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Cha pt er 2: M on ey M a n a gem en t Sk i lls

1 2 3
B U D G E T V A R I A N C E B
U A
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4
L O N G T E R M L I A B I L I T I E E S N
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5
M O N E Y M A N A G E M E N T E
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6
L I Q U I D A S S E
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8 9
A S S E T S A L
10
A K I N C O M E
11
F C A S H F L O W S T A T E M E N T
E A H I
12
S O E
D I S C R E T I O N A R Y I N C O M E
13
E H M S U R P L U S
14
D P F E
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F S O N A
16
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 Across Down
1. The difference between the amount budgeted and the 2. Debts you must pay within a short period of time,
actual amount received or spent. usually less than a year.
4. Debts you do not have to pay in full until more than a 3. Reports what you own and what you owe.
year from now. 7. Earnings after deductions for taxes and other items;
5. Day-to-day financial activities necessary to manage also called disposable income.
current personal economic resources while working 9. A private storage area at a financial institution with
toward long-term financial security. maximum security for valuables.
6. Cash and items of value that can easily be converted 11. The actual inflow and outflow of cash during a given
to cash. time period.
8. Cash and other property with a monetary value. 14. The amount by which actual spending exceeds
10. Inflows of cash to an individual or a household. planned spending.
11. A summary of cash receipts and payments for a 15. The difference between total assets and total
given period. liabilities.
12. Money left over after paying for housing, food, and
other necessities.
13. The amount by which actual spending is less than
planned spending.
16. The inability to pay debts when they are due because
liabilities far exceed the value of assets.
17. Amounts owed to others.
18. A specific plan for spending income.
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 Farewell my dear mother, please do not weep.

I see you yes ’tis you, I knew you would come,

Now take me dear mother again to our home.

As the last word was spoken he drew the last breath,

And no mother there to sooth him in death,

The poor homesick boy in battle did fall,

He had listened and answered to the last rollcall.

Strenuous Soldiers.—Soldiers like citizens are sometime

extremists, and are likely to say and do some very unreasonable
things. They work themselves up to a high pitch of excitement, see
but one side of a question and are intolerant. Soldiers of this class
are usually not the most reliable and their rashness is liable to lead
them to do things detrimental to the cause they represent. The
following lines illustrate this objectionable element.
Sound the bugle and beat the drum,
Fall in line, let the enemy come,
Let us charge the Yankees and let them know
We can shoot them down and over their dead bodies go.
If they contest the ground we will make them feel
That there is some virtue in cold steel;
We will give up our lives our country to save,
We will be freemen or fill bloody graves.
Give them no quarter—we ask for none—
Shoot them down as fast as they come.
Conservative Soldiers.—The conservative soldier usually
possesses nerve, pluck, humane feeling and a busy brain. He is cool
and level headed and is not thrown off his guard by any sudden
changes in his surrounding. He is generally a good citizen at home,
has a sharp lookout for the betterment of his home and people and
carries with him to the army the same conservatism that
distinguishes him as a good citizens at home.
A quiet industrious citizen enjoying the comforts of home
Has no disposition a soldier to become,
Unless called upon by his country’s needs and demands,
For the protection of his home and his liberties to stand,
He then takes his place in line in a deliberate way
And not like a fanatic panting for the fray.
He leaves at home property and loved ones to face an invading foe,
Because his country commands him and duty requires him to go;
The best element of an army does not fight for plunder or fame,
Because such soldiers possess courage, nerve, heart and brain.
 CHAPTER VIII.
CITIZENS VISITING IN CAMP AND THE SICK
SOLDIER.

