W2 Types of Microprocessor Module 2

[Microprocessor] 1
Types of Microprocessor
Module 2: Types of Microprocessor
Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Define the types of microprocessor
2. To understand the different viewpoints regarding software
quality;
Vector Processors
A vector processor is designed for vector computations. A vector is an
array of operands of the same type. Consider the following vectors:
Vector A (a1, a2, a3, ......., an)

Vector B (b1, b2, b3,......., bn)
Vector C = Vector A + Vector B
= C(c1, c2, c3, .......,cn), where c1 = a1+ b1, c2 = a2 + b2, .....,Cn= an + bn.
A vector processor adds all the elements of vector A and Vector B using a
single vector instruction with hardware approach.
Examples of vector processors are:
o DEC's VAX 9000,
o IBM 390/VF,
o CRAY Research Y-MP family,
o Hitachi's S-810/20, etc.
Array Processors or SIMD Processors

Array processors are also designed for vector computations. The
difference between an array processor and a vector processor is that a
vector processor uses multiple vector pipelines whereas an array
processor employs a number of processing elements to operate in
parallel.
Course Module
[Microprocessor] 2
An array processor contains multiple numbers of ALUs. Each ALU is

provided with the local memory. The ALU together with the local memory
is called a Processing Element (PE). An array processor is a SIMD (Single
Instruction Multiple Data) processor. Thus using a single instruction,
the same operation can be performed on an array of data which makes it
suitable for vector computations.
Scalar and Superscalar Processors

A processor that executes scalar data is called scalar processor. The
simplest scalar processor makes processing of only integer instruction
using fixed-points operands. A powerful scalar processor makes
processing of both integer as well floating- point numbers. It contains an
integer ALU and a Floating Point Unit (FPU) on the same CPU chip.
A scalar processor may be RISC processor or CISC processor.
Examples of CISC processors are:
o Intel 386, 486; Motorola's 68030, 68040; etc.
Examples of RISC scalar processors are:
o Intel i860, Motorola MC8810, SUN's SPARC CY7C601, etc.
A superscalar processor has multiple pipelines and executes more than
one instruction per clock cycle.
Examples of superscalar processors are:
o Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, etc.
Course Module
[Microprocessor] 3
RISC and CISC Processors

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer and
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer.
There are two approaches of the design of the control unit of a
microprocessor i.e.-
o Hardware approach and
o Software approach.
RISC Processors:- To execute an instruction, a number of steps are
required. By the control unit of the processor, a number of control signals
are generated for each step. To execute each instruction, if there is a
separate electronic circuitry in the control unit, which produces all the
necessary signals, this approach of the design of the control section of the
processor is called RISC design. It is hardware approach. It is also called
hard-wired approach.
Examples of RISC processors are:
o DEC's Alpha 21064, 21164 and 21264 processors;
o SUN's SPARC and ULTRA SPARC;
o PowerPC processors etc.
CISC Processors:- If the control unit contains a number of micro

electronic circuitry to generate a set of control signals and each micro
circuitry is activated by a microcode, this design approach is called CISC
design. This is a software approach of designing a control unit of the
processor.
Examples of CISC processors are:
o Intel 386, 486;
o Pentium Pro, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4;
o Motorola's 68000, 68020, 68030, 68040, etc.
Difference between RISC and CISC
S. No. RISC CISC

1 Simple instruction set Complex instruction set
2 Consists of Large number of Less number of registers
registers.
3 Larger Program Smaller program
4 Simple processor circuitry Complex processor circuitry (more
(small number of transistors) number of transistors)
5 More RAM usage Little RAM usage
Course Module
[Microprocessor] 4
6 Simple addressing modes Variety of addressing modes

7 Fixed length instructions Variable length instructions
8 Fixed number of clock cycles Variable number of clock cycles for
for executing one instruction each instructions
Digital Signal Processors (DSP)

DSP microprocessors specifically designed to process signals. They receive
some digitized signal information, perform some mathematical operations on
the information and give the result to an output device. They implement
integration, differentiation, complex fast Fourier transform, etc. using
hardware.
Examples of digital signal processors are:
o Texas instruments' TMS 320C25,
o Motorola 56000,
o National LM 32900,
o Fujitsu MBB 8764, etc.
Symbolic Processors
Symbolic processors are designed for expert system, machine intelligence,
knowledge based system, pattern-recognition, text retrieval, etc.
The basic operations which are performed for artificial intelligence are:
Logic interference, compare, search, pattern matching, filtering, unification,
retrieval, reasoning, etc. This type of processing does not require floating
point operations. Symbolic processors are also called LISP processors or
PROLOG processors.
Bit-Slice Processors
The processor of desired word length is developed using the building blocks.
The basic building block is called Bit-Slice where the building blocks include
4-bit ALUs, micro programs sequencers, carry look-ahead generators, etc.
The word 'slice' was used because the desired number of ALUs and other
components were used to build an 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit CPU.
Examples of Bit-Slice Processors were:
o AMD-2900, AMD 2909, AMD 2910, AMD 29300 series,
o Texas instrument's SN-74AS88XX series, etc.
Course Module
[Microprocessor] 5
Transputers
In a multiprocessor system, a transputer is a specially designed
microprocessor to operate as a component processor.
Transputers were introduced in late 1980's. They were built on VLSI chip
and contained a processor, memory and communication links. The
communication link was to provide point-to-point connection between
transputers.
A transputer contains FPU, on-chip RAM, high-speed serial link, etc.
Examples of transputers are:
o INMOS T414, INMOS T800, etc.
Where, T414 was a 32-bit processor with 2 KB memory. The T800 was FPU
version of 32-bit transputer with 4 KB memory.
Graphic Processors
Graphics Processors are specially designed processors for graphics. Intel has
developed Intel 740-3D graphics chip. It is optimized for Pentium II PCs,
using a hyper pipelined 3D architecture with additional 2D acceleration. Like
most 3D graphics chips, the I-740 will be marketed in performance, not the
main stream category. It is designed mostly for such heavy multimedia uses
as games and movies.
Examples of Graphic Processors are:
o Intel 82786 graphics coprocessor
o IBM's 8514/A,
o Texas Instruments' TMS34010 and TMS34020,
o Intel i860 and Intel i750, etc.
References and Supplementary Materials

Website
1. https://www.javatpoint.com/microprocessor-introduction
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[Microprocessor] 1

Module 2: Types of Microprocessor

Course Learning Outcomes:

Vector A (a1, a2, a3, ......., an)

Array Processors or SIMD Processors

An array processor contains multiple numbers of ALUs. Each ALU is

Scalar and Superscalar Processors

RISC and CISC Processors

CISC Processors:- If the control unit contains a number of micro

Difference between RISC and CISC

S. No. RISC CISC

6 Simple addressing modes Variety of addressing modes

Digital Signal Processors (DSP)

References and Supplementary Materials

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