Role of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

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Thesis On Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior Prepare By Student of Superior University
Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior
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A dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Management Sciences Department, Superior Group of Colleges College, University Campus, Lahore.
In particular fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters in Business Administration
By
Khalid Azeem
MBA PROFESSIONAL
8257
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OFFICIAL RECOGNITION STATEMENT:
I Khalid Azeem declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institute of tertiary education. Information derived from the published and unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given in the bibliography. I hereby certify that this paper represent my own invention, that where the language of others is set out, quotation marks so indicate , and that correct credit is given where I have used the language , ideas, expression or writing of a different.
Signature Khalid Azeem
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A dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Management Sciences Department, Superior Group of Colleges College, University Campus, Lahore.
In particular of the Requirements fro the Degree of masters in Business Administration
By Khalid Azeem Approved By:
______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

Received By:
______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

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DEDICATION
We are dedicating our work to our parents and respected teacher Prof Ilyas , who have played a vital role in our studies and have guided us at every step with their precious ideas. No doubt this dedication is insufficient and we can never repay for the role which they have played in our studies but we are sure that their work will prove itself an asset in our life
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Acknowledgement
I am very thankful to Prof Ilyas which gave us valuable information. We pay gratitude Prof Ilyas giving valuable guideline. We are also very thankful to all the participants who helped us a lot by giving up to date information. We are very proud of our teacher Prof Ilyas whose help and instructions enable us to bind papers into project manner. We are very thankful to him.
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PREFACE
The most beautiful things we can experience are the mysterious .It is source of all true art and science (Albert Einstein, 1930) This thesis is based on the topic which is assigned to us by our respected teacher Prof Ilyas, the topic which I took for it:
In the thesis, I have covered all the topics related to Packaging and Buying Behavior..
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Table of Contents
Abstract 11
Chapter # 1
Introduction Objectives of the study Key terms Defined Research Question 12 13 14 14 15
Chapter # 2
Literature Review
Chapter # 3
Theoretical foundation Consumer Buying Behavior Stages of the Consumer Buying Process Types of Consumer Buying Behavior Packaging Objectives of packaging Theatrical Frame work Dependent Variable Independent Variable Packaging color Background-image Packaging Material Font Style Design of wrapper Printed Information Innovation 26 26 27 29 39 39 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 45 45 46
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Chapter # 4
Tools of Data Collection Sampling Technique and Sample Measures Methodology 47 47 47 48
Chapter # 5
Reliability Test Descriptive Analysis Scatter-Plot Matrix Correlation Analysis
Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2: Hypothesis 3: Hypothesis 4: Hypothesis 5: Hypothesis 6: Hypothesis 7:
50 51 55 62
62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Regression Analysis Equation for regression

Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2: Hypothesis 3: Hypothesis 4: Hypothesis 5: Hypothesis 6: Hypothesis 7:
69 70
72 72 72 72 72 72 72
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Chapter # 6
Discussion: Conclusions Recommendations Summary Areas of future research References Appendix Questionnaire 74 75 78 79 79 80 85 85
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Abstract
The aim of this thesis is to get the A study to point toward role of packaging on consumer buying behavior. The basic purpose of behind it to find out how such factors are behind the success of packaging. According to this research I try to find the positive relationship between independent variable and dependent variables. For collecting the data I will use the questionnaire, while for analysis I will use SPSS 16. A sample of 145 consumers will be selected to test the reliability of the model. The significance of the study, its delimitation and limitations are discussed. The research is based in Pakistan. The consumer buying behavior is dependent variable. The packaging is the most important factor. Packaging elements like Packaging color. Background Image, Packaging Material, Font Style, Design of wrapper, Printed Information and Innovation is taken as predictors. Due to increasing self-service and changing consumers lifestyle the interest in package as a tool of sales promotion and stimulator of impulsive buying behavior is growing increasingly. So package performs an important role in marketing communications, especially in the point of sale and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing consumers purchase decision. Literature analysis on question under investigation has shown that there is no agreement on classification of package elements as well as on research methods of package impact on consumers purchase decision. By this article we seek to reveal elements of package having the ultimate effect on consumer choice. Taking into consideration that package could be treated as a set of various elements communicating different messages to a consumer; the research model was developed and tested in order to reveal impact of visual and verbal package elements on consumers purchase decisions.
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CHAPTER #1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Introduction Objectives of the study Key terms Defined Research Question
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Introduction
In nowadays competitive environment the role of package has changed due to increasing self-service and changing consumers lifestyle. Firms interest in package as a tool of sales promotion is growing increasingly. Package becomes an ultimate selling proposition stimulating impulsive buying behavior, increasing market share and reducing promotional costs. According to Rundh (2005) package attracts consumers attention to particular brand, enhances its image, and influences consumers perceptions about product. Also package imparts unique value to products (Underwood, Klein & Burke, 2001; Silayoi & Speece, 2004), works as a tool for differentiation, i.e. helps consumers to choose the product from wide range of similar products, stimulates customers buying behavior (Wells, Farley & Armstrong, 2007). Thus package performs an important role in marketing communications and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing consumers purchase decision. In this context, seeking to maximize the effectiveness of package in a buying place, the researches of package, its elements and their impact on consumers buying behavior became a relevant issue. Literature analysis on question under investigation has shown that there is no agreement on classification of package elements as well as on research methods of package impact on consumers purchase decision. Some of researchers try to investigate all possible elements of package and their impact on consumers purchase decision (Silayoi & Speece, 2004; Silayoi & Speece, 2007; Butkeviciene, Stravinskiene & Rutelione, 2008), while others concentrates on separate elements of package and their impact on consumer buying behavior (e.g., Vila & Ampuero, 2007; Madden, Hewett & Roth, 2000; Underwood et al., 2001; Bloch, 1995). Moreover some researchers investigate impact of package and its elements on consumers overall purchase decision (e.g., Underwood et al., 2001), while others on every stage of consumers decision making process (e.g.,
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Butkeviciene et al., 2008). Furthermore the abundance of scientific literature on this issue do not provide unanimous answer concerning impact of package elements on consumers buying behavior: diversity of the results in this area depends not only on research models constructed and methods employed, but on the context of the research too. All above mentioned confirms the necessity to investigate this issue in more detail. In the light of these problematic aspects, research problem could be formulated as following question: what elements of a package have an ultimate effect on consumer purchase decision? The aim of this paper basing on theoretical analysis of package elements and their impact on consumers purchase decision empirically reveal the elements having the ultimate effect on consumer choice in a case of different products.
.
Objectives of the study To find out the effect of packaging on the buying behavior. Theoretical analysis of package elements and their impact on consumers purchase decision empirically reveal the elements having the ultimate effect on consumer choice in a case of different products To check the effect of packaging elements on the buying behavior. To measure the relative impact of each packaging element on the consumer. To identify the elements which should be highlight while design the packaging.
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Key terms Defined