The Sick Soldier.—Exposure, irregular and unwholesome diet,

constant changing, uncomfortable lodgings and many other things
caused soldiers to contract diseases which often terminated in
death. Notwithstanding everything was done for the poor sick soldier
that could be done under the circumstances, he missed the
affectionate attentions of loved ones at home. On account of
inadequate facilities to furnish the necessary means the unfortunate
victim was often neglected.
Surgeon’s Call.—While in camp every morning at a certain hour
Surgeon’s call was announced by the beating of the drum. Sick
soldiers in camp who were able to walk were required to report to the
doctor for treatment and to be excused from duty. Such as were not
too sick remained in camp and were treated at their tents, and
soldiers who were very sick were sent to a hospital. Soldiers sick in
camp generally received scant sympathy and poor attention. A
soldier though who was known to be faithful in the discharge of duty
if unfortunately became sick was cared for by his friends.
In every command there were soldiers who were experts in playing
off sick, and of course such were not respected. There was always
some one ready to ridicule the sick squad reporting. When the drums
beat sometimes a wag would cry out. “Come up dead” or “Come up
and get your Dovers powders or Camphor and Opium pills.” Soldiers
really sick have been known to throw away medicine given them and
take their chances.
Simple Minded Sick Soldier.—In a certain regiment a simple
minded soldier who was really sick would slowly make his way to the
doctor’s tent and when asked “what is your trouble?” he would
invariably give the same answer, “The same old complaint,
‘Sumption.’” The doctor would excuse him and he would return to his
tent, lie down and suffer as much with homesickness as with the
disease itself.
Many a poor soldier lost his life in camp, in a hospital, on the march
or on the battlefield, who would have rallied from a very slight
indisposition that developed into a fatal disease could he have been
transferred to his home.
Despondent, Sick Soldier.—After serving in the army for about a
year a soldier was stricken down with a severe spell of sickness and
sent to a hospital to recuperate. Having a horror for hospital life he
plead earnestly with the physician in charge to recommend the
issuing of a furlough for him to return home. He was informed that he
was too weak and must wait until he got able to travel. The next day
he told the doctor that he was getting worse and weaker and plead
with him to allow him to go before the board to meet in a few minutes
in the hospital, but received no encouragement. A few minutes later
a message came summonsing some other sick soldiers in the same
room to appear before the board. He had about given up in despair
when another message came ordering him to report to the board at
once. He obeyed the order without delay, and had scarcely gotten
inside of the door when the chairman said, “Give him fifty days.” He
returned home one beautiful Sunday morning. A good mother saw
him slowly approaching the house and seeing his uniform, it
occurred to her that the stranger was a soldier and for the sake of
her own boys in the field she would treat him as well as she could.
Being pale, weak, emaciated, reduced almost to a skeleton and
nearly exhausted, he with difficulty climbed up the steps that lead up
to the door. As soon as he got inside of the door his mother and
sister assisted him to a chair, thinking they were helping some poor
unfortunate soldier unknown to them. Finally they recognized him but
did not know whether to rejoice or weep for it looked very much like
his life was fast ebbing out. In a few weeks he was well again and
returned to the army.
Visiting.—Soldiers very much enjoyed a visit from friends at home,
and a visitor after getting in camp and located among the friends he
was especially visiting was regarded as guest of the soldiers and
treated with deference by all he chanced to meet. Soldiers were
always ready for some fun and any incident outside of the common
broke the monotony and gave them a change. Citizens with few
exceptions after their first experience enjoyed a joke even at their
expense. If a citizen passed through camp wearing a long tailed coat
or plug hat, some one would tauntingly cry out, “Come down out of
that coat or come out of that hat, I know you are in there I see your
legs,” and the boys would repeat until the poor fellow got through
and of course the citizen felt relieved when the boys quieted down.
The boys meant no disrespect and the citizens generally took it all
good naturedly.
Portly Gentleman.—At one time a portly gentleman passed
through camp and as soon as he came in sight a soldier cried out,
“Here he comes: and here he comes” was repeated along the line.
Finally the old gentleman chagrined, stopped, pulled off his hat and
politely asked the boys what he had done, they promptly told him
that he had stolen their big bass drum and swallowed it. The good
natured old fellow caught on to the joke and told the boys that their
drum should be returned and he was permitted to pass on enjoying
the laugh as much as any of them.
Lady Visitors.—A lady visiting in the camp always had a refining
influence upon the soldiers who were pleased to have an opportunity
to treat such a visitor as an honored guest. The mere announcement
that lady visitors were expected would cause soldiers to get busy
and police the camp making everything around the tents look tidy
and attractive. The conduct and conversation of the soldiers were
always improved by visits of the ladies. Unfortunately though their
visits were few and far between times. There was in the valley of
Virginia a beautiful young lady who acted as a courier for some of
the officers and was said to sometimes pass through the lines where
a man would not be allowed to go, and to return bringing valuable
information. She was a graceful horseback rider and created a
sensation when she rode along the lines.
 CHAPTER IX.
INCIDENTS OF CAMP AND PRISON LIFE.

