then the final image
H
is blurred.
B
5. Reflection of Light
A’
When a beam of light is incident on a surface, a part
Similarly a ray of light, starting from point B along
of it is returned back into the same medium. The
BH, on passing through pin hole strikes the screen
part of light which is returned back into the same
at B1. Thus, the rays of light starting in between A
medium is called the reflected light.
and B will strike the screen between points A1 and
B1 , thereby forming a small diminished image of The remaining part of light is absorbed if the surface
object AB. on which the incident light strikes is opaque or it is
partly transmitted and partly absorbed if the surface
4. Nature of image formed by a Pin Hole Camera:
is transparent.
The image formed by it is real and inverted image.
The size of the image depends on the position of the
object.
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Light 49
Reflection: The return of light into the same medium The reflection which takes places from ground;
after striking a surface is called reflection. walls; trees; suspended particles in air; and a variety
Reflection of light is the process which enables us to of other objects, which are not very smooth, is
see different objects around us. Luminous bodies are irregular reflection.
directly seen, but non luminous objects are seen only Irregular reflection helps in spreading light energy
because they reflect the light incident on them over a vast region and also decreases its intensity.
which on entering into our eyes, make them visible. Thus, it helps in the general illumination of places
and helps us to see things around us.
6. General terms to the Reflection

(a) Mirror: A smooth polished surface from which
regular reflection can take place is called mirror.
Note: Reflection is possible in case of plane mirror. MM| is the mirror as shown in figure.
A plane mirror is a plane glass plate which is silvered (b) Incident Ray: A ray of light which travels towards
at its one surface. The other surface is then the mirror is called incident ray. AB is an incident ray
reflecting surface of the plane mirror. in the figure.
Types of Reflections: (c) Point of Incidence: The point on the mirror, where
(a) Regular Reflection an incident ray strikes is called point of incidence. ‘B’
The phenomenon due to which a parallel beam of is the point of incidence in the figure.
light travelling through a certain medium, on striking (d) Reflected Ray: A ray of light which bounces off the
some smooth polished surface, bounces off from it, surface of a mirror, is called reflected ray. BC is
as parallel beam, in some other direction is called reflected ray in the figure.
regular reflection. (e) Normal: The perpendicular drawn at the point of
Regular reflection takes place from the objects like incidence, to the surface of mirror is called normal.
looking glass, still water, oil, highly polished metals, BN is the normal in the figure.
etc. (f) Angle of Incidence: The angle made by the
Regular reflection is useful in the formation of incident ray with the normal is called angle of
images, e.g., we can see our face in a mirror only on incidence.  ABN is the angle of incidence in the
account of regular reflection. However, it causes a figure.
very strong glare in our eyes. (g) Angle of Reflection: The angle made by the
reflected ray with the normal is called angle of
reflection.  CBN is the angle of reflection in the
figure.
(h) Glance Angle of Incidence: The angle which the
incident ray makes with the mirror is called glance
angle of incidence.  MBA is the glance angle of
(b) Irregular Reflection or Diffused incidence in the figure.
Reflection: The phenomenon due to which a (i) Glance Angle of Reflection: The angle which the
parallel beam of light, travelling through some reflected ray makes with the mirror is called glance
medium, gets reflected in various possible directions, angle of reflection.  M’BC is the glance angle of
on striking some rough surface is called irregular reflection in the figure.
reflection or diffused reflection.
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Types of Images
a) Virtual Image: When the rays of light, diverging
from a point, after reflection or refraction, appear to
diverge from another point, then the image so
formed is called virtual image.
I Virtual Image
Plane
mirror
A B
7. Laws of Reflection
D
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal lie in the same plane, at the point of
incidence. O Object C
2. The angle of incidence is always equal to the
In figure the image ‘I’ of the object ‘O’ is virtual
angle of reflection.
image. The ray of light diverging between OA and
Formula for the angle of deviation due to
OB, after reflection, further diverges along AC and
Reflection
BD respectively.
In the figure angle of incidence = i; Angle of
However, when these diverging rays of light reach
deviation = d
the eye, then to the eye they appear to diverge out
N
A
from point ‘I’. Thus I is virtual image of object ‘O’.
B
Example: Image of our face in a plane mirror. Virtual
images cannot be formed on a screen.
i r Virtual images are always erect upright. w.r.t object
M M1 The path of the rays forming a virtual image is shown
O d
by dotted lines.
b) Real Image: When the rays of light, diverging from
an object point, after reflection or refraction actually
c converge at some other point then that point is real
Consider the straight line AOC, i + r +d = 180° image of that object.
i.e., the sum of angle of incidence, angle of reflection In figure the ray of light diverging from point A, after
and angle of deviation is 180°. reflection from the concave mirror actually
 d = 180 – (i + r) = 180 – (i + i) (i = r) converge at the point A1. Thus, A1 is the real image
of the point A.
 d  180 – 2i
Therefore, for an angle of incidence i, the angle of Concave mirror
A
deviation is equal to 180 – 2i =   2i
Note: The deviation produced by n reflections from
two plane mirrors inclined at an angle  is given by A P
D = n(180 –  ) = 360 – 2  , if n = 2 where n is even. B
8. Image B
When the rays of light, diverging from an object point, Real image
after reflection or refraction, either actually meet at
Example: Motion and still pictures projected on the
some other point, or appear to meet at some other
screen in a cinema hall are real images.
point, then that point is called image of that object.
Real images are always inverted (upside down) w.r.t
object . Real images and the path of the rays which
form them are shown by continuous lines.
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Light 51
Distinction between Real Image and Virtual Image:
S.No Virt ual image Real image

The r ays of light after reflection or
The r ays of light after reflection or refr action
1. r efraction appear to meet at some
actually meet at some point.
other point.
2. It cannot be caught on the scr een. It can be caught on the screen.
3. It is always erect. It is always real.

I mage of our f ace in plane mirr or is Image for med on a cinema screen is a real
4.
a virtual image. image.
Characteristics of an image formed by a Plane 15. A plane mirror lies face up, making an angle 15°
Mirror with the horizontal. A ray of light shines down
1. The image is formed behind the mirror and has vertically on the mirror What is the angle of
incidence? What will be the angle between the
the same size as the object
reflected ray and the horizontal be?
2. The image is inverted laterally.
16. Statement I : The plane containing the incident ray
3. The image is as far behind the mirror as the and the normal is called plane of incidence.
object is in front of it. Statement II : The plane containing the incident ray
4. The image is virtual. It cannot be received on and the normal is called plane of reflection.
a screen. (A) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is
5. The image is erected w.r.t object the correct explanation of Statement- I.
(B) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is
Formative Worksheet not correct explanation of Statement - I.
9. When a light ray is incident normally on the surface
of a plane mirror, the reflected ray deviates through (D) Statement - I is false, Statement - II is true.
an angle of __________. 17. Match the following:
10. What is the sum of angle of incidence , angle of Column-I Column-II
reflection and angle of deviation equals to ? (A) Plane of reflection 1) The plane containing
11. If the angle of deviation after reflection of a light the reflected ray and
ray is ‘d’, then find normal
(a) angle of incidence (b) angle of reflection (B) Angle of deviation 2) The angle made by
(c) angle of glancing incident ray with the
12. Keeping the incident ray constant, if a plane mirror mirror
is rotated through an angle  , about an axis lying in (C) Glancing angle 3) Angle through which
its plane, then the reflected ray turns through an a ray deviates from its
angle ___________. normal path
13. The angle between an incident ray and reflected (D) Normal 4) Perpendicular drawn
ray for a given reflection is x. If the mirror is rotated to the surface at the
through an angle x/2, keeping the incident ray point of incidence
constant, then find the angle between incident ray 5) The angle made by
and reflected ray after rotation. Consider both clock reflected ray with the
wise and anticlock wise direction. mirror
14. Keeping the plane mirror fixed, if the incident ray is
rotated through an angle  , then the angle through
which the reflected ray rotates is _________.
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18. When the rays of light, diverging from a point, after 15. Statement I : All the light rays actually converge at
reflection or refraction, appear to diverge from some point
another point, then the image so formed is called Statement II : All the light rays appears to converge
(A) Virtual image (B) Real image at some point
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B) (A) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is
19. When the rays of light, diverging from a point, after the correct explanation of Statement- I.
reflection or refraction actually converge at some (C) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is
other point then that point is _____ image of the not correct explanation of Statement - I.
object (B) Statement - I is true, Statement - II is false.
(A) Virtual (B) Real (D) Statement - I is false, Statement - II is true.
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B) 16. Statement I : Real images are always inverted
Statement II : Virtual images are always erect
Conceptive Worksheet (A) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is
8. The image formed by a plane mirror is always: the correct explanation of Statement- I.
(A) Real (B) Erect (B) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is
not correct explanation of Statement - I.
(C) Virtual (D) Both (B) and (C)
9. Reflection is possible in case of
(A) Plane mirror (B) Transparent glass
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B) 17. When a mirror is rotated through an angle  the
reflected ray from it, turns through an angle of
10. The part of light which is returned back into the
same medium is called 
(A)  (B) (C) 2 (D) 0
(A) Reflected light (B) Refracted light 2
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B) 18. The incident ray and the reflected ray from a mirror
11. Motion and still pictures projected in a cinema hall are mutually perpendicular to each other. The angle
are ______ images of incidence is
(A) Real (B) Virtual (A) 90° (B) 45° (C) 22.5° (D) zero
(C) Erect (D) All of these 19. A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror at an
angle of 60° What is the angle of deviation?
12. Choose the correct statements:
(A) 60° (B) 30° (C) 90° (D) 180°
(A) Regular reflection takes place on highly
polished smooth surfaces 20. An object situated at a distance of 10cm infront of
a plane mirror. The distance of image from the
(B) Irregular reflection takes place on rough mirror is
surface
(A) 10cm (B) 20cm
(C) Irregular reflection is also called as diffused
reflection. (C) 5cm (D) some other value
(D) On plane mirror regular reflection takes place. 9. Shadows
13. Image of our face in a plane mirror
We know that light rays travel in straight lines. Thus,
(A) Is a virtual image if an opaque body is placed in the path of light rays,
(B) Is a real image a dark patch is formed behind the opaque body.
(C) Cannot be taken on the screen Dark patch formed behind on opaque body,
(D) Both (B) and (C) when the opaque body is placed in the path of
14. If a mirror is rotated by 10°, the reflected ray is light is called shadow.
rotated by There are two parts for a shadow.
(A) 10° (B) 20° (C) 40° (D) 30° 1. Umbra: A region of total darkness, formed
behind an opaque body, is called umbra. No
rays of light reaches in this region.
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Light 53
2. Penumbra: A region of partial darkness, (i) When the extended source of light is smaller in
formed behind an opaque body, is called size than the opaque body.
penumbra. Some rays of light always reach in (ii) When the extended source of light is bigger in
this region and partially illuminate it. size than the opaque body.
Conditions for the formation of a Shadow: (a) When extended Source is smaller than
1. There must be a source of light. Opaque Body:
2. There must be an opaque object to obstruct the When an opaque object, larger than the light source,
path of light. is placed between the light source and the screen
3. There must be a screen to receive the shadow. (position A), two patches are formed
Characteristics of a Shadow:
When an opaque object is placed between a point
light source and a screen, the shadow formed is
1. Uniformly dark
2. Sharp at the edges and
3. Of the same shape as the object.
When an opaque object, larger than the light source,
is placed between the light source and the screen,
two patches are formed; umbra and penumbra.
Formation of shadow by a Point Source of
Light: (i) The inner patch is completely dark as it does
When an opaque object is placed between a point not get any light. This region is called umbra.
light source and the screen, the shadow formed is (ii) The outer patch is not completely dark as it
(i) Uniformly dark receives some light. This lighter patch of
shadow is called penumbra.
(ii) Sharp at the edges and
If the screen is moved away from the object
(iii) Of the same shape as the object.
(position B), both the umbra and penumbra
increase in size
Characteristics of Shadow:
(i) Both umbra and penumbra are formed.
However, size of the umbra is very large as
compared to penumbra.
(ii) If the screen is moved away from the opaque
Shadow formed by a point source
body, both umbra and penumbra increase and
Characteristics of Shadow: vice versa.
(i) Only umbra is formed. (iii) If the source of light is moved towards opaque
(ii) The size of umbra increases, if the distance of body, both umbra and penumbra increase and
screen from an opaque body increases and vice versa.
vice versa. (b) When extended source is bigger than
(iii) The size of umbra increases, if the distance of Opaque Body:
the point source of light from an opaque body When an opaque object smaller than the light
decreases and vice versa. source is placed between the light source and
Formation of Shadow by Extended Source of the screen (position A), the umbra and the
Light: penumbra are formed.
An electric bulb or a burning candle, etc., are
examples of luminous bodies acting as extended
source of light. An extended source is made up of
a large number of point sources. There can be the
following two situations in case of an extended
source of light.
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Lunar Eclipse:
The lunar eclipse occurs when the sun, earth and
moon are in a straight line, with the earth in between
the sun and the moon. The shadow of the earth is
cast on the moon. If the moon is in the umbra cone
of the earth, it will not be visible because the moon
is non–luminous and since it does not receive any
light from the sun, it does not reflect any light. This
Light source larger than the object
is called a total lunar eclipse.
The umbra is very small. If the screen is moved
away from the object and from the light source
(position B), the size of the umbra becomes smaller
and smaller. Beyond a point, the umbra completely
vanishes.
Characteristics of Shadow:
(i) Both umbra and penumbra are formed.
However, size of the umbra is smaller than the
If the moon is slightly out of line, it will not be
penumbra.
completely in the umbra cone of the earth. It then
(ii) If the source of light is moved towards the receives some light from the sun which it reflects to
opaque body, the penumbra increases, but the the earth and makes itself partially visible. This is
umbra decreases. called a partial lunar eclipse.
(iii) If the screen is moved away from the opaque A lunar eclipse can occur only on a full moon day.
body, the penumbra increases and the umbra
Solar Eclipse:
decreases, till a stage comes when no umbra is
A solar eclipse occurs when the sun, earth and the
formed.
moon are in a straight line, with the moon between
Note: We cannot see the shadow or a kite of
the sun and the earth. The shadow of the moon is
a bird flying high up in the air because the
cast on the earth. The portion of the earth falling
umbra is absent and the penumbra is too large
completely in the umbra region has total solar
and too faint to be visible.
eclipse. The sun appears as a black circular disc
with a ring of light. The portion of the earth falling
in the penumbra region has partial solar eclipse. A
solar eclipse can occur only on a new moon day.
Shadow of a flying bird is not visible

Eclipses:
Eclipses are examples of the formation of shadows Formative Worksheet
in the universe. The earth and the moon are opaque,
20. Match the following
non–luminous bodies and the sun is a luminous body.
Column-I Column-II
The earth and the moon cast their shadows leading
to the phenomena of eclipses. At times, the sun, the a) Umbra i) Partial dark region
earth and the moon come to lie in a straight line. The b) Penumbra k) Total dark region
object in between casts a shadow and causes an (A) a-k, b-i (B) a-i, b-i
eclipse. There are two kinds of eclipses, the lunar (C) a-k, b-k (D) a-i, b-k
and solar eclipse.
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Light 55
21. When the sun, the earth and the moon come to lie in (C) If sources of light is moved towards opaque
a straight line, it causes body both umbra and penumbra increases
(A) Earth quakes (B) Eclipses
(D) If source of light is moved towards opaque
(C) Eruption of volcanoes(D) Both (A) and (C)
22. A solar eclipse can occur only on a body penumbra increases umbra decreases
(A) New moon day (B) Full moon day 24. The formation of shadow by extended source of
(C) No moon day (D) None of these light when source is smaller than
23. Shadows are formed when light falls on opaque body has (more than one answer possible)
(A) A transparent object (B) An opaque object (A) Size of umbra is large compared to penumbra
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)
(B) Size of umbra is smaller than penumbra
24. The completely dark portion of a shadow is called
(C) If sources of light is moved towards opaque
(A) Penumbra (B) Umbra
body both umbra and penumbra increases
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)
25. A solar eclipse is caused when the (D) If source of light is moved towards opaque
(A) Sun comes between the earth and the moon body penumbra increases, umbra decreases
(B) Moon comes between the sun and the earth 25. Statement-I : In most of the situations tube lights
are preferred than bulbs
(C) The earth comes between the sun and the
moon. Statement-II Tube lights form very faint shadows
(D) None of these and may be called shadow less
(A) Statement –I is true, statement –II is true
26. When the moon is in the penumbra of the shadow of
and Statement –II is correct explanation of
the earth, what kind of eclipse occurs?
Statement I
(A) Solar eclipse (B) Total lunar eclipse
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement –II is true and
(C) Partial lunar eclipse (D) No eclipse Statement –II is incorrect explanation of
27. A shadow which is partially illuminated is called Statement –I
(A) Umbra (B) Penumbra (C) Statement –I is true, Statement –II is false
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B) (D) Statement –I is false, Statement –II is true
Conceptive Worksheet Summative Worksheet

21. Shadows are dark patches formed behind an 1. The image formed by a pin-hole camera is i and
_____ body, when the ____ body is ii in size.
placed in the path of light. The information in which alternative completes
(A) Opaque, opaque (B) Transparent, opaque the given statement?
(C) Opaque, transparent (A) i ii

(D) Transparent, transparent erect diminished
22. Light energy consist of tiny packets energy called (B) i ii
(A) Electrons (B) Photons
erect magnified
(C) Protons (D) Neutrons
(C) i ii
23. The formation of shadow by extended source of
light when source is bigger than opaque body has inverted diminished
(more than one answer possible)
(D) i ii
(A) Size of umbra is large compared to penumbra
inverted magnified
(B) Size of umbra is smaller than penumbra
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2. Consider the following statements regarding 8. Sohail tries to see through three different objects
shadows. carbon paper, glass sheet, and tracing paper. He
I. Shadow is formed when a transparent object notes down his observations about visibility through
comes in the path of light these objects in tabular form.
II. Shadows can only be obtained on a screen Which table correctly matches Sohail’s
III Whatever be the colour of an object, the observations?
shadow formed is always black or grey in (A) Object Visibility
colour
Carbon paper Clear
Among the given statements,
(A) Only statement I is correct Glass sheet Not clear
(B) Only statement III is correct Tracing paper Not visible at all
(C) Both statements I and II are correct
(B) Object Visibility
(D) Both statements II and III are correct
3. With reference to reflection, mirror changes the Carbon paper Not clear
(A) Colour of light (B) Source of light Glass sheet Clear
(C) Intensity of light (D) Direction of light
Tracing paper Not visible at all
4. Alam is doing an experiment with a prism. He wants
to project a beam of candle light on the prism. To (C) Object Visibility
do this, he has to make a hole on a cardboard sheet
Carbon paper Not visible at all
place it vertically between the candle and the prism
(as shown in the given figure). Glass sheet Clear
Tracing paper Not clear
(D) Object Visibility

Carbon paper Not visible at all
Glass sheet Not clear
Where should Alam make the hole on the cardboard Tracing paper Clear
sheet? 9. Objects are classified into three groups according
(A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV to the amount of light passing through them.
5. Two coloured roses (red and white) are kept in i objects allow light to pass through them
front of a yellow light. completely. ii objects allow light to pass through
What will be the colour of the shadows formed them partially. iii objects do not allow light to
by red and white roses respectively? pass through them.
(A) Black and yellow (B) Red and white The information in which alternative completes
(C) Both yellow (D) Both black the given statements?
6. Which of the following set of objects can be used (A) i ii iii
to form a shadow?
Transparent Translucent Opaque
(A) Magnet, iron, and screen
(B) Magnet, wood, and screen (B) i ii iii
(C) Bulb, glass, and screen
Transparent Opaque Translucent
(D) Bulb, book, and screen
7. Objects that allow light to pass through them (C) i ii iii
completely are known as
Opaque Translucent Transparent
(A) Translucent objects (B) Transparent objects
(C) Luminous objects (D) Opaque objects (D) i ii iii
Translucent Transparent Opaque
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Light 57
10. A translucent object allows light to pass through it 18. An object that allows light to pass through it
partially. completely is called
Which of the following objects is a translucent ob- (A) Opaque (B) Luminous
ject? (C) Transparent (D) Translucent
(A) Plane mirror (B) Sand paper 19. Few objects were given to Mushtaq. He was asked
(C) Butter paper (D) Cardboard sheet to choose the translucent object amongst them. He
11. Amit tries to read a message written on paper made the perfect selection.
through different materials. Mushtaq made his selection by
Amit will be able to read the message most clearly (A) Touching the objects
through a (B) Putting them in water
(A) Thin glass (B) Frosted glass (C) Viewing through the objects
(C) Tracing paper (D) Normal paper
(D) Placing a magnet near the objects
12. Matthew’s teacher asks him to collect a sample
20. A conical object is placed in the path of a beam of
each of transparent, translucent, and opaque
light.
materials. He collects a piece of glass as a sample
of a transparent material and a piece of wood as a Which of the following pictures may represent the
sample of an opaque material. shadow formed by the object?
As a sample of a translucent material, Matthew
(A) (B)
can use
(A) An iron nail
(B) A tracing paper (C) (D)
(C) An air-filled glass tube
(D) A water-filled glass tube
13. The shadows of red, blue, and black pens, formed
HOTS Worksheet
on a white screen, appear 1. Jyoti places each of the four hollow tubes of
(A) Red (B) Blue (C) Black (D) White different shapes between a torch and a screen (as
14. The shadow of a pen in the light of a candle suggests shown in the given figure). The points on the screen
that at the end of the tubes are labelled as M, N, S, and
T.
(A) Light travels in a straight line
(B) Light travels in a curved path
(C) Pen is a transparent object
(D) Pen is a translucent object
15. A clear shadow is obtained on a screen because
it is formed by
(A) An opaque object
(B) A transparent object
(C) The reflection of light
(D) The refraction of light Which point on the screen will light up when the
16. One cannot see beyond the door of a closed room torch is switched on?
because it is (A) M (B) N (C) S (D) T
(A) Transparent (B) Translucent 2. On observing the given shadow, three students
(C) Refracting (D) Opaque make three statements.
17. A transparent glass sheet can
(A) Absorb light only
(B) Refract light only Student I: The object may be of a funnel
(C) Absorb and reflect light Student II: The object may be of a bottle
(D) Reflect and refract light Student III: The object may be of a prism
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Among the given statements, the 8. The length of the shadow of a tree at noon is 3 m.
(A) Statement made by student I is correct What would be the length of the shadow of the tree
(B) Statement made by student III is correct in the evening?
(C) Statements made by students I and II are (A) 1m (B) 2m (C) 3m (D) 4m
correct 9. A ray of light is incident on a shiny surface as shown
(D) Statements made by students II and III are in the figure.
correct
////////////////////
3. Jalal finds a conical object made up of cardboard
sheets (as shown in the given figure). He brings it
in sunlight and rotates it to obtain shadows of
different shapes on ground. Which figure correctly represents the ray of light
after it gets reflected by the surface?
//////////////////// ////////////////////
(A) (B)
////////////////////
The shadow of which of the following
////////////////////
(C) (D)
shapes cannot be obtained?
(A) (B)
10. The figure shows the shadow of a pole at noon.