Consumer Buying Behavior Process by which individuals search for, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their needs and wants Packaging Packaging can be defined quite simply as an extrinsic element of the product. Packaging is the container for a product
Research Question:
Main Question
Role of Packaging on consumer buying behavior.
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CHAPTER #2
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Literature Review
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Literature Review
Rita Kuvykaite (2009) has descriptive research. According to Rita package attracts consumers attention to particular brand, enhances its image, and influences consumers perceptions about product. Also package imparts unique value to products (Underwood, Klein & Burke, 2001; Silayoi & Speece, 2004), works as a tool for differentiation, i.e. helps consumers to choose the product from wide range of similar products, stimulates customers buying behavior (Wells, Farley & Armstrong, 2007). Thus package performs an important role in marketing communications and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing consumers purchase of package, its elements and their impact on consumers buying behavior became a relevant issue. He basing on theoretical analysis of package elements and their impact on consumers purchase decision empirically reveal the elements having the ultimate effect on consumer choice. Research methods that Rita used is systematic and comparative analysis of scientific literature; empirical research There are six variables that must be taken into Consideration by producer and designers when creating efficient package: form, size, color, graphics, Material and flavor. Similarly, Kotler (2003) distinguishes six elements that according to him must be evaluated when employing packaging decisions: size, form, material, color, text and brand. The research result of Rita shows the impact of package elements on consumers purchase decisions can be stronger. He conclude that Package could be treated as one of most valuable tool in todays marketing communications, necessitating more detail analysis of its elements and an impact of those elements on consumers buying behavior. The impact of package and its elements on consumers purchase decision can be revealed by analyzing an importance of its separate elements for consumers choice.
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Bed Nath Sharma Dec. 2008 studied New Consumer Products Branding, Packaging and Labeling in Nepal. This paper focuses on existing practice of branding, packaging and labeling of new products in consumer product manufacturing units. The study method was Descriptive presentation of facts collected through questionnaire survey concerned with different section of consumer new products (soap, biscuit, noodles, cigarettes and The study further investigates the new consumer product packaging and labeling status in manufacturing units. They are aware about the value of packaging and labeling. Majority of the consumer products 84.37% (27 out of 32 responses) are using product label as a simple tag attached to the product or an elaborately designed graphic that is part of the package. Alice Louw (2006) has studied The Power of Packaging the people belonged to Age 2030 years old University graduates were taken for research.20 respondents were asked to rank 5 water bottles in terms of their overall appeal. Following this, they were given a questionnaire and asked to rate each of the bottles on 20 statements related their packaging. For the remaining 20 respondents, the order of the process was switched: they rated the bottles first and then ranked them. The statements ranged from functional attributes (e.g. easy to drink from, right size) to more emotive, non-functional attributes (e.g. I like the colors, high quality). For both groups there was a clear winner and a clear loser in terms of the rankings. However, although the top brand chosen was consistent in both groups, the worst brand differed. The group that ranked the bottles first showed more variance in terms of their responses (Variance 1.33) than the second group who rated the attributes first (variance 0.89). This Packaging plays an important role in the marketing context. His research results that right packaging can help a brand carve a unique position in the marketplace and in the minds on consumers. John Th Gersen (2000) worked on The Ethical Consumer. Moral Norms and Packaging Choice published in Journal of Consumer Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in
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the Netherlands. The paper presents a study of a case with these two characteristics: Danish consumers choice presents a study of a case with these two characteristics: Danish consumers choice of environment-friendly packaging. With regard to this case, the evidence supports the claim. A majority of Danish consumers have developed personal norms about choosing environment-friendly packaging and the personal norm is a significant predictor of their (self-reported) propensity to choose environment-friendly packaging in the supermarket. Renaud LUNARDO 2007 has a great research on the influence of label on wine consumption. its effects on young consumers perception of authenticity and purchasing behavior The main objective of the paper is to identify the effects of authenticity on purchase behavior. They used a repertory grid (RG) approach as a methodological framework in order to know which pattern of features is better at inducing purchase. All the relationships between authenticity provided by the label of bottles and consumer behavior attributes (performance risk, perceived price and purchase intentions) have all been tested by using linear regressions. This study was intended to provide a more complete understanding of the influence of the authenticity perceive from the label of bottled wine. As an attempt to extend the research on the influence label of bottled wine can have on consumers decisions of buying, the current it is clear from these findings is the major role played by labels. L Renaud 2007 worked on The Influence of Eco-Labeling on Consumer Behavior. The main objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of the labeling in Packaging compared to other product attributes (like brand, price, etc.) for consumers buying decisions. The methodological approach that they chose was discrete choice analysis, which is particularly powerful for this kind of analysis. Further this study attempts to analyze if the importance of the labeling and packaging differs between product groups. They surveyed a total of 302 customers; Two thirds of the interviews were
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conducted in the German-speaking. The Variables chose within this study are , present mood, time, buying purpose With regard to sustainability marketing, Time. The most important result of analysis is the significant willingness to pay for Packaging energy efficient products. Adelina Broadbridge & Henry Morgan (2007), consumer buying behavior and perception toward retail and brand baby products. A two-stage research methodology consisting of both qualitative and quantitative research techniques was adopted. The population was defined as parents of children under the age of five who use baby care products. Both the qualitative and quantitative research showed that respondents adopted similar risk reduction strategies in their purchase of baby care products. This research investigated consumer perceptions and buying behavior of baby care products. The results of the primary research indicated that consumers need to feel confident with the product in terms of reliability and performance and packaging. Bytyqi Hysen*, Vegara Mensur (2008) have research on analysis of consumer buying behavior in regard to dairy products in kosovo. This survey was carried out by the Department of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture Faculty of Prishtina, Kasovo during 2007. Interviews of 304 respondents were conducted in super-markets (677) and mini-markets (397) and later 23 interviews were completed in green market mainly for Sharri cheese and curd. To study the reasons for choosing milk products upon supply, a coding approach from 1- 5 was used (1 = very important; 2 = highly important; 3 = average; 4 = less important; 5 = not important). Perception of consumers about dairy products was assessed using different variables i.e. habits, trust, price, quality, package, age of consumer, origin of product, type of shop, brand and gender of consumer. It was conclusion after analysis that the packaging has great effect on the purchase of dairy products.
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Rita Kuvykaite1, Aist Dovaliene2, Laura Navickiene3 (2009) worked on impact of package elements on consumer purchase decision economics & management. Material are the most important visual elements for purchasing both milk (size and material 3.80) and washing-powder (resp.: 3.87 and 3.41); whereas, in this case form, color and graphic could be treated as unimportant elements of package. When analyzing importance of verbal elements, it could be stated that product information (4.24 for milk and 4.06 for washing-powder) and country-of-origin (resp.: 4.22 and 3.88) are the most important elements. Furthermore its worth to add, that producer and brand couldnt be underestimated too, because the importance of both of these elements is treated by customers above the average. Comparing the impact of visual and verbal elements of package on consumers purchase decision it could be stated that verbal elements are more important than visual ones, when purchasing both milk and washing-powder. According to the research model developed the impact of packages elements on consumers purchase decision depending on time pressure, consumers involvement level and individual characteristics were analyzed. H Ahasanul ,(K Ali 2009) measured the Factors Influencing Buying Behavior of Piracy Impact to Malaysian. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data whereby it was served as primary data to answer the research questions and objectives planning to find out the factors that plays a vital role about consumers perception towards pirated products. It can be identified that the dependent variable is consumer perception on piracy. Where else the independent variables would be divided to social influence, personality/believe, culture, and the economy. These are the factors that could influence consumers perception on piracy thereby supporting out dependent variable. Social influence would include susceptibility, which means an individual might purchase a pirated product merely because his/ her friend or family members bought the product and introduced it to them.
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Ulrich R. Orth (2009) worked on Packaging Design as resource for the construction of Brand Identity. A thorough review of the literature on packaging design reveals that there are no meaningful guidelines for developing holistic packaging design, Shapes, Finishes, Sizes, Images, Typography, Colors, Impressions, Purchase Intention, and Brand. This research was conducted by collecting information and data in four stages. First, a review of the branding literature determined a list of strategically relevant brand impressions for wine. Second, appropriate wine packaging design elements were identified and a sample of real and representative designs was selected. Third, professionals in the design and advertising industry rated wine packaging designs on the previously identified design elements. This research aimed at generating guidelines for managing strategic brand impressions, namely brand identity created by the wine packaging design Kriti Bardhan Gupta (2009) has study on Consumer Behavior for Food Products in India. primary data was collected from 326 respondents in Uttar Pradesh and National Capital Region The relative importance of various food purchasing criteria was estimated for four different food categories, food and vegetables; milk and milk products; food grains and pulses; and processed foods on 1-5 scale, The present study explored the consumer behavior for food products in India from different perspectives. People accepted the fact that their food habits get affected with the shifting to a new region but many basic buying and consumption behavior do not change. Some of the changes in buying and consumption behavior of relocated people, which were observed after their settlement to a new region, were not significantly different from the level of changes in behavior of non-moving people. However, compared to the last 10 years, people have started preferring more healthy foods and are willing to try out new dishes. They tend to learn cooking and eating new food items after relocation without discontinuing their traditional food items. There is also influence of children on the type of food items that they eat. This paper has shown that impulse buying is indeed a relevant factor in CE retailing, thus justifying the use of sales packaging. However, optimization is still important. From an
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economical and environmental perspective it is very costly to apply sales packaging (with additional material use and transport volume) to products that do not need them, or to apply them in an ineffective way. Economical costs and environmental impact can be expressed in a single score, indicating the packs performance. To allow proper management of the pack design the sales performance should be expressed in as simple a way as possible, preferably also a single score. As calculating the sales performance is impossible a test will need to be used. The pressure from time-to-market in the CE industry, demands that the test be relatively simple. S Nuntasaree and Dr. E Barry (2008) published a paper with subject of a model of male and consumer behavior in buying skin care products in Thailand.. The conceptual model of male consumer behavior in buying skin care products beliefs in product attributes Quality, Price, Brand, Packaging, Advertising, Promotion, Salesperson, Distribution. This study used a quantitative research method. A convenience sample with a shopping mallintercept technique was employed for the sampling method. The closed-ended questionnaire developed from standard questions of relevant literature was chosen as a research instrument. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program (SPSS) version 15.0 was used in this study with a 0.05 level of significance for all of the statistical assessments. The data set was screened and examined for incorrect data entry, missing values, normality and outliers. Several studies have investigated issues such as packages as a means of attracting the attention of consumers (Underwood et al., 2001; Garber et al., 2000; Goldberg et al, 1999; Schoormans & Robben, 1997). Other studies researched packages as a means of communication as well as a means of communicating brand and product meaning (Underwood & Klein, 2002; Garber et al., 2000, Schoormans & Robben, 1997; Gordonet al., 1994; Homer & Gauntt, 1992; Rigaux-Bricmont, 1981; McDaniel & Baker,1977).
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Packages are found to attract attention (Underwood et al., 2001; Garber et al., 2000;Goldberg et al., 1999; Schoormans & Robben, 1997). In fact, Goldberg et al. (1999) found that by dismissing such non-verbal signs as colors, the attention to verbal signs can be increased. Pictures on packages are emphasized to attract attention, particularly when consumers are not very familiar with the brands (Underwood et al., 2001). Furthermore, packages are claimed to attract attention when their appearances are not typical within a product class (Garber et al., 2000; Schoormans & Robben 1997). In other words, past research has discovered that deviating packages attract attention. Other studies show that deviating package colors and shapes attract attention (Garber etal., 2000; Schoormans & Robben 1997). Underwood et al. (2001), on the other hand, found that pictures on packages attract attention particularly in cases when consumers are less familiar with a brand. Studies that have focused on other single signs than pictures on packages have found that such single package signs as colors (Gordon et al., 1994), brand names (Rigaux-Bricmont, 1981), and materials (McDaniel & Baker, 1977) convey brand meaning. Pires Goncalves, Ricardo (2008) worked on Product Characteristics and Quality Perception, according to him When they choose among competing products consumers are faced with quality and product performance uncertainty, hence, they rely on cues as extrinsic attributes, for instance brand, price, package and warranty, as signals of perceived quality. Little research has been done on packages as extrinsic attributes used by consumers as signs of perceived quality, thus this study is a small contribution to that lack of scholarly research on packages. Colors and shapes are important elements of marketing strategies, and they are both essential features of packages, especially in product labels. Labels are one of the most important features of product packaging, and they are designed to communicate a message. The model proposed in this study builds on previous models of consumer quality perception and signals of quality from product cues.
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In this research, colors and shapes combinations in labels are considered as the extrinsic attributes used as signals of quality by consumers. Liang Lu (2008) worked on a paper :Packaging as a strategic tool University of Halmstad school of Business and Engineering. Packaging is an important part of the product that not only serves a functional purpose, but also acts as a mean of communicative information of the products and brand character. Packaging must be functional; it must protect the products in good storage, in shipment and often in use. Besides, it has also the function that can give customers the ease of access and use on the purpose of convenience. After looking at Kolter theory about packaging, we will turn to different theory relating to packaging design and its important elements in order to help us to solve the first research question. Judy Rex, Stuart Wai and Antonio Lobo (2003), it is An Exploratory Study into the Impact of Color And Packaging as Stimuli in the Decision Making Process for a Low Involvement Non-Durable Product The consumers and the manager agreed that important factors when deciding which packet of potato crisps to purchase were the quality, the brand and the price of the product, with flavor also being an important factor for the consumers. The consumers used a constant sum scale (out of 100) to rate the six attributes of flavor, quality, brand, price, size and shape, and the color of the packaging. Overall, the consumers indicated that the flavor of the product was easily the most important stimulus when selecting potato crisps with an average rating of 38 points. This was about twice as important as the quality (21 points), which was more important than the brand (14 points) and the price (13 points). While brand and price were of about equal importance, P.H.K.Prathiraja and A.Ariyawardana (2003) has a great study in the impact of lutritional labeling on Consumer Buying Behavior. This study shows that consumers use nutritional labeling when making a purchasing decision and that it is especially because
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of health consciousness. A majority of the respondents revealed that they are willing to pay something additional for the nutritional information provided on food items. Of those who are willing to pay something additional, a greater proportion was in the age category 36 to 50 years, have had tertiary education and the households had less than 4 members. K Sony (2008) studied the consumer responses toward attribute framing in product packaging. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of message framing, level of involvement, and numerical difference on consumer response. Freshmilk product was chosen as the object for experiment. This study has the following suggestion for packaging design based on the findings. Fresh milk is commonly considered as health-related product. The study is advantageous in giving marketers a more thorough picture of how message framing affects consumer response in various numerical alternatives and level of involvement. It will also be helpful in developing successful packaging strategy. For future study, different types of products can be investigated further. Assoc. Professor Jane (2005), Consumer Response to Sponsorship Leveraged Packaging (SLP). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyses the data from the experiment. This program of research aims to test a model that examines the structural relationships between SLP and consumer attitudes and purchase intentions toward the sponsors products as well as the factors that impact this relationship. Research suggests sponsorship leverage packaging may act in a similarly way to celebrity endorsement on product packaging, implying that FMCG brands may benefit from marketing strategies that communicate the sponsorship relationship on packaging. It is critical that brand managers identify the affect SLP has on consumer behavior and evaluate the degree to which it can enhance communication of the sponsorship relationship in the marketplace. This paper outlines a framework of consumer response to SLP, proposing a three step process of exploratory and experimental methodologies. The outcomes from the research
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will contribute to a better understanding of sponsorship effects on consumer behavior and provide managers with the means to develop more effective branding strategies and promotions.
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CHAPTER #3
Theoretical Foundation
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Theoretical foundation Consumer Buying Behavior Stages of the Consumer Buying Process Types of Consumer Buying Behavior Packaging Objectives of packaging Theatrical Frame work Dependent Variable Independent Variable
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Theoretical Foundation
Theoretical frame-work focuses on the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The distinction between dependent and independent variables is as important in a comparative study as in a regression analysis. Dependent variable in case of a comparative study is the one which we aim to predict and independent variables here are the ones who are used to predict the dependent variable.
Role of Packaging In Consumer Buying Behavior.