Soldiers in Prison.—A soldier belonging to an army in war times

necessarily lives a strenuous life, and if unfortunately captured by
the enemy and has to be incarcerated in prison it makes life to the
average soldier almost unendurable. A soldier obliged to obey strictly
army rules and regulations enforced by officers fighting for the same
cause he is contending for surrenders seemingly about all of his
liberties, but when reduced to the humiliation of having a sentinel
standing over him all of the time to see that he does not violate
orders given by an enemy reduces him to the most abject slavery.
Many Northern and Southern soldiers were captured and placed in
prison, and a judicious and rapid system of exchange of prisoners
would have alleviated much suffering among these poor fellows.
Exchange of Prisoners.—The Federal authorities perhaps were
dilatory in effecting exchanges because their captured men could be
replaced by others, and they had not only the Northern states but the
world to draw from, and knew the soldiers taken out of line in the
Southern army could not be replaced with others on account of the
scarcity of men.
It is said that everything is fair in war, but the peremptory demands of
war ought not to suppress every vestige of feeling of humanity. An
experience in prison however humiliating that experience may be,
cannot fail to convince anyone that implicit obedience to orders from
the powers that be is the only safeguard as a shelter or protection
from unreasonable punishment.
Punishment.—Severe punishment such as bucking and gagging,
hanging up by the thumbs, walking the beat carrying heavy loads,
sometimes whipping and even shooting, to the death practiced in the
army and prison almost invariably falls to the lot of a soldier who
wilfully disobeys known rules and regulations, but these punishments
are sometimes administered by tyrannical officers, puffed up with a
little brief authority, to gratify their own personal spites and
prejudices. Strict adherence to discipline will nearly always screen
the victim from such suffering. In prison officers may be exacting, but
from their arbitrary rulings there is really no appeal.
Rations.—Much complaint was made by soldiers in Southern
prisons about the scarcity and quality of rations, perhaps these
complaints in some instances were well founded, for the Southern
soldier in camp or on the march did not have an abundant supply.
The same complaint was made against the Northern prison and it
was argued that the Federal authorities had the means to provide
more and had no moral right to retaliate upon the South for a
deficiency in prison that was unavoidable. Many Southern soldiers in
Northern prisons went to bed of nights and could not sleep on
account of being hungry. Prisoners captured a short time before the
surrender of Lee, soon heard of the surrender, and of the
assassination of Lincoln and were frightened by a report circulated in
the prison camp that Southern soldiers would be kept as hostages
and perhaps executed in retaliations for the assassination of the
president. The personal experience of soldiers incarcerated in the
prisons of the late war would make interesting reading to coming
generations but perhaps it is better to let this part of the history pass
into oblivion. Contending armies engaged in battle would fight to the
finish, damaging each other in every honorable way they could even
to extermination, but when a soldier surrendered and became a
prisoner he was treated courteously by his captors on either side. A
soldier that would offer an insult or indignity to a prisoner was looked
upon with contempt and his conduct regarded as cowardly by his
own comrades.
Camp Life.—To undertake to portray the multiplicity of phases of
soldier life as exhibited in the Southern army would be a herculean
task from which the stoutest heart, best equipped mind and most
experienced hand would shrink. It is enough for one to record the
doings, transactions, incidents, and reflections drawn from historical
facts connected with the section and army, the one undertaking the
task was familiar with, on account of being present to witness much
that occurred, and in a position to gather items of information from
parties who were eye witnesses. Every day on the march, in camp,
on the battlefield or in prison was replete with thrilling, interesting,
ludicrous or pathetic scenes which were worthy of notice and ought
to be handed down to posterity in a more durable way than by
tradition. Duty, patriotism and an earnest desire to rescue from
oblivion much of the war history ought to appeal to the few old
soldiers now living whose passing from the stage of action must
necessarily cut out forever any chance of a correct history. The
certainty that they will soon be gone ought to be an incentive to