(C) (D)
4. Which glass jar will cast the darkest shadow?

(A) Jar A (Fresh water) (B) Jar B (Coffee) Which figure correctly shows the shadow of the
(C) Jar C (Orange juice) (D) Jar D (Mustard oil) pole in the evening?
5. (A) (B) (C) (D)
Which of following objects will form the shadows

shown above? 11. A clock hung on a wall of a hall has marks instead
(A) (B) of numerals on its dial. On the opposite wall, there
is a plane mirror and the image of the clock in the
mirror indicates the time 7.40. hence, the time on
(C) (D) the clock is
(A) 7.40 (B) 4.20 (C) 5.40 (D) 10.7
6. David places an iron ball in front of a flash light. 12. An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm infront
The ball will of a plane mirror. If the mirror moves towards the
(A) Appear farther from the light object by a distance of 20 cm, then find the
displacement of the image.
(B) Appear closer to the light
(C) Cast a shadow 13. An object is placed at a certain distance infront of
a plane mirror. If both object and plane mirror moves
(D) Appear larger in size
towards each other through a distance of 15 cm,
7. The intensity of a shadow depends upon the intensity
then find the distance through which the image
of the incident rays of light.
moves.
During which time of day can the faintest shadows
14. If both object and mirror moves away from each
be observed?
other with a speed of 20 m/s, then find
(A) Between 6:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m.
(a) The speed of the image
(B) Between 11:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m.
(C) Between 2:30 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. (b) Speed of the image with respect to object
(D) Between 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. (c) Speed of the image with respect to mirror.
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Light 59
15. Two mirrors are inclined at a certain angle  . If a 4. Parallel beam of light is
light ray is incident on the first mirror parallel to the (A) Light rays travel parallel to each other
second mirror and reflected from the second parallel (B) Light rays starting from a point travel in various
to the first mirror, then find the value of  . directions
(C) Light rays coming from different directions
16. A man 180 cm high stands in front of a plane mirror. meet at a point
His eyes are at a height of 170 cm from the floor. (D) All
Then the minimum length of plane mirror for him to 5. Pinhole camera is based on
see his full image is ___.
(A) Rectilinear Propagation of light
17. Two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at an (B) Random Propagation of light
angle of 70°. A ray is incident on one mirror at an (C) Curvilinear Propagation of light
angle  . The rays reflected from this mirror fall on (D) None
the second mirror from where it is reflected parallel 6. A medium which partially allows the light to pass
to the first mirror . What is the value of  ? through it is called
18. Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 60° (A) Transparent (B) Opaque
as shown in the figure. A ray of light parallel to (C) Translucent (D) Luminous
Mirror1 strikes the Mirror 2. At what angle will the 7. Which of the following is a luminous body ?
ray finally emerge?
(A) Earth (B) Moon (C) Sun (D) None
M2
8. When light from the sun enters into the atmosphere
around the earth, its speed
(A) Increases (B) Decreases
600
(C) Remains same (D) None
M1
9. The shadow below a tree has a bright spots in it,
19. Two plane mirrors are placed parallel to each other. because
The distance between the mirrors is 10 cm. An
(A) Leaves attract the light
object is placed between the mirrors at a distance
(B) The gap between the leaves acts as pin holes
of 4 cm from one of them, say M1. What is the
(C) Leaves reflect light
distance between the first image at M1 and the
(D) None
second image formed at M2 ?
10. Shadow of the object becomes bigger
20. A plane mirror is moved away from a stationary
(A) When the distance between object & screen
object with a speed of 20 cm/s. What is the speed
is small
of the image?
(B) When the distance between object & screen
increases
IIT JEE Worksheet (C) When the source of light is bigger than object
I. Single Correct Answer Type (D) None
1. Light is a form of 11. Shape of the shadow depends upon the
(A) Energy (B) Force (A) Size of the source of light
(C) Mass (D) None (B) Distance between source of light and the object
2. Artificial source of light is (C) Distance between object and the screen
(A) Sun (B) Torch (D) Shape of the object
(C) Electric bulb (D) Both 2 and 3
3. Light shows
II. Multiple Correct Answer Type
(A) Rectilinear Propagation 12. Which of the following are the sources of light?
(B) Random Propagation (A) Sun (B) Star (C) Glow warm (D) Fireflies
(C) Curvilinear Propagation 13. Which of the following is a transparent medium ?
(D) None
(A) Glass (B) Pure Water (C) Air (D) Stone
14. To observe an object we need
(A) Eyes (B) Light (C) Electricity (D) Sound
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15. Which of following is correct regarding image V. Matrix Matching
formed by plane mirror ? 24. (A) Transparent Medium (p) Ground Glass
(A) Image is Virtual (B) Translucent (q) Water
(B) Laterally Inverted (C) Opaque (r) Glow Warm
(C) Image is of same size as object (D) Luminous Body (s) Wood
(D) Image is real 25. (A) Speed (p) Vacuum
16. Image through pin hole camera is (B) 500 seconds (q) 3 × 108 m/s
(A) Real (B) Inverted (C) Small (D) Virtual (C) When light enters (r) Time taken by
into denser medium light to reach the
III. Paragraph Type
its speed earth
Laws of Reflection (D) Speed of light is (s) Decreases
(i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal lie maximum in (t) Increases
in the same plane, at the point of incidence. 26. (A) Iron Block (p) Reflection of Light
(ii) The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle (B) Polished Surface (q) To take photographs
of reflection.: of stationary objects
Using the above information answer the following (C) When moon comes (r) Opaque Medium
questions. between the sun
17. The incident ray and the reflected ray are at right and the earth
angles. Then find the angle of incidence and the (D) Pinhole camera (s) Solar Eclipse
angle of reflection. (t) Lunar Eclipse
27. (A) Image formed in (p) Lateral Inversion
(A) 45° each (B) 90° each pinhole camera
(C) 30° each (D) 50° each (B) Image in the plane (q) Inverted
18. A ray of light is incident on a horizontal plane mirror mirror
at an angle of 45°. After reflection, from M1, some (C) Shadows (r) Same colour of the
of the light is incident on another plane mirror. If the Object
ray reflected by the second plane mirror travels (D) Images (s) Dark in colour
horizontally, find the angle between the mirrors. (t) Erect
(A) 50° (B) 22 ½° (C) 67 ½° (D) 90° 28. (A) Umbra (p) Region of partial
19. Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle ‘  ’. It darkness
is found that a ray incident on one mirror at any angle (B) Penumbra (q) Region of total
is rendered parallel to itself after reflection from darkness
both the mirrors. Find the value of ‘  ’. (C) Solar Eclipse (r) On full moon night
(D) Lunar eclipse (s) On new moon day
(A) 90° (B) 45° (C) 35° (D) 75°
(t) Shadow
20. Two plane mirrors are inclined at 70°. A ray incident 29. Match the following:
on one mirror at an angle  , after reflection, the
(A) Ray of light p)
reflected ray makes an angle of 30° with the second
mirror. Find  .
(A) 20° (B) 10° (C) 30° (D) 40° (B) Parallel beam q)
IV. Integer Type
21. If the angle between the mirror and the incident of light
ray is 40°, the angle of reflection is ____°.
22. If the angle between the incident ray and the
reflected ray is 100°, the angle of reflection is ____° (C) Divergent beam r)
23. A light ray is incident on a plane mirror making an
angle of 450 with respect to the surface of the mirror.
the value of the angle between incident ray and of light
reflected ray is ________° (D) Convergent s)
beam of light
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Learning Outcomes Electricity
B y t h e en d o f t h i s ch a p t e r, y o u w i l l u n d er s t a n d
Chapter - 5
 Electric Charge  Symbols used in Electrical circuits
 Electric Current  Connecting Electric Cells in Series
 Electric Cell  Connecting Bulbs in Parallel
 Power Houses  Conductors and insulators
 Electric Circuit
1. Introduction • Unit: S.I unit of electric current is Ampere.

We use electricity for many purposes to make our • Electric current has Electrical Energy.
tasks easier. For example, we us electricity to • Electrical energy comes from electric cells.
operate pumps that lift water from wells or from • Electric current in our homes come form
ground level to the roof top tank. We also use of electrical generators or from power houses.
electricity for lighting. Electricity makes it possible • In electric cells, current flows from positive
to light our homes, roads, offices, markets and terminal to negative through a metal wire.
factories even after sunset. This helps us to
• Electricity travels along a medium. It is
continue working at night. A power station provides
generally a metal wire coated with plastic or
us with electricity. However, the supply of
rubber.
electricity may fail or it may not be available at
some places. In such situations, a torch is 4. Electric Cell
sometimes used for providing light. A torch has a
Electricity to the bulb in a torch is provided by the
bulb that lights up when it is switched on. Have
electric cell. Electric cells are also used in alarm
you ever thought from where does the torch get
clocks, wristwatches, transistor radios, cameras and
electricity from?
many other devices. An electric cell has a small
2. Electric Charge metal cap on one side and a metal disc on the other
side .
In nature there are two types of charges. They
are positive and negative charges.
• Electric charges can exist independently
either as positive or negative charges.
• A positively charged body has more positive It has a positive (+) sign and a negative (–) sign
charges and negatively charged body has marked. The metal cap is the positive terminal of
more negative charges. the electric cell.
• A neutral body has equal amounts of positive The metal disc is the negative terminal. All electric
and negative charges. cells have two terminals; a positive terminal and a
• Positive charge is denoted by +q and negative negative terminal. An electric cell produces
charge is denoted by -q. electricity from the chemicals stored inside it. When
• Unit: S.I unit of Charge is Coulomb. the chemicals in the electric cell are used up, the
electric cell stops producing electricity. The electric
• Static electricity is study of electric charges
cell then has to be replaced with a new one.
at rest.
A torch bulb has an outer case of glass that is fixed
3. Electric Current on a metallic base
Flow of charge in unit time is known as Electric
Current. It is represented by ‘i’.
• Electric Current ‘i’ = q/t; where ‘q’ is charge;
‘t’ is time.
Filament Working of Torchlight: The source of energy for

the torch are the electric cells inside the torch.
• Small torches are with a single cell inside, while
most torches have two or more cells.
• When switched on , the metal strip inside the
torch moves ahead and it touches the base of
Terminals the reflector which holds the bulb. As soon as
(a) (b) it makes contact with the reflector, the circuit
The thin wire that gives off light is called the filament is completed and the bulb lights up.
of the bulb. The filament is fixed to two thicker • When switched off, the metal strip is pulled
wires, which also provide support to it. . One of back. The contact of metal strip with the
these thick wires is connected to the metal case at reflector is broken i.e., circuit is broken.
the base of the bulb. The other thick wire is
connected to the metal tip at the centre of the base. 6. Electric Circuit
The base of the bulb and the metal tip of the base
An electric cell or dry cell is the source of energy
are the two terminals of the bulb. These two
for the bulb to glow and warm up. Let us now learn
terminals are fixed in such a way that they do not
the way in which this electric energy is made
touch each other. The electric bulbs used at home
available to the bulb in the torch.
also have a similar design. Thus, both the electric
cell and the bulb have two terminals each. Making of a simple Electric Circuit
Battery: A combination of two or more cells is Step 1:
called a battery. Take out the bulb from bulb from a torch. Examine
Button Cells: It is also a dry cells but are small in the bulb carefully.
size and are used in calculators, wrist watches, etc. The bulb is a small globe of thin glass enclosing a
Storage Cells: A car battery or batteries being used coiled filament supported on two thick wires. One
in buses & trucks are combination of 6 or more of these thick wires is connected to the metal casing
cells inside. They can be recharged with the help around the base of the bulb. The other wire is
of an electric charger & used again and again. For connected to the metal tip at the base. The metal
this purpose these batteries are also called casing and the metal tip at the base are the two
accumulators. terminals of the bulb.
5. Power Houses
• For producing a large amount of electrical
energy, big power houses are constructed. In
these energy of flowing water or the energy
of steam is converted into electrical energy.
• Energy generated in power houses is carried
by electric cables to the cities and villages. Inside a torch bulb
• When electric supply fails due to some reason, Step 2:
then electric generators provide electric Take two pieces of insulated wire. Insulated wires
current. In these diesel engine rotates the have metal wire inside with a plastic covering on
dynamo and converts the mechanical energy the outside. Remove the plastic covering from both
into electric energy. the ends of each piece of wire. Fix these wires on
Solar Cell: Solar cells are specially designed cells the bulb as shown in the figure with the help of
Insulating adhesive tape. Or fix the bulb on a bulb
having solar panels.
holder. The two screws on the bulb holder are the
• Solar panels collect solar energy from sun and two terminals which are connected to the two
converts this solar energy into electrical energy. terminals on the bulb. The two pieces of wire be
• This energy is used either directly or stored in connected to the two terminals on the holder, as
an accumulator. shown in the picture.
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Electricity 63
fix one bare end of each wire A and B to the
terminals of 1.5 V bulb with the cellotape. Fix the
other end of wire A to the base of cell with the help
of cellotape. Now touch the bare end of wire B to
the central terminal of cell as shown in figure. What
Bulb connected with wires do you observe?
The bulb lights up. This shows that electric current
is flowing in wire A and B through the bulb.
The path along which electric current flows is
called electric circuit.
Now remove the wire B from the central terminal
as shown in Fig. . What do you observe? The bulb
does not glow. It is because electric current does
not flow, if the path is broken or path is incomplete.
Step 3:
Connect the two free ends of the wires from the
bulb or the bulb holder to an electric cell in such a
way that one piece of wire is connected to the
positive terminals of the cell and the other to the
negative terminal of the cell. This may be done with
the help of a rubber band or an adhesive tape.
When you have finished with connections, the bulb Closed Circuit or Complete Circuit
lights up.
With your finger trace the path of the electricity
from the positive ( + ve) terminal on the cell to the
negative (–ve) terminal of the cell. It is a round
about path travelled by electricity.
Closed and Open Circuit
When the path which starts from one terminal of
the cell, ends at the other terminal of the cell, without
any break, then such a circuit is called complete
circuit or closed circuit. When the circuit is closed,
then any electric appliance in that circuit starts
working. In the present case the bulb starts glowing.
(a) (b)
Open Circuit or Incomplete Circuit
The dry cell has two terminals. The central terminal
When the path of current, starting from one terminal
of the dry cell is called positive terminal. The base
of the cell to another terminal of the cell is broken
of the dry cell (which is made of a metal) is called
or incomplete, then such a circuit is called open
negative terminal.
circuit or incomplete circuit.
The above figure (a) shows the terminals of dry
For example, when we remove wire B from central
cell. The figure (b) shows the symbol for dry cell.
terminal of cell, then the circuit is open circuit or
The long line represents positive terminal of the cell incomplete circuit.
and the small and thick line represents negative Switches are used in the household wiring^ to open
terminal of the cell. or close the electric circuit. When we switch on a
For this experiment you need a torch cell; a torch particular electric appliance, we close the electric
bulb marked 1.5 V, cellotape, a plastic coated 1 metre circuit.
long copper wire and an old used blade. Conversely, when we switch off an electric
Cut the plastic coated copper wire into two halves appliance, we open the electric circuit.
A and B. Remove plastic coating from each end of
the wire such that 1 cm of plastic is removed. Now
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7. Symbols used in Electrical Circuits
A switch, a simple device to ‘close’ or ‘open’ of the second are connected to the bulb. The bulb
a circuit: An electric circuit passes through a now glows brighter.
switch. Switch is a simple device which helps us In the battery torch or battery light two or three dry
to close or open the circuit. It helps in saving cells are put into a metal container in series. The
electricity when not in use. You are always advised positive of one cell is connected to the negative pole
to switch ‘off the lights or other gadgets in of another cell in the series connection, When the,
your home to save electricity. switch is turned on, the circuit is closed and the
Ammeter is used to measure the current and bulb glows and gives light.
voltmeter is used to measure the potential Connecting Electric Cells in Parallel
difference. More details of ammeter and shall be Take three dry cells and connect them as shown in
learnt is voltmeter higher classes. fig.. That is all the positive poles of the three cells
are connected together, and all the three negative
8. Connecting Electric Cells in
poles are connected together.
Series
Take a dry cell and a torch bulb. Connect the bulb
to the cell using copper wires as shown in Fig. .
Observe the intensity- of light. The bulb does not
glow brightly.
These three positives and three negatives are

connected to the bulb- You will observe that there
is no change in the brightness of the bulb!
When cells are connected in parallel, their total
Now take one more dry-cell and connect two cells
electromotive force is the same as that if any one
as shown in figure. In this method the positive of
of them.
the first cell is connected to the negative of the
second. The negative of the first and the positive
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Electricity 65
When cells are connected in series, their

electromotive force is equal to the sum of the EMF
of all the cells used.
Connect three torch bulbs in series as shown in
figure. Connect this to a dry cell and observe that
brightness of each of the three bulbs. Now connect
one more dry cell in series with he first cell. Observe Both the bulbs will stop glowing.
the brightness of each of the bulb. Then connect
Now remove the bulb B and instead fix a fused
one more dry cell in series with the first two cells.
bulb C as in the above figure. What is your
Again observe the bulbs.
observation? Bulb A does not glow.
Disconnect one of the three bulbs in the circuit.

The circuit becomes open and all the three bulbs
stop glowing. In series connection of bulbs,’ if one
bulb gets fused, all the other bulbs in the series will
stop working. Three bulbs connected in Series
9. Connecting Bulbs in Parallel

Connect three bulbs in parallel. That is, one end
of each of the three bulbs are connected one Following are the conclusions from the above
wire, the other ends of the three bulbs are con investigation.
nected to another wire! These two wires are con
1. In series circuit all the appliances work
nected to a dry cell. All the three bulbs glow dimly.
simultaneously when switch is closed. Conversely,
Now disconnect one of the bulbs. The other bulbs
all appliances stop working when switch is open.
continue to glow as before.
2. In series circuit, if any, of the appliances goes out
of order, the other appliances stop working.
3. As the bulbs were not glowing very brightly, it can
be concluded that in series the appliances do not
work to their full capacity.
To study the properties of (i) Series circuit,
(ii) Parallel circuit Now connect the bulbs A and B in parallel, such
that they have common positive and common
Materials required : a battery of four cells two bulbs
negative terminals as illustrated by Fig. , through a
of 1 watt each one fused bulb a switch few
switch and a battery.
lengths of connecting wires cellotape.
Close the switch. What do you observe? Both the
bulbs A and B glow very brightly. Now remove the
bulb B and instead fix a fused bulb C Fig. . What is
your observation?
Method: Connect the bulbs A and B in series by

connecting them to connecting wires with the help
of cellotape as shown above. Connect the free ends
of connecting wires to a battery through a switch.
Close the switch. What do you observe? Both the
bulbs will glow. However, they will not glow very
brightly. Open the switch. What do you observe?
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The bulb A continues glowing brightly, whereas bulb
Which of the following materials cannot be used to
C does not glow. Following conclusions can be
cover the handle of an electrical repairing tool?
drawn from above investigation.
(A) Tin (B) Glass (C) Wood (D) Rubber
1. In parallel circuit all the appliances work 6. Mason constructs the circuit shown in the figure.
independently He leaves a gap in the circuit to test the conductivity
2. In parallel circuit if one appliance goes out of order, of various materials.
the other continues working. It means that each
appliance in parallel circuit can be operated
independently by a switch.
3. As the bulbs glow brightly, it means each appliance
gets enough electric energy, and hence, works to
its full capacity. On inserting which of the following materials in the
gap will the bulb not light up?
10. Conductors and Insulators (A) Wood (B) Iron
The materials which allow the electric current to (C) Aluminium (D) Silver
pass through them are the conductors of electricity 7. Which of the following objects is an insulator?
and the materials through which electric current (A) Iron rod (B) Plastic cup
does not pass are the non-conductors or the bad (C) Nickel coin (D) Steel spoon
conductors of electricity. Metals are the conductors 8. Martin is constructing an electrical circuit. He
of electricity. Non metals like glass, plastic, wood, notices that all electrical metal wires are covered
paper, cloth and rubber are the non-conductors of with plastic. Electrical metal wires are covered with
electricity. plastic because plastics are good
Non-conductors of electricity are also called (A) Electrical conductors
insulators. All leads (wires) being used in an electric (B) Electrical insulators
circuit are metallic wires coated with plastic or (C) Heat generators
rubber. Coating of a conductor with a non-conductor (D) Heat absorbers
is called insulation. 9. Tommy sets up an electrical circuit as shown in the
figure. He connects points P and Q with different
If we happen to touch a metallic end of a lead materials.
through which current is passing, it gives an electric
‘SHOCK’. The shock may be fatal too or otherwise
it shakes the body and harms the person who has
suffered the electric shock. Insulation saves a
person from electric shock.
The bulb will light up when points P and Q are
Formative Worksheet connected by a plate made of
1. If a current of 10 mA passed through your cell phone (A) Iron (B) Glass
battery charger wire for 10 minute , what quantity (C) Wood (D) Plastic
of electric charge is transferred through the wire to 10. Brad sets up an electrical circuit as shown in the
the battery? given figure. He connects points P and Q of the
2. How much current does your laptop consume if circuit with four different rods made of four
100 C of charge is transferred through the charger different materials - glass, wood, copper, and
wire in 4 second ? asbestos.
3. How much time is required for 10 Coulombs of
charge to flow past a point if the current is 2
amperes?
4. Which of the following materials is a good
conductor of electricity?
(A) Plastic (B) Cork The bulb in the circuit will not light up when points
(C) Soil (D) Iron P and Q are connected with
5. The handle of every electrical repairing tool is (A) Glass rod (B) Wood rod
covered by a certain material to prevent the user (C) Copper rod (D) Asbestos rod
from getting an electrical shock.
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Electricity 67
11. Ronald wants to make electrical wires with a wire (A)
drawing machine. He considers using steel, copper,
aluminum, and plastic as raw material.
The material that Ronald cannot use to make
electrical wires is
(A) Steel (B) Copper
(C) Plastic (D) Aluminum
12. Margaret notices that there are ceramic pulley-like (B)
structures attached to the overhead electrical lines
near her house. Electrical wires pass over the
pulleys as shown in the given figure.
These pulleys are used as electrical
(A) Insulators (B) Generators
(C) Conductors (D) Transformers
(C)
13. Which of the following materials cannot be used as
an electrical insulator?
(A) Wood (B) Rubber
(C) Plastic (D) Graphite
14. John is repairing the electrical line of his house. As
a precautionary measure, he stands on a wooden
plank. John uses the wooden plank because wood (D)
is
(A) An electrical conductor
(B) An electrical insulator
(C) A heat conductor
(D) A heat absorber
15. The given figure shows a simple circuit consisting 17. The given figure shows a simple circuit involving a
of a bulb and a switch. battery, a switch, and a bulb.
On closing the switch, the bulb will