Consumer Buying Behavior
Process by which individuals search for, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their needs and wants. See also consumer decision making. Purchase decision making pattern that is a complex amalgam of needs and desires, and is influenced by factors such as the consumer's (1) Societal role (parent, spouse, worker, etc.), (2) Social and cultural environment and norms, and (3) Aspirations and inhibitions Buying Behavior is the decision processes and acts of people involved in buying and using products.
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Need to understand
Why consumers make the purchases that they make? What factors influence consumer purchases? The changing factors in our society. Consumer Buying Behavior refers to the buying behavior of the ultimate consumer. A firm needs to analyze buying behavior for: Buyers reactions to a firms marketing strategy has a great impact on the firms success. The marketing concept stresses that a firm should create a Marketing Mix (MM) that satisfies (gives utility to) customers, therefore need to analyze the what, where, when and how consumers buy. Marketers can better predict how consumers will respond to marketing strategies.
Stages of the Consumer Buying Process

Six Stages to the Consumer Buying Decision Process (For complex decisions). Actual purchasing is only one stage of the process. Not all decision processes lead to a purchase. All consumer decisions do not always include all 6 stages, determined by the degree of complexity...discussed next. The 6 stages are:
Problem Recognition
(Awareness of need)--difference between the desired state and the actual condition. Deficit in assortment of products. Hunger--Food. Hunger stimulates your need to eat.
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Can be stimulated by the marketer through product information--did not know you were deficient? I.E., see a commercial for a new pair of shoes, stimulates your recognition that you need a new pair of shoes.
Information search
Internal search, memory. External search if you need more information. Friends and relatives (word of mouth). Marketer dominated sources; comparison shopping; public sources etc. A successful information search leaves a buyer with possible alternatives, the evoked set. Hungry, want to go out and eat, evoked set is chinese food indian food burger king klondike kates etc
Evaluation of Alternatives
Need to establish criteria for evaluation, features the buyer wants or does not want. Rank/weight alternatives or resume search. May decide that you want to eat something spicy, Indian gets highest rank etc. If not satisfied with your choice then returns to the search phase. Can you think of another restaurant? Look in the yellow pages etc. Information from different sources may be treated differently. Marketers try to influence by "framing" alternatives.
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Purchase Decision
Choose buying alternative, includes product, package, store, method of purchase etc.
Purchase
May differ from decision, time lapse between 4 & 5, product availability. Post-Purchase Evaluation--outcome: Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction. Cognitive Dissonance, have you made the right decision. This can be reduced by warranties, after sales communication etc. After eating an Indian meal, may think that really you wanted a Chinese meal instead.
Types of Consumer Buying Behavior

Types of consumer buying behavior are determined by: Level of Involvement in purchase decision. Importance and intensity of interest in a product in a particular situation. Buyers level of involvement determines why he/she is motivated to seek information about a certain products and brands but virtually ignores others. High involvement purchases--Honda Motorbike, high priced goods, products visible to others, and the higher the risk the higher the involvement. Types of risk: Personal risk Social risk Economic risk
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The four type of consumer buying behavior are
Routine Response/Programmed Behavior

Buying low involvement frequently purchased low cost items; need very little search and decision effort; purchased almost automatically. Examples include soft drinks, snack foods, milk etc.
Limited Decision Making

Buying product occasionally. When you need to obtain information about unfamiliar brand in a familiar product category, perhaps. Requires a moderate amount of time for information gathering. Examples include Clothes--know product class but not the brand.
Extensive Decision Making

Complex high involvement, unfamiliar, expensive and/or infrequently bought products. High degree of economic/performance/psychological risk. Examples include cars, homes, computers, education. Spend a lot of time seeking information and deciding. Information from the companies MM; friends and relatives, store personnel etc. Go through all six stages of the buying process.
Impulse buying, no conscious planning.

The purchase of the same product does not always elicit the same Buying Behavior. Product can shift from one category to the next. For example:
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Going out for dinner for one person may be extensive decision making (for someone that does not go out often at all), but limited decision making for someone else. The reason for the dinner, whether it is an anniversary celebration, or a meal with a couple of friends will also determine the extent of the decision making. Categories that Affect the Consumer Buying Decision Process A consumer, making a purchase decision will be affected by the following three factors:
Personal Psychological Social

The marketer must be aware of these factors in order to develop an appropriate MM for its target market.
Personal
Unique to a particular person. Demographic Factors. Sex, Race, Age etc. Who in the family is responsible for the decision making? Young people purchase things for different reasons than older people.
Psychological factors
Psychological factors include:
Motives
A motive is an internal energizing force that orients a person's activities toward satisfying a need or achieving a goal. Actions are effected by a set of motives, not just one. If marketers can identify motives then they can better develop a marketing mix. MASLOW hierarchy of needs!!
Physiological Safety
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Love and Belonging Esteem Self Actualization Need to determine what level of the hierarchy the consumers are at to determine what motivates their purchases.
Perception
What do you see?? Perception is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information inputs to produce meaning. IE we chose what info we pay attention to, organize it and interpret it. Information inputs are the sensations received through sight, taste, hearing, smell and touch. Selective Exposure-select inputs to be exposed to our awareness. More likely if it is linked to an event, satisfies current needs, intensity of input changes (sharp price drop). Selective Distortion-Changing/twisting current received information, inconsistent with beliefs. Advertisers that use comparative advertisements (pitching one product against another), have to be very careful that consumers do not distort the facts and perceive that the advertisement was for the competitor. A current example...MCI and AT&T...do you ever get confused? Selective Retention-Remember inputs that support beliefs, forgets those that don't. Average supermarket shopper is exposed to 17,000 products in a shopping visit lasting 30 minutes-60% of purchases are unplanned exposed to 1,500 advertisements per day. Can't be expected to be aware of all these inputs, and certainly will not retain many. Interpreting information is based on what is already familiar, on knowledge that is stored in the memory.
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Ability and Knowledge

Need to understand individuals capacity to learn. Learning, changes in a person's behavior caused by information and experience. Therefore to change consumers' behavior about your product, need to give them new information re: product...free sample etc. South Africa...open bottle of wine and pour it!! Also educate American consumers about changes in SA. Need to sell a whole new country. When making buying decisions, buyers must process information. Knowledge is the familiarity with the product and expertise. Inexperience buyers often use prices as an indicator of quality more than those who have knowledge of a product. Non-alcoholic Beer example: consumers chose the most expensive six-pack, because they assume that the greater price indicates greater quality.
Attitudes
Knowledge and positive and negative feelings about an object or activity-maybe tangible or intangible, living or non- living.....Drive perceptions. Individual learns attitudes through experience and interaction with other people. Consumer attitudes toward a firm and its products greatly influence the success or failure of the firm's marketing strategy. Attitudes and attitude change are influenced by consumers personality and lifestyle. Consumers screen information that conflicts with their attitudes. Distort information to make it consistent and selectively retain information that reinforces our attitudes. IE brand loyalty. There is a difference between attitude and intention to buy (ability to buy).
Personality
All the internal traits and behaviors that make a person unique, uniqueness arrives from a person's heredity and personal experience. Examples include:
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Work a holism Compulsiveness Self confidence Friendliness Adaptability Ambitiousness Dogmatism Authoritarianism Introversion Extroversion Aggressiveness
Competitiveness.
Traits affect the way people behave. Marketers try to match the store image to the perceived image of their customers. There is a weak association between personality and Buying Behavior; this may be due to unreliable measures. Nike ads. Consumers buy products that are consistent with their self concept.
Lifestyles
Recent US trends in lifestyles are a shift towards personal independence and individualism and a preference for a healthy, natural lifestyle. Lifestyles are the consistent patterns people follow in their lives. EXAMPLE healthy foods for a healthy lifestyle. Sun tan not considered fashionable in US until 1920's. Now an assault by the American Academy of Dermatology.
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Social Factors
Consumer wants, learning, motives etc. are influenced by opinion leaders, person's family, reference groups, social class and culture.
Opinion leaders
Spokespeople etc. Marketers try to attract opinion leaders...they actually use (pay) spokespeople to market their products. Michael Jordon (Nike, McDonalds, Gatorade etc.) Can be risky...Michael Jackson...OJ Simpson...Chevy Chase
Roles and Family Influences