induce each one to contribute his part. An army like our Southern
army presents to the mind of the curious an inviting field for study
and investigation.
In camp the home life of the soldier is clearly delineated and by
associating in the camp soldiers learn more about each other than
anywhere else.
Soldier on Inspection.—There was in camp a little scrawny fellow
that took the world easy when things went his way, but when he got
wrong he was very much wrong and was at war with everybody and
seemed to think that everybody’s hand was raised against him. He
was a faithful, loyal soldier and would have died rather than play off
to screen himself from a fight. He was always out of clothing, rations,
money and everything that a soldier needed and was out with
everyone who would not divide with him, but was liberal and honest
and would pay his debts if it took his last dollar. At pay day it usually
took all he received to pay his debts and then he was borrowing
again. He paid very little attention to cleanliness, consequently no
one cared to tent or bunk with him and he was often by himself
although socially inclined. At such times he would sing songs
sometimes a little smutty and whistle popular airs. He would say
some very harsh things about officers and some of them very much
wished for a chance to get even with him. On one occasion on
inspection, the inspecting officer complained that his gun was not
properly cleaned and ordered him to his quarters, putting on him the
punishment of thirty minutes work cleaning his gun. He returned to
his quarters with the rest of the company, feeling resentful, and with
an oath slammed the gun to the ground, consigning it with the
inspector to a region supposed to be hot and heavily charged with
the odor of sulphur. He gloomily sulked for thirty minutes and in
sheer desperation picked up his gun and reported as ordered to the
inspector, expecting to be sent to the guard house, but was surprised
when told by the officer that his gun looked much better,
admonishing him to hereafter do as the others did and he would not
have to do extra work on his gun and pleasantly excused him.
Recruit on Guard.—On one occasion the officer of the guard
around camp was a young lieutenant who had a very exalted opinion
of himself and was glad of an opportunity to show his authority. One
of the guard was a recruit detailed for the first time to do guard duty.
He had fallen on the third relief and had lain down to rest until his
time came. Nothing unusual occurred the first two hours, but after
the second relief was posted the lieutenant made his rounds and
returned to the camp fire and had a big laugh with the old soldiers
present. He had taken the gun from a timid recruit, had the poor
fellow badly scared and boastingly said that he would take every
recruits’ gun that belonged to the guard. The third relief was placed
and the recruit stationed at his post, walked his beat and kept a
sharp lookout, especially for the lieutenant. Finally he heard the rattle
of his sword as he approached and when he got in challenging
distance, said: “Halt who comes there?” The lieutenant answered:
“Friend with the countersign.” The sentinel then said “Advance friend
and give the countersign.” The officer corrected him saying “Advance
friend with the countersign,” and was briskly walking right up to him.
The recruit quickly brought his gun to the position of charge
bayonets, and again demanded the countersign. He was then almost
in bayonet reach, gave the countersign and expecting to throw the
sentinel off his guard, made a movement as if to pass on but really
intended to take his gun. The sentinel made him pass around him at
a distance not in bayonet reach which he did without further parley.
After he had passed he said, “If you don’t mind you will get in the
guard house.” The recruit replied saying, “I know my duty,” but was
getting some thrilling experience while being initiated.
An Economical Soldier.—A quiet careful soldier for several days
saved of his rations scraps of beef and scrapings of flour until he
collected enough to make a beef pie which was regarded as a luxury
in camp.
The pie was nicely made and spicely cooked,
And the boys at it greedily looked;
The soldier happy with a broad grin
Commenced taking the rich pie in.
Near by in the crowd was a hungry boy looking about
As if he could breed a famine and starve it out;
He stood the test for a little while
Then stepped up to the soldier on his face a smile
Saying, “If you please I would like your pie to taste;”
“Help Yourself” said the soldier with very good grace.
For a second invitation he did not wait
But commenced eating pie at a rapid rate,
At last he suddenly quit eating and said with a sigh,
I guess I have taken enough of your pie.
“Have some more” said the soldier polite as could be;