(A) Glow If the terminals of the battery are reversed, then
(B) Not glow the bulb will
(C) Glow after some time (A) Glow
(D) Glow only for a short time (B) Not glow
16. The given figure shows four wires, a switch, a bulb, (C) Glow for a short time
and a battery. (D) Glow after some time
18. A simple electrical circuit containing two bulbs and
a battery is shown in the given figure.
The bulb will glow when the given components are

connected as If bulb 1 fuses on closing the switch, then bulb 2
will
(A) Keep glowing (B) Stop glowing
(C) Glow brightly (D) Glow dimly
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19. The symbol for a fuse is 27. Greater potential difference (or emf ) is obtained in
the circuit when cells are connected in
(A) (B)
(A) Series (B) Parallel
(C) A (D) (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)
20. The symbol for a ammeter is
(A) (B) V Conceptive Worksheet
(C) A (D) () 1. The given figure shows a simple circuit containing
21. In a parallel circuit of bulbs four bulbs and five switches along with a battery.
(A) Same current exists in all the bulbs
(B) Same voltage exists in all the bulbs
(C) Failure of any bulb leads to a break down in
the circuit
(D) All of above
22. Column-I Column-II
a) Cell 1) V What is the minimum number of switches that must
b) Resistance 2) be closed to light at least one bulb?
c) Closed switch 3) (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
d) Voltmeter 4) ( ) 2. The handle of every electrical repairing tool is
5) () covered by a certain material to prevent the user
23. When negative terminal of a cell is connected to from getting an electrical shock.
the positive terminal of the next cell are said to be Which of the following materials cannot be used to
in cover the handle of an electrical repairing tool?
(A) Series (B) Parallel (A) Tin (B) Glass (C) Wood (D) Rubber
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B) 3. The given figure shows a simple circuit that consists
24. When electric cells are connected in series the of a bulb, a battery, and two switches.
electromotive force
(A) Increase (B) Decreases
(C) Remain same (D) become zero
25. Choose the correct option
(A) The path along which electric current flows is
called electric circuit In the given circuit, when switch I is closed, the bulb
(B) Coating of a conductor with a non-conductor will
is called insulator (A) Glow (B) Flicker
(C) The materials which allow the electric current (C) Not glow (D) Flicker after some time
to pass through them are called conductors 4. Which of the following materials is a good
(D) The materials which allow the electric current conductor of electricity?
to pass through them are called non- (A) Plastic (B) Cork (C) Soil (D) Iron
conductors 5. Robert constructs an electrical circuit as shown in
26. If a voltage V is applied across the bulbs in series, the given figure. Four different points are labeled
then as P, Q,R, and S on the wooden rod.
(A) The voltage applied is divided among the bulbs
(B) The same current exists in all the bulbs
(C) The same voltage exists in all the bulbs
(D) The current is divided among the bulbs
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Electricity 69
In the given circuit, the bulb will glow when the Alex should add the switch at point
positive terminal of the battery is connected to the (A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV
point 9. The given figure shows a simple electrical circuit
(A) P (B) Q (C) R (D) S that consists of two bulbs, and a battery. One switch
has to be added to the circuit in order to operate
6. In which of the following circuits can the electrical only bulb M.
bulb be operated using the switch in the circuit?
(A) (B)
This switch must be placed at point

(C) (D) (A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV
10. The given figure shows two bulbs, a switch, a battery,
and a fan. Using all the components, David makes
a simple electrical circuit putting a bulb on either
sides of the fan.
7. The circuit shown in the given figure consists of a
fan, a switch, and a battery. Andrew wants to
connect a bulb in parallel to the fan.
Which of the following circuit diagrams represents
the one made by David?
(A) (B)
Andrew should connect the bulb in the electrical

circuit as shown in figure (C) (D)
(A) (B)
11. The given figure shows two bulbs, a switch, and a

battery. Martha makes a simple circuit using all the
given components. The circuit is such that a bulb is
placed on either sides of the switch.
(C) (D)
Which of the following circuit diagrams represents

the one made by Martha?
8. Alex constructs the electrical circuit shown in the (A) (B)
given figure in his school laboratory. His teacher
asks him to add a switch to the circuit such that
only bulbs N and P are operated by it.
(C) (D)
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12. An electric circuit made by a student is incomplete 16. The path along which electric current flow is called
because one of the wires is too short to connect
with the other wire as shown in the given figure. In (A) Electric circuit (B) electric shock
order to glow the bulb, he has to connect the open
ends by inserting an object between them. (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) neither (A) nor (B)
17. Which of the following are the non-conductors of
electricity
(A) Wood (B) Paper
(C) Cloth (D) Rubber
Which of the following objects should the student 18. Statement I : Switch is used to close are open
insert between the open ends? electric circuit
(A) Nail (B) Bottle
Statement II : When switch is closed , then circuit
(C) Glass sheet (D) Rubber band
is closed and when it is opened, then circuit is open
13. Which of the following objects can conduct
electricity? circuit
(A) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is
(A) (B) the correct explanation of Statement- I.
(B) Both Statements are true, Statement - II is
not correct explanation of Statement - I.
(C) (D) 19. What is the total emf , when three cells of emf’s
are 2V,2.5V, 4V are connected in series
14. The given figure represents four circuit (A) 4V (B) 2.5V (C) 2V (D) 8.5V
arrangements, I., II, III, and IV. Each circuit 20. What is the total emf, when three cells of emfs are
consists of an electric cell and a torch bulb. 2V, 2V, 2V are connected in parallel
(A) 4V (B) 1V (C) 2V (D) 5V
21. The total emf of three cells of emf’s 1v,1v,1v are
connected in series is ____v
22. Which of the following is used as source of electrical
energy
(A) Electric cell (B) Dry cell
(C) Ammeter (D) Voltameter
Summative Worksheet
1. Electric current flows from ___ terminal to ___
The bulb may glow in the circuit arrangements terminal outside the cell through the circuit.
labelled as
(A) I and II (B) II and III 2. represents.
(C) III and IV (D) IV and I
15. An electric cell has i terminal(s). The metal 3. In which case, bulb glows in the circuit.
cap of an electric cell represents its ii terminal.
The information in which alternative completes the (A)
given statement?
(A) i ii (B) i ii
two negative two positive (B)
(C) i ii (D) i ii
one negative one positive
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Electricity 71
(C)
HOTS Worksheet
1. It is impossible to construct a torch in the absence
of
(D) (A) Plastic casing (B) Electric cells
(C) Reflector (D) Switch
2.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

3. Is pure water a conductor of electricity ?
4. Electric current flows in ___ direction only.
5. A cell has two terminals, one terminal is on the metal
base, second terminal is on ___.
6. Bulb in this circuit doesn’t glow; why?
Among the labelled parts, current does not flow

through the
(A) Battery (B) Switch
(C) Filament (D) Reflector
7. A device that is used to break an electric circuit is 3. The given figure shows a circuit with a cell
called ? connected to a bulb and a switch.
8. An electric cell has ___ terminals.
9. Unit of electric current is ___.
(i) Battery (a) Rechargeable
Batteries When the switch is closed, the bulb lights up because
(ii) Accumulator (b) A combination of two or the
more cells (A) Switch produces electricity
(iii) Closed Circuit (c) An unbroken path of (B) Switch produces electricity
electricity
(C) Connecting wires produce electricity
(d) The path along which
(D) Circuit completes on closing the switch
electricity travels
4. Atul has constructed four electric circuits, each
(A) i - b, ii - c, iii - d (B) i - a, ii - b, iii - c
consisting of a bell, a bulb, switch and a cell. The
(C) i - b, ii - a, iii - c (D) i - c, ii - d, iii - a bells of the circuits are labelled as 1, 2, 3, and 4, as
11. (i) Button Cells (a) Torch light, Clocks shown in the given figure.
(ii) Dry Cells (b) Wrist watches,
Calculators
(iii) Accumulators (c) In Cars, Trucks
(d) Space Satellites
(A) i - b, ii - a, iii - c (B) i - b, ii - a, iii - d
(C) i - c, ii - d, iii - b (D) i - a, ii - b, iii - a
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Which bell will produce a sound when the switch is 8. The given figure shows two circuits, each consisting
closed? of a bulb and a cell. M and N are the terminals of
(A) Bell 1 (B) Bell 2 cell I and S and T are the terminals of cell II. The
(C) Bell 3 (D) Bell 4 direction of current in the respective circuits is
indicated by arrowheads.
5. Suraj has constructed a simple electric circuit. It
consists of a bulb, a switch, and a cell, as shown in
the given figure. However, the lengths of the wires
are not sufficient. Hence, this circuit has two free
ends. He has four objects namely a wooden gilli, a
match stick, a pen cap, and a nail.
Terminals M and T of the cells are

(A) Both positive
(B) Both negative
(C) Positive and negative respectively
To glow the bulb, Suraj should connect the free ends
(D) Negative and positive respectively
with the
9. A circuit is constructed using two torch bulbs and a
(A) Nail (B) Matchstick
cell, as shown in the given figure at the left. The
(C) Pen cap (D) Wooden gilli figure at the right shows four arrows whose tips
6. Raju has constructed four different circuits with four show their respective directions. These arrows have
bulbs, four cells, and four different objects, as shown to be placed on each wire segments RS, RV, ST,
in the given figure. and TV respectively, according to the directions of
current.
The given arrows that can be placed on wire

Which bulb will glow in the given circuits? segments RV, VT, ST, and RS are respectively
(A) Bulb 1 (B) Bulb 2 (A) , , , and  (B) , , , and 
(C) Bulb 3 (D) Bulb 4 (C) , , , and  (D) , , , and 
7. Raju bought five similar bulbs and connected them
10. Various parts on the outer surface of an electric
with two cells to construct an electric circuit. The
cell are labelled as I, II, III, and IVrespectively in
given figure shows the circuit constructed by Raju.
figure (a). In figure (b), an incomplete circuit is
shown. M and N are the free ends of this circuit.
In the given circuit, the bulbs that would not glow

are
(A) Bulb 1 and Bulb 2 (B) Bulb 2 and Bulb 3 To make the bulb glow, free ends M and N of the
circuit should be respectively connected to
(C) Bulb 3 and Bulb 4 (D) Bulb 4 and Bulb 5
(A) I and II (B) II and III
(C) III and IV (D) IV and I
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Electricity 73
11. Which of the following parts of a torch is not paired 14. The picture of a household torch is shown is the
with its function? given figure.
(A) Part of a torch Funct ion
Bulb Emits light
(B) Part of a torch Funct ion The electricity required to operate a simple torch is
provided by the
Switch Breaks the circuit (A) Bulb (B) Electric cell
(C) Switch (D) Curved mirror
(C) Part of a torch Function
15. Different arrangements of an electric bulb with an
Reflector Completes the circuit electric cell are shown in the given figure. The
arrangements are labelled as M, N, S, and T
(D) Part of a torch Function respectively.
Cell Provides energy
12. Raj performs an experiment to know the conducting

nature of some of the objects using a circuit, as
shown in the given figure. He inserts some objects
one by one between M and N and observes whether
the bulb glows or not.
The objects that he inserted are eraser, key, plastic
scale, glass bangle, bottle cap, nail, thermocol sheet,
and wallet.
The bulb will glow in

(A) Arrangement N only
(B) Arrangement T only
Raj will be able to glow the bulb if he inserts (C) Both arrangements M and N
(A) Key and nail respectively (D) Both arrangements S and T
(B) Key, nail, and wallet respectively
(C) Bottle cap and thermocol sheet respectively IIT JEE Worksheet
(D) Eraser, scale, bangle, and bottle cap respectively I. Single Correct Answer Type
13. The schematic diagram of an open circuit is shown 1. The metallic wires used for connections in an
in the given figure. electric circuit is called.
(A) Leads (B) Cells
(C) Batteries (D) Insulators
2. Most handy source of electricity which is used in
torch lights are.
Which of the following objects is inserted tightly in (A) Dry Cells (B) Button Cells
the gap to make the bulb glow? (C) Batteries (D) None
(A) Key (B) Cork 3. In wrist watches ___ are used.
(C) Plastic bottle cap (D) Thermocol sheet (A) Dry Cell (B) Button Cell
(C) Battery (D) None
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4. Metals are ___ of electricity. 16. The shorter, thicker vertical line in the symbol of
(A) Conductors (B) Non Conductors Cell represents.
(C) Both (D) None (A) The positive terminal
(B) The negative terminal
5. represents. (C) The direction of current
(A) Electric Switch (B) Battery (D) All of these
(C) Cell (D) Fuse 17. Over head electric cables passing through poles are
NOT insulated because.
6. Electricity name was given by ___.
(A) Insulation will cause energy loss
(A) Thales (B) Gilbert
(B) Air is a bad conductor
(C) Newton (D) Coulomb
(C) The wires will get heated
7. Combination of two or more cells is called ___.
(D) It is costly
(A) Battery (B) Accumulators
18. Photovoltaic cells produce electricity by using.
(C) Button Cells (D) None
(A) Wind Energy
8. ___ is a non-metal but is a Conductors of electricity
(B) Solar Energy
(A) Graphite (B) Glass
(C) Geothermal Energy
(C) Mercury (D) Water
(D) Mechanical Energy of Water
9. Electric current flows from ___ terminal to ___
terminal outside the cell through a circuit. 19. What happens to a circuit when the switch is off.
(A) Positive, Negative (B) Negative, Positive (A) The circuit is complete
(C) Both (D) Cannot say (B) There is a gap in the circuit
10. An electric cell converts ___ energy into electrical (C) Electricity flows continuously
energy. (D) Electricity flows discontinuously
(A) Chemical (B) Mechanical II. Multiple Correct Answer Type
(C) Wind (D) Light 20. The symbol for switch
11. Which of the following energy conversions take (A) (B)
place in a torch. (C) (D)
() A
(A) Electrical Chemical Light 21. Which of the following are conductors?
(B) Chemical Electrical Light (A) Silver (B) Copper
(C) Electrical Light Chemical (C) Aluminium (D) glass
(D) Light Chemical Electrical 22. Which of the following are insulators?
12. Which of the following is an insulator? (A) Glass (B) Plastic
(A) Pure Water (B) Impure Water (C) Wood (D) Silver
(C) Human Body (D) Earth
III. Paragraph Type
13. Car battery and mobile phone battery are The rate of flow of charge in a circuit is called
rechargeable. Hence these are called ___. electric current. In other words, it is the amount of
(A) Dry Cells (B) Accumulators charge flowing per second. It is denoted by the letter
(C) Button Cells (D) None I.
14. There are two types of charges, they are ___ and If Q is the charge which is flowing through a
___. Q
conductor in time t, then current is given by i 
(A) Positive & Neutral (B) Negative & Neutral t
(C) Positive & Negative (D) None Unit of Current:
15. S.I unit of Charge is The S.I unit of current is ampere and it is denoted
(A) Ampere (B) Volt by the letter ‘A’.
(C) Newton (D) Coulomb The S.I unit of Q is coulomb and that of t is second.
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Electricity 75
Thus, the S.I unit of electric current is IV. Integer Type

1 coulomb 26. The current passing through a conductor is 5 ampere
 1A
1 second .Then the charge that passes through that conductor
in 5 minute is _______Coulomb
Using the above answer the following
27. If 60 coulomb of charge passes through a cross
questions.
section of a conductor in 4 sec, the average current
23. If there is a current of 10 amperes in a circuit for is_________A
10 minutes, what quantity of electric charge flows 28. A light ray is incident on a plane mirror making an
in through the circuit? angle of 450 with respect to the surface of the mirror.
The value of the angle between incident ray and
24. How much current must there be in a circuit if 100 reflected ray is ________°
coulombs flow past a point in the circuit in 4 seconds?
25. How much time is required for 10 coulombs of
charge to flow past a point if the rate of flow
(current) is 2 amperes?
V. Matrix Matching
29. (A) Conductor (p) Wood
(B) Insulator (q) Graphite
(C) Outside the cell through circuit (r) Electric current flows from positive to negative
(s) Electric current flows from negative to positive
30. (A) Solar panels (p) Wind energy into electrical energy
(B) Cells (q) Heat energy into electrical energy
(C) Windmills (r) Chemical energy into electrical energy
(D) Dams (s) Solar energy into electrical energy
(t) Potential energy of water into electrical energy
31. (A) A path along which electric current flows (p) Switch
(B) A device which converts chemical energy into (q) Electric circuit electric energy
(C) A device which makes or breaks the circuit (r) Cell
(s) Electric current
32. (A) Cell (p)
(B) Bulb (q)
(C) Switch (r)
(s)
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Learning Outcomes Magnetism
Chapter - 6
B y t h e e n d o f t h i s c h a p t e r, y o u w i l l u n d er s t a n d
 Natural and Artificial Magnets

 Properties of a magnet
 General Definitions of Bar Magnet
1. Introduction Magnetism is present is all materials but at such

low levels that it is not easily detected. Certain
People have known about magnets since ancient materials such as magnetite, iron, steel, nickel, cobalt
times. The first known magnets were hard black and alloys of rare earth elements, exhibit magnetism
stones called “loadstones “. Throughout the middle at levels that are easily detectable.
Ages many people believed that loadstones had
medical powers. During this period, it was
discovered that a loadstone would point to the north.
Magnetism is the term used to describe the
phenomenon by which forces attract some bodies
to each other and to the forces which act between
electric currents. Magnetism is an important force
in nature that makes possible everyday happenings
like talking on the telephone, watching television,
listening to taped music and storing data (sound and What is a Magnet ?
images) on computer discs. Compasses made with A magnet is any piece of material that has the
magnets help navigators guide ships safely. Without property of attracting iron (or steel). Magnetite, also
magnetism, it would not be possible to produce large known as lodestone, is a naturally occurring rock
amounts of electricity and neither could we use that is a magnet. This natural magnet was first
electricity to do all the jobs it does. William Gilbert discovered in a region known as magnesia and was
a physician was the first to use the terms magnetic named after the area in which it was discovered.
pole and electrical force. It was he who suggested Magnetism may be naturally present in a material
that the Earth’s magnetism could be explained if or the material may be artificially magnetized by
the Earth was likened to a huge bar magnet. Real various methods. Magnets may be permanent or
progress in understanding magnetism came after temporary. After being magnetized, a permanent
the relationship between electricity and magnetism magnet will retain the properties of magnetism
was established by Hans Christian Orested in 1820. indefinitely. A temporary magnet is a magnet made
of soft iron, that is usually easy to magnetize;
What is Magnetism ?
however, temporary magnets lose most of their
Just like when the Greeks of the old times discovered magnetic properties when the magnetizing cause is
the first naturally occurring magnetic stones, or discontinued. Permanent magnets are usually more
natural magnets, you have been observing a difficult to magnetize, but they remain magnetized.
property of matter called magnetism. Magnetism Materials which can be magnetized are called
is the force of attraction or repulsion in and ferromagnetic materials. We will talk more about
around a material. making a magnet later on.
Magnetic and Non Magnetic Materials

SUBSTANCES
Magnetic Substances Non-Magnetic Substances

Substances which are influenced or Substances which are neither attracted nor
affected by a magnet is called a magnetic repelled by a magnet are called non-magnetic
substances. substances. These cannot be magnetised.
Ex: Iron, steel, nickel, Cobalt etc. Ex: Paper, wood, glass etc.
Types of Magnetic Substances

We are familiar with substances which are attracted by magnets. But it is interesting to note that there are
certain substances which are repelled by a magnet. So, based on the property of attraction or repulsion,
magnetic substances can be broadly divided into three classes, namely Ferromagnetic. Paramagnetic and
Diamagnetic substances.
Ferro Magnetic Para Magnetic Dia Magnetic

The substances which are The substance which are The substances which are
strongly attracted by a magnet very feebly attracted by a feebly repelled by a magnet
and can be easily magnetised to magnet are called Para are called Dia magnetic
form strong magnets are called magnetic substances. substances.
Ferro magnetic substances.
Ex: Iron, steel, nickel, cobalt Ex: Paltinum, Zinc, manganese, Ex: Copper, gold, bismuth,
and their alloys etc. wood, aluminium, plastic etc. antimony, water etc.
2. Natural and Artificial Magnets property was used by sailors to navigate their ships.
Hence a natural magnet is also called ‘lodestone
Magnets are four types, viz ..Natural , Artificial ,
or leading stone’ (from old English ‘lad for way).
Temporary and Permanent magnets.
The modern name Magnetite derives its origin from
Natural Magnets the locality in which the mineral was first found in
A substance which possesses the property of large quantities, namely, the town of Magnesia, in
attracting small pieces of irons, steel, cobalt, nickel Asia Minor.
is called a magnet and this property is called Magnetite is found occurring naturally in many parts
attractive property. of the world. It is black oxide of iron with the
The magnets found in nature are called natural chemical formula Fe3O4 and is natural magnet. It
magnet. They are found in quite irregular and odd was magnetite that allowed people to get acquainted
shapes. Example of a natural magnet is a with magnetic properties of bodies.
“lodestone”. Natural magnets are not magnetically strong enough
for practical purposes, Therefore, artificial magnets
are required.
Artificial Magnets
Natural magnets like the lodestone do not have very
strong attractive or directive properties, but when
Load stone
a piece of steel is stroked (in one direction only)
When a piece of lodestone is suspended by a fine with a lodestone, these properties are developed
thread it comes to rest in north-south direction. stronger in it.
This property is called directive property. This
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Magnetism 79
A piece of steel or iron to which the properties of a lodestone have been imparted is called an artificial magnet.
Types of Artificial Magnets

Artificial magnets are generally made of iron or steel in different convenient shapes. The different types of
artificial magnets are :
Types of magnet Figure
(i) Bar magnet : This is a bar of uniform N S

cross-section, either rectangular or circular. A B
S N
(ii) Horseshoe magnet: This is a bar magnet

bent in the shape of a horseshoe.
(iii)Needle magnet: This is a short thin strip of S N

magnetised steel with pointed ends and
pivoted at its centre.
(iv)Specially shaped magnets: These are for

particular applications. Thus a loudspeaker
magnet has a recess in it to accommodate the
coil. One design of extremely powerful
magnet is as shown alongside.
(v) Electromagnets: These can be the most-

powerful and are now a days used
whenever a very intense magnetic field is
required.
Drawbacks of Natural Magnets

i) Artificial magnets are far more strong than the natural magnets.
ii) The strength of the artificial magnets can be increased or decreased, while in the case of natural magnets
it cannot be done.
iii) Artificial magnets can be made in any shape that suits our convenience, while natural magnets have
irregular forms.
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Formative Worksheet Conceptive Worksheet