Role...things you should do based on the expectations of you from your position within a group. People have many roles. Husband, father, employer/e. Individuals role are continuing to change therefore marketers must continue to update information. Family is the most basic group a person belongs to. Marketers must understand: Many family decisions are made by the family unit Consumer behavior starts in the family unit Family roles and preferences are the model for children's future family (can reject/alter/etc)
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Family buying decisions are a mixture of family interactions and individual decision making
Family acts an interpreter of social and cultural values for the individual. The Family life cycle: families go through stages, each stage creates different consumer demands:
bachelor stage...most of BUAD301 newly married, young, no children...me full nest I, youngest child under 6 full nest II, youngest child 6 or over full nest III, older married couples with dependant children empty nest I, older married couples with no children living with them, head in labor force
empty nest II, older married couples, no children living at home, head retired solitary survivor, in labor force solitary survivor, retired
Reference Groups
Individual identifies with the group to the extent that he takes on many of the values, attitudes or behaviors of the group members.
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Families, friends, sororities, civic and professional organizations. Any group that has a positive or negative influence on a persons attitude and behavior. Membership groups (belong to) Affinity marketing is focused on the desires of consumers that belong to reference groups. Marketers get the groups to approve the product and communicate that approval to its members. Credit Cards etc.!! Aspiration groups (want to belong to) Disassociate groups (do not want to belong to) Honda, tries to disassociate from the "biker" group. The degree to which a reference group will affect a purchase decision depends on an individuals susceptibility to reference group influence and the strength of his/her involvement with the group.
Social Class
An open group of individuals who have similar social rank. US is not a classless society. US criteria; occupation, education, income, wealth, race, ethnic groups and possessions. Social class influences many aspects of our lives. IE upper middle class Americans prefer luxury cars Mercedes. Upper Americans-upper-upper class, .3%, inherited wealth, aristocratic names. Lower-upper class, 1.2%, newer social elite, from current professionals and corporate elite Upper-middle class, 12.5%, college graduates, managers and professionals Middle Americans-middle class, 32%, average pay white collar workers and blue collar friends Working class, 38%, average pay blue collar workers Lower Americans-lower class, 9%, working, not on welfare
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Lower-lower class, 7%, on welfare Social class determines to some extent, the types, quality, quantity of products that a person buys or uses. Lower class people tend to stay close to home when shopping; do not engage in much pre purchase information gathering. Stores project definite class images. Family, reference groups and social classes are all social influences on consumer behavior. All operate within a larger culture.
Culture and Sub-culture

Culture refers to the set of values, ideas, and attitudes that are accepted by a homogenous group of people and transmitted to the next generation. Culture also determines what is acceptable with product advertising. Culture determines what people wear, eat, reside and travel. Cultural values in the US are good health, education, individualism and freedom. In american culture time scarcity is a growing problem. IE change in meals. Big impact on international marketing. Different society, different levels of needs, different cultural values. Culture can be divided into subcultures:
Geographic regions
Human characteristics such as age and ethnic background. IE West Coast, teenage and Asian American. Culture effects what people buy, how they buy and when they buy.
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What is packaging?
The definitions of packaging vary and range from being simple and functionally focused to more extensive, holistic interpretations. Packaging can be defined quite simply as an extrinsic element of the product (Olson and Jacoby (1972)) - an attribute that is related to the product but does not form part of the physical product itself. Packaging is the container for a product encompassing the physical appearance of the container and including the design, color, shape, labeling and materials used (Arens,1996).
Objectives of packaging
Packaging and package labeling have several objectives: Physical Protection Protection of the objects enclosed in the package from shock, vibration, compression, temperature, etc. Barrier Protection - A barrier from oxygen, water vapor, dust, etc. Containment or Agglomeration - Small objects are typically grouped together one package for transport and handling efficiency. Alternatively, bulk Commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable Size for individual households. Information transmission - Information on how to use, transport, recycle, or
in
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Dispose of the package or product is often contained on the package or label. Reducing theft - Packaging that cannot be re-closed or gets physically damaged (Shows signs of opening) is helpful in the prevention of theft. Packages also Provide opportunities to include anti-theft devices. Convenience - features which add convenience in distribution, handling, display, Sale, opening, re-closing, use, and re-use.
Marketing - The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage Potential buyers to purchase the product. Packaging may be looked at as several different types. For example a transport package or distribution package can be the shipping container used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages. Some identify a consumer package as one which is directed toward a consumer or household. Packaging may be discussed in relation to the type of product being packaged: medical device packaging, bulk chemical packaging, over-the-counter drug packaging, retail food packaging, military materiel packaging, pharmaceutical packaging, etc.
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Theatrical Frame work

Independent Variable
Packaging color Background Image Packaging Material
Dependent Variable
Font Style
Design of wrapper Printed Information Innovation

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1. Packaging color 2. Background Image 3. Packaging Material 4. Font Style 5. Design of wrapper 6. Printed Information 7. Innovation
Dependent Variable
Packaging color
Color plays an important role in a potential customers decision making process, certain colors set different moods and can help to draw attention. One good example of successful use of color psychology is in the Apple iPod advertisements; they use simple tri tone color schemes of black, white and a bright background color. The bright background color is to give the advertisement a fun feel and the contrasting white on black is to focus attention.
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Meaning of the Color Blue Blue is the most common favorite color and is liked by both genders. Blue is seen as a trustworthy, peaceful and calm color and is often related to the sky or water. Blue is usually cool and quiet but more electric shades can give a dynamic feel. Although blue has the benefits of gender indifference and being the most common favorite color, the overuse of blue can seem cold or uncaring. Blue is often used because it is the designers favorite color but after considering the meaning of other colors, another color may be a better choice. Meaning of the Color Green Green is related to life and nature; if you want to give your product a natural feel use green. Green is the second most popular color and the most popular shades of green are the blue-greens, which should be expected when blue and green are the two most popular colors. Yellow-greens should be avoided around food products as the color will act as an appetite-depressant. As well as the natural feel greens have, they can also signify money, health and power. Meaning of the Color Yellow Yellow is a very useful color because it is the most easily noticed, it will grab the attention of a person so can be a good choice for things such as magazine advertisements which may usually be ignored due to ad blindness. Yellow signifies happiness, optimism and warmth but also caution. The main advantage of yellow is its attention grabbing feature so a combination of blue and yellow can be a successful color scheme which could create a cool and calm mood from the blue but still draw attention because of the yellow.
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A sealed pack of diced pork from Tesco. It shows the cooking time, number of servings, 'display until' date, 'use by' date, weight in kg,price, price to weight ratio in both /kg and /lb, freezing and storage instructions. It says 'Less than 3% Fat' and 'No Carbs per serving' and includes a barcode. The Union Flag, British Farm Standard tractor logo, and British Meat Quality Standard logo are also present.
Background-image
The background image property specifies the background image for an element. When setting a background image, authors should also specify a background color property that will be used when the image is unavailable. Note also that when the image is available, it is rendered on top of the background color. Thus, in any transparent areas of the image, the background color will be visible.
Packaging Material
Any material used especially to protect something- packing, wadding. Consumer can
change its decision regarding Packaging material. High quality Packaging attract consumer then low quality Packaging. The first packages used the natural materials available at the time: Baskets of reeds, wineskins (Bota bags),wooden boxes, pottery vases, ceramic amphorae, wooden barrels, woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed: for example, early glass and bronze vessels. The study of old packages is an important aspect of archaeology. Iron and tin plated steel were used to make cans in the early 19th century. Paperboard cartons and corrugated fiberboard boxes were first introduced in the late 19th century. Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included Bakelite closures
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on bottles, transparent cellophane over wraps and panels on cartons, increased processing efficiency and improved food safety. As additional materials such as aluminum and several types of plastic were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality. So packaging material have strong have with buying behavior.
Font Style
The font style of Packaging grab customer attraction. The up gradation of IT technology have support this feature. The successful companies have best practices of the font styles. They hire specialist in composing which create mind blowing and attractive font styles. The attractive package has innovative font style. So we can say that there is relation between font style and buying behavior
Design of wrapper
The over all design also play a vital role in attracting the consumer. Mostly the children of 10-18 years are so sensitive to the design of wrapper. The companies try their best to create attractive design of packaging
Printed Information
Container or wrapper for a consumer product that serves a number of purposes including protection and description of the contents, theft deterrence, and product promotion. The labels on packages are important components of the overall marketing mix and can support advertising claims, establish brand identity, enhance name recognition, and optimize shelf space allocations.
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The consumer can change his decision on the basis of information printed on the packaging. Mostly in Merchandises and daily FMCG the consumer can perform evaluation on the basis of printed information.
Innovation
Innovative packaging may actually add value to the product if it meets a consumer need such as portion control, recyclability, tamper-proofing, child-proofing, easy-open, easystore, easy-carry, and non breakability. Manufacturers today strive to have packaging that maintains the key equities of the brand, has stand out appeal on the retailers shelf, and is sustainable but with lower production costs. The customer can adopt product on the basis of its innovative packaging, which shows the relation between buying behavior and innovation of packaging.
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CHAPTER #4
Data & Methodology
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Tools of Data Collection Sampling Technique and Sample Measures Methodology
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Data & Methodology

Tools of Data Collection: In order to find data on Role of packaging on consumer buying behavior. I will collect data on four variables: The first benefit to use questionnaire technique is that result. Sampling Technique and Sample The Population of my study will be students and educational. Institutions of Pakistan in which the sample size of 150 students will be taken for conducting the study by using simple random sampling in order to generalize the findings in the particular sector. Measures: . There were at least 25 questions in the survey obtaining data for one variable and some questions were directly obtaining data with no complications. The sample of questioner is available in appendix-1. Measure for each variable is defined below:
Dependent Variable
Packaging color Background Image Packaging Material
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Font Style Design of wrapper Printed Information Innovation
Each of above mentioned variable was measure by asking the seven questions by using the 5-points itemized rating type scale ranging from (1) strongly disagree to (5) strongly agree Methodology: To make analysis of data I will use Spss software in which we will make analysis in to two parts where part one will lead descriptive statistics that will be use to describe and summarize data and include measures of central tendency (average) and dispersion (the spread of data or how close each other is to the measure of central tendency) 1. Descriptive analysis I have used first techniques for generating result is descriptive statistics. It shows minimum, maximum, and Mean values of data. 2. Scattered plots A scatter plot is a type of mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis. This kind of plot is also called a scatter chart,
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3. Correlation The Pearson's correlation is used to find a correlation between at least two continuous variables. The value for a Pearson's can fall between 0.00 (no correlation) and 1.00 (perfect correlation). Other factors such as group size will determine if the correlation is significant. Generally, correlations above 0.80 are considered pretty high. 4. Multiple regressions Linear regression analysis estimates the coefficients of a linear equation, involving one or more independent variables, that best predict the value of the dependent variable.
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CHAPTER #5
Empirical Findings
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Reliability Test Descriptive Analysis Scatter-Plot Matrix Correlation Analysis Regression Analysis Equation for regression
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Empirical Findings
Reliability Test
Dependent Variable The Value of Cronbach's Alphaisbiggerthen0.7and alsopositive,whichshows
2
Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha .782 NofItems
thereliabilityofdependent variables.
Independent Variable The data of independent variables or predictors is reliable. Because the value of Cronbach'sAlphais0.858whichisgreaterthen0.7.Thevalueisalsopositive, sothedatausedforanalysisisreliable.
Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha .858 NofItems 7
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Descriptive Analysis Table 5.1

