PHILIPPINE COLLEGE FOUNDATION

Purok 6, Hagkol, City of Valencia

”The School that Trains for Service’

SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

MODULE

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN
POLICING
(LEA-2)
LEARNING UNIT I
 PRE-TEST:

INSTRUCTION: Answer the pre-test with the best of your ability, email your answer
on ___________________ @ [email protected]. or send your answer at
my messenger nymia ravidas.

A. Define the following:

1. Police

2. Policing System

3. Comparative Policing

4. Global Policing

5. Interpol

6. Aseanapol

B. Differentiate the Global Policing to International Policing (20 points)

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1.At the end of the lesson the student will be able to understand different terminologies;

2. Identify the types of police system, concept and theories of police service;
3. Understand the Evolution of policing system;
4. Know the models of policing;
5. Understand the comparative study of some models in policing;
6. Know the history of Philippine Policing System;

7. Understand Philippine Policing System;

8. Know the operational support units;

9. Know the Philippine Rank Classification;

10. Identify the role of the police and its significance in social life;
11. Know the different PNP linkages with other law enforcement organizations;
12. Know the PNP recruitment process:

.
LESSON I:

1.1. COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEMS TERMINOLOGY

 Comparative
Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a
property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another.

 Police
Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing
the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These
functions are known as policing.

 Police are often also entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities.
The word comes via French word Policier, from Latin politia ("civil
administration"), from ancient Greek polis ("city").

 The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim
to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and
to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their lawful powers include arrest and the use
of force legitimized by the state via the monopoly on violence. The term is most
commonly associated with the police forces of a sovereign state that are
authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or
territorial area of responsibility.

The civil force of a national or local government, responsible for the prevention
and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order

 System
Combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrangement according to some
common law; collection of rules and principles in science or art; method of
transacting business (Webster)

 Global Policing
Indicate those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.

 International Policing
Indicate those types of policing that are formally directed by institutions usually
responsible for international affairs.

 Transnational Policing
Pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders

 Transnational Crime
Refers to crime that takes place across national borders.

 INTERPOL
International Criminal Police Organization is an organization facilitating
international police cooperation.

 Police System
The study and application of information in relation to how groups, individuals,
and people operate within an organization is considered organizational behavior.
  Police Power
The inherent power of a government to exercise reasonable control over persons
and property within its jurisdiction in the interest of the general security, health,
safety, morals, and welfare except where legally prohibited
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

1. Common Law Systems

 Usually exists in English speaking countries of the world there is strong
adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial
is a main focal point also known as “Anglo-American Justice
2. Civil Law Systems
 Distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the
accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation=
also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”

3.Socialist System
 Distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender known as
Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia
4.Islamic System
 Based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions.

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

CONTINENTAL THEORY

 Is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of
higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France,
Italy and Spain.

HOME RULE THEORY

 The theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the
community or the people This theory prevails in England and United States. It is
also the police service which prevails in country with decentralized form of
government. This is likewise the police service theory that should prevail in the
Philippines based on the existing laws, concepts and principles.

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

1. OLD POLICE SERVICE
 States that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrest made

2. MODERN POLICE SERVICE

 Denotes the states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence
of crime

2.1. Deviance Control

 Denotes the is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to
reinforce community values and law This was adopted by Germany, China and
Japan

2.2. Civil order control

  Denotes the is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is
performed by regular street policein the country of England and United States.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

1.PRAETORIAN GUARDS POLICING SYSTEM
Military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of
policing said to have originated
2.OFFICER DE LA PAIX
A French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer Anglo-Saxon
Period of Policing System (Ancient England)
1.1. Tun (Town) Policing System A system of policing emerged during the
AngloSaxon period whereby all male residents were required to guard the
town. to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the
people.About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used
the Anglo-Saxon System
2.2. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who
was known as the Tithingman
2.3. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named
the reeve Both the tithingman and reeve were electedofficials. They possessed
judicial power as well as police authority.
3. HUE AND CRY
A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a
criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble
and arrest the suspect.