1. One of the following is an artificial magnet 1. Which of the following is a magnetic material
(A) Horse shoe magnet (A) Wood (B) Plastic
(B) Magnetic needle
(C) Iron (D) Copper
(C) Magnetic compasses & electro magnet
(D) Above all 2. Deposits of magnetic oxide iron ore is called
2. Assertion : Artificial magnets are preferred to (A) Magnesia (B) Magnetic
natural magnets (C) Magnesite (D) Both (A) and (B)
Reason : Artificial magnets are far stronger and 3. The first natural magnet is ____________
can be cast in to any desired shape or size (A) Lode stone (B) Hard stone
(A) Both Assertion and reason are correct
(C) Lime stone (D) None of these
(B) Both Assertion and reason are wrong
4. A piece of Iron rubbed with magnetite is called a
(C) Assertion is wrong, Reason is correct
(A) Magnet (B) Natural magnet
(D) Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong
(C) Artificial magnet (D) Iron ore
3. Which one is appropriate : -
5. Which of the following is employed for tracing
(A) The horse shoe magnet is more powerful than
magnetic lines of force of a magnet.
the bar magnet because both the north and
the south poles face each other (A) Load stone (B) Magnetic needle
(B) Attractive force is doubled in horse shoe (C) Tracing compass (D) Bar magnet
magnet. 6. The following magnetic materials are very feebly
(A) Only A (B) Only B attracted by a strong magnet
(C) Both A & B (D) None (A) Para (B) Ferro (C) Dia (D) None
4. All Substances can be divided into _________ 7. Choose the correct example/s for the Ferro
classes on the basis of their magnetic properties magnetic material.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (A) Aluminum (B) Copper
5. Which of the following cannot be magnetised?
(C) Steel (D) Cobalt
(A) Iron (B) Nickel
(C) Cobalt (D) Stainless steel 3. Properties of a Magnet
6. Copper, Gold are the examples of the following
magnetic materials 1. It attracts small pieces of iron towards itself
(A) Ferro (B) Dia It also attracts pieces of cobalt, nickel and steel. If
(C) Para (D) Both A and B a bar magnet is rolled in the iron filings, it is observed
7. Which of the following is a not magnetic material that iron filings cling at the ends of the magnet.
(A) Nickel (B) Cobalt However, no iron filings cling in the centre. This
(D) Bismuth (D) Wood suggests that the magnetic force of attraction is
concentrated near the ends of the magnet.
8. Statement-1: paper, wood, glass cannot be
magnetized. 2. A freely suspended magnet points in north-
south direction
Statement-2: Substance which are influenced or
affected by a magnet is called a magnetic substance. Take a bar magnet and suspend it freely from the
centre by means of an unspun silk thread. It is
(A) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true; observed that it points in the north-south direction.
Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Even if we set the magnet in some other direction,
Statement-1 it again resets itself in the north-south direction. The
(B) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true; above property of magnet is used in the construction
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of of magnetic compass. It must be noted that a
Statement-1 freely suspended magnet does not really point
(C) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is false in exact geographic north-south position, but is
(D) Statement-1 is false; Statement-2 is true inclined at a slight angle to it.
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Magnetism 81
suspended magnet is repelled, proving that the steel
piece has been magnetized.
Path of magnet
Permanent
magnet
3. Like poles repel each other and the unlike Steel bar
poles attract each other
Take two bar magnets. Suspend one of them freely 5. Magnetic poles exist in pairs
from an unspun silk thread. Bring the other magnet If a bar magnet is broken into two equal parts,
near it. You will see that, when the like poles of the following observations are made:
magnets are brought near each other, they repel. If (i) Each part has attractive as well as directive
unlike poles are brought near each other, they attract property, i.e., each part is complete magnet,
each other . (ii) The magnetic strength of each part is half than
that of the complete magnet,
(iii) The new magnetic poles are formed where
the cut is made on the magnet,
(iv) The nature of magnetic polarity on a given cut
is opposite to the polarity on the far end of the
magnet.
If the broken pieces are further broken, all the
above mentioned observations are noticed till
we reach molecular stage.
This characteristic of the magnet is made use in

determining the polarity of a magnet with the help
of another magnet whose polarity is known.
Repulsion is the surest test of magnetism. It is
because the attraction can be caused between two
unlike poles of the two magnets or between the
magnet and the magnetic substances (such as iron,
cobalt and nickel). However, the repulsion is caused
when two similar poles approach each other. Thus, Conclusions
repulsion is the surest test of magnetism. 1. Magnetic poles exist in pairs. There cannot
4. It can magnetize another piece of iron when be a monopole.
rubbed several times in one direction) 2. Every molecule of a magnet is complete
Take a steel bar AB and place it flat on the table. magnet by itself.
Rub this steel bar with a bar magnet as shown in 3. Overall attractive power of a magnet is equal
figure for about 50 times. to the sum total of attractive powers of
Test the end A of the steel bar by bringing it near molecular magnets.
the north pole of another freely suspended magnet.
It is observed that the north pole of the freely
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Magnet and Magnetic Substances
Magnet Magnetic Substance

1. A substance which attracts metals like 1. Substances which are influe nced by a magnet
iron or steel and which always points in a are called magnetic substances. Iron, steel,
particular direction when suspended freely nickel and cobalt are a few examples of
is called a magnet. magnetic substances.
2. A magnet has two poles, one of which is 2. A magnetic substance has no poles and does
always directed towards the Geographic not point to any particular direction when
north and the other to the Geographic suspended freely.
south when suspended freely.
3. A pole of a magnet attracts the opposite pole 3. A magnetic substance is attracted by
and repels the similar pole of another both poles of a magnet.
magnet.
4. General Definitions of Bar Magnet

1. Pole: Each end of a bar magnet is called its pole.
2. Geometric pole: The geometric end of a bar magnet is called its geometric pole.
A B A, B Geometric poles
3. Magnetic Pole: The point situated slightly inside a bar magnet, where most of its magnetic power is concentrated
is called its magnetic pole.
A N S B
N, S Magnetic poles
Magnetic North pole Magnetic South pole

The pole of a freely suspended bar The pole of a freely suspened bar
magnet which point towards magnet which points towards
geographic north is called its geographic south is called its
magnetic north pole (N). magnetic south pole (S).
X Y
N S
Magnetic axis
(Axial line)
Magnetic Axis: An imaginary line joining the magnetic north and south poles of a bar magnetic is called its
magnetic axis (or) axial line. (XY = magnetic axis)
Equatorial Line: The line passing through the centre of magnet and perpendicular to the axial line is called
equatorial line.
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Magnetism 83
Equatorial line
N S
Magnetic Length: The distance between the two poles of a magnet is called magnetic length of magnet.
Magnetic length
A B
N S
Geometric length
NS  Magnetic length AB = Geometric length
The relation between magnetic length and geometric length is
5
MAGNETIC LENGTH   GEOMETRIC LENGTH
6
Magnetic Induction : The phenomenon due to Demagnetisation :The loss of magnetic property
which magnetism is produced in a magnetic of a magnet is called demagnetisation. By heating
substance by the mere presence of a magnet, which or by hammering or by rough handling, a magnet
is not actually in physically contact with magnet is loses its property.
called magnetic induction.
N S Formative Worksheet
N 9.
Choose the correct statement/s from the following:
S (A) Magnetite can be called as lode store
Pin
N (B) Natural magnets possess attractive property
S only
Note: The end of an unmagnetised substance (C) Natural magnets possess attractive and
nearer to the pole of inducing magnet acquires directional properties
opposite polarity, whereas the further end from (D) Natural magnets possess directional property
inducing magnet acquires similar polarity. Magnetic only
induction precedes magnetic attraction. 10. Statement-1: A freely suspended bar magnet
Temporary Magnets: The magnets which lose always comes to lie in North-South direction.
their magnetism as soon as the cause producing Statement-2 : Magnetic poles have the property of
them is removed, are called temporary magnets. directionality
Examples: Electromagnets and the magnets made (A) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true;
from soft iron are temporary magnets. Statement-2 is the correct explanation of
ii) Permanent Magnets: The magnets which do Statement-1
not lose their magnetism, when the cause producing (B) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true;
them is removed, are called permanent magnets. Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
Examples: The magnets made from steel, cobalt Statement1
etc., are permanent magnets. (C) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is false
Note: Soft iron is a temporary magnet whereas (D) Statement-1 is false; Statement-2 is true
Steel is a permanent magnet.
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11. Column – I Column – II (ii) End A is called
A) Like poles of magnets p) Iron (A) Neutral Region (B) Pole
B) Unlike poles of magnets q) Repel (C) Both A & B (D) Equator
C) Magnetic substance r) Glass (iii) End B is called.
D) Non magnetic substance s) Nickel (A) Neutral Region (B) Pole
t) Attract (C) Both A & B (D) Equator
(A) A  p;B  q;C  r;D  s 13. Statement-1 :Like poles attract each other
(B) A  q;B  t;C  p; D  r Statement-2 : If a magnet is suspended freely, then

the end marked with N points towards geographic
(C) A  q;B  s;C  p;D  t north and the end marked with S points towards
(D) A  p;B  p;C  q;D  p geographic south.
12. A piece AB of the magnetite is dipped in a leap of (A) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true;
small iron filings. It is observed that a cluster of Statement-2 is the correct explanation of
iron filings stick to the ends A and B while there is Statement-1
practically no iron filing stick to its central region. (B) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true;
Answer the following questions. Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
(i) The central region or called Statement1
(A) Neutral Region (B) Pole (C) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is false
(C) Both A & B (D) Equator (D) Statement-1 is false; Statement-2 is true
14. Column – I Column – II

A) The rest position of a magnet is p) Ferromagnetic substance along N-S when
suspended
B) Magnetic poles exist in pairs q) Diamagnetic substance
C) Iron is strongly attracted by magnet so it is r) Directive property
D) Gold is repelled by a magnet so it is s) Dipole
t) Paramagnetic substance
(A) A  p;B  q;C  r;D  s (B) A  q;B  t;C  p; D  r
(C) A  q;B  s;C  p;D  t (D) A  p;B  p;C  q;D  p
15. Magnetic poles exist in pair. We cannot get a magnetic monopole. When we cut a magnet, each piece will
behave like a magnet with two poles.
Based on the above, answer the following Questions.

(i) A bar magnet is cut as shown in the figure. Mark the polarity of each pole (from left to right) for
the polarity missed piece.
(A) South, North (B) North, South (C) North, North (D) South, South
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Magnetism 85
(ii) A bar magnet is cut as shown in the figure. Mark the polarity of each pole (from left to right) for
polarity missed piece.
(A) South, North (B) North, South (C) North, North (D) South, South
(iii) A bar magnet is cut as shown in the figure.
Match the following for the polarity.

LIST – I LIST– II
a) 1,2 e) South, North
b) 3,4 f) North, South
c) 5,6 d) 7,8
(A) a–e, b–e, c–f, d–f (B) a–f, b–f, c–e, d–e
(C) a–f, b–f, c–e, d–e (D) a–f, b–e, c–f, d–e
16. Statement A: The more is the distance of the magnetic substance from the magnet, the weaker is this attraction.
Statement B: Magnet can attract magnetic substances within the magnetic field
(A) Both the statements are true (B) Both the statements are false
(C) Only statement A is true (D) Only statement B is true
17. Statement A: The points of the magnet where there is maximum attraction are called the poles of the magnet
Statement B: Magnetic poles always exist in pairs
(A) Both the statements are true
(B) Both the statements are false
(C) Only statement A is true
(D) Only statement B is true
18. Magnetic length of a bar magnet is nearly 80% of its geometric length. If a magnet has a geometric length of
12cm. Answer the following:
(i) Find its magnetic length.
(A) 9.6 cm (B) 24 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 12 cm
(ii) The difference between geometric length and magnetic length is
(A) 0 cm (B) 3 cm (C) 12 cm (D) 2.4 cm
(iii) How much percentage does the magnetic length is small when compare to geometric length.
(A) 25 % (B) 50 % (C) 20 % (D) 100 %
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19. The relation between a magnetic field at a point

Conceptive Worksheet and the distance between a magnet and at a point
8. One of the following is not a property of a magnet is
(A) Attraction (B) Repulsion (A) Inversely proportional to the square of the
distance
(C) Induction (D) Reflection
(B) Inversely proportional to distance
9. When magnet is suspended freely, then the end (C) Directly proportional to the square of the
marked N, points towards distance
(A) Geographic North (B) Geographic South (D) None of these
(C) We can’t say (D) Depends on magnet
10. Which of the following is the property of a magnet?
Summative Worksheet
(A) Pair property 1. A magnetic needle is suspended from a stand near
north pole of the earth it aligns itself
(B) Directionality
(A) Horizontal
(C) Like poles repel & unlike poles attract
(B) Vertical
(D) All the above
(C) Inclined 45° to the vertical
11. A vertical plane passing through the magnetic axis
0
of a freely suspended magnet 1
(D) Inclined 22 to the vertical
(A) Magnetic Meridian (B) Magnetic equator 2
(C) Equatorial Meridian (D) Magnetic Pole 2. You have a magnet with you and north pole and
12. A vertical plane passing through the magnetic south pole are marked on it. There is a bar on a
equator of a freely suspended bar magnet is called table. To find out whether it is a magnet or a
magnetic substance, which one is the sure test ?
(A) Magnetic Pole (B) Magnetic equator
(A) Repulsion
(C) Equatorial Meridian (D) Magnetic Meridian
(B) Attraction
13. If the length of the magnet is l, then the effective
length of the magnet is (C) Both attraction and repulsion
(A) 4l (B) 3l (C) l (D) 2l (D) None
14. The magnetic strength or magnetic intensity is 3. For making electromagnets _____ material is used.
maximum at the __________ of a bar magnet (A) Aluminium (B) Steel
(A) Pole (B) At its centre (C) Soft iron (D) Copper
(C) Equatorial line (D) Axial line 4. Select the correct statement(s):
15. The regions of concentrated magnetic strength (A) South pole attracts south pole
inside the magnet just near its ends are called (B) North pole attracts north pole
magnetic ________________. (C) North and south poles cannot be separated
(A) Pole (B) Axis (C) Meridian (D) Length (D) Artificial magnets are more powerful than
16. The region or the space surrounding a magnet in natural magnets
which magnetic force is exerted is called the ____ 5. When a magnet is heated, it
17. The attraction of iron filings in a magnet is maximum (A) Loses its magnetism
at
(B) Gains magnetism
(A) Poles of the magnet
(C) Gains magnetism up to a certain temperature
(B) Middle part of the magnet and loses magnetism beyond that temperature
(C) All places in the magnet (D) Neither gains nor loses magnetism
(D) None of these
18. Pole strength does not depend on
(A) Length of a magnet (B) Breadth of a magnet
(C) Height of the magnet (D) Both (B) and (C)
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Magnetism 87
6. Demagnetisation of a magnet can be done by

(A) Rough handling
HOTS Worksheet
(B) Heating 1. The relation between geometric length and
magnetic length of a bar magnet is given by
(C) Magnetising in the opposite direction
5
(D) All the above Magnetic length = × Geometric length.
6
7. A small piece of an unmagnetised material gets
repelled when it is brought near a powerful magnet. If the difference between geometric length and
The material is magnetic length of a bar magnet is ‘K’ units, then
find its geometric length and magnetic length.
(A) Paramagnetic (B) Diamagnetic
2. The strength of a magnetic pole is measured in
(C) Ferromagnetic (D) Non-magnetic terms of pole strength. Pole strength depends on
8. If a piece of metal was thought to be a magnet, number of free poles exposed at the end of the
which one of the following observations would offer magnet. Number of free poles exposed at the end
conclusive evidence ? of magnet inturn depends on the area of cross
(A) It attracts a known magnet section of the magnet.
(B) It repels a known magnet A bar magnet has a pole strength ‘K’. If is cut into
(C) It attracts a steel screw driver 2007 parts as shown in the figure. The pole strength
of each piece now is _____
(D) None of above
9. An example for diamagnetic substance is
(A) Copper (B) Iron
(C) Nickel (D) Aluminium
K
10. A freely suspended magnet points towards (A) 2007K (B) (C) K (D) K+2007
2007
geographical north and south; this property is ?
11. The surest test of magnetism is___ ? 3. A bar magnet has a pole strength ‘K’. If it is cut
into 4 pieces as shown in the figure. The pole
12. An Electromagnet is ___ ? strength of each piece now is __________.
13. Attractive property of magnet is more at ?
14. The North pole of earth’s magnet is near the
geographical ?
K K
15. Name some magnetic material ? (A) K + 4 (B) (C) 4K (D)
4 2
16. When a magnet is broken as shown. The poles at
4. A bar magnet of dimensions l, b and h has pole
strength of K units. Now its dimensions are doubled.
The new pole strength is _______.
‘X’ and ‘Y’ are ?
K
(A) K+ 4 (B) K–4 (C) 4K (D)
17. Permanent magnets behave like a magnet even after 4
___ ? 5. The product of the length of the magnet and its
18. Which of the following is property of a magnet ? pole strength is called the moment of a magnet or
19. The spring in the case extend large when magnet Magnetic moment. If ‘m’ is the pole strength and
2l is the length of the magnet then, the moment of
the magnet or Magnetic moment is given by.
M = m×2l. Also, Magnetic moment is a vector
quantity, with its direction from south pole to north
pole along its axial line. If a bar magnet of magnetic
‘B’ is ___ A ? moment 80 units be cut into two halves of equal
lengths, the magnetic moment of each half will be
(A) 80 units (B) 60 units
(C) 40 units (D) 20 units
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6. A bar magnet of magnetic moment M is cut into 4. ___ is the suitable material for cor e of
four parts of equal length. The magnetic moment electromagnet
of either part is (A) Steel (B) Copper
(A) M (B) 4M (C) M/4 (D) Zero (C) Soft Iron (D) Ceramic
7. A magnetic needle of magnetic moment M and pole 5. In which of the following, permanent magnet is used
strength m is broken into two pieces at the middle.
(A) Electric Bell (B) Loudspeaker
The magnetic moment and pole strength of each
piece will be (C) Compass Needle (D) Electric Motor
6.
When South (S) pole of magnet is placed near an
M m m M
(A) , (B) m, (C) , m (D) M, m unknown pole of another magnet. The two magnets
2 2 2 2 (A) Repel each other when the unknown pole is
8. Two similar bar magnets P and Q, each of magnetic N - pole
moment M, are taken. If P is cut along its axial and (B) Attract each other when the unknown pole is
Q is cut along its equatorial line, all the four pieces N - pole
obtained have (C) Attract each other when the unknown pole is
(A) Equal pole strength S - pole
M (D) None
(B) Magnetic moment
4 7. Natural Magnet is known as
M (A) Magnetite (B) Lodestone
(C) Magnetic moment (C) Both (D) None
2
(D) Magnetic moment M 8. Which of the following is not correct ?
–1
9. The moment of a magnet is 3 × 10 Am and the 2 (A) The north pole of a magnet attracts south pole
length of the magnet is 10cm. The pole strength of of another magnet
the magnet is (in A.m) (B) Isolated magnetic poles do not exist
(A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 3 (D) 6 (C) Artificial magnets are made from magnetic
10. A magnetised straight wire has a magnetic moment materials
M. If it is bent into a semicircle its magnetic moment (D) None
will be 9. Magnetism by electric current method is ___ than
(A) M (B) M M 2M other methods
 (C) 2 (D) 
(A) More Strong (B) Strong
IIT JEE W orksheet (C) Weak (D) Very Weak
10. A weak magnet brought near a strong magnet with
I. Single Correct Answer Type same poles facing each there, then
1. If a bar magnet is cut into 4 pieces. Each piece is (A) Both will repel
(A) Individual Magnet (B) Weaker magnet will move away
(B) Some pieces have only North Pole (C) Stronger magnet will move away
(C) Some pieces have only South Pole (D) Initially there is repulsion then strong magnet
will attract the weak magnet
(D) All pieces lose magnetism
11. When two substances repel each other then
2. Surest test of magnetism is
(A) One of them must be a magnet
(A) Attraction (B) Repulsion
(B) Both of them must be magnets
(C) Both Repulsion and Attraction (D) None
(C) One of them must be non magnetic
3. Compass is used
(D) Both of them must be non-magnetic
(A) To find direction on sea and earth
(B) To attract magnetic material
(C) Alignment along N-S direction
(D) Options 1and 3 both
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Magnetism 89
12. After repeated rubbing with a magnet in the same II. Multiple Correct Answer Type
direction. The substance fails to get magnetised it 21. An imaginary line joining the magnetic north and
should be a south pole of a bar magnet is its
(A) Magnet (A) Magnetic axis (B) Axial line
(B) Non-Magnetic substance (C) Equitorial line (D) Pole
(C) Magnetic Substance 22. A magnet can be demagnetised by
(D) All the above (A) Heating (B) Hammering
13. A bar of steel can be permanently magnetised by (C) Rough handling (D) Induction
(A) Rubbing with a bar magnet at its center 23. Which of the following are made as permanent
(B) Rubbing with a bar magnet at its ends magnets
(C) Rubbing with a bar magnet along its length (A) Steel (B) Cobalt (C) Soft iron (D) Iron
(D) None 24. Choose the correct statement/s from the following:
14. Strength of the magnet depends on (A) A freely suspended magnet points in N-S
(A) Length of the magnet (B) Size of the magnet direction
(C) Both (D) None (B) Magnetic poles exist in pairs (dipole)
15. When one end of a magnet is placed near a (C) A freely suspended magnet points in E-W
compass pointer. The pointer (N - pole) of a direction
compass turns away because (D) Magnetic poles does not exist in pairs
(A) The end of a magnet near the pointer of 25. Which of the following are diamagnetic substances?
compass is N-pole
(A) Phosphorus (B) Water
(B) The end of a magnet near the pointer of
compass is S-pole (C) Antimony (D) Platinum
(C) Both (D) None III. Paragraph Type
16. Magnetic field around a magnet is Paragraph-1
(A) One dimensional (B) Two dimensional A piece AB of the magnetite is dipped in a leap of
(C) Three dimensional (D) None small iron filings. It is observed that a cluster of
17. Earth magnetic field is studied under the name iron filings stick to the ends A and B while there is
(A) Terrestrial Magnetism practically no iron filing stick to its central region.
(B) Plant’s Magnetism 26. The central region or called
(C) Earth’s Magnetism (A) Neutral Region (B) Pole
(D) None (C) Equator (D) none of these
18. Nature of magnetic force is 27. End A is called
(A) Attraction (B) Repulsion (A) Neutral Region (B) Pole
(C) Either attraction or repulsion (C) Equator (D) none of these
(D) Neither attraction nor repulsion 28. End B is called.
19. Geometric length of magnet is equal to ___ its (A) Neutral Region (B) Pole
magnetic length (C) Equator (D) none of these
5 6 2 3 Paragraph-2
(A) times (B) times (C) times (D) times
6 5 3 2 The force of attraction between two point magnetic
20. The direction in which a magnet points at a place poles is directly proportional to the product of their
on earth pole strengths and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
(A) Changes (B) Do not change
(C) We cannot say (D) None m1m 2 Km1m 2
i.e. F  2
 F
d d2
Where K is a constant, m1 and m2 are pole strengths
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and ‘d’ is the distance between them. This is called 32. Do you think the force between two poles depends
Coulomb’s law. on medium in which they are present
Using the above information, answer the following
(A) Yes (B) No
questions.
(C) Sometimes yes and sometimes no
29. The force between two poles (m1 and m2) in air
which are separated by a distance ‘d’ is F. If the (D) Cannot be predicted
distance is doubled, the force between the poles in 33. Find the force exerted on a point north pole of
air now is ________. strength 3200amp-m placed 10cm away in air from
a point south pole of strength 40amu.m
F F
(A) 4F (B) 2F (C) (D) (A) 1N (B) 1.28N (C) 2N (D) None
2 4
30. The force between two poles (m1 and m2) in air IV. Integer Type
which are separated by a distance ‘d’ is F. If m1 is
34. All substances can be divided into _________
halved and m2 is doubled and the distance is same
classes on the basis of their magnetic properties
i.e., d, the force now is ___
35. The relation between magnetic length and geometric
F 1
(A) F (B) (C) (D) 4F x
2 F length is Magnetic length =  Geometric length
31. When the distance between two magnetic poles is 6
halved, the force between them will become ,then the value of x is ___
(A) Halved (B) One fourth
(C) Doubled (D) Four times
V. Matrix Matching
36. (A) Naturally occurring magnet (p) Magnetic substances
(B) The end of freely suspended magnet moved towards north (q) Magnetite
(C) Device used for finding geographic directions (r) Non - Magnetic
(s) Compass needle
(t) N - pole
37. (A) Similar poles of magnet (p) Lodestone
(B) Opposite poles of magnet (q) Artificial magnet
(C) Horse shoe magnet (r) Strong magnet
(D) Electromagnet (s) Attract
(t) Repel
38. (A) Temporary Magnets (p) Compass Needle
(B) Permanent Magnets (q) Television, loudspeaker, electric
cranes, motors
(C) Earths Magnetic Field (r) Planet’s Magnetism
(s) Terrestrial Magnetism
39. (i) Soft Iron (a) Loadstone
(ii) Alnico, steel, ceramics (b) For Electromagnets
(iii) Ironoxide (c) For Permanent Magnets
(d) Artificial Magnets
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Learning Outcomes Heat
Chapter -37
B y t h e e n d o f t h i s c h a p t e r , yo u w i l l un de r s t an d
• Heat • Transmission of heat