Descriptive Statistics N Buying_Behavior ValidN(listwise) 145 145 Minimum 1 Maximum 5 Mean 3.73 Std.Deviation .920
In the above table 5.1 the minimum values, maximum values, mean values and the values of standard deviation of dependent Variable have been shown. Mean value provides the idea about the central tendency of the values of a variable. Number of observations of each variable is 145. Standard deviation and the extreme values (minimum in comparison to maximum value) give the idea about the dispersion of the values of a variable from its mean value. The Minimum value is 1 while Maximum value is 5. The Mean value is 3.73 with standard deviation of 0.92
Table 5.2
Descriptive Statistics N Packing_Color ValidN(listwise) 145 145 Minimum 1 Maximum 5 Mean 3.55 Std.Deviation .924
In the above table 5.2 the minimum values is 1, maximum values 5, and mean values 3.55 while the values of standard deviation is 0.924. Mean value provides the idea
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about the central tendency of the values of a variable. Number of observations of each variable is 145.
Table 5.3
Descriptive Statistics N Background ValidN(listwise) 145 145 Minimum 1 Maximum 5 Mean 3.66 Std.Deviation .942
The above table 5.3 the minimum value of 1 and maximum value of 5. The values can be deviated by 0.942. Which means that the mean value can varied by +0.942 or -0.942. Table 5.4
Descriptive Statistics N Quality_Packing ValidN(listwise) 145 145 Minimum 1 Maximum 5 Mean 3.72 Std.Deviation .924
The above table 5.4 the minimum value of 1 and maximum value of 5. The values can be deviated by 0.924. Which means that the mean value can varied by +0.924 or -0.924.
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Table 5.5
Descriptive Statistics N Font_Style ValidN(listwise) 145 145 Minimum 2 Maximum 5 Mean 3.71 Std.Deviation .849
In the above table 5.5 the minimum values is 1, maximum values 5, and mean value is 3.71 while the values of standard deviation is 0.849. Mean value provides the idea about the central tendency of the values of a variable. Number of observations of each variable is 145.
Table 5.6
Descriptive Statistics N Wraper_Design ValidN(listwise) 145 145 Minimum 1 Maximum 5 Mean 3.70 Std.Deviation .927
In the above table 5.6 the minimum values is 1, maximum values 5, and mean value is 3.70 while the values of standard deviation is 0.927. Mean value provides the idea about the central tendency of the values of a variable
Table 5.7
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Descriptive Statistics N Printed_information ValidN(listwise) 145 145 Minimum 1 Maximum 5 Mean 3.68 Std.Deviation .992
In the above table 5.7 the minimum values is 1, maximum values 5, and mean value is 3.68 while the values of standard deviation is 0.992. Mean value provides the idea about the central tendency of the values of a variable
Table 5.8
Descriptive Statistics N Packing_Innovation ValidN(listwise) 145 145 Minimum 1 Maximum 5 Mean 3.55 Std.Deviation .953
In the above table 5.9 the minimum values is 1, maximum values 5, and mean value is 3.55 while the values of standard deviation is 0.953. Mean value provides the idea about the central tendency of the values of a variable.
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Scatter-Plot Matrix Figure 5.9
Figure 5.9 shows the results of scatter plot matrix where we intend to have some idea about the relationship between buying behavior and color of packaging. If we observe then the flow of line is come from right to left which shows the positive relationship between buying behavior and color of packaging. This means that if the attractive colors
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are used in packaging then consumer will purchase product and the above results have been confirmed by the table of correlations.
Figure 5.10
Figure 5.10 shows the results of scatter plot matrix where we intend to have some idea about the relationship between buying behavior and background of packaging. If we observe then the flow of line is come from right to left which shows the positive relationship between buying behavior and color of packaging. This means that if the
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attractive background are used in packaging then consumer will purchase product and the above results have been confirmed by the table of correlations.
Figure 5.11
Figure 5.11 shows the results of scatter plot matrix where we intend to have some idea about the relationship between buying behavior and quality of packaging. If we observe then the flow of line is come from right to left which shows the positive relationship between buying behavior and quality of packaging. This means that if the fine quality is
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used in packaging material then consumer will attract and the above results have been confirmed by the table of correlations.
Figure 5.12
Figure 5.12 shows the results of scatter plot matrix where we intend to have some idea about the relationship between buying behavior and font style used in packaging. If we
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observe then the flow of line is come from right to left which shows the positive relationship between buying behavior and quality of packaging.
Figure 5.13
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Figure 5.13 shows the results of scatter plot matrix where we intend to have some idea about the relationship between buying behavior and design of wrapper. If we observe then the flow of line is come from right to left which shows the positive relationship between buying behavior and wrapper design. This means that attractive wrapper will attract consumer and the above results have been confirmed by the table of correlations.
Figure 5.14
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Figure 5.14 shows the results of scatter plot matrix where we intend to have some idea about the relationship between buying behavior and design printed information. If we observe then the flow of line is come from right to left which shows the positive relationship between buying behavior and wrapper design. This means that if the printed information is used in packaging then consumer will attract and the above results have been confirmed by the table of correlations.
Figure 5.15
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Figure 5.15 shows the results of scatter plot matrix where we intend to have some idea about the relationship between buying behavior and Packaging Innovation. If we observe then the flow of line is come from right to left which shows the positive relationship between buying behavior and wrapper design. This means that if the printed information is used in packaging then consumer will attract
Correlations Table 5.16