The boy said, “Thank you, if you insist I will—it tastes good to me,”
The hungry boy hung on while others stood by
And saw the two together finish eating the pie.
A Soldier’s Retort.—On the Maryland march on account of
marching for many consecutive days, soldiers were ragged, dirty and
some of them barefooted. An army in such a plight does not present
a very attractive appearance. In the column was a brave, faithful
soldier always ready to fight to the finish. He had just passed through
a series of battles and looked very much worsted, wearing old
clothes and limping on account of old shoes making his feet sore.
The army was marching through a town whose inhabitants were of
very decided Union proclivities. A crowd of pretty, well dressed ladies
were conspicuously standing on the sidewalk, indulging in cutting
remarks, using such expressions as rebel and traitor very freely. One
of them pointed out this uncouth looking soldier saying, “Look at that
ragged, dirty rebel.” He coolly retorted looking her in the eye saying,
“Madam, we always put on our old clothes when we go out to kill
hogs.” His retort was not very courteous, but it put a quietus on the
use of any further uncomplimentary remarks. The soldiers were
usually treated very nicely by the ladies, even when invading the
enemy’s territory, and were in turn as courteous as could be.
A Boisterous Soldier.—In camp there was a boisterous fellow
whose early education and training had been very much neglected,
and although illiterate he was fully convinced that he was a man of
considerable importance. His quaint sayings and doings furnished no
small amount of amusement for the officers and men. He did not
mean to exaggerate but apparently looked at things through
magnifying glasses. He was a fearless, brave soldier and was never
happier than when called upon by an officer to perform some task.
He did not hesitate to go or try to go anywhere his commanders
ordered or requested him to go. On one occasion he was detailed as
a picket to reconnoiter and ascertain some points about the position
and strength of the enemy’s forces. Under the direction of the officer
in command of the picket line, he with others stealthily approached
as near as possible to the enemy’s line to get the desired
information. In their eagerness they crossed the danger line and
were saluted with a volley of shot and shell and of course were
obliged to hastily retreat. The soldier came rushing back to camp
puffing and blowing, burdened with the weight of responsibility that
had been entrusted to him and hurried up to the colonel’s
headquarters to report the result of the investigation. The colonel
listened to him attentively while he excitedly gave his report and
seriously asked his opinion about the strength of the enemy’s force.
With forceful gestures and placing strong emphasis on his answer he
replied: “About two hundred thousand!” The colonel amused at his
estimate of the enemy’s strength, and his earnestness in reporting,
respectfully thanked him and excused him. The same soldier
incensed at his brother, seventeen years old, joining the army
wished with an oath that the boy would get killed in the very first
engagement he got in. In a few days the command got in a fight and
the poor boy was killed. The wish was thoughtlessly made and the
soldier felt sorry for the fate of his brother. One day glibly talking to
the boys he pointed out a place on his arm and expressed the wish
that a minnie ball would strike him there the next battle he got in and
the bone would have to be resected so he could get on the retired
list. In the very next fight a minnie ball struck the identical place
pointed out and the bone had to be resected. He could have been
placed on the retired list, but preferred to remain in service.
Recruit Detailed.—Early one morning a recruit who had just been
enrolled, while he was at breakfast, was informed by the sergeant
that he was on guard for the day and told to report at once to the
colonel’s headquarters. Very much to the amusement of the old
soldiers he replied: “All right, wait till I eat a bite” and leisurely
finished his breakfast, prepared for duty and reported to
headquarters without realizing that he had subjected himself to the
danger of being disciplined for not at once reporting.
It was very embarrassing to recruits especially when joining a
command already in the service. A recruit reporting for duty was
dazed at the array of stripes, bars, stars and wreaths, being
assigned to a certain regiment was asked if he had any reason to
give for being assigned to any special company, stammeringly
replied that he had a second company in cousin I. The boys laughed
at his mistake, but the officers kindly let him join the company of his
choice.
 CHAPTER X.
PICKET LINES, BATTLES AND BATTLEFIELDS.