• Sources of Heat • Conduction
• Effects of Heat • Convection
• Temperature • Radiation
• Expansion of substances • Conductors and insulators
1. Introduction 4. Effects of Heat

Heat is a form of energy. Heat produces a sensation Heat gives the capacity to do work. Substances
in our body by which we make out whether a body expands on heating. Heat changes the state of
is cold, warm or hot. substance. Air when heated become lighter.
A hot body has more of heat energy in it than a Micro-organisms in liquids like milk are destroyed
cold body. on heating.
Hen’s incubation supplies heat to the eggs which
Hotness or coldness of any object can be known
help them transform into chicks.
through its ‘heat’.
5. Effect of Heat on the size of the
Direction of the flow of heat is from hot to cold.
Measure of heat is Temperature.
substances
All matter expands on heating
Hotness or Coldness are only relative. Solids expand on heating.
The total amount of heat energy is called Enthalpy. Substances expand on heating; this expansion is
2. Sources of heat different for different substances.
Liquids expand on heating. Different liquids have
Sun
different rates of expansion for the same rise in
Is the ultimate source of heat energy. Plants absorb temperature.
sunlight and manufacture starch and sugars through Gases also expand on heating. Expansion in gases is
a process called ‘Photosynthesis’. very large as compared to the solids or liquids.
Other Sources of Heat 6. Transmission of Heat
Wood, Coal, Cooking gas, burning candle produce Heat transfer from hotter objects to colder objects.
heat when they burn. Heat is transferred from hot end to cold end by 3
Heat is also produced: methods, namely:
When work is done against friction. Conduction
Convection
When fuels are burnt.
Radiation
3. Temperature Conduction
The degree of hotness or coldness of a body is Transfer of heat without actual movement of the
called temperature. Heat is cause which makes particles of the medium is called conduction. It
temperature take its effect. occurs only in solids.
Convection
Units of Heat and Temperature
Transfer of heat through the movement of particles
S.I unit of heat is Joule. Other unit of heat is Calorie. of the medium from one place to another is called
S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin. Other units are convection. It occurs in liquids and gases (fluids).
Degree Centigrade(oC), Degree Fahrenheit(oF). Radiation
Centigrade is also called Celsius. The transfer of heat without any medium from one
place to another is called radiation
Eg: Heat from the sun passes through the vacuum
in the space where there is nothing (neither any 8. Stainless steel pans are usually provided with
solid nor any fluid) copper bottoms. The reason for this could be that
Based on the transfer of heat, substances are ?
categorised into: Insulators and Conductors (A) Copper bottom makes the pan more durable
Insulators (B) Such pans appear colourful
Substances which do not allow heat to pass through (C) Copper is better conductor of heat than the
them are called insulators. stainless steel
Ex: Paper, rubber, wood, all fluids except mercury (D) Copper is easier to clean than the stainless
are poor conductors of heat. steel
Conductors 9. Device in which heat losses are minimised due to
Substances which allow heat to pass through them conduction, convection and radiation is ?
are called conductors. (A) Thermometer (B) Bimetallic Strip
Ex: Copper, Iron, Aluminium, Silver, Lead. (C) Thermos flask (D) Solar Cooker
10. Which of the following is arranged in decreasing
Formative W orksheet order of conductivity of heat inmetals ?
(A) Lead, Silver, Al, Iron, Copper
1. Which sense in our body helps in distinguishing cold, (B) Silver, Copper, Al, Iron, Lead
warm and hot body? (C) Copper, Silver, Iron, Lead, Al
(A) Sense of Smell (B) Sense of Touch (D) Silver, Copper, Al, Lead, Iron
(C) Sense of Vision (D) Sense of Hearing 11. (i) Temperature (a) Energy
2. Which of the following is the effect of heat energy (ii) Heat (b) 0oC - 100oC
? (c) Force
(A) Change in Temperature (iii) Centigrade Scale (d) Measurement of
(B) Change in the State Energy
(C) Chemical Change (A) i - c, ii - a, iii - b (B) i - d, ii - a, iii - b
(D) All (C) i - a, ii - b, iii - c (D) i - b, ii - c, iii - d
3. S.I. Unit of temperature is ___ ? 12. (i) Silver, Copper, Lead, Iron (a) Solids
(A) Celsius (B) Fahrenheit (ii) Wood, Wool, Bakelite, Plastics (b) Fluids
(C) Kelvin (D) None (iii) Convection (c) Conductors
4. Fastest mode of transmission of heat is ? (d) Insulators
(A) Conduction (B) Convection (A) i - b ii - c iii - d (B) i - a ii - b iii - c
(C) Radiation (D) None (C) i - c ii - d iii - b (D) i - d ii - a iii - b
5. Black surfaces are ? 13. (i) Process due to which a solid directly
(A) Good absorbers of heat change into gaseous state
(B) Good radiators of heat temperature (a) To measure very
(C) Poor absorbers of heat low
(D) Good absorbers and good radiators of heat (ii) Alcohol thermometer (b) Sublimation
6. A bimetallic strip is made of copper and iron when (iii) Liquid metal (c) To measure high
heated in a flame ? temperature
(A) Iron expands more and bends on copper (A) i - b ii - a iii - c (B) i - a ii - c iii - e
strip (C) i - b ii - c iii - d (D) i - c ii - d iii - e
(B) Copper expands more and bends on iron 14. (i) Land breeze blows during (a) Summer
strip (ii) Sea breeze blows during (b) Winter
(C) Both iron and copper expand equally (iii) Dark colour clothes are preferred
(D) None during (c) day
7. A wooden spoon is dipped in a cup of ice cream; (d) Night
its other end ? (A) i - a ii - b iii - c (B) i - b ii - c iii - d
(A) Becomes cold by the process of conduction (C) i - c ii - d iii - a (D) i - d ii - c iii - b
(B) Becomes cold by the process of convection
(C) Becomes cold by the process of radiation
(D) Does not become cold
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Heat 93
9. While sitting near a heater or a bonfire,

Conceptive W orksheet you feel warm. The heat from the heater reaches you by
_____ process?
1. Which body feels hot ?
(A) Conduction (B) Radiation
(A) A body losing heat
(C) Convection (D) All
(B) A body gaining heat
10. Handles of electrical appliances and
(C) Both
cooking utensils are made from ?
(D) None
(A) Bakelite (B) Plastics
2. Under what condition the flow of heat is rapid?
(C) Wood (D) All
(A) One of the two bodies is too hot
(B) One of the two bodies is too cold
(C) There is a big difference in the Summative W orksheet
temperature of two bodies
(D) All 1. Why do we feel hot when we shift our hand from
3. ___ is the physical quantity which measures a bowl of cold water to a bowl of tap water?
the amount of heat in a body ? 2. Thermometer is a ___?
(A) Temperature (B) Energy 3. Practical uses of good conductors of heat ?
(C) Mass (D) None 4. Why refrigerators have double walled body ?
4. o
One litre of water at 30 C is mixed with 5. All fluids expects mercury are ___ of ?
one litre of water at 60oC, the temperature 6. Two thin woolen blankets are warmer than a thick
of the mixture will be ? woolen blanket ?
(A) 90oC 7. Ventilators are the application of ___?
(B) More than 60oC but less than 90oC 8. Amount heat energy transmitted by mean of
(C) 30oC radiation is ___?
(D) Between 30oC & 60oC 9. Why we make use of glass panes on our doors and
5. A steel cup at 400oC is dropped in a container windows ?
of water at 40oC, then? 10. By the process of convection, the heart
(A) Heat will flow from cup to water transmission is always ___ ?
(B) Heat will not flow from cup to water or
from water to cup HOTS W orksheet
(C) Heat flow from water to cup 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct words.
(D) The temperature of cup increases (A). The degree of hotness or coldness of a
6. Normal temperature of human body is ? body is called ___________.
(A) 37oC (B) 98.4oF (B) Heat is a form of ____________.
(C) Both (D) None (C) Heat energy is measured in _______.
7. Which of the following is NOT correct in 2. Write true or false.
‘heattransmission through conduction’ ? (A) Temperature is a form of energy.
(A) Heat flows only when one end of an (B) Heat energy flows from a hot body to a
object is hot and other end is cold. cold body.
(B) When heat is flowing through two (C) Temperature is measured in joules.
objects they must remain in contact (D) When heat energy flows into a body it
with one another. warms the body.
(C) Once the two ends of the object through 3. Heat energy will flow from our body to the
which heat is flowing attain the same surroundings if
temperature conduction of heat stops. (A) The surroundings are at a higher
(D) In conduction, heat is transferred through temperature than our body.
the moving particles of medium from one (B) The surroundings are at the same
place to another. temperature as our body.
8. Heat transmission through convection (C) The surroundings are at a lower
does not take place in ___? temperature than our body.
(A) Liquids (B) Gases (D) There is no relationship between heat flow
(C) Solids (D) None and temperature.
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4. Define the following: 5. A steel cup at 400oC is dropped in a

(A) Conduction (B) Convection container of water at 40oC, then?
(C) Radiation (A) Heat will flow from cup to water
5. Conduction, convection, and radiation are (B) Heat will not flow from cup to
(A) Different modes of heat energy water or from water to cup
(B) Different modes of heat transfer (C) Heat flow from water to cup
(C) Different measures of temperature (D) The temperature of cup increases
(D) All of these II. Multiple Correct Answer Type
6. Convection does not occur in 6. Which of the following is the mode of heat
(A) vacuum (B) liquids (C) gases (D) air transfer?
7. Which of these is a good conductor of heat? (A) Conduction (B) Convection
(A) Wood (B) Straw (C) Water (D) Copper (C) Radiation (D) Radioactivity
8. Which of these is a bad conductor of heat? 7. Which of the following is a form of energy?
(A) Wool (B) Gold (A) Heat (B) Sound(C) Light (D) Electricity
(C) Copper (D) Stainless steel 8. Which of the following is the unit of heat energy?
9. Name the mode of heat transfer in each of the (A) Joule (B) Calorie (C) Metre (D) Second
following cases: 9. Which of the following is the effectof Heat?
(A) In a vessel of boiling water. (A) Heat gives the capacity to do work.
(B) Heat energy reaching us from the sun. (B) Substances expands on heating.
(C) A vessel kept on a hot stove becomes hot. (C) Heat changes the state of substance.
(D) Warm breeze from the land flows towards (D) Micro-organisms in liquids like milk are
the sea. destroyed on heating.
(E) A spoon kept in a hot tea cup becomes
warm.
III. Paragraph Type
10. (A) Name the mode of heat transfer from one Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness
of a body. Temperature is measured in both Celsius
body to another where it is essential for (°C) and Fahrenheit scales (°F).
the two bodies to be in contact. Conversion Formula
(B) Name the mode of heat transfer that can Two simple equations given below will help us to
take place even in vacuum. scale convert one temperature scale to another.
 9
IIT JEE W orksheet F =  C×  + 32
 5
I. Single Correct Answer Type 5
C =  F  32  where F is for Fahrenheit and C is
1. The S.I. Unit of temperature is : 9
(A) Celsius (B) Fahrenheit for Celsius.
(C) Kelvin (D) None Based on this information answer the questions
2. Fastest mode of transmission of heat is ? given below.
(A) Conduction (B) Convection 10. The body temperature of an animal is 86 °F. Express
(C) Radiation (D) None the same temperature in degree Celsius.
3. A wooden spoon is dipped in a cup of ice cream; (A) 120 °C (B) 90°C (C) 60°C (D) 30°
its other end ? 11. The day temperature in Delhi on a hot day was 45
(A) Becomes cold by the process of conduction °C. Express this temperature in degree Fahrenheit.
(B) Becomes cold by the process of convection (A) 113 °C (B) 103 °F (C) 93 °F (D) 83 °F
(C) Becomes cold by the process of radiation 12. Express 35 °C in Fahrenheit scale.
(D) Does not become cold (A) 75 °F (B) 85 °F (C) 95 °F (D) 105 °F
4. One litre of water at 30oC is mixed with 13. Express 41 °F in Celsius scale.
one litre of water at 60oC, the temperature of the (A) 10°C (B) 5°C (C) 20°C (D) 35 °C
mixture will be ? IV. Integer Type
(A) 90oC
14. The melting point of ice = _______°C
(B) More than 60oC but less than 90oC
15 Heat is transferred from hot end to cold end by
(C) 30oC
________ methods.
(D) Between 30oC & 60oC
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Heat 95
V. Matrix Matching
(Match the following)
16. Match the following.
Column – I Column – II
(A) Insulator p. Unit of heat energy
(B) Energy q. Good conductors
(C) Fahrenheit r. Rubber
(D) Joule s. Thermometer
(E) Metals t. Heat
(A) Temperature (p) Energy
(B) Heat (q) 0oC - 100oC
(r) Force
(C) Centigrade Scale (s) Measurement of
Energy
(A) Silver, Copper, Lead, Iron
(p) Solids
(B) Wood, Wool, Bakelite, Plastics
(q) Fluids
(C) Convection (r) Conductors
(s) Insulators
(P) Land breeze blows during
(p) Summer
(Q) Sea breeze blows during
(q) Winter
(R) Dark colour clothes are preferred
during (r) day
(s) Night
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IIT FOUNDATION
Class VI
PHYSICS
SOLUTIONS
© USN Edutech Private Limited
The moral rights of the author’s have been asserted.
This Workbook is for personal and non-commercial use only and must not be sold, lent, hired or given
to anyone else.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise
without the prior written permission of USN Edutech Private Limited. Any breach will entail legal
action and prosecution without further notice.
Utmost care and attention to the details is taken while editing and printing this book. However, USN
Edutech Private Limited and the Publisher do not take any legal responsibility for any errors or
misrepresentations that might have crept in.
Published by : USN Eductech Private Limited

Hyderabad, India.
CONTENTS
1. Measurement .......... 096 - 101
2. Motion and Force .......... 102 - 105
3. Energy and Work .......... 106 - 111
4. Light .......... 112 - 117
5. Electricity .......... 118 - 123
6. Magnetism .......... 124 - 124
7. Heat .......... 125 - 126

1. MEASUREMENT
SOLUTIONS
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
KEY
Q.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans C A A D D C A D B D B C
Q.no 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Ans A * * C D B C A B B D C
Q.no 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 * Indicates the subjective

Ans questions
A B C C D C A B
HINTS / SOLUTIONS TO THE SELECTED QUESTIONS
1. Both standard instruments and units are needed 15. (A) 1 decametre = 10 m
to measure physical quantities accurately. 1 decimetre = 10–1 m
2. Measurement has two parts. They are number
1deca metre 10
and unit.  = =10×10=100
3. The standard used to measure a certain Physical 1deci metre 10-1
quantity is called the unit.  1 decametre = 100 decimetre
4. Pace or a footstep is a Non standard unit of length (B) 1 millimetre = 10–3 m
5. Cubit is a non standard unit and 10 kilometre = 1 centimetre = 10–2 m
10× 1000 metre. 1milli metre 103
6. Statement I is false ; Statement II is true.  = =103 ×102 =101 =0.1
1centi metre 102
The fundamental quantites are length, mass and
time.  1 millimetre = 0.1 centimetre
8. M.K.S system is also named as S. I. System. (C) 1 hecto = 102 m
1 kilometre = 103 m
9. 1 km = 103 m ; 1 m = 100 cm ; 1hecto metre 102
1 cm = 10 mm  = =102 ×103 =101  0.1
1kilo metre 103
1 km > 1 m > 1 cm > 1 mm
 1 hectometre = 0.1 kilometre.
4.8
10. Diametre   0.2 cm (D) 1 decimetre = 10–1 m
24 1 centimetre. = 10–2 m
11. 1 km = 1000 m
3250 m = 3.25 × 10 m = 3.25 km 1deci metre 101
 = =101×102 =10
12. 1 mm = 10–3 m 1centi metre 102
(or) 1 m = 1000 mm  1 decimetre = 10 centimetre.
 1.65 m = 1.65 × 103 mm = 1650 mm
13. The diameter of spherical object = x2 – x1 16. A = 6×5 = 30 cm2.
= 4.7 – 3.4 = 1.3 cm 17. A = 450 × 145 = 65250m2 = 6.525 × 104 m2
14. (A) 1 cm = 10 mm = 6.525 hectare (  1 hectare = 104 m2)
(B) 1 dm = 10 metre. 18. Note: The option B, in the questions should
(C) 1 kilometre = 1000 metre. be changed to x = 10–4, y = 10–2, z = 10–12
(D) 1 metre = 100 centimetre.
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Measurement Solutions 97
a) 1 hectare = 104m2 = 5000 mm3
 1m2 = 10–4 hectare 27. 1 Quintal = 100 kg
b) 1 hectare = 104 m2 1ton = 1000 kg
= 104 × (10–3 km)2
1 Quintal 100 kg
= 104 × 10–6 km2 = 10–2 km2  
c) 1mm =10–3m. 1 ton 1000 kg
= 10–3 ×10–3km  1 Quintal = 10–1 ton
 1 mm2 = (10–6 km)2 = 0.1 ton
= 10–12 km2 28. 1 metric tonne = 1000 kg
19. A = 20 × 12 = 240m2 1 milligram = 10–3 g
20. V = 5× 4 × 3 = 60cm3
1 metric tonne 1000 kg
21. Volume of stone = 125 – 75 = 50 cm3  
22. Final volume = 80 + 50 = 130 cm3 1 milligram 103 g
23. V = lbh
12 = 3× 2 × h
1000  1000 g

103 g
12
h  2cm = 106 ×103 g = 109
6
 1 metric tonne = 109 milligram
24. Dimensions = 0.003 km × 0.03m × 3m
29. 1 microsecond = 10–6 s
If we see options, it is clear that answer is
1 milli second = 10–3 s
expressed in cm3.
so we need to express all the units in terms cm. 1 microsecond 10 6 s
0.003 km = 0.003 × 1000m  
1 milli second 103 s
= 0.003 × 1000 ×100 cm
= 300 cm  1 micro second = 10–3 millisecond
0.03m = 0.03 × 100 cm  x=–3
= 3 cm 30. 1 kg = 10–3 tonne.
 V = 300 × 3 × 3 = 2700 cm3 31. 1 tonne = 1000 kg.
25. Initial volume = 9.3 – 5.8 = 3.5 ml 4.4 tonnes = 4.4 × 103 kg.
26. 5 cm3 = –––––– (mm)3 = 4400 kg
1 cm = 10mm. 32. 6 × 60 × 60 + 8 × 60 = 22080 sec.
 5cm3 = 5×(10 mm)3 = 5 ×103 mm3
CONCEPTIVE WORKSHEET
KEY
Q.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans A B D D A C C C D A C A
Q.no 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Ans D C B A A C C A B A B C
Q.no 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Ans B B B A A A B C A A C A,C
Q.no 37 38 39
Ans A A D
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HINTS / SOLUTIONS TO THE SELECTED 19. Least count of metre scale
QUESTIONS 1mm = 0.1 cm
1. Length is the fundametal quantity. 20. 1 cm2 = _______ mm2.
Metre, Yard and Cubits are the different units of 1 cm = 1× (10mm)2
length. = 100 mm2
2. Number of fundamental physical quantities in 100
M.K.S system three. They are length, mass and 21.  100
1
time.
22. Graph paper
3. Cubit is a non standard unit of length
23. Unit of Area
4. Metre is the MKS unit of length.
24. 1 hectare = 104m2
5. F.P.S stands for Foot, pound, second .
= 104 (10–3 km)2
6. C.G.S stands Centimetre, gram, second
= 104 × 10–6 km2 = 10–3 km2
7. C
 1 km2 = 100 hectare
8. Micro = 10–6
25. 1 hectare = 104 m2
9. Centimetre is the unit of length. Whereas milli,
26. B
kilo and micro are the prefixes used for different
27. m3
of units of measurement.
28. 1m3 = ––––––––– cc
10. Metre
1m3 = 1 × (102cm)3
11. 4 kilometre = 4×103 metre.
= 1 × 106cm3
12. 15 cm = 15×10 mm ( 1cm = 10 mm)
= 150 mm  1m3 = 106 cc
29. A
13. All the given relations are correct.
30. 1 litre = 1000 ml
14. 1 cm = –––––– km.
= 1000 cm3
1 cm = 10–2 m.
= 1000 × (10–2 m)3
1 km = 103 m.
= 1000 × 10–6 m3
1cm 102m  1 litre = 10–3 m3
  3  105 31. The space occupied by a substance is called
1km 10 m
volume.
 1 cm = 10–5 km. 32. Cubic metre
15. 1 mm < 1 cm < 1 m < 1km 33. 1 m3 = 106 cc
16. 1 Angstrom = 10–8 cm (or) 10–10 m 34. V = l3 = 1 cm × 1 cm × 1cm
17. 1 AU = 1.496 ×1011 m = 1cc
18. 1 km = _________ microns. 35. 1 mean solar day = 24 hours.
1 km = 103 m. 36. (A) 51 cm of cloth
1 micron = 10–6m. (C) Surface Area = 40 cm2
1km 103 m 37. 1 Quantal = 100 kg
  38. 12O’clock at night
1m 106 m 39. 18 hours
 1km = 109  m.  18 – 12 = 6 hours
 Time = 6 hours 15 minutes
SUMM ATIVE WORKSHEET