Correlations Buying_Behavior Buying_Behavior PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N Packing_Color PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N **.Correlationissignificantatthe0.01level(2-tailed). 145 .591 .000 145 145 1 Packing_Color .591 .000 145 1
Hypothesis 1: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Packing color H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Packing color
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Table 5.16 represents the table of correlations. Where two variables buying behavior and Packing color are positively correlated (r= .591, p = .000). There is moderate relation between these two variables which is significant. We will accept H1 and reject H0. So we can say that the attractive packaging color can attract consumer. Consumer likes the colored packaging. It also implies that using attractive colors in packaging we can grab customer attention.
Table 5.17
Correlations Buying_Behavior Buying_Behavior PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N Background PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N **.Correlationissignificantatthe0.01level(2-tailed). 145 .554 .000 145 145 1 Background .554 .000 145 1
Hypothesis 2: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Background of Packing. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Background of Packing.
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Table 5.17 represents the table of correlations. Where two variables buying behavior and Background of Packing are positively correlated (r= .554, p = .000). There is moderate relation between these two variables which is significant. We will accept H1 and reject H0. It mean that the customer can adopt product on the behalf of its packaging background. This result is also useful to marketer so that they create products with best possible background image.
Table 5.18
Correlations Buying_Behavior Buying_Behavior PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N Quality_Packing PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N **.Correlationissignificantatthe0.01level(2-tailed). 145 .506 .000 145 145 1 Quality_Packing .506 .000 145 1
Hypothesis 3: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Quality of Packing. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Quality of Packing.
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Table 5.18 represents the table of correlations. Where two variables buying behavior and Quality of Packing are positively correlated (r= .506, p = .000). There is moderate relation between these two variables which is significant. We will accept H1 and reject H0. The results clears that the consumer also evaluate the products on the behalf of its packaging quality. The better quality of package is proffered by customer.
Table 5.19
Correlations Buying_Behavior Buying_Behavior PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N Font_Style PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N **.Correlationissignificantatthe0.01level(2-tailed). 145 .574 .000 145 145 1 Font_Style .574 .000 145 1
Hypothesis 4: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Font Style. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Font Style.
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Table 5.19 represents the table of correlations. Where two variables buying behavior and Font Style are positively correlated (r= .574, p = .000). There is moderate relation between these two variables which is significant. We will accept H1 and reject H0. The result identifies that the font styles are also liked by customer. Consumer wants to have new experiments with font style.
Table 5.20
Correlations Buying_Behavior Buying_Behavior PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N Wraper_Design PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N **.Correlationissignificantatthe0.01level(2-tailed). 145 .411 .000 145 145 1 Wraper_Design .411 .000 145 1
Hypothesis 5: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Wrapper Design. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Wrapper Design.
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Table 5.20 represents the table of correlations. Where two variables buying behavior and Wrapper Design are positively correlated (r= .411, p = .000). There is moderate relation between these two variables which is significant. We will accept H1 and reject H0.
Table 5.21
Correlations Buying_Behavior Buying_Behavior PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N Printed_information PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N **.Correlationissignificantatthe0.01level(2-tailed). 145 .433 .000 145 145 1 Printed_information .433 .000 145 1
Hypothesis 6: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Printed Information. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Printed Information.
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Table 5.21 represents the table of correlations. Where two variables buying behavior and Printed Information positively correlated (r= .433, p = .000). There is moderate relation between these two variables which is significant. We will accept H1 and reject H0.
Table 5.22
Correlations BuyingBehavior Buying_Behavior PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N Packing_Innovation PearsonCorrelation Sig.(2-tailed) N **.Correlationissignificantatthe0.01level(2-tailed). 145 .545 .000 145 145 1 PackingInnovation .545 .000 145 1
Hypothesis 7: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Packing Innovation. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Packing Innovation.
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Table 5.22 represents the table of correlations. Where two variables buying behavior and Printed Information positively correlated (r= .545, p = .000). There is moderate relation between these two variables which is significant. We will accept H1 and reject H0.
Regression Analysis
Model Summary AdjustedR Model 1 R .729a RSquare .531 Square .507 Std.Errorofthe Estimate .646
In above table the R is multiple correlation coefficient, its value is 0.729. While Adjusted R Square shows the ratio of interdependence. Value of adjusted R square is 0.507 which is multiply by 100. It that means 50.7% of the variance in the dependent variable can be predicted from Independent variable.
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ANOVAb Model 1 Regression Residual Total SumofSquares 64.787 57.139 121.926 df 7 137 144 MeanSquare 9.255 .417 F 22.191 Sig. .000a
The significant level in ANOVA table shows that the combination of variables significantly predicts the dependant variable.
Coefficientsa Standardized UnstandardizedCoefficients Model 1 (Constant) Packing_Color Background Quality_Packing Font_Style Wraper_Design Printed_information Packing_Innovation a.DependentVariable:Buying_Behavior B .274 .237 .208 .059 .247 .040 .070 .171 Std.Error .297 .079 .074 .079 .084 .076 .070 .074 .238 .213 .059 .228 .040 .075 .177 Coefficients Beta t .925 2.988 2.821 .748 2.938 .520 .993 2.294 Sig. .000 .003 .004 .001 .004 .004 .002 .003
Equation for regression
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The objective of the regression in this study is to find such an equation that could be used to find the impact of predictors on dependent variable. The specified regression equation takes the following form:
S = + 1(PC) + 2(BI) + 3(PM) + 4(FS) + 5(DOR) + 6(PI) + 7(INV)
Where Packaging color = PC Background Image = BI Packaging Material = PM Font Style= FS Design of wrapper =DOR Printed Information = PI Innovation = INV
So equation comes as
Consumer Buying Behavior = 0.274 + 0.237(PC) + 0.208 (BI) + 0.059(RM) + 0.247(FS) + 0.040(DOR) +0.070(PI) +0.171(INV)
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Hypothesis Test
Hypothesis 1: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Packing color H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Packing color Hypothesis 2: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Background of Packing. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Background of Packing. Hypothesis 3: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Quality of Packing. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Quality of Packing. Hypothesis 4: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Font Style. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Font Style. Hypothesis 5: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Wrapper Design.
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H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Wrapper Design. Hypothesis 6: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Printed Information. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Printed Information. Hypothesis 7: H1: there is relationship between Buying Behavior and Packing Innovation. H0: there is no relationship between Buying Behavior and Packing Innovation.
The significant levels of packing color, back ground of packing, quality of packing, font style, wrapper design, printed information and innovative packing are 0.003, 0.005, 0.001, 0.004, 0.004, 0.002, and 0.003 respectively. This test shows that the coefficients of the predictor are statistically significant at less than five percent level of significance. So we will reject Ho and accept H1.
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CHAPTER #6
Conclusion
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CHAPTER CONTENTS
Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Summary Areas of future research References Appendix
Discussion:
The primary purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of packaging on consumer buying behavior in Pakistan. Using a quantitative method that is to check the proposed model in the context of Pakistan and to see the generalizability of the research to the large population with the sample size of 145 teachers. Past research has been focused on the impact of packaging on consumer buying behavior. (Rundh (2005) package attracts consumers attention to particular brand, enhances its
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image, and influences consumers perceptions about product. Also package imparts unique value to products). Through an extensive literature review on initial model is proposed which encompass that how packaging elements mediates the relationship with packaging color, background, packaging material, font style, printed information, wrapper design and innovation in packaging. The literature review has provided the basic theoretical evidence with regard to the link between packaging and buying behavior. Questionnaire was developed for data collection purpose on seven variables (packaging color, background, packaging material, font style, printed information, wrapper design and innovation). Descriptive analysis used to describe the data by using descriptive summary. Inferential analysis used to describe the relation between variables by checking the acceptance or rejection of hypothesis and to see the nature of relationship between variables. After observing the scatter plot matrix, histogram, descriptive analysis and the correlations and regression has been used for analysis purpose. The buying behavior has been used as dependent variable. The buying behavior is positively related to packaging color, background, packaging material, font style, printed information, wrapper design and innovation. The regression shows the packaging has 50.7% contribution on buying behavior.
Conclusions
Results of research on role of packaging on consumers buying behavior stipulated following conclusions:
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Package could be treated as one of most valuable tool in todays marketing communications, necessitating more detail analysis of its elements and an impact of those elements on consumers buying behavior. Appropriate and vivid picture or packaging color which delivers them a happy feeling, or an easy handle/open/dose/dispose package shape. All these elements contribute each important effort to catch consumers attention and interest. Besides each elements single function, we think that a good combination of those elements may let the product more eye-catching and attractive. The impact of package and its elements on consumers purchase decision can be revealed by analyzing an importance of its separate elements for consumers choice. For this purpose main packages elements could be identified: graphic, color, size, form, and material of packaging are considered, wrapper design, printed information, innovation while product information, producer, country-oforigin and brand are considered as important ones. Moreover, the impact of package elements on consumers purchase decisions should be evaluated depending on the consumers involvement level, time pressure or individual characteristics of consumers. Empirically testing the research model proposed, package elements having the ultimate effect on consumer choice in a case of different products from group of convenience goods were determined: It has revealed that elements of package are the most important for consumers purchase decision. For a major part of consumers a size and material are the main
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visual elements, while product information is also the main verbal elements when purchasing milk and washing-powder. Results of analyzing the impact of package elements on consumers purchase decisions depending on level of involvement correspond with those of theoretical studies and let us stating that visual elements of package have relatively stronger influence on consumers purchasing when they are in the level of low involvement, in opposite to those who are in the level of high involvement. Packaging has a better reach than advertising does, and can set a brand apart from its competitors. It promotes and reinforces the purchase decision not only at the point of purchase, but also every time the product is used. Packaging in different serving sizes can extend a product into new target markets or help to overcome cost barriers. Packaging can even drive the brand choice (especially in the context of childrens products).
Research into packaging has found that different packaging cues impact how a product is perceived. Often the packaging is perceived to be part of the product and it can be difficult for consumers to separate the two (the concept of gestalt). Aspects such as packaging color, typography, illustrations and graphics can influence how a product is perceived. According to my research, I found out that most consumers like the product quality after they purchased their desired packaged products. Based on those facts, we can not say there is a 100% equal relationship between good package and good product quality, but there is a positive thinking and trend about well-
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designed package shows high product quality. As a matter of fact, people are becoming more and more demanding; packaging has been gradually shown his important role in a way to serving consumer by providing information and delivering functions. With its different functionality to ease and to communicate with consumers, there is no doubt about increasingly important role of packaging as a strategic tool to attract consumers attention and their perception on the product quality.
Recommendations
Brand is important and its strategy is in consideration in the units. Product packaging is valuable for brand equity, product differentiation, market segmentation, new product introduction, pricing, promotion etc. Brand name using plan implementation must be effective in the units. All the marketing units pay attention for good packaging. They accept that poor packaging is one of the causes of product failure in the market. It is necessary to
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set the packaging standard and to implement accordingly for better protection and promotion of a product.
Consumer new product manufacturers mostly use the label in their products. Basically they describe that made it, where it was made, when it was made, what it contains, how to use it etc. Further more they believe that the consumers are properly guided by label to use the products. The information given in the label and its value have to be highlighted while promoting the product in the market. It must also be more useful technically. I do believe that culture difference does have an impact on companies initiatives to design the product package, for instance, during our research; the choices of packaging colors are quite different between the West and Far East. Thus, we think that it is important for international companies to take a consideration of culture differences when they design the product package.
Summary
Summarizing, it could be stated that detail evaluation of package elements and their impact on consumers purchase decision, taking into consideration involvement level, individual characteristics of consumers, is necessary in order to implement efficient packaging decisions.
Areas of future research