PICKET LINES.
A soldier placed on the picket line
Has a responsible duty to him assigned;
To perform this duty with judgment and skill
Requires nerve, pluck, brain and deliberate will.
He protects the main army back in the rear,
And watches each movement with trembling and fear;
If the enemy makes a hostile move he does not run
But warns his friends in the rear by firing his gun.
Then the pickets exchange some hasty shots,
Fall back in line and things get hot.
Picket or Scout.—Different phases of soldier life have been
partially explained, but the elements that enter into the make up or
the varied experience of the successful sharpshooter or scout are
beyond description. Take the foremost soldier in the army whose
energy, pluck and daring deeds of valor have aided him in forging his
way to the front, then add all the nerve, fearlessness, disregard of
danger, determination to surmount all obstacles and you get only a
faint idea of the sturdy firm, intrepid picket or scout, looking not for
trouble but for adventure. History often records raids made by such
dashing leaders as Jackson, Stuart, Morgan or leaders of that
character with picked men. Such leaders select from different
commands men who have passed through firey ordeals and have
been weighed in the balance and found not wanting. With such
soldiers wonderful victories have been achieved that would have
been failures with a different class of men. The common soldier on
the skirmish line however courageous he may be finds himself facing
a problem that calls into play some traits of the soldier that he does
not possess. The picket lines were often very close together,
sometimes on friendly terms and sometimes hostile to each other.
On The Picket Line.—In the night time the lines have been near
enough to hear pickets in the opposite line talking in a low tone, but
usually the lines were further apart. A very slight demonstration on
the picket line sometimes precipitated a fight. The sentinels on the
lines of the two armies were at one time respectively walking their
beats on opposite sides of the Rapahannock river in plain view of
each other. A sentinel on post on one of the lines playfully pointed
his gun at the sentinel on post opposite him on the other side and
was at once shot at by the sentinel, who took the matter seriously.
There was something doing along the line for a little while but the
situation was soon understood, the excitement subsided and the
sentinels resumed their places, walking their beats but refrained from
quite so much familiarity.
Exchange of Courtesies.—Sentinels on post on the picket lines
representing the opposing armies often exchanged courtesies and
greetings and on the sly met between the lines, exchanged daily
papers, swapped tobacco for coffee, had a pleasant chat with each
other and returned to their respective posts with the kindliest
feelings. The following lines demonstrate or illustrate the friendly
feeling that prevailed among the soldiers of the two opposing armies.
“Good morning: Johnnie. Good morning Pat,”
Come across and we will have a social chat
We can be friendly loyal and true,
Although I wear the grey and you the blue.
I feel somewhat lonely walking my beat,
And to visit you would be quite a treat.
I will pledge my word upon the honor of a man
That I will come half way and treat you well as I can.
Your proposal seems very fair to me
Let us meet in the shade of that old oak tree.
The sentinels moved forward not in battle array,
But approached each other in a friendly way.
In consequence of the vigorous exercise walking their beats
They were much fatigued suffering with heat
Johnnie’s canteen was full of water cool as could be
Which he shared with Pat in the shade of the tree.
Pat smiling said it tastes like water from the lake
Away up North in Michigan State.
Then said in my canteen is some of the elixir of life
That will make us forget our sorrows and strife.
Will you not a little bit of it take
As Paul would say for your stomach sake,
Johnnie said thank you holding out an empty tin cup,
Which they filled with Southern water Northern sugar and other
stuff,
Then of the mixture each one took a sup
Drinking out of the same tin cup,
It tasted pleasant and they repeated the dose
’Till they both felt gay and very jocose.
Finally conversation in a confidential channel did run
They talked of their home life both anxious to return,
Pat said he had a wife and children at his home near the lake
That were anxiously looking for him wishing for the war to break.
Johnnie showed the picture of a sweet looking girl,
That he declared was the sweetest best girl in the world,
Saying she lives in a cottage among the hills in a North Carolina
home.
And will be true to me until I return.
When this cruel war is over I will be by her side
And claim a fulfillment of her promise to be my bride,
They were talking confidentially in this beautiful strain,
Commenting on their loved ones again and again.
Suddenly they heard the report of a signal gun
And to their respective posts did quickly run.
After the signal gun fired in a very short time
There was brisk firing all along the picket line.
At these two posts firing was rapid and sharp,
But the aim was above or below the mark,
Finally the pickets were ordered to fall back,
The two waved hands saying, “Good-bye Johnnie, Good-bye Pat.”
Fearful Experience.—During the time of the engagements in the
wilderness a soldier on the picket line one night had a fearful
experience. The lines were very close and the sentinels on post had
strict orders to walk their beats, keep a sharp lookout and let no one
approach or cross the line without giving the countersign. It was very
dark and the thick underbrush made the darkness more dense. The
officers making their rounds were embarrassed not knowing how
soon they might march into the enemy’s lines. The sentinel quietly
walking his beat heard a soldier approaching and soon as he came
near enough in as low a tone as possible challenged him and asked
for the countersign. The soldier approaching apparently like the
soldier on post was uncertain whether he was in the presence of a
friend or an enemy. In an evasive way they made inquiries with a
view of ascertaining each others identity. Each one was afraid to fire
on the other fearing he would be firing on a friend instead of an
enemy, knowing too that the least disturbance would precipitate a
movement of both armies and perhaps cause a battle which in the