KEY
Q.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans D A, B A A D D B C A C
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1. Both thread and scale are required to measure a curved line.
5. 1 cm2 = 1 ×(10–2m)2 = 10–4 m2
= 10–4 × (10–3 km)2 = 10–10 km2
= 10–8 hectare.
6. 1 hectare = 104 m2
 1m2 = 10–4 hectare
= 10–6 km2
= 10–2 acre
HOTS WORKSHEET
KEY
Q.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans B B B A D C B A D C A D

= 5×(10–2 m)3
= 5×10–6 m3.
1. V = 12 ml
9. V = 10,000 litre
= 12 cc
= 104 × 103 ml.
= 12 × (10–2m)3
= 107 cc
= 12 × 10–6 m3
= 107 × (10–3 m)3
= 1.2 × 10–5m3
= 107 × 10–6 m3
2. 1 millenium = 1000 years
= 10m3
= 100 × 10 years
10. V1 = 26 ml
= 100 decades.
V2 = 6cm3 = 6 cc = 6ml
3. There are 11 squars darkened.
Vnew = 26 + 6 = 32 ml
 Total area = 11 × Area of 1 square
11. Me = 9.11 ×10–31 kg.
= 11 × 1 cm2
1 kg = ______ electrons.
= 11 cm2
Let ‘n’ be the no. of electrons.
4. On 12 hour clock, five = 3h – 45 min PM
Time on 24 hour clock  n × me = total mass
= (12 + 3)h 45 min Total 1kg
= 15h. 45min.  n 
me 9.1 1031 kg
5. 1 millenium = 1000 years
= 1000 × 365 days 10 1030
 n
1 9.1
 1day millenium
365  1000 = 1.097×1030
6. 1 decade = _______ minutes = 1.1 ×1030
1 decade = 10 years 12. m1 = 0.32 kg = 300 g = 3×102 g
= 10 × 365 × 24 × 60 min m2 = 0.32 mg = 0.3 ×10–3 g = 3×10–4 g
= 5256000 min m3 = 0.3 ×10–6 g = 3×10–7
= 5.256 ×106 min. m4 = 3000 g = 3×103g.
7. 1 year = ________ seconds  3×103g > 3× 102g > 3×10–4 g > 3×10–7g
1 year = 365 days. m4 > m1 > m2 > m3
= 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 s
= 365 × 86400 s
= 31.536000 s = 31.53×106 s
8. V = 5ml
= 5cc (or) 5 cm3
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IIT JEE WORKSHEET

KEY
Q.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A, B, A, B,
Ans C B B C A B D B D D
C C
Q.no 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Ans A, C, A, C,
B A C B A 9 1 7 6
D D
Q.no 24 25
Aq; Br; (i) (c) ; (ii)  (d)
Ans
Cs; Dp (iii) (a) ; (iv)  (b)
HINTS / SOLUTIONS TO THE SELECTED

7. I. 1 cm = 10 mm
QUESTIONS
 2.4 cm = 2.4 × 1 cm = 2.4 × 10 mm =
1. Chand’s height is 10 cm more than the 1 m mark 24 mm
on the meter scale. Hence, his height is equal to II. 1 km = 1000 m
110 centimetres, i.e., 1 m and 10 cm. And, 1 m = 1000 mm
2. It can be observed from the given figure that the  1 km = 1000 × 1 m = 1000 × 1000
lengths of pencils I and II are 4.5 cm and 3 cm mm = 106 mm
respectively.  1 mm = 10–6 km
 3.1 mm = 3.1 × 1 mm = 3.1 × 10–6 km
3. The relative change in the position of the ants is 8. Length of the thread = 10-hand spans
the change in the distance between them. Initially, The thread is wound around the cylinder 5 times.
the distance between the ants is (2 cm – 1 cm =) Hence, the length of one wind of the thread
1 cm. After sometime, one ant is at the 10 cm
mark and the other is at the 7 cm mark on the around the cylinder 2-hand spans
ruler. Hence, the distance between them is (10
The circumference of the given cylinder is nothing
cm – 7 cm =) 3 cm. Hence, the relative change but the length of the thread that is wound around
in the position of the ants is (3 cm – 1 cm =) 2 it. Hence, the circumference of the cylinder is
cm. two-hand spans.
4. A measuring tape is a long strip of plastic, rubber, 9. Initial length of the ice pole = 120 cm
or cloth that has markings on it to measure length. After every half hour, its height reduces to half.
Hence, a measuring tape can be used to find the The given table illustrates the height of the pole
tallest student in a group of four. after a period of half hour (in centimeters).
5. A measuring tape is a long strip of plastic, rubber, Time Height
or cloth that has markings on it to measure length. 1 120
After hour  60 cm
Hence, Sandeep can use a measuring tape to 2 2
measure the height of his study table. 60
6. Peter runs 10 m in one second i.e., he can cover After 1 hour  30 cm
2
1 1 30
1 m in s. After 1 hour  15 cm
10 2 2
1 15
Hence, he can run 200 m in  200  20s After 2 hours  7.5
10 2
Hence, after two hours, the height of the pole
will be 7.5 cm.
Since 1 cm = 10 mm, the height of the pole
after 2 hours will be 7.5 × 10 = 75 mm.
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10. The length of the table is 8 times the length of

14
the given thread. Akram has folded the thread Circumference  7 hs
twice at its mid point. Thus, its length is 2
reduced to one-fourth of the original length (as 23. LR = 240 cm.
shown in the given figure). LW = 40 cm.
LR = nLW
L R 240
Original thread n  6
LW 40
Length  one half Length  one forth 24. (A) 1 hecta gram = 102 g
First fold Second fold (B) 1 deca gram = 101 g
(C) 1 milligram = 10–3 g
1 (D) 1 micro gram = 10–10g
Hence, this folded thread with length th of
4  A  q; B  r; C  s; D  p
the original thread must be placed 8 × 4 = 32 25. (i)  c (ii)  d (iii)  a (iv)  b
times along the length of the table to measure
its length.
11. A, B, C
12. A, B, C
13. A, C, D
14. A, C, D
15. 1 deci metre = 10–2 m
16. 1 milligram = 10–3 g
17. 1 cm3 = 1×(10 mm)3
= 103 mm3
18. 1 km = 1 × (103 m)2
2
= 106m2
19. 1 millisecond = 10–3s
20. LS = x
LL = 2x
Give LR = 18 x
= 9 × 2x
LR = 9(LL)
=9
21. R = T + 5 cm _______ (1)
M = R – cm _______ (2)
M = 0.55 _______ (3)
M = 55 cm.
M = T + x = ? _______ (4)
Substituting (3) in (2), we get
R=m+4
= 55 + 4 = 59 cm.
 T = R – 5 = 59 – 5 = 54 cm.
 55 = 54 + x
 x = 1 cm.
22. Length of thread = 14 hs
n=2
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2. MOTION AND FORCE
SOLUTIONS
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C, D D B A A A, B, C D C D C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
B C A C A C C D A
KEY
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D C C D C D C B C D
HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED QUESTIONS
1. Vibratory Motion. Because strings does not move
as a whole. SUM MATIVE WORKSHEET
2.
KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6
B C B B C D
7 8 9 10 11 12
A C D C C A
13
A
HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED

Linear and rotational. As ball rolling down it covers QUESTIONS
some distance along with the rotation.
1. The relative change in the position of the ants is the
3. In oscillatory motion body moves to-and-fro or change in the distance between them. Initially, the
back-and-forth at regular intervals of time. Hence distance between the ants is (2 cm “ 1 cm =) 1 cm.
all oscillatory motions are periodic in nature. After sometime, one ant is at the 10 cm mark and
4. Motion, Rest the other is at the 7 cm mark on the ruler. Hence,
the distance between them is (10 cm “ 7 cm =) 3
5. Movement of a toy car around a circular road.
cm. Hence, the relative change in the position of
It covers a distance of circumference of circle the ants is (3 cm “ 1 cm =) 2 cm.The correct answer
during its circular motion. is B.
6. Rest 2. When a stone is dropped in still water, it produces
waves on the surface of water. In the given situation,
7. Motion
the cork starts moving up and down because of the
8. Yes. Motion of wheels of a moving car. waves on the surface of water, i.e., the cork starts
9. Periodic moving in a periodic motion as a result of the wave
motion produced on the surface of water.The
10. Periodic Motion
correct answer is C.
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Motion & Force Solutions 103
3. The stone is moving along a circular path around 11. Here, the student is required to determine the
the vertical rod. Hence, the stone is moving in a
circular motion.The correct answer is B. change in the amount of force required when the
4. The tires of a bicycle or any other automobile rotate box moves over wheels. Since frictional force
along a circle or in a circular path. Hence, the opposes the motion of the box, the boys have to
motion of the tires of a bicycle is circular. The
bicycle moves forward in a straight line. Therefore, apply a large amount of force. If wheels were
the bicycle’s motion is linear. The correct present below the box, then the frictional force
answer is B.
between the box and the surface would decrease.
5. The motion of the girl on the swing repeats itself
after a particular period of time. Hence, the girl As a result, the boys would have to apply lesser
has a periodic motion on the swing. force to move the box. The correct answer is C.
The correct answer is C.
12. The total force on the rope toward the right is 60
6. A body is said to possess rotational motion if it
rotates about a fixed axis. Since a top rotates about N, i.e., applied by Mark. The total force on the
its own vertical axis, it possesses rotational motion.A rope toward the left is 40 N + 20 N = 60 N, i.e.,
body is said to possess periodic motion if it repeats
its motion after a fixed interval of time. Since the applied by Sandy and George. Hence, the net force
bob of a pendulum exhibits such motion, it possesses on the rope is 60 N – 60 N = 0 N. The correct
periodic motion.The correct answer is D. answer is A.
7. In order to push or pull an object, a force must be
applied. 13. The total force applied by the four boys is the sum
8. Roger noticed a book lying on a table . In order to total of the respective forces applied by them, i.e.,
move the book, he must apply a force. As a result of the presence of sand on the ground,
9. Here, we need to investigate the relation between the frictional force between the box and the ground
the direction of force and the motion of the is 15 N. The total force experienced by the box is
wheelchair. The direction of force on the wheel 25 N + 25 N + 30 N + 35 N = 115 N toward the
chair will be along its direction of motion. Initially left. Frictional force opposes the motion of a moving
the wheel chair is pushed from West to East. It object. As a result, the frictional force experienced
then takes two left turns, i.e., the direction of motion by the box is 15 N toward the right. Hence, the
of the wheelchair becomes reverse, (from East to total force experienced by box is the difference
West). Finally, the chair takes a right turn before between the total force applied by the boys and
coming to a halt, i.e., the direction of motion of the the frictional force, i.e., 115 N “ 15 N = 100 N
wheelchair is from South to North. Hence, before toward the left. The correct answer is A.
the wheelchair comes to a halt, the direction of
HOTS WORKSHEET
force on it is from South to North. The correct
answer is D. KEY
10. Here, the student is required to investigate the 1 2 3 4 5
relationship between the direction of applied force A C A B C
6 7 8 9 10
and the motion of the car. Since the car moves
A A C B D
toward East, the applied force that stops the car 11 12 13 14 15
must be in the opposite direction. Hence, the D A A C C
direction of the applied force is toward West. The
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HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED 8. Joanna is using her fingers to hit the striker and the
QUESTIONS coins. This implies that she uses muscular force
1. The pedal of a bicycle moves in such a way that its
distance from a fixed point (axle) remains the same. for pocketing the queen.The correct answer is C.
Hence, the bicycle pedal has only circular motion. 9. The magnets exert magnetic force which causes
The wheel of a bicycle moves in such a way that
them to stick to the refrigerator, as the latter
the distance of any point on the wheel from the
centre remains the same during its motion. Also, contains iron in it.
all points on the wheel move laterally along a straight 10. All objects having mass attract each other by a
line when the cycle moves. Hence, the bicycle
wheel has both circular and linear motion. Hence, force known as gravitational force. Therefore, the
the pedal of a bicycle has only one type of motion, two magnets attract each other by gravitational
while its wheels have two types of motions.The force.Two magnets can attract or repel each other
correct answer is A.
2. An object is said to possess circular motion if its by magnetic force. Like poles of two magnets
distance from a fixed point remains constant during attract each other, while their unlike poles repel
its motion. The distance of all the points on fan
each other. The magnets repel each other as their
blades from the centre of the fan remains the same
during the motion of the blades. Therefore, the like poles face each other in the given figure.
blades of a fan have circular motion. T h e
3. When a leaf falls from a height, it falls along a
straight line. Thus, a falling leaf traces a straight
path during its motion. Therefore, it only has
rectilinear motion. Hence, a falling leaf has only
one type of motion. The correct answer is A.
4. An object is said to have circular motion if its Since the inclined plane is rough, the small bar
distance from a fixed point remains constant during magnet experiences frictional force in the opposite
the motion. For example, the motion of the hands
direction, as shown in the following figure.Hence,
of a clock exhibit circular motion. An object is
said to possess periodic motion if it moves back the small bar magnet experiences gravitational,
and forth repeatedly about a fixed point. For magnetic, and frictional forces.The correct answer
example, the motion of the bob of a pendulum
is D.
exhibits periodic motion. The correct answer is B.
5. An object is said to have rectilinear motion if it 11. This question is successfully answered by the
moves along a straight path. When a soldier student who can recognize the various forces that
marches, he is moving in straight path. Hence, the act on the magnets. All objects having mass attract
motion of a marching soldier is an example of each other by a force known as the gravitational
rectilinear motion. force. Since both magnets have mass, they attract
The correct answer is C. each other by gravitational force. Like poles of a
magnet repel each other, while unlike poles attract
6. The contact between the flag and the wind causes each other by a magnetic force. Since the magnets
the flag to flutter. Hence, the flag flutters because are placed on a frictionless surface, they do not
of the application of a direct force. experience any frictional force.Hence, the magnets
will experience magnetic and gravitational forces.
7. Weight of an object is the measure of gravitational The correct answer is D.
force between the object and Earth or any other 12. The force of gravity, which is exerted by Earth,
planet. Hence, when a wooden box is suspended attracts objects toward itself.Hence, a ball that is
by a spring balance, the spring stretches because thrown up returns to the surface of Earth because
Earth’s gravitational force pulls the box.The correct of gravity.The correct answer is A.
answer is A.
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Motion & Force Solutions 105
between the force on the ball and its direction of 2. A ball falls on the ground because of the
motion. When the ball moves upward, the force gravitational pull of Earth. There is no contact
exerted on the same is in the downward direction. between the ball and Earth. Hence, this process
This force, caused by Earth’s mass and that of the is caused by indirect application of force.The
ball, is known as the force of gravity. This force correct answer is A.
tends to slow the ball down and eventually make it 3. When two magnets are brought near each other,
come back to Earth’s surface. Hence, the direction they attract or repel each other depending on their
of force on an upward moving ball is from up to polarity. The movement is caused by magnetic
down. The correct answer is A. force between them which is an indirect force as
14. Knowledge of the relation between motion and magnets are not in contact. The correct answer
force is required to answer this question is D.
correctly.Earth revolves around Sun in 365 days. 4. The magnet placed at the bottom of the ride repels
This motion is caused by the gravitational force the magnet that is fitted below the capsule, as both
that acts between Earth and Sun.The correct have the same poles facing each other. This causes
answer is C. the ride to slow down as it reaches the surface
15. Gravity is a universally attractive force. It cannot because magnetic repulsions increase as the
repel a body. Magnetic force can attract as well distance between the base of the ride and the
as repel a body. Two magnets can push or pull capsule decreases.The correct answer is B.
each other, depending on their polarity, whereas, 5. Trenton uses his arms to rotate the lever which
two bodies having mass can only attract each other. draws the bucket out of the well. Hence, he uses
Hence, the given statement is correctly completed his muscular power to pull the bucket.The correct
by row C. The correct answer is C. answer is C.
16. As the body comes to its initial position of start,
IITJEE WORKSHEET
its displacement is zero and distance is equal to
KEY
circumference of the circle.
1 2 3 4 5
B A D B C 17. As the body comes to its initial position of start,
6 7 8 9 10 its displacement is zero.
C D B D B 18. The distance travelled is equal to the total path
11 12 13 14 15
covered by the body and is equal to 4 km.
ABC ABD ABCD BD ACD
16 17 18 19 19. Distance = AB + BC + CD = 4 + 3 + 2 = 9 km.
B D A B 20. A– t; B – r ; C – q ; D – p
QUESTIONS
1. To lift the load, William is using his hand to pull
the rope of the pulley system. The pulley system
rotates the wheel, as a result the lift the load.
Hence, William is using his muscular force to life
the load.The correct answer is B.
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3. ENERGY AND WORK
SOLUTIONS
9. (i) F = 5 N, S = 2m
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET W=F×S
KEY = 5 × 2 = 10 Nm = 10 J
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (ii) m = 2kg, h = 2m, g = 9.8 m/s2
B A D C B A C A A B W = mgh = 2 × 9.8 × 2 = 39.2 Nm
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 = 39.2 J
C B C C A D D B D D 10. m = 15 kg, h = 2.0 m
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 g = 9.8 m/s2, W=?
D B B D C A B D C D W = mgh = 15 × 9.8 × 2.0 = 294 J
31 32
11. W = 4900 J, m = 50 kg
D C
g = 9.8 m/s2, h=?
we know that, W = mgh
W 4900 4900
QUESTIONS h   m  10 m
mg 50  9.8 490
1. Force (F) = 25 N
Displacement (S) = 10 m Work done (W) = F × S 12. m = 2 kg, v = 0.1 m/s
= 25 N × 10 m = 250 J. 1 2
2. 2.35 × 105 J Now K.E = mv
2
3. F = 1023 N 1 2
S = 34 m =  2   0.1 = 0.01 J
W = F× S = 1023 × 24 = 34782 J 2
13. Let two bodies be A and B
4. F = 27.5 N
S = 12.3 m A B
W = F× S = 27.5 × 12.3 = 338.25 J m1 = m2 = m
5. W = 55, 000J v1 = v v2 = 3v
S = 25 m 1 1 2
K.E2 = m  3v 
2
F=? K.E1 = mv
2 2
W 55000 1
W = F×S  F    2200 N  9 mv2
S 25 2
6. m = 50 kg, h = 72 m, g = 9.8 m/s2 1 2
mv
K.E1
W = F × S = mg × h = 50 × 9.8 × 72 J Now  2
K.E 2 9 1 mv 2
98 2
 50   72 J = 35280 J
10  K.E 1
: K.E 2
= 1:9
7. W = 2500 J, h = 5 m, Thus, the ratio of the kinetic energies is 1 : 9.
g = 10 m/s2 m= ? or
we know W = mgh 1 
We know, K.E.  mv
W 2500 2
m  kg = 50 kg
gh 10  5  K.E  v 2 m is cons tan t 
2
8. m = 100 kg, h = 10 m, W = ? K.E1 v12  v  1
  2 2
 1: 9
work done against gravity K.E 2 v 2  3v  9
W = mgh = 100 × 9.8 × 10 J = 9800 J
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Energy and Work Solutions 107
14. K.E = 1 J, m = 1 kg, v=? 12. When the velocity of a moving object is doubled, its
1 2
kinetic energy increases four times.
We know that, K.E = mv
2 1
1 K.E = mv 2
1 = 1 v
2 2
2 1 2 1 1
= m  2v  = m  4v = 4  mv
2 2
 v2 = 2  v = 2
v = 1.4 m/s 2 2 2
15. P.E = 1 J, m = 1 kg, = 4 × K.E
g =10 m/s2, h=? 14. If the velocity an object increases 4 times, its ki-
we know that P.E = mgh netic energy increases 16 times
P.E 1 1
h=  J = 0.1 m K.E = mv 2
mg 1  10 2
1 2 1 1
= m  4v  = m  16v = 16 mv
2 2
CONCEPTIVE WORKSHEET 2 2 2
KEY = 16 × K.E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A flying aeroplane has both kinetic and potential
B C A B D B C C C B energy.
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 15. If a spring is compressed. The potential energy of
A D C C B B C C A D the spring increases.
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
C C D A A B C D C D 16. mass = 1 kg, h = 1 m,
31 32 33 34 35 36 g = 9.8 m/s2
D B A C D D  W = mgh
HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED = 1 × 9.8 × 1 J = 9.8 J

QUESTIONS 17. mass = 5 kg, h = 2m,
g = 9.8 m/s2
5. Zero, as there is no displacement of the man.  W = mgh
6. F = 567 N = 5 × 9.8 × 2 J
S = 20 m 98
= 5  2 J  98 J
W = F× S = 567 × 20 = 11340 J 10
7. W = 567.6 J 18. m = 1 kg, h=5m
S = 30.5 m g = 9.8 m/s 2
W 567.6 W = mgh = 1 × 9.8 × 5 J = 49 J

W = F×S  F    18.6 N
S 30.5 19. m = 100 kg, h = 5 m,
8. When a body rolls down an inclined plane, it has g = 9.8 m/s2
both kinetic and potential energy.  W = mgh
9. The kinetic energy of a body depends on its mass = 100 × 9.8 × 5 J
as well as on its velocity. = 4900 J
10. Water stored at a height in a dam possesses only 20. m = 1kg, g = 10 m/s2, h = 5 m
potential energy.
 P.E = mgh
11. Strong wind can turn the blades of a wind mill = 1 × 10 × 5 J
because it possesses kinetic energy.
= 50 J
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36. C 37. B 38. B 39. A 40. D