Suggested areas for future research include a more in-depth analysis into the relationship
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Between product attributes and total product assessment how exactly does the research Process influence overall opinions, what is the best way to gain insight into preference Without biasing the results? Is this possible? More research into the elements of pack design and how it influences consumer perceptions are there universal rules or do they differ by product category, culture, etc?
References
K Rita (2009), impact of package elements on consumer purchase, Kauno technologijos universitetas, Lietuva, ekonomika ir vadyba. S Bed (2008), new consumer products branding, packaging and labeling in Nepal, the Journal of Nepalese business studies, Vol. V No. 1 L Alice (2006), the power of packaging, united states of america, pp 186-216
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Ampuero, O. and Vila, N. (2006), consumer perceptions of product packaging, Journal of consumer marketing, 23/2, 2006, pp. 100-112. L Renaud(2007), The influence of label on wine consumption : its effects on young consumers perception of authenticity and purchasing behavior, Bologna, Italy. S Katharina and Rolf Wstenhagen* (Sept. 1, 2005), the Influence of Eco-labeling on consumer behavior, institute for economy and the environment (IWOe-HSG), University of St. Gallen, Switzerland John Th gersen (2000), The ethical consumer moral norms and packaging choice. Journal of consumer policy Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Barber, N., Almanza, B.A., & Donovan, J.R. (2006), motivational factors of gender, income and age on selecting a bottle of wine. International Journal of wine marketing, 18 (3), 218-232. Bloch, P. H. (1995), seeking the ideal form: product design and consumer Response, journal of marketing, 59(July), 16-29. Butkeviciene, V., J. Stravinskiene and A. Rutelione (2008). 'Impact of consumer package communication on consumer decision making process', Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics(1), pp. 57-65. Gonzalez M. P., Thorhsbury S., & Twede D. (2007), packaging as a tool for product development: Communicating value to consumers, journal of food distribution research, 38 (1), 61-66. Grossman, R. P., & Wisenblit, J. Z. (1999). what we know about consumers color choices. journal of marketing Practice: applied marketing science, 5 (3), 78-88. Adelina Broadbridge & Henry Morgan (2007), consumer buying behavior and perception toward retail brand baby products. Bytyqi Hysen*, Vegara Mensur (2008) , analysis of consumer behavior in regard to dairy products in Kosovo, Agric. Res., 2008, 46(3) Rita Kuvykaite1, Aist Dovaliene2, Laura Navickiene3 ( 2009), Impact of package
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elements on the consumer purchase decision economics & msanagment H Ahasanul ,(K Ali 2009),Factors influencing buying behavior of piracy impact to malaysian market international review of business research Papers Vol.5 N0. 2 March 2009 Pp. 383-401 Kriti Bardhan Gupta (2009), consumer behaviour for food products in India ,19th annual world symposium Indian institute of management Erzsebet Hetesi1 - Zoltan Veres (2007) , An empirical investigation on loyalty The case of packaging industry Renee Wever, Berny de Vries (2006), sales performance of packaging for consumer electronics products, delft university of technology. S Nuntasaree and Dr. E Barry (2008), a model of male consumer behavior in buying skin care products in Thailand,ABAC Journal Vol. 29, No. 1 Pires Goncalves, Ricardo (2008), product characteristics and quality perception, university at Aut`onoma de Barcelona Liang Lu (2008) Packaging as a strategic tool University of Halmstad school of Business and Engineering
Judy Rex, Stuart Wai and Antonio Lobo (2003), an exploratory study into the mpact of color and packaging as stimuli in the decision making rocess for a low involvement non-durable product, faculty of business and enterprise, swinburne university of technology P.H.K.Prathiraja and A.Ariyawardana (2003), impact of nutritional labeling on consumer buying behavior, Sri Lankan Journal of agricultural economics. Vol. 5, No. 1, 2003. K Sony (2008), consumer responses toward attribute framing in product packaging, department of management Airlangga University
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Assoc. Professor Jane (2005), consumer response to sponsorship leveraged packaging (SLP), school of management and marketing university of Southern Queensland West Street Ampuero, O., & Vila, N. (2006). Consumer perceptions of product packaging. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23(2), 100-112. Barber, N., Almanza, B.A., & Donovan, J.R. (2006). Motivational factors of gender, income and age on selecting a bottle of wine. International Journal of Wine Marketing, 18 (3), 218-232. Bloch, P. H. (1995). Seeking the ideal form: product design and consumer response. Journal of Marketing, 59 (July), 16-29. Butkeviciene, V., J. Stravinskiene and A. Rutelione (2008). 'Impact of consumer package communication on consumer decision making process', Inzinerine EkonomikaEngineering Economics(1), pp. 57-65. Gonzalez M. P., Thorhsbury S., & Twede D. (2007). Packaging as a tool for product development: Communicating value to consumers. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 38 (1), 61-66. Grossman, R. P., & Wisenblit, J. Z. (1999). What we know about consumers color choices. Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, 5 (3), 78-88. Kuvykaite, R. (2001). Gaminio marketingas. Kaunas: Technologija. Madden, T. J., Hewett, K., & Roth, M. S. (2000). Managing images in different cultures: A cross-national study of color meanings and preferences. Journal of International Marketing, 8(4), 90-107. Maiksteniene, K. and V. Auruskeviciene (2008). 'Manufacturer and retailer brand acceptance under different levels of purchase involvement', Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics(1), pp. 90-96 Prendergast, G.; Pitt, L. (1996). Packaging, marketing, logistics and the environment: are there trade-offs? International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 26 (6), 60-72. Rettie, R., & Brewer, C. (2000). The verbal and visual components of package design. Journal of Product Brand Management, 9 (1), 56-70.
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Rundh, B. (2005). The multi-faceted dimension of packaging. British Food Journal, 107 (9), 670-684. Silayoi, P., & Speece, M. (2004). Packaging and purchase decisions: An exploratory study on the impact of involvement level and time pressure. British Food Journal, 106 (8), 607-628. Silayoi, P., & Speece, M. (2007) The importance of packaging attributes: a conjoint analysis approach. European Journal of Marketing, 41 (11/12), 1495-1517. Smith, P., & Taylor, J. (2004). Marketing communications: an integrated approach (4th edition). London: Kogan Page. Sogn-Grundvag, G., & stli, J. (2009). Consumer evaluation of unbranded and unlabelled food products: the case of bacalhau. European Journal of Marketing, 43 (1/2), 213-228. Underwood, R. L. (2003). The communicative power of product packaging: creating brand identity via lived and mediated experience. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Winter, 62-76. Underwood, R. L., Klein, N. M., & Burke, R. R. (2001). Packaging communication: attentional effects of product imagery. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 10 (7), 403-422. Vazquez, D., Bruce, M., & Studd, R. (2003). A case study exploring the packaging design management process within a UK food retailer. British Food Journal, 105 (9), 602-617. Vila, N., & Ampuero, O. (2007). The role of packaging in positioning an orange juice. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 13 (3), 21-48. Wells, L. E., Farley, H., & Armstrong, G. A. (2007). The importance of packaging design for own-label food brands. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 35 (9), 677-690. Young, S. (2006). Measuring success: Using consumer research to document the value of package design. Design management review, 17 (2), 60-65.
Websites
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Bubley packaging research, http://www.bubley.com/t-scopes/research.html Miriam Webster dictionary, http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/gestalt Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachistoscope
Books
Keller, K. L. (2003). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring and managing brand equity, 2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kotler, Ph. (2003) Marketing management, 9th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.
Appendix #1
Questionnaire
Dear Participants, I will be very thankful to you for this cooperation. The topic of this questionnaire is Role of Packaging in Consumer Buying Behavior. This questionnaire is for the research purpose. Its results will be used for analysis in Master Thesis. Please provide Information with confidence. Your information will not be disclosed. Personal Information Name
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Gender Age Profession Education E-Mail Contact No
Rating of Questions 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Disagree Disagree Normal Agree Strongly Agree
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1
Questions
Do you like the Packaging of any product/Brand? Packaging is attractive? Do you purchase goods as advised by your family or friends? Do you think the products offered by leading brand are always better? Do you select products according to your life style? Do you like the Color of Packaging? Color of Packaging matters you in purchasing a product? Do you like beautiful backgrounds? Do you Prefer the products package having attractive back ground? The quality of packaging can save product better? The product packed in high quality material is more preferable? Font Styles are attractive? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
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2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0
Do you like creative Font Style in Package of any product? Wrapper design is important in Packaging? Did design of product wrapper inspire you in purchasing? Do you read printed information on the package of product? Do you evaluate product according to printed information while purchasing? Do you prefer packaging with better handling and transportation? Innovation is important in Packaging. The innovative package can change your decision while purchasing?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
I am very thankful to all the participants for this cooperation. I hope all the information that you put in the questionnaire will be according to your best expertise.
Thank You
DATA ANALYSIS
1) Do you have any broadband internet connection?
180 160 140 Respondents 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 YES NO 10
94% 6%
162
Series1
YES NO
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Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 162 give answer in Yes and 10 in No. i.e. 94% are using it and 6% are not using Broadband.
2) Which internet service provider do you use?

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
DS L
81 58 Series1 17 6
36% 50%
Respondents
10%
4% DS L W A TEEN PTCL ev o O THER
W AT EE N
L ev o
PT C
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 81 give answer that they are using DSL, 58 selected Wateen, 17 are using PTCL evo, and 6 are using some other service provider i.e. 36% using Wateen, 10% using PTCL evo, 4% using other and 50% are using DSL. 3) For how long have you been using that internet broadband service?
70 60 respondents 50 40 30 20 10 0 <1 12 23 >3 39 38 27 Series1
23% 36%
58
17%
TH E
24%
<1 12 23 >3
Page | 95
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 39 are using less than one year, 58 are using 1-2 years, 38 are using 2-3 years 37 are using more than three years i.e. 36% are using 1-2 years, 24% using less than one year, 23% are using 2-3 years and 17% are using more than three years. 4) How satisfied are you with ease to get broad band connection?
120 100 Respondents 80 60 40 20 0
d tra l Di ss at is Hi fie gh d ly D is sa t is f ie d fie d
97
4 %1%
36 21 6 2
13%
22%
H ig h ly S a t is fie d S a t is fie d N e u t ra l D is s a t is fie d H ig h ly D is s a t is fie d
60%
fie Sa t is
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 13% are highly satisfied, 60% are satisfied, 22% are neutral, 4% are dissatisfied and 1% are highly dissatisfied with the easy accessibility of broad band connection. 5) How much you are paying for it?
100 90 80 70 Respondents 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 300-500 12 17 46 87
Hi g
hl y Sa tis
Ne u
28%
7%
10% 3 0 0 -5 0 0 5 0 0 -7 0 0 7 0 0 -9 0 0 M o re
55%
00-9 c R500-700 O f 7P a00 k a g M n g O n C o n s u m e r B u y i n g B e h a v i o r ole i ore Ru p e e s
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Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 12 are paying Rs.300-500, 17 are paying between Rs.500-700, 87 between Rs.700-900 and 46 are paying more i.e. 7% are paying between Rs.300-500, 10% are paying Rs.500-700, 55% are paying Rs.700-900 and 28% are paying more than it. 6) How satisfied are you with charges you pay?
100 90 80 70 Respondents 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 H ig h ly S a tis fie d S a tis fie d N e u t ra l D is s a t is fie d H ig h ly D is s a tis fie d 17 36 18 3 88
11% 22%
2%
10%
H ig h ly S a t is fie d S a tis fie d N e u tra l D is s a t is fie d 55% H ig h ly D is s a tis fie d
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 17 are highly satisfied 88 are satisfied, 36 are neutral, 18 are dissatisfied and 3 are highly dissatisfied i.e.10% are highly satisfied, 55% are satisfied, 22% are neutral, 11% are dissatisfied and 2% are highly dissatisfied with the charges they pay for it.
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7) How satisfied are you with the ease of accessibility?

100 90 80 70 Respondent 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 H ig h ly S a t is fie d N e u t ra l D is s a t is fie d H ig h ly S a t is fie d D is s a t is fie d 20 9 55% 4 40 25% 6% 2% 12% H ig h ly S a t is fie d S a t is fie d N e u t ra l D is s a t is fie d H ig h ly D is s a t is fie d 89
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 20 are highly satisfied 89 are satisfied, 40 are neutral, 9 are dissatisfied and 4 are highly dissatisfied i.e.12% are highly satisfied, 55% are satisfied, 25% are neutral, 6% are dissatisfied and 2% are highly dissatisfied with the ease of accessibility. 8) What is the average speed of our broadband connection?
120 102 100 80 Respondents 60 40 20 0 512K bps 1M bps 4M bps O thers 20 21 19
1 2% 13%
12% 5 1 2 K b s 1M bs 4M bs O th e rs 63%
Interpretation:
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Among 172 respondents 20 have 512Kbps, 102 have 1 Mbps, and 21 have 4 Mbps and 19 have some other average speed of their connection i.e.12% have 512Kbps, 63% have 1 Mbps, and 13% have 4 Mbps and 12% have some other average speed of their connection 9) How satisfied are you with your ISP speed?
100 90 80 70 Respondents 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 H ig h ly S a t is fie d S a tis fie d N e u tra l D is s a tis fie d H ig h ly D is s a t is fie d 21 33 16 2 56% 20% 10% 1% 13% H ig h ly S a tis fie d S a t is fie d N e u tra l D is s a t is fie d H ig h ly D is s a tis fie d 90
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 21 are highly satisfied 90 are satisfied, 33 are neutral, 16 are dissatisfied and 2 are highly dissatisfied i.e.13% are highly satisfied, 56% are satisfied, 20% are neutral, 10% are dissatisfied and 1% are highly dissatisfied with the ISP speed. 10) How satisfied are you with customer service staff of your ISP? (Greet you).
100 90 80 70 Respondents 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Highly s atis fied S atis fied N eutral Dis s atis fied 33 28 15 0 Highly Dis s atis fied 54% 17 % 9% 0% 20% Highly s atis fied S atis fie d Neutral Dis s atis fied Highly Dis s atis fied 86
Page | 99
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 33 are highly satisfied 86 are satisfied, 28 are neutral, 15 are dissatisfied and none is highly dissatisfied i.e.20% are highly satisfied, 54% are satisfied, 17% are neutral, 9% are dissatisfied and 0% are highly dissatisfied with the greeting style of the staff of the ISPs.
10) How satisfied are you with customer service staff of your ISP? (Provide Guidance).
90 80 70 Respondents 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Highly s atis fied S atis fied Neutral Dis s atis fied Highly Dis s atis fied 26 15 1 49% 40 25% 9% 1% 16% H ighly s atis fied S at is fie d N eutral D is s atis fied H ighly D is s atis fied 80
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 26 are highly satisfied 80 are satisfied, 40 are neutral, 15 are dissatisfied and 1 is highly dissatisfied i.e.16% are highly satisfied, 49% are satisfied, 25% are neutral, 9% are dissatisfied and 1% are highly dissatisfied with the guidance provided by staff.
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10) How satisfied are you with customer service staff of your ISP? (Quick in processing).
60 50 40 Respondents 30 20 10 0 H ighly s atis fied S at is fied N eutral D is s atis fied Highly Dis s atis fied 17 6
35% 1 7% 4% 10%
56
56
H ig h ly s a t is fie d S a t is fie d N e u t ral 34% D is s a t is fie d H ig h ly D is s a tis fie d
27
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 17 are highly satisfied 56 are satisfied, 56 are neutral, 27 are dissatisfied and 6 are highly dissatisfied i.e.10% are highly satisfied, 34% are satisfied, 35% are neutral, 17% are dissatisfied and 4% are highly dissatisfied with processing speed of customer service staff. 11) How likely are you to? ( Recommend this brand to others)
100 90 80 70 Respondents 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 V ery Lik ely Lik ely N eutral 30 32 14 0 Unlik ely V ery unlik ely 86
9% 20%
0%
19%
V e ry Lik e ly L ik ely N e u t ral U n lik ely V e ry un lik ely
5 2%
Interpretation:
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Among 172 respondents 30 are very likely 88 are likely, 32 are neutral, 14 are unlikely and none is very unlikely i.e.19% are very likely, 52% are likely, 20% are neutral, 9% are unlikely and 0% are very unlikely to recommend their brand to others. 11) How likely are you to? ( Remain a customer of this service)
80 70 60 Respondents 50 40 30 20 10 0 V ery Lik ely Lik ely N eutral Unlik ely V ery unlik ely 17
47 % 10% 1% 20%
75
V e ry Lik e ly L ik ely N e u t ral U n lik ely V e ry un lik ely
33
36
2 2%
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 33 are very likely 75 are likely, 36 are neutral, 17 are unlikely and 1 is very unlikely i.e.20% are very likely, 47% are likely, 22% are neutral, 10% are unlikely and 1% are very unlikely to remain a customer of this service.
12) Which factors will influence your purchase in selecting ISP?