darkness would have been horrible to contemplate. Without
understanding their true relationship to each other, they
simultaneously turned and walked in opposite directions and to this
day the soldier does not know whether he challenged a friend or a
foe.
Burned Bodies of the Dead.—To augment the horrors of the
Wilderness battles a fire broke out immediately following the retreat
of the enemy in an engagement and swept over the battlefield before
the dead could be moved. The picket line reconnoitering moving
forward to discover the position taken by the retreating army was
obliged to run over the crisp burned bodies of Yankee soldiers lying
dead on the field. It was an awful sight illustrating the horrors of war.
The soldiers on the picket line in consequence of the heat, smoke
and stench were very nearly overcome and were driven to the
extreme necessity of drinking the turbid waters of a ditch where dead
bodies of Yankee soldiers were lying very close.
Test of Valor.—On the skirmish line was the place to test the real
powers of the soldier. In the Southern army were plain unassuming
men, without reward or the hope of reward, or even realizing that
they were doing anything extraordinary, that performed deeds of
daring that stamped them as heroes of the highest type.
Escape of the Enemy.—Near the close of the war an inducement
was offered by the Yankees to dissatisfied Southern soldiers to pass
through the lines, and occasionally a sentinel would leave his post
and with his gun and equipments make a dash for the lines on the
other side. As he approached the picket post on the other side the
Yankee sentinel would call out, “Come in Johnnie.” A few soldiers
escaped sometimes under the fire of sentinels at contiguous posts.
While a few citizens and soldiers crossed over the line but few joined
the Northern army.
Welcome Peace.—Soldiers on both sides were tired of war and
welcomed the treaty of peace, and were glad to return to their homes
and again engage in the quiet peaceful pursuits of life.
Four years of exposure suffering and strife
Ruined many a home and many a life,
At the end of the war many soldiers brave
Were peacefully sleeping in heroes graves.
On the Warpath.—The campaigns of the civil war were generally
vigorously prosecuted in warm weather. In the good old Summer
time soldiers slept on blankets thrown on the ground with nothing but
the canopy of heaven as a covering, and then if they received
marching orders the boys had nothing to do but to take up their beds
and walk at quick step or if in case of urgent necessity at double
quick time.
Often while sweetly sleeping not disturbed by the fear of Yankees or
anything else, the drum would beat and soldiers would be aroused
from sleep and then there would be something doing, and very soon
the command would be moving.
Though densely dark with no moon or star light,
The Southern boys were always ready for fight;
Although the Yankees did their methods despise,
They pounced upon them and took them by surprise.
Unreliable Soldiers.—On the warpath the artful skulker did clever
maneuvering worthy of a better cause to sustain his position that for
plausible reasons he ought to be an immune and not required to join
at the critical time when the battle was on.
Soldiers destitute of principle, morals or brain
Upon the fair name of an army cast a stain.
An army made up of figureheads, thugs and bums,
To an intelligent force is obliged to succumb,
Fortunately the Southern army did not have many of this class, and
the few placed as they were among soldiers disposed to do their
duty, were obliged to take their places in line.
Music in Battle.—Before the beginning of hostilities the average
citizens were under the impression that soldiers marched into battle
to the tune of martial music and to cheer them on the drums would
beat and the bands play, but soldiers’ first experience convinced
them that a very different kind of music prevailed. It was the terrific
sound of bursting shells, the hateful, hissing, singing of minnie balls,
mingled with commands of officers occasionally heard above the din,
and the screams and groans of wounded and dying soldiers crying
for help and calling for water to quench their burning thirst.
Instead of selecting a certain soldier in the enemy’s line as a target
to shoot at, a soldier merely leveled his gun and fired at the line of
battle of the enemy, dimly seen through the smoke and dust, then
loaded his gun with another cartridge and repeated. In a hotly
contested fight soldiers often shot fifty rounds of cartridges and their
guns got so hot that they could scarcely grasp them with their hands.
Battles.—A succession of battles is by no means a monotonous
repetition. Each battle has its peculiar phases. A battle is often an
exhibition of the artistic skill of officers in arranging and
maneuvering, and of men carefully executing, and may be a trial of
physical endurance and the well trained handling of the weapons of
warfare used. In any event a battle is a spectacular scene imposing
and grand.
Opposing armies, on the warpath, require but little provocation to
induce them to get up a rumpus. Battles are by no means
precipitated in a uniform cut and dried way, but are brought about in
as many ways as there are battles fought. A single shot fired by a
picket from his post may cause the picket lines to exchange shots
and fall back, and the commands represented by them to settle the
disturbance by engaging in a battle. Cavalrymen sometimes make a
raid and start a fight into which the entire armies are drawn.
Cannonading is a very common way to start a fight. Sometimes a
command is surprised by a detachment from the opposite army and
a battle ensues, and sometimes the armies come together
apparently without any preconcerted plan on either side,
simultaneously line up and get busy, with their work of carnage.
On the battlefield soldier life is delineated in its most revolting phase.
Two contending armies present a spectacle grand and awful to
contemplate. The surging masses of human beings intent on each
others destruction with the death dealing artillery with its terrific roar
and the more destructive missiles of small armies with their hateful
hissing sounds, together with the deafening cheers of the moving
armies, and the heartrending screams and moans of the wounded
and dying make the scene agonizing to the extreme. Two contending
armies engaged in battle present to the eye of the beholder an
indescribable panorama.