SUM MATIVE WORKSHEET 41. Speeding train. All others are examples of having
potential energy. Speeding train is an example for
HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED a body possessing kinetic energy.
QUESTIONS 42. A stone lying on the top of roof. All others are
1. Work examples of having kinetic energy. A stone lying
2. Motion on the top of roof is an example for a body
3. Force possessing potential energy.
4. 1m 43. Solar cell. In coal, petrol, kerosene, etc., the
5. Position chemical energy is basically the trapped solar
6. Motion energy. Solar energy is directly used in solar cells
7. Mechanical energy which are used in watches; calculators and artificial
8. Electrical satellites.
9. Heat and light
10. Light HOTS WORKSHEET
11. Work done is zero as the displacement is zero.
12. Work done by a body is the product of force and KEY
displacement. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
13. In electric bulbs, tube lights, etc., the electric energy A C D C C B C B C C
first changes into heat energy and then light energy. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
14. When we speak in front of a microphone, the sound D B C D D C C D A D
energy changes into electric energy 21 22 23 24 25
15. During photosynthesis light energy changes into D B A D D
chemical energy.
16. In charging a car battery, the electric energy HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED
changes into chemical energy. QUESTIONS
17. A wound up spring of a watch possesses potential 1. Displacement is a vector quantity. It has both
energy. magnitude and direction.
18. Nuclear energy is released in the form of heat and 2. When brake is applied on moving car, its motion is
light energy. retarded. It means that force by brake must be
19. When a stone is projected vertically upwards its applied in the opposite direction of the displacement
potential energy changes into kinetic energy. of the car.Therefore, the work done by the brake
20. Kinetic energy = ½ mv2 . Therefore, increase in on the car is said to be negative.
mass increases the kinetic energy. 3. When displacement is in opposite direction to the
21. False. Magnetic energy is both attractive and force, then the work done is said to be negative
repulsive. Only gravitational force is always and it is non-zero.
attractive in nature. 4. In uniform circular motion, work done by
22. True perpendicular force on the particle is zero
23. False. When the string of a bow is stretched, the and speed of the particle is constant. So, kinetic
muscular energy is stored in the string and bow energy of the particle is constant.
in the form of potential energy. It is this potential 5. Gravitaional force acting on the load, F = mg
energy which makes the arrow shoot forward. = 10×9.8=98 N
24. True Net displacement of the load = AB = 4 m
25. True 4" Work done = F×s=98×4=392 J
26. False. In electric bulbs, tube lights, etc., the electric The correct option is C.
energy first changes into heat energy and then light 6. Scientifically, work is done only when a force is
energy. applied on a body and it causes some displacement
27. False. Nuclear energy. of the body along the line of direction of the applied
28. True force. Therefore, the directions of the applied force
29. True and the displacement of the body can be opposite.
30. True Criterion III suggests that the direction of the
31. C 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. D
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applied force and that of the displacement must Change in K.E. of

remain the same. However, this is not an essential
1 2 2
criterion for something to qualify scientifically as car II, KII   2m   0    v  
work done. 2
7. The work done in lifting a stone against the force  m  2v 2 
of gravity is stored as the potential energy of the = (ii)
stone i.e., work done = potential energy of the body. 2
8. The ability of a body to do some work is known as 1
energy.  m  4v 2 
EK I 2
9. Work done in lifting the stone against the force of  2 
EK II  1 m 2v 2 1  E KI : E KII  2 :1
gravity is stored as the potential energy of the
2
 
stone.
4" Work done = Potential energy of the body 13. Change in kinetic energy of the car is given by the
10. Energy of a body is defined as the ability to do relation:
some work by the body. 1
11. The work-energy theorem states that the change E K  m  v2  u 2 
2
in the kinetic energy of a body is the w o r k
Where,
done by the net force on the body. According to
m = Mass of the car = 1200 kg
this theorem, it can be written
v = Final velocity of the car = 18 m/s
Kfinal –K initial =W net
u = Initial velocity of the car = 0
The correct answer is D.
12. B
= 600 × 324
Change in kinetic energy of a body is given by the
relation: = 194400 J
1 Hence, the work done on the car is 194400 J.
E k  m  v2  u 2  14. The work-energy theorem states that the change
2
in the kinetic energy of a body is the w o r k
Where,
done by the net force on the body. According to
m = Mass of the body
this theorem, it can be written
v = Final velocity of the body
u = Initial velocity of the body K final  K initial  Wnet
15. Like poles of a magnet repel each other while unlike
For car I: For car II: poles attract each other.
In the given case, it is given that the two magnets
Mass = m Mass = 2m do not come in contact with each other. This shows
that the same poles, i.e. North poles of both the
Initial velocity = 2v Initial velocity = v magnets, are close to each other. Therefore, the
two magnets repel away from each other.
Final velocity = 0 Final velocity = 0 The correct answer is D.
16. Hydro power plants use the potential energy of
(Since both the cars come to rest) water accumulated at a height to spin a turbine.
So, we can say that mechanical energy is converted
Change in K.E. of into electrical energy in hydro power plant.
17. Plastic is a non-biodegradable material. So, it cannot
1 2 2
be used as biomass fuel.
car I, E kI  m  0    2v  
2 18. The main reason for the production of ocean waves
is the winds that blow across the sea.
m  4v  2
 ____(i) 19. Hydro power plants use potential energy of water

2 accumulated at a height to spin a turbine.
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20. In a hydropower plant, a large amount of water is HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED
stored at a height by means of constructing a high QUESTIONS
dam. Water at a height has large potential energy 1. F = 489.5 N
by virtue of its position. This potential energy of W = 1762.2 J
water is converted into kinetic energy as it falls. S=?
The kinetic energy of falling water is used to rotate
W 1762.2
the motor of the turbine in order to g e n e r a t e W = F×S  S    3.6 m
electricity. F 489.5
21. Ocean thermal power plants are used to convert 2. m = 125.7 g = 0.1257 kg
ocean thermal energy into electricity. These g = 9.8 m/s2
are established near coastal areas along the sea W = 5.023 J
shore. These plants harness the energy that is S=?
present in the ocean by virtue of the temperature W = F× S = mg×s
difference between the shallow and deep 3. F = 137 N
waters.The correct answer is D. W = 223 J
22. Kinetic energy possessed by strong winds blowing S=?
over the sea result in strong waves along the W = F×S
coastline. The energy possessed by the high rising 4. Zero, as there is no displacement of the dog.
waves is called as wave energy. 5. m = 100 g = 0.1 kg
23. Solar cell is a device that runs on solar energy. It is K.E = 20 J, v = ?
an electricity producing device that converts solar 1 2
energy into electrical energy. From definition, K.E = mv
2
24. In order to harness wind energy using wind mills,
1 2
the speed of the wind must be at least 10 miles/ 20 =  0.1  v
h. Therefore, wind power plants should be built only 2
in regions with constant high wind speeds. v2
  20  v2 = 20 × 20
25. Some of the products that are used in the 20
preparation of biogas are dung, residue of  v = 400 = 20 m/s
plants, crops, vegetable wastes, etc. These can 6. v = 5 m/s, m = ?
replenish itself in nature. Therefore,biogas is a K.E = 25 J
non-conventional sour ce of energy. Hence, 1 2
statement I is incorrect. Now K.E = mv
2
Biogas is for med in a biogas plant by the
1
decomposition of the wastes of livestock, in t he  25   m  52  m  2 kg
absence of oxygen. Hence, statement II is correct. 2
Biogas contains about 75% methane. The gas When the velocity triples
thus produced by the decomposition can be stored 1 1 2
K.E = mv =  2  15  = 225 J
2
in tanks. From these storage tanks, this gas is 2 2

transported through pipes. Therefore, 7. m = 40 kg, v = 54 km/h = 15 m/s
statement III iscorrect.The correct answer is D. 1 1 2
 K.E = mv2   40  15  = 4500 J
2 2
IITJEE WORKSHEET 8. m = 0.5 kg, P.E = 1.0 J, h = ?
KEY P.E = mgh
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 P.E 1
h   0.2 m
A C A D A A A D C C mg 0.5  10
11 12
B D 13. ABC 14. ABC
15. ABD 16. AB
17. ABC 18. BC
19. ABC 20. ABD
21. BC 22. ABC
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23. F = 50 N  P2  8 K.E ------------ (2)

S = 10 m Dividing (1) by (2) we have
W = F× S = 50 × 10 = 500 J P1 2 K.E P12 2 K.E
24. W = 6000 J
P2
  P 2  8 K.E
8 K.E 2
S = 25 m
2
F=?  P1  1
  
W 6000  P2  4
W = F×S  F    240 N
S 25 P1 : P2 = 1 : 2
25. F = 800 N
32. [A]
W = 3200 J
S=? m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 2 kg
W 3200 P1 = P 2
W = F×S  S    4m
F 800 P12
26. C K.E1 2m m
  21  2  2 : 1
27. C K.E 2 P2 m1  P1  P2 
28. B 2m 2
29. [A] 33. [D]
1 K.E1 P12
m = 100 g = kg =
10 K.E 2 P22
K.E = E = 20 J, P=? K.E2 = 2K.E1
we know that K.E 2 2K.E1
 P22  P12   P12 
P= 2mE K.E1 K.E1
1  P2  2 P1
= 2  20 = 4 = 2 kg m/s
10 34. abcd/srqp
30. [A] 35. abcd/qspr
36. abcd/rpsq
m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 4 kg P1 = P 2
37. abcd/rpsq
P12 38. F = 4N
KE1 2m m 4 S=2m
  2 1  2   4 :1
P2 W = F×S = 4 ×2 = 8 J
KE 2 m1 1  P1  P2 
2m2 38. m = 100 kg
g = 9.8 m/s2
31. [D]
PE = 4900J
Let two bodies A and B
h=?
A B
PE 4900
m1 = 1 kg m2 = 4 kg PE = mgh or h    5m
mg 100  9.8
K.E1 = K.E2
1
P1 : P 2 = ? 40. K.E1 = mv 2
2
P1  2 m1 K.E1 1 2 1
K.E2 =  2m   2v  = 8  mv 2 =8K.E1
 P1  2 K.E ------------ (1) 2 2
 P2  2 m 2 K.E 2
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4. LIGHT
WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS
180  d
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET Angle of reflection , r = i =
2
KEY We know that, glancing angle, g = 90 - i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 180  d d
B * ABC C C A D ABCD  g  90  
2 2
16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
12. Let the initial angle of incidence be x. M1 and M2
B A B A B A B B
are the initial and final positions of the mirror. N1
25 26 27
and N2 are the initial and final positions of the
B C B
normals. AO is the incident ray , OB is reflected
HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED ray before rotation and OC is the reflected ray
QUESTIONS after rotation.
1. An optical medium which has a uniform We need to find the angle through which the
composition throughout is called homogeneous reflected ray rotates i.e., BOC .
medium. By solving, we get BOC = 2  .
Examples: Vaccum, diamond, distilled water, pure
alcohol, etc. N1 N2
A
The bodies which do not allow the light energy to B
pass through them are called opaque bodies. x+

x
 +
Examples: Bricks, wood, metals, etc. x y
=
 C
x ?
2. A – 1, 2, 3, 4 ; B – 2, 5; C – 1, 3; D – 4, 5
 M1
3. Opaque objects do not allow the light to pass through O
them.
M2
4. Light can travel through vaccum also and needs no
medium to propogate.
5. When the rays of light originating from a point ,travel 13. The angle between the incident ray and reflected
in various directions, then the collection of such rays
is called divergent beam. ray = x  i = r = x/2
6. When the rays of light travels parallel to each (i) After the mirror is rotated through an angle
other,then the collection of such rays is called parallel
beam. of x/2 in clock wise rotation, then the new
7. When the rays of light coming from different angle of incidence becomes 3x/2 and the
directions, meet at a point then the collection of such new angle of reflection becomes 3x/2.
rays is called convergent beam. Therefore the angle between the incident
8. All the given statements are correct. ray and reflected ray
9. Normal incidence  Angle of incidence = 00 ; = New angle of incidence + New angle of
Angle of deviation, d = ? reflection = 3x /2 + 3x/2 = 3x.
We know that, d = 180 - 2i = 180 - 0 = 1800 (ii) After the mirror is rotated through an angle
10. We know that, d = 180 - 2i or d = 180 - ( i + r ) [
of x/2 in anti clock wise rotation, then the
 i = r]  d + i + r = 1800.
new angle of incidence becomes x/2 and
Therefore, the sum of angle of incidence , angle
of reflection and angle of deviation is equal to 1800. the new angle of reflection becomes x/2.
11. Angle of deviation = d; i = ? ; r = ? ; g = ? Therefore the angle between the incident
We know that, d = 180 - 2i  2i - 180 - d or i = ray and reflected ray
180  d = New angle of incidence + New angle of
2 reflection = x /2 + x/2 = x.
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Light Solutions 113
14. 
15. Angle of incidence = 150, Angle of reflection =
150 ; The reflected ray makes an angle of 300 with KEY
the vertical and 600 with the horizontal. ( see the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
figure for further understanding) A B ABCD A C B C
N2 N1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
A
B D A A A ABCD A B
 i+
 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
C i+ i D B C B A A A
 22 23 24 25
2 i
B BD AC A

 O HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED
QUESTIONS
1. Light travels in straight line and this is called
rectilinear propogation of light.
2. Sun emits light on its own and hence it is a
16. Both the statements are correct, but statement-II luminous body.
is not the correct explanation of Statement - I. 3. All the given statements are correct.
17. A – 1; B – 3; C – 2; D – 4 4. A source of light which is of the size of the pin
head is called point source.
18. When the rays of light, diverging from a point, after 5. Light causes the sensation of vision.
reflection or refraction, appear to diverge from 6. A point source produces a divergent beam.
another point, then the image so formed is called
7. Bodies which do not allow the light energy to pass
virtual image. through them are called opaquen bodies.
19. When the rays of light, diverging from an object 8. A plane mirror forms a virtual, erect and same sized
point, after reflection or refraction actually image.
converge at some other point then that point is real 9. Reflection takes place on a plane mirror.
image of that object. 10. The part of light which is returned back into the
20. a-k, b-i same medium is called reflected light.
11. Motion and still pictures projected in a cinema hall
21. When the sun, the earth and the moon come to lie in
are real images.
a straight line, it causes eclipses.
12. All the given statements are correct.
22. A solar eclipse can occur only on a new moon day. 13. Its virtual and erect image. Hence, it cannot be
23. Shadows are formed when light falls on an opaque caught on the screen.
object. 14. The reflected ray rotates by 20°.
24. The completely dark portion of a shadow is called 15. Statement - I is false, Statement - II is true.
umbra. 16. Both Statements are true, Statement - II is not
25. A solar eclipse is caused when the moon comes correct explanation of Statement - I.
between the sun and the earth. 17. When a mirror is rotated through an angle  the
26. When the moon is in the penumbra of the shadow of reflected ray from it, turns through an angle of 2 .
the earth, then partial lunar eclipse is formed.
18. i + r = 90  i = r = 45°.
27. A shadow which is partially illuminated is called 19. i = 60°
penumbra . D = 180 – 2i = 180 – 2 × 60 = 180 – 120 = 60°
20. For a plane mirror, image distance = object distance.
Therefore, the image is formed at a distance of 10
cm from the mirror.
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zero. Nothing can be seen through a carbon sheet.

SUM MATIVE WORKSHEET Glass sheet is a transparent object. It allows light to
pass through it completely. Hence, visibility through
KEY it will be clear. Any object can be easily seen
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 through a glass sheet.
C D D B D D B C A C Tracing paper is a translucent object. It allows light
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 to pass through it partially. Therefore, visibility
A B C A A D B C C C through it is not clear. Objects cannot be seen
clearly through a tracing paper.
1. The image formed by a pin-hole camera is shown 9. Objects that allow light to pass through them
in the given figure. partially are known as translucent objects.
Objects that allow light to pass through them
completely are known as transparent objects.
Object that do not allow light to pass through
them at all are known as opaque objects.
It can be observed that the image of the candle is 10. Butter paper is a translucent object. It allows light
upside down. Also, the image is smaller in size to pass through it partially.
relative to the object. Hence, the image formed by 11. The message can be seen clearly only if it is viewed
a pin-hole camera is inverted and diminished in size. through a transparent material. Amit will be able to
2. Shadows are physical entities, which are real. These read the message most clearly through a thin glass.
can only be obtained on screens. A screen may be 12. A translucent material allows only some light to pass
a wall, a cardboard sheet, or even ground. Hence, through it. Objects look blurred when viewed
statement II is correct. through translucent materials. Among the given
Shadow is also defined as a region on a screen alternatives, a tracing paper can be used by Matthew
that is devoid of light. Its colour is black or grey. as a sample of a translucent material.
Hence, statement III is also correct. 13. A shadow is formed when light is blocked by an
3. When light falls on a mirror, it gets reflected back object. As a result, light rays are not present in the
by it. Thus, the path of light gets changed. Hence, a shadows. Therefore, the color of the shadow of an
mirror changes the direction of incident light. opaque object is always black. It does not depend
4. Light travels in a straight line only. A straight line on the color of the opaque object or the color of the
joining the flame of the candle to the prism cuts at screen upon which the shadow is formed.
point II on the cardboard sheet. Hence, Alam should 14. Flame of a candle is not stationary (it slightly moves
make a hole at this cut point so that he can project to and fro with air) the shadow of the pen also
a beam of candle light on the prism. moves to and fro in accordance to the candle flame.
5. Shadows are formed in a region devoid of light. This suggests that light travels in a straight line and
When light coming from a source is obstructed by cannot travel in a curved path.
opaque objects (such as roses), then shadows are 15. A clear shadow can be formed only by opaque
formed on a screen. Since shadows are regions that objects. This is because they do not allow any light
are devoid of light, shadows are always black in to pass through them. Hence, a clear shadow is
colour. Hence, shadows of both roses will be black. obtained on a screen because it is formed by an
6. Essential objects required to form a shadow are a opaque object.
light source and an opaque object. Thus, a shadow 16. If one cannot see through an object at all, then it is
of a book can be formed on the screen when light classified as being opaque. Hence, one cannot see
coming from the bulb is obstructed by the book. beyond the door of a closed room because it is an
Hence, objects like bulb, book, and screen can be opaque object.
used to form a shadow. 17. The direction of a light ray changes as it passes
7. Transparent objects allow light to pass through them from one medium to another. This phenomenon is
completely. Every thing is clearly visible through called refraction of light. When a ray of light is
these objects. incident on a transparent glass sheet, it refracts the
8. A sheet of carbon is opaque. It does not allow light light ray, as shown in the given figure.
to pass through it. Hence, visibility through it will be
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Light Solutions 115
18. Transparent objects allow light to pass through them

completely. One can see through these objects
clearly.
19. An object that allows light to pass through it partially
is called a translucent object. On looking through a
translucent object, the object on the other side cannot Hence, the statement made by student II is also
be seen clearly. Therefore, one can identify a correct.
translucent object by viewing through it. Hence, The correct answer is C.
Mushtaq must have viewed through the given 3. Whatever be the orientation of the conical object in
objects in order to identify the translucent object. front of the sun, its shadow will not have a
20. The base of a conical object is round or in the shape rectangular shape. This is because the object does
of a circle. When a beam of light falls from the top not have a rectangular surface. Hence, its shadow
of a cone, a circular shadow is formed as will not be of a rectangular shape.
represented in the given figure. The correct answer is C.
Sunlight 4. The glass jar that contains the most opaque liquid
will cast the darkest shadow. Hence, jar B, which
contains coffee, will cast the darkest shadow.
Conical object The correct answer is B.
5. Object C will form the shadows shown above as
Circular shadow
HOTS WORKSHEET
1. Light travels in a straight line only. Light coming
from a torch requires a straight path in order to
reach the screen. It can be observed that only
pipe II is straight. Thus, only through pipe II, light
can reach the screen. Hence, only point N on the
screen will light up.
The correct answer is B.
2. A funnel has a circular base. If light falls from the
6. When an object is placed in front of a source of
top of a funnel kept vertically, then a circular shadow
light, a shadow is formed. Hence, the ball will cast
of the funnel would form (as shown in the figure
a shadow when it is placed in front of a flash light.
below).
7. Usually, Sun has either set or is at the horizon
between 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. Hence, the faintest
shadows can be observed between these hours.
8. Shadows formed by objects are shortest at noon
and longest in mornings and evenings. The shadow
Hence, the statement made by student I is correct. of the tree in the evening will be longer than its
Also, the base and/or top of a bottle is circular. When shadow at noon. Hence, the length of the shadow
light falls from the top of a bottle kept vertically, a of the tree in the evening would be 4 m.
circular shadow of the bottle would form (as shown The correct answer is D.
in the figure below).
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9. When a ray of light gets reflected, the angle of The distance moved by the image II’
incidence and the angle of reflection with the = MI’ – MI = 20 + x 20 – x = 40 cm
perpendicular to the plain are always equal. If the
incident ray of light is perpendicular to the plain, 40
then the reflected ray of light will also be  Speed of image =  40 cm / s
perpendicular. 1
10. The shadows formed by objects are shorter at noon
and longer in mornings and evenings. The shadow
of the pole in the evening will be longer than its IITJEE WORKSHEET
shadow at noon.
The correct answer is A.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
11. (B) 12. 40 cm A D A A A C C
13. 45 cm 14. (a) 60 m/s(b) 80 m/s(c) 40 m/s 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
15. 60 16. 90 cm C B B D ABCD ABC AB
17. 50 0 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
18. The angle that the ray makes after each reflection ABC ABC A C A B 40°
is clearly labelled in the adjacent figure . It is clear 22 23
that the final ray makes an angle of 600 with the 50° 90°
horizontal, or in other words it emerges parallel to
Mirror 1. HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED
QUESTIONS
M2
600
17.
30
0
30
0
600
600 600
M1
19. The first image at M1 is formed at a distance of 4
cm behind it. AO is the incident ray and OB is the reflected ray.
The first image at M2 is 6 cm behind it. The second Since the two rays are at right angles, the angle
image at M 2 is at a distance of between incident ray and reflected ray is
4+10=14 cm behind. M2. (AOB  90) .
Therefore, the distance between the first image at Given, the incident ray and the reflected ray are at
right angles i.e. i + r = 90°
M 1 and second image at M 2 is Angle of incidence (i) = ?
4+14+10=28 cm. We know, angle of incidence (i) = angle of reflection
20. The speed of image = (r)
i + r = 90°  i  i  90  2i  90  i  45
Distance travelled by image
As i and r are same, therefore, i = r = 45° each
Time 18. Suppose OM1 is the horizontal plane mirror and OM2
Let us consider that the mirror has moved for 1 the second mirror. Let the angle between the mirrors
second. be 
 The distance travelled by mirror = 20 cm/s
Let the initial distance between object and
mirror be x.
From the figure, it is clear that
OM = x  MI = x
Let M’ be the final position of the mirror.
 New object distance = OM’ =( x + 20) cm
 New image distance = M’I’ = ( x + 20) cm
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Light Solutions 117
According to the laws of reflection, Given, CRS  30

ABM1  OBC1  45  BRQ  30 (g i  g r )
Again, since CD and OM 1 are parallel,
In QBR,(90           10
DCM 2  
21. Angle of incidence = 40°
According to the laws of reflection,
 Angle of reflection = 40°
DCM 2  BCO  
22. i + r = 100°
Now, in COB .
 i = r = 50°
OCB  CBO  COB  180
23. Angle of incidence = 90 – 45 = 45 °
or  + 45° +  = 180°
Angle between incident ray and reflected ray = i +
1 r = 45 + 45 = 90°
  = 67
2 24. A - q, B - p, C - s, D - r
19. Let PO and OQ be the two plane mirrors inclined at
an angle  25. A - q, B - r, C - s, D - p
A light ray AB is incident on PO at B. BC is its 26. A - r, B - p, C - s, D - q
reflected ray incident on OQ at C, such that CD is 27. A - q, B - p, t, C - s, D - r
the final reflection. 28. A - q, B - p, C - r, D - s
Given, AB||CD,  =? 29. A - s, B - p, C - q, D - r

Let x be the angle between BC and the mirror OQ.