80 70 60 Respondents 50 40 30 20 10 0 S peed C o s t A fte rs a le s e rvic e B ra n d N a m e 27 20 42 73
12% 17% 45% S peed C os t A ft e r s a le s e rvic e B ra n d N a m e 26%
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Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 72 said speed, 42 said cost, 27 said after sale service, 20 said brand name influence their purchase decision i.e. 45% said speed, 26% said cost, 17% said after sale service, 12% said brand name influence their purchase decision. 13) What do you think that ISP you are using would be successful in Pakistan?
10 0 90 80 70 Respondents 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 S tro ngly a gree S lig htly ag re e N e tu ral D is a gre e S t ron gly d is a gree 26 7 3
53% 25% 4% 2% 16% S t ro n g ly a g re e S lig h tly a g ree N e tu ra l D is ag re e S t ro n g ly d is a g re e
87
40
Interpretation:
Among 172 respondents 26 are strongly agree 87 are slightly agree, 40 are neutral, 7 are disagree and 3 are strongly disagree i.e.16% are strongly agree, 53% are slightly agree, 25% are neutral, 4% are disagree and 2% are strongly disagree that the ISPs future is successful in Pakistan.
HYPOTHESES TESTING
Q: Which internet service provider do you use?
OPTIONS FREQUENCY (X) X2
Page | 103
DSL Wateen PTCL evo Other TOTAL
81 58 17 6 162
6561 3364 289 36 10250
NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are using DSL H1 = Customers are not using DSL. SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding
d.f. = = 4-1=3 CALCULATION

X
X X
x
n
=162/4 =40.5
S= standard deviation of sample
S=
1 2 ( x n 1
( x) )
2
S =35.06 X s
t=
n
Page | 104
=2.3099 CRITICAL VALUE
tcal t0.05/2, 3
C.V (tabular value) = 3.182 2.3099<3.182 Conclusion We accept our null hypothesis that Customers are using DSL
Q: For how long have you been using that internet broadband service?
OPTIONS Less than a year 1-2 years 2-3 years More than 3 years TOTAL FREQUENCY (X) 39 58 38 27 162 X2 1521 3364 1444 729 10250
NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are using broad band between 1-2 years. H1 = Customers are not using broad band between 1-2 years. SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding
Page | 105
X
X X
x
n
=162/4 =40.5
S=
x 1 2 ( x ) n 1 n
( )
S =12.87 X s
t=
tcal t0.05/2, 3
C.V (tabular value) = 3.182 6.293 > 3.182 Conclusion We reject our null hypothesis that Customers are using broad band between 1-2 years.
Q: How satisfied are you with ease to get broad band connection?
OPTIONS Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied TOTAL FREQUENCY (X) 21 97 36 6 2 162 X2 441 9409 1296 36 4 11186
Page | 106
NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are satisfied with ease to get broadband connection H1 = Customers are not satisfied with ease to get broadband connection. SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding

X
X X
x
n
=162/5 =32.4
S=
1 2 ( x n 1
( x) )
2
S =38.527 t= X s
tcal t0.05/2, 4
C.V (tabular value) = 2.776 1.88<2.776
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Conclusion We accept our null hypothesis that Customers are satisfied with ease to get broadband connection
Q: How much you are paying for it?

OPTIONS Rs.300-500 Rs.500-700 Rs.700-900 More TOTAL FREQUENCY (X) 12 17 87 46 162 X2 144 289 7569 2116 10118
NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are paying between Rs.700-900. H1 = Customers are not paying between Rs.700-900. SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding

X
X X
x
n
=162/4 =40.5
Page | 108
S=
1 2 ( x n 1
( ))
x n
2
S =34.434 X s
t=
tcal t0.05/2, 3
C.V (tabular value) = 3.182 2.35<3.182 Conclusion We accept our null hypothesis that Customers are paying between Rs.700-900.
Q: How satisfied are you with charges you pay?

NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are satisfied with charges paid H1 = Customers are not satisfied with charges paid
Page | 109
SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding
d.f. = = 5-1=4
CALCULATION
X
X X
x
n
=162/5 =32.4
S=
x 1 2 ( x ) n 1 n
( )
S =33.216 t= X s
tcal t0.05/2, 4
C.V (tabular value) = 2.776 2.18<2.776 Conclusion
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We accept our null hypothesis that Customers are satisfied with charges paid.
Q: How satisfied are you with the ease of accessibility?

NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are satisfied with ease of accessibility H1 = Customers are not satisfied with ease of accessibility SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding
d.f. = = 5-1=4
CALCULATION
X
X X
x
n
=162/5 =32.4
Page | 111
S=
1 2 ( x n 1
( ))
x n
2
S =34.5296 t= X s
tcal t0.05/2, 4
C.V (tabular value) = 2.776 2.098<2.776 Conclusion We accept our null hypothesis that Customers are satisfied with ease of accessibility
Q: What is the average speed of our broadband connection?

OPTIONS 512kbps 1Mbps 4Mbps Other TOTAL FREQUENCY (X) 20 102 21 19 162 X2 400 10404 441 361 11606
NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are using 1 Mbps connection. H1 = Customers are not using 1 Mbps connection. SELECT TEST
Page | 112
We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding

X
X X
x
n
=162/4 =40.5
S=
x 1 2 ( x ) n 1 n
( )
S =41.008 X s
t=
tcal t0.05/2, 3
C.V (tabular value) = 3.182 1.975<3.182 Conclusion We accept our null hypothesis that Customers are using 1 Mbps connection.
Page | 113
Q: How satisfied are you with your ISP speed?

NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are satisfied with Speed provided by ISP. H1 = Customers are not satisfied with Speed provided by ISP. SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding
d.f. = = 5-1=4
CALCULATION
X
X X
x
n
=162/5 =32.4
S=
1 2 ( x n 1
( x) )
2
Page | 114
S =34.06 t= X s
tcal t0.05/2, 4
C.V (tabular value) = 2.776 2.134<2.776 Conclusion We accept our null hypothesis that Customers are satisfied with Speed provided by ISP.
Q: How satisfied are you with customer service staff of your ISP?(Quick in Processing)
NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are satisfied with processing speed of customer service staff H1 = Customers are not satisfied with processing speed of customer service staff SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
Page | 115
= 0.05
we are 95% confidence about our finding

X
X X
x
n
=162/5 =32.4
S=
1 2 ( x n 1
( x) )
2
S =22.78 t= X s
tcal t0.05/2, 4
C.V (tabular value) = 2.776 3.189>2.776 Conclusion We reject our null hypothesis that Customers are satisfied with processing speed of customer service staff
Q: How likely are you to? (Remain a customer of this service)

OPTIONS FREQUENCY (X) X2
Page | 116
Very Likely Likely Neutral Unlikely Very Unlikely TOTAL
33 75 36 17 1 162
1089 5625 1296 289 1 8300
NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Customers are likely to remain a customer of this service. H1 = Customers are not likely to remain a customer of this service. SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding

X
X X
x
n
=162/5 =32.4
S=
x 1 2 ( x ) n 1 n
n
( )
S =27.6188 t= X s
Page | 117
tcal t0.05/2, 4
C.V (tabular value) = 2.776 2.632>2.776 Conclusion We accept our null hypothesis that Customers are Likely to remain a customer of this service.
Q: Which factors will influence your purchase in selecting ISP?

OPTIONS Speed Cost After Sale Service Brand Name TOTAL FREQUENCY (X) 73 42 27 20 162 X2 5329 1764 729 400 8222
NULL & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Ho = Speed influences customers purchase in selecting ISP. H1 = Speed does not influence customers purchase in selecting ISP. SELECT TEST We use t-test because data is in ratio measurement and we select the sample randomly. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE = 0.05 we are 95% confidence about our finding
d.f. = = 4-1=3
Page | 118
CALCULATION
X
X X
x
n
=162/4 =40.5
S=
1 2 ( x n 1
( ))
x n
2
S =23.53 X s
t=
tcal t0.05/2, 3
C.V (tabular value) = 3.182 3.442<3.182 Conclusion We reject our null hypothesis that Speed influences customers purchase in selecting ISP.
Page | 119

Role of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

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Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

OFFICIAL RECOGNITION STATEMENT:

Signature Khalid Azeem

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

In particular of the Requirements fro the Degree of masters in Business Administration

By Khalid Azeem Approved By:

______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Regression Analysis Equation for regression

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Introduction Objectives of the study Key terms Defined Research Question

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Key terms Defined

Role of Packaging on consumer buying behavior.

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role of Packaging In Consumer Buying Behavior.

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Stages of the Consumer Buying Process

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Types of Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

The four type of consumer buying behavior are

Routine Response/Programmed Behavior

Limited Decision Making

Extensive Decision Making

Impulse buying, no conscious planning.

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Personal Psychological Social

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Ability and Knowledge

Roles and Family Influences

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Culture and Sub-culture

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Role Of Packaging On Consumer Buying Behavior

Theatrical Frame work

Packaging color Background Image Packaging Material