Two contending: armies aligned for a fight

Present to the eye an imposing-sight,

When the pickets begin to exchange their shots,

The battle is on and soon gets hot.

With terrific noise of destructive shells

And hissing minnie balls and soldiers’ yells,

Such noise and confusion make a stunning din,

And in the smoke of battle there is a contest to win

The lines firm and steady throughout their length,

 With stubborn persistence measure their strength.

Officers and men artful tactics display

Until one of the lines is forced to give way,

Charge after charge, Greek meets Greek,

The two contending armies in deadly strife meet.

The powers of the soldier both sides feel

As they force their way with steel against steel,

Or perchance one line or the other overpowered gives way,

And the contest is ended, the victors win the day.

The vanquished sometimes eager to be freed

Run for their lives in a disgraceful stampede.

Battle Fields.—Nature in some places has provided spots of

ground that answer the purpose of belligerent armies where one line
has the advantage of protection or shelter from the onslaughts of the
other. Where grounds have been selected not affording safe
protection against the invading force, soldiers are subjected to hard
work throwing up breastworks, digging intrenchments or placing
abatis to entangle the advancing army so as to detain it and shoot
down the soldiers while extricating themselves from the
entanglement. Every device or subterfuge that the fertile brain or
imagination of man can discover or invent is called into requisition to
give an advantage considered honorable in war. Sometimes though
contending armies meet in open field in plain view of each other and
fight to the finish and retire from the field leaving there a harrowing
scene of suffering and destruction. Sometimes soldiers engage in
hand to hand encounters, display physical force, power of
endurance, and their expertness in handling the weapons of warfare,
sustained by indomitable courage and stubborn willpower.
After the Battle.—The heat and excitement of the battle having
subsided and the smoke cleared away, the battlefield presents a
harrowing scene that beggars description. The grim monster death