ACQ  x (Glancing Angles are equal) As AB
and CD are parallel to each other,
ABC  CDB  180 CDB 180  2
From the figure, x + x + (180 –2  ) = 180°.
x
In BOC,(90  )      180    90
Therefore, the angle between two mirrors is 90°.
20. AB and BC are two mirrors and the angle between
them is 70°.
Light ray travels along the path PQRS, such that RS
is the reflected ray of second mirror.
The angle of incidence on first mirror be  .

BQR  90  
( It is the glancing angle)
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5. ELECTRICITY
SOLUTIONS
9. In order to answer this question, the student must

FORMATIVE WORKSHEET be able to identify whether a material is a good or
bad conductor of electricity. To light up the bulb,
KEY points P and Q must be connected by an electrically
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 conducting material. Iron is a good electrical
D A A B B A C conductor. Hence, the bulb will light up when points
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 P and Q are connected with a plate made of iron.
C A D B B C A 10. In order to answer this question, the student must
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 be able to classify materials as electrical conductors
B D C B * A A and insulators. Copper is a good conductor of
25 26 27 electricity. Therefore, when points P and Q are
AC B A connected with a copper rod, a short circuit will
HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED occur in the battery and current will not pass
QUESTIONS through the bulb. Hence, the bulb will not light up.
1. i = 10 mA = 10 ×10–3A 11. Plastic is an electrical insulator. Hence, plastic
t = 10 min = 10 × 60 sec. cannot be used to make electrical wires.
Q = it 12. Overhead electric lines transfer a high voltage of
= 10 × 10–3 × 10 × 60
=6C electricity and ceramics is an insulator of electricity.
2. Q = 100 C Therefore, ceramic pulleys are used to prevent
t = 4 sec electric wires from touching the poles.
Q 4 13. Graphite is an allotrope of carbon and is a good
i  = 0.04 A
t 100 conductor of electricity. Hence, it cannot be used
3. t=? an electrical insulator.
Q = 10 C
i=2A 14. Wood is a very good electrical insulator. Therefore,
Q = it the possibility of receiving an electric shock while
= 10 × 2 working on an electric line is minimized by standing
= 20 C on a wooden plank.
4. Electric current can pass through iron. Hence, Iron
15. This simple problem can be solved by analyzing
is a good conductor of electricity.
the given circuit. The complete circuit should consist
5. The handle of an electrical repairing tool should be
of a bulb, a switch, and an energy source, such as
made of an electrical insulator. Tin is a good
a battery. The given circuit does not contain any
conductor of electricity, i.e., electric current can
battery or energy source. Hence, the bulb will not
pass through it. Hence, tin cannot be used to cover
glow on closing the switch.
the handles of electrical repairing tools.
6. Wood is a bad conductor of electricity. The circuit 16. The bulb will glow, when the constructed circuit is
will not become complete on inserting wood in the closed. Using the given four wires, bulb, switch,
gap. Hence, the bulb will not light up. and battery, a closed circuit can be constructed as,
7. Insulators are those materials that do not conduct
electricity. Plastics cannot conduct electricity.
Hence, plastic cup is an insulator.
8. In order to answer this question correctly, the
student must be able to classify materials as
electrical insulators and conductors. Electric wires
are coated with plastic because plastic is a good
electrical insulating material. This minimizes the
unavoidable contact of the wire with other parts of
the circuit or living tissues.
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Electricity Solutions 119
17. By reversing the terminals of the battery in the given 8. Alex should add the switch in such a way that
circuit, the direction of the current flowing through only bulbs N and P are controlled by it, i.e., the
the circuit will reverse. The functioning of the bulb circuits of bulbs N and P should be incomplete
does not depend on the direction of current flowing when the switch is open and complete when the
through it. Hence, there will be no effect on the switch is closed. Hence, Alex should add the
operation of the bulb. The bulb will remain glowing switch at point III.
as before. 9. If a switch is placed at point I, then it will operate
18. If bulb 1 gets fused, then the equivalent circuit only bulb M. Bulb N will not be affected by the
can be represented asi.e., the circuit breaks. switch.
Since the circuit of bulb 2 becomes incomplete, it 10. The simple circuit containing all the components
will stop glowing. and the fan between the two bulbs is shown in the
circuit diagram given in alternative B.
11. The simple circuit containing all the components
and the switch between the two bulbs is shown in
the circuit diagram given in alternative C.
12. The student should insert an object that can allow
22. a  2; b – 3; c  5; d – 1 electricity to pass through it. A nail is made of
iron. Since iron allows electricity to pass through
it, nail is a good conductor of electricity. In order
CONCEPTIVE WORKSHEET to complete the circuit, the student should connect
the open ends of the wires with a nail of sufficient
KEY length.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13. Although the lead of a pencil is encased within a
B A C D A A A C A B wooden frame, it allows electric current to pass
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 through. Since the given pencil is sharpened from
AB both ends, it can conduct electricity.
C A D D B A A D C 14. The bulb can glow only when two terminals of an
CD
21 22 electric cell are connected to two terminals of a
3v A bulb respectively. In such arrangements, a circuit
HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED is termed as closed circuit. An electric device such
QUESTIONS as a bulb works in a closed circuit only. It can be
observed that the terminals of the cell and the bulb
3. On closing switch I, the given electrical circuit will
are correctly connected in
not be complete. Hence, on closing switch I,the
arrangements Iand IVonly. Hence, cir cuit
bulb will not glow.
arrangements Iand IV are correct and the bulb
4. Electric current can pass through iron. Hence, Iron
will glow.
is a good conductor of electricity.
15. The pictorial representation of the electric cell
5. The electrical circuit constructed by Robert will
is represented in the given figure.
be complete when the positive terminal of the
battery is connected to the point P. Hence, the
bulb will glow when the positive terminal of the
battery is connected to the point P. It can be observed that an electric cell has two
6. The circuit shown in alternative A will be complete terminals called positive terminal (+) and
when the switch is closed. As a result, the bulb negative terminal (“). The metal cap attached to
will glow. However, the circuit will not be complete one end of the cell is its positive terminal.
when the switch is open. As a result, the bulb will 16. The path along which electric current flow is
not glow. Therefore, the bulb can be operated by called an electric circuit.
the switch in the circuit. 17. Non metals like glass, plastic, wood, paper, cloth
7. Andrew should connect the bulb and the fan such and rubber are the non-conductors of electricity.
that the voltage across the fan and the bulb is the 18. Both the statements are true.
same. Hence, Andrew should connect the bulb as 19. In series, total emf = sum of the individual emfs
shown in alternative A. = 2 + 2.5 + 4 = 8.5 V
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20. In parallel, emf always remains constant. that consists of bell 2, the two terminals of the
21. In series, total emf = sum of the individual emfs electric cell are connected to one terminal of the
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3v bulb and one terminal of bell 2 respectively. Also,
21. Electric cell the bulb and the bell are connected to each other
and the switch is closed. Hence, the bulb will glow
SUM MATIVE WORKSHEET and bell 2 will ring and produce a sound.
1. Electric current from cell flows from positive ter-
minal to negative terminal outside the cell
through circuit.
2. Electric bulb.
3. No. pure water is an insulator, but salty water is
a conductor of electricity.
4. Electric current flows in one direction only.
5. Metal cap.
6. Cells are not placed properly. Positive terminal
of one cell is to be connected to negative 5. A nail is made of iron, which is a good conductor
terminal of another cell. of electricity. It allows the current to flow through
7. A device that is used to break an electric circuit it. If the free ends of the circuit are connected
is called Switch. with the iron nail, then the circuit becomes
8. An electric cell has two terminals. complete. A current starts to flow in the bulb, and
9. Unit of electric current is Ampere. hence, it starts glowing. Hence, Suraj should use
10. i - b, ii - a, iii - c the nail to connect the free ends.
11. i - b, ii - a, iii - c 6. The bulb of the circuit that is closed will glow.
One terminal of the cell of the circuit, which
HOTS WORKSHEET consists of bulb 2, is connected to one terminal of
the bulb and the other terminal of the cell is
KEY
connected to a safety pin. The circuit is complete
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 because safety pin is made up of iron which is a
B D D B A B A C C D good conductor of electricity. Therefore, bulb 2
11 12 13 14 15 will glow.
C A A B C 7. The bulb through which current will flow will glow.
Current flows only through a complete circuit. In
HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED the circuit constructed by Raju, bulb 1 and bulb 2
QUESTIONS are connected in open circuit because the wire is
1. In an electric torch, electric cells are the source cut in this sub-circuit. Hence, no current will flow
of current. Without electric cells, it is impossible through bulb 1 and bulb 2. The current will flow
to construct a torch. only through bulbs 3, 4, and 5.
2. In an electric torch, current is produced by the 8. The direction of current that externally flows
battery. Current passes into the bulb filament through a closed circuit is from the positive to the
through the switch. Hence, current flows through negative terminal of the cell. Since the current is
switch, battery, and the bulb filament forming a flowing from terminal M to terminal N of cell I,
circuit. Current does not pass through the reflector terminal M must be a positive terminal.
because it is not a part of the circuit. Again, it is clear from the second circuit that the
3. The bulb glows when current flows through it. current is flowing externally from terminal S to
On closing the switch, the circuit gets completed. terminal T of cell II. Hence, terminal T must
Hence, current flows from the cell through the be a negative terminal. The following table shows
bulb. the nature of the terminals of the given cells.
4. Current flows through the circuit only when the
circuit is complete. A circuit that has no break is
called a closed or a complete circuit. In the circuit
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11. Reflector (curved metallic surface that surrounds

Terminal Nature the bulb) is a device that is used in a simple torch
to focus the emitted light in a particular direction.
M Positive It is not a part of its circuit and, hence, it does not
complete the electric circuit of the torch.
N Negative 12. Bulb of the given circuit will glow if a conducting
object is inserted between ends M and N. Key
S Positive and nail are made of iron which is a conducting
material. Hence, the bulb will glow if Raj would
T Negative
insert key and nail respectively.
13. Bulb will glow only when the circuit is closed. This
Hence, terminals M and T are positive and is possible only when a conducting object is
negative respectively . inserted in between the gaps of the given circuit.
9. Current flows in a closed circuit externally from Since a key is made of iron that allows electricity
the positive to the negative terminal of the cell. to flow through it, it is a conducting object. Hence,
Hence, current will flow in the given circuit, along key can be inserted tightly in the gap to make the
the direction as shown in the following figure. bulb glow.
14. Torch is a simple electric device that gives off
light. It consists of a bulb that emits light by drawing
electric energy from the electric cells that are
enclosed in a cylindrical metallic case. Hence, the
electricity required for the operation of the torch
is provided by the electric cells.
15. A bulb glows only if the current flows through its
filament. It is possible only if its two terminals are
respectively connected to the two terminals of the
cell. Electricity is provided to an electric bulb
It is clear from the circuit diagram that the through both its terminals only as shown in the
directions of current in the wire segments RV, following figure.
VT, ST, and RS
are respectively..
10. A bulb glows only if current flows through its
filament. It is possible only if its two terminals are
connected respectively with two terminals of the
cell. An electric cell produces electricity through
its two terminals only. Hence, if the free ends of
the circuit are respectively connected to the
This arrangement is shown in the given diagram
terminals IV and I of the cell, then the bulb would
labelled as T only. Hence, electricity would flow
glow. This is shown in the following figure.
through the filament of the bulb in ar-
rangement T only and, hence, the bulb would glow.
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IITJEE WORKSHEET
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B A A A A A A A A A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A B C D A B B B BC
21 22
ABC ABC

QUESTIONS
23. i = 10 A
t = 10 × 60 sec.
Q=?
Q = it = 10 × 10× 60
= 600 C
24. Q = 100 C.
t = 4 sec
Q 100
i   25 A .
t 4
25. Q = 10 C
i = 2A
t=?
Q = it
Q 10
(or) t    5sec
i 2
26. i = 5A
t = 5 min = 5 × 60 =300 sec
Q = it
= 5× 300
= 1500 C
27. Q = 60C
t = 4 sec
i=?
Q
i
t
60
  15A
4
28. Not relevant
29. A  Q; B  P; C  R
30. A  s; B  r; C  p; D  t
31. A  q; B  r; C  p
32. A  r ; B p ; C q

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6. MAGNETISM
SOLUTIONS
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET 10. When the magnet is bent into a semicircle its length
2
2 = r  r=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
D A C C D B A B AC A
2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17  New length of the magnet = 2r = 2×

B * D * A A *
1
2 2M
12. (i)– A; (ii) – B; (iii) – B  New magnetic moment, M = 2× ×m =
 
15. (i) B (ii) D (iii) A
18. (i) A ; (ii). D ; (iii) C IITJEE WORKSHEET
CONCEPTIVE WORKSHEET 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B D C A B C B A B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C D A C C A CD D A D B B C D A C A C A B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A C D A A * A A A AB ABC AC AB ABCD A B B D A
16. Magnetic field 1

29. U se F 
d2
SUM MATIVE WORKSHEET
30. A Use F  m 1m 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
A A C CD A D B B A 31. D U se F 
d2
10. Directive property. 32. A
11. Repulsion is the surest test of magnetism. 33. B
12. Electromagnet is a strong and temporary magnet. 34. 3
13. Attractive property of magnet is more at it ends. 35. 5
14. South 36. A – q ; B –t ; C – s
15. Iron, Steel, Alnico. 37. A – t ; B –s ; C – q; D – q, r
16. South and North. 38. A – q ; B –p ; C – s
17. Removal of inducing magnet. 39. A – b ; B –c ; C – a
18. Magnets have both attractive and directive
properties. 
19. If ‘A’ is a magnet material, and ‘B’ is a magnet
there is a attraction when it is brought close to
‘A’. Hence spring extends.
HOTS WORKSHEET
1. geometric length = 6K and magnetic length = 5K
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
* C D C C C C C C
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7. HEAT
SOLUTIONS

FORMATIVE WORKSHEET QUESTIONS
KEY 1. A body losing gaining feel hot.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. The flow of heat is rapid when there is a big
B D C C D B D difference in the temperature of two bodies
3. The degree of hotness or coldness of a body is
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
called temperature.
C C B B C A D
4. As the tranfer of heat takes place from hot
HINTS/ ANSWERS TO THE SELECTED water to colder water, the temperature of the
QUESTIONS mixture would be between 30°C and 90°C.
1. The sense of touch in our body helps in 5. Heat will flow from cup to water
distinguishing cold, warm and hot body. 6. Normal temperature of human body is 37°C or
2. The effect of heat are 98.4oF
(a) All matter expands on heating 7. (D)
(b) Solids expand on heating. 8. Transfer of heat through the movement of particles
(c) Substances expand on heating; this of the medium from one place to another is called
expansion is different for different substances. convection. It occurs in liquids and gases (fluids).
(d) Liquids expand on heating. Different liquids 9. Radiation
have different rates of expansion for the same 10. All
rise in temperature.
(e) Gases also expand on heating. Expansion in SUM MATIVE WORKSHEET
gases is very large as compared to the solids or
liquids. 1. This is because the sensation of touch is
3. The S.I. Unit of temperature isKelvin relative. When we shift over hand from cold
4. The fastest mode of transmission of heat is water to tap water our cold hand starts
radiation. gaining heat and we feel tap water to be hot.
5. Black surfaces are good absorbers and good 2. Thermometer is a simple device used for
radiators of heat. measuring the temperature of an object or a
6. Copper expands more and bends on iron strip body.
7. Wood is the bad conductor or elecricity. 3. • Cooking utensils are made from metals. This
8. Stainless steel pans are usually provided with helps in fast cooking of food.
copper bottoms. The reason for this could be • Copper is used for coating on the bottom of
that copper is better conductor of heat than some steel utensils to help uniform and smooth
the stainless steel transfer of heat from the flame to the food
9. Thermos flask being cooked.
10. Silver > Copper > Aluminium > Iron > Lead • Mercury is used in thermometers since it is a
11. i - d, ii - a, iii - b good conductor of heat.
12. i - c ii - d iii - b 4. In between two wall thermocol or PUF is filled
13. i - b ii - a iii - c 14. i - d ii - c iii - b which acts as an insulator. This prevents the
flow of heat from outside into the refrigerator.
CONCEPTIVE WORKSHEET 5. Poor conductors of heat.
6. There is an extra layer of air trapped between
KEY thin blankets which acts as an insulator and
does not allow the heat from the body to flow
1 2 3 4 5 out.
B D A D A 7. Convection currents in gases.
6 7 8 9 10
C D C B D
8. Proportional to the distance between the source 8. Wool is the bad conductor of heat.
of heat and the recipient of heat.
Eg: If you get away from fire, heat radiation Ans: (a)
reaching you is relatively less. 9. (a) Convection (b) Radiation
9. Because smooth and shining surfaces are poor (c) Conduction (d) Convection
absorbers and poor radiators of heat.
10. Vertically upwards. (e) Conduction
10. (a) Conduction
HOTS WORKSHEET (b) Radiation
1. (a) Temperature
IITJEE WORKSHEET
(b) Energy
(c) Joule 1 2 3 4 5
2. (a) False. It s the measurement of hotness C C A D A
or coldness of a body. 6 7 8 9 10
ABC A BCD AB ABCD D
(b) True. 11 12 13 14 15
(c) False. Temperature is measured in A C B 100 3
Celsius or Fahrenheit Scale.
(d) True. QUESTIONS
3. Heat always flows from a body at higher 10. (D)
We know that C = 5/9 (F – 32) = 5/9 (86 –
temperature to lower temperature.Heat energy 32) = 5/9 × 54 = 30
will flow from our body to the surroundings if Therefore, 86 °F = 30 °C
the surroundings are at a lower temperature
11. (A)
than our body. We know that F = (C × 9/5) + 32
Ans: (c) We are given that C = 45,
Fahrenheit = (45 × 9/5) + 32 °F = (81+ 32) °F =
4. a) Conduction : Conduction of heat energy
113 °F
can occur within a body or between two bodies 12. (C)
when they are in contact with each other. Fahrenheit = (35 × 9/5) + 32 °F = (63+ 32) °F =
95 °F
b) Convection: This method by which heat is
13. (B)
transferred by the mass movement of the liquid C = 5/9 (41 – 32) = 5/9 × 9 = 5°C
or gas itself is called convection. 14. 100° C
15 3
c) Radiation : Radiation is the form of heat 16. A r ; B t ; C  d ; s  p ; D q
transfer that can occur in the absence of a 17. A s ; B p ; C  q
medium. 18. A  r, p ; B  s ; C  q
19. A s ; B r ; C  q
5. Conduction, convection, and radiation are
different modes of heat transfer. Ans: (b)
6. Convection does not occur in Vacuum. Ans:
(a)
7. In fluids, heat transfer takes place primarily
due to convection. Ans: (b)
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IIT FOUNDATION

The moral rights of the author’s have been asserted.

Published by : USN Eductech Private Limited,

The important features of this books are:

• Objective Type with Single Answer Correct • Non-Objective Type

Wish you all the best!!!

2. Motion and Force .......... 11 - 22

3. Energy and Work .......... 23 - 44

8. Key and Answers .......... 96 - 126

• Measurement • Measurement of Area

1. Measurement 2. Systems of Units

Formative Worksheet Conceptive Worksheet

I. Least Count 10. The number of rounds of a wire around a pencil

16. 1 Angstrom = ____ ? 19. A school hall measures 20 m in length and 12 m in

Formative Worksheet Summative Worksheet

10. If an aeroplane is scheduled to take off at 18 hours 7. 1 year = _____________ seconds

(C) m4 > m1 > m2 > m3 (D) m3 > m2 > m4 > m1

IIT JEE Worksheet

• Types of Motion • Effects of Force

1. Introduction Example: A vehicle has to be driven.

b) Curvilinear Motion III. Circular Motion

NOTEWORTHY POINTS II. Electrostatic Force

I II (A) Linear (B) Circular

(C) i ii If wheels were present below the box, then they

forth about a fixed point.

The pedal of a bicycle has of motion, (A) i ii

in motion, an object moves back and

force is repulsive as well as attractive.

The small bar magnet experiences (A) I II

3. When a magnet is brought near another magnet, 9. The motion of a snake is

 Introduction to work  Other forms of energy

A boy preparing his lesson

A wind mill moving with the force of air

Vertically projected body

2. The factors on which work depends is

Formative Worksheet 3. Kinds of Energy

Wound-up spring of alarm clock

On the spring, place a 100 g weight or a stone and

(iv) When the string of a bow is stretched, the muscular

From the above activity, following conclusions can

From this investigation, we can conclude that the

(a) A running train

(b) A speed car

Freely oscillating pendulum

10. Water stored at a height in a dam possesses 6. Other Forms of Energy

All modern automobiles need heat energy. Whether

elements or compounds react, the arrangement of 7. Inter-Conversion of Energy

(iii) When the water stored in dams is allowed to flow

28. In which of the following, heat energy is converted

26. Which energy is hidden in atoms of elements or

IV. Choose the correct answer (D) none of these

6. Three essential criteria for something to qualify

(A) zero (B) positive (B) only III is inessential

II. Multi Correct Answer Type III. Paragraph Type

1 P2 1 P2 P2 (d) Acceleration due to gravity (s) Newton

 Terms related to light  General terms to the refelction

6. General terms to the Reflection

S.No Virt ual image Real image

3. It is always erect. It is always real.