3.1. TRIAL BY ORDEAL

A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present
terminologies, it would mean an employment of a “3 rd degree.”The word
“ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a
miraculousdecision.”
4.NORMAN PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM
This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King
of France). When heinvaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and
dictators began and changed the concept ofcrime being committed against the state.
4.1. Shire-Rieve Shire-Rieve
A policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into
fiftyfive (55)military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or
lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55)military divisions in England are called shires.
The shirerieve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions.Two
“Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the
Rieve in his dutiesIt became the source of the word ConstableThe term “Shire-Rieve” is
said to be the origin of the word “ Sheriff. ”
4.2.Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge
 A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the
ShireRieve and tasked to travelthrough and hear criminal cases. This was the first
instance of the division of the police and judicial power
4.3.LEGIS HENRICI An act that was enacted during this period with the following
features:
i. Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
ii. Policeman becomes public servant.
iii. The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It
introduced the system called “citizen’s arrest.”
iv. Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system
which made inquisition onto the facts ofa crime and eliminate the “
Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.
v. Frankpledge System A system of policing whereby a group of ten
neighboring male residents over twelve years of age wererequired
to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people
5. WESTMINSTER PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM
It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the
capital of England, which atthe time was Westminster .This period has the following
features:
Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in
daytime (ward)were defined.
5.1. Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the
peace.
5.2.Statute of 1295 The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours which
demanded the closing of the gates of Londonduring sundown.
5. 3.Justice of the Peace (About 1361) Three or four men who were learned in the
law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment
violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village
ordinances.This was later abolished about 75 years after.
5.4. Star Chamber Court (1487) A special court designed to
try offenders against the state The room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and
judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant
leading to a great abuseof power or brutality on the part of the judges.
5.5.Keepers of the Peace
A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required
the appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges
and gates while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.
5.6. King Charles II of England (1663)
King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of
watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.
5.7. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter" A law promulgated by King John of England
upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table forcing theKing to sign the same
with the following features:
5.7.1.No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal
judgment of his peers.
5.7.2.No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.
6.LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829
Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force,
known as the Bow Street Runners
Bow Runners = a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother
John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbersidentified by carrying a Tipstaff with the
Royal Crown made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed
over to them by the volunteer constables and watchmen
1798 = Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being paid by
local magistrates. Initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock
workers, and was responsible for preventing the theft of cargo. = widely regarded as
being the first modern police force in the world in the sense that they were not
government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of crime.
LONDON 1829
Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home Secretary in 1822
METROPOLITAN POLICE = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police
Act of 1829) the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others
include the City of London Police and the British Transport Police) finest police force
around the world.
TOTAL POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police

IMPORTANT DATES
1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by
the MetropolitanPolice with controversial use of force
1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
1838 = incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the
Metropolitan Police and thedisbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices.
These were all agreed and put into effect.
ADMINISTRATION POLICING PRINCIPLES OF LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE:
1. Stable and effective civil police under government control

2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency

3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential. Commissioner = highest
rank in the Metropolitan Police
Police Constable = lowest rank

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FRENCH IN POLICING

Assigning house numbers
Installing street lights
Use of police ambulances
Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest

SIGNIFICANCE OF POLICE IN SOCIAL LIFE:

1. Represents the presence of civil body politic in everyday life.
2. Conveys a sense of power or sacredness that lies at the root of political order.
3. Represents the means by which the political authorities maintain status quo.
 4. Represent the capacity of state to deter citizens from committing acts that
threaten the order they are believed to symbolize.
BASIC GOALS OF POLICING:
1. Enforce laws
2. Preserve peace
3. Prevent Crimes
4. Protect civil rights, liberties
5. Provide services

ROLE OF POLICE:
The role of police is to address all sorts of problems when and in so far as their
solutions do or possibly require the use of force at the point of their occurrence.
Manning remarks that “ policing is an exercise in symbolic demarking of what is
immoral, wrong and outside the boundaries of acceptable conduct. It represents the
state, morality and standards of civility and decency by which we judge ourselves.
POLICE IS VIEWED AS FULFILLING THE FOLLOWING ROLES IN SOCIAL LIFE:
A watchman
A Law Enforcer
A Service Provider
Authority of Police:
The authority of police comes from the people- their laws and institutions. Police
agencies are not only part of the community but also part f the government, which
determine their formal base of authority and of criminal justice system, which
determines society’s course in deterring lawbreakers and rehabilitating offenders. In a
Constitutional system, the ultimate authority springs from the Constitution itself. The
authority of police in every jurisdiction is derived from the sovereign authority- it could
be either the Constitution which gives the elected government executive authority over
the subjects or the “grund norm” which gives the sovereign authority over its subjects
devoid of any written constitution.
DIFFERENT MODELS OF POLICING:
The organization of police in different countries is primarily rooted on the socio-cultural
and historic background of the country. For example in UK which has long tradition of
parliamentary democracy, policing works on the principle of consent by the population,
where as in most other countries, policing power is vested on state by law.
As such the police organisations have nothing in common in many countries except
their basic goals(in some jurisdictions even these goals do not match!). However
criminologists have tried to bring out common features in police structures world over on
the basis of certain features, the most prominent of them being the command
architecture.
1. Classification based on legitimacy or legal backing of police function:
Policing by consent
Policing by law
2. Classification based on Command structure
2.1. Centralised
2.2. Decentralised
2.3. Single/Singular
MODEL CLASSIFICATION IS BASED ON TWO DIMENSIONS:
1. Number of forces to be commanded: If the entire police force in the country is
organised as a single force under a single commander, the model is called Singular
model, and if in a single country, there are a number of police forces, like in India, it is
called “Multiple model”. Inside the multiple model, if the polices forces have well defined
territories of functioning and their functions do not overlap each other, the model is
called Multiple Coordinated, if the case is reverse as in India, where many agencies can
have overlapping jurisdictions, it is called Multiple Uncoordinated.
2. Type of forces: If the police forces in a country is highly organised and having a
centralised command, it is called Coordinated Centralised police force, and if the police
forces in a country do not have an apparent centralised command structure, it is called
“decentralised command structure”.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLICE SYSTEMS:

1. SAUDI ARABIA
Saudi Arabia is a typical model of centralized coordinated police force with a singular
line of command emanating from the King. Both Minister of Interior and Director of
Public Safety are appointed by the King and both are usually senior members of the
King’s family itself. The Police known as Public Security police is responsible for general
policing throughout the country and derives its authority from Executive Orders and the
Shariah. Public Security Police is divided into Regular Police and Special Investigative
Police (SIP) known as “Mubahit”. Regular Police is directly under the control of Ministry
of Interior, and is run by Director of Public Safety. SIP works under the control of
General Directorate of Investigation (GIP) and is responsible for criminal investigations
and manages domestic security and counter intelligence functions. In addition to the
Public Security Police, there is also a religious police called Mutawwiun, which is
directly under the King, and whose main duty is enforcement of Islamic Shariah, Since
Mutawwiun generally takes the form of a religious band, and is not responsible for any
general law and order maintenance functions, they are more a religious sect, than a
police force. Except the Mutawwiun, police force is organised as a single unit in Saudi
Arabia.
While this is the general picture of policing in Saudi Arabia, there are jurisdictional
pockets of tribal authority in Saudi Arabia, which is beyond the reach of even the King’s
justice. In the tribal pockets, the tribal elders are a law unto themselves and they do not
entertain the interference of any external authorities. So law and order or criminal
investigation issues in these pockets are undertaken by the tribal elders themselves,
with the regular police giving tactical support wherever required.
One important feature of Saudi Police System is that the line distinguishing the Saudi
Regular Armed forces and Police is very narrow and many a times the policing functions
are amply supported by Saudi National guard and the armed forces.
2. CHINA
China is another model of Singular Coordinated Centralised police force. The Ministry of
Public Security (MPS) is a functional organization under the State Council in charge of
public security work nationwide. Public security departments are set in provinces and
autonomous regions; metropolitan public security bureaus are set in direct
municipalities; public security bureaus or divisions are assigned to cities and
prefectures; sub-bureaus are set in sub-regions of cities, under the direct leadership of
their superior public security agencies; public security bureaus are set in counties and
banners, under the leadership of their respective local government and superior public
security agencies. Dispatched police stations are directly subordinate to their superior
public security bureaus and subbureaus in counties and banners.
3. FRANCE
France is a typical example of a police force with Multiple Coordinated centralised force.
FRANCE HAS TWO NATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES:
3.1. Police Nationale, formerly called the Sûreté - a civilian force; primary responsibility
in urban areas; run under the Ministry of the Interior.
3.2 Gendarmerie Nationale - a gendarmerie; primary responsibility in rural areas and
military installations; run under the Ministry of Defence and under operational control,
for most purposes, of the Ministry of the Interior.
APART FROM THESE TWO, THERE ARE OTHER AGENCIES LIKE:
1.Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects, a civilian customs service more
commonly known as the “Douane”, under the Minister of Budget, Public Accounting and
Civil Servants.
2. French municipalities may also have a local police called the Police municipale,
Garde municipale or Garde champetre, with restricted powers: they can only enforce
the municipal by-laws.
4. UNITED KINGDOM
United Kingdom (UK) which comprises of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland is the
world oldest democracy and policing in UK also grown from the principle of “policing by
consent”. Even though the basic premise of policing in UK is by consent, the British
Police system as it exists now is more a reverse process of investing more power in
people by law, than policing by consent. As such, the policing in UK has now become
policing by law, but a law which mandates a police which is accountable to public.
UK is a typical example of Multiple Coordinated Decentralised police force. UK does not
have a national police service, but a network of 43 individual police forces responsible
for policing specific counties, cities or areas, excluding the forces with special
jurisdiction. These 43 forces are formed of more than 140,500 police officers, 14,000
volunteer special constables and 13,400 community support officers.
UK HAS A THREE-WAY SYSTEM OF RESPONSIBILITY ENSURES FORCES RUN
SMOOTHLY:
1. Home Office funds the police and has the overall responsibility as overseer and
coordinator of the police forces.
2. Police Authorities make sure local forces operate efficiently and effectively.
3. Chief Police Officers have responsibility for the direction and control of regional
forces.

According to UK Home Office, this system prevents political interference in policing and
avoids giving any single organisation power over the entire police service. In addition
there is an independent Police Complaints Authority and an Inspectorate of
Constabulary. While the Police Complaints Commission examines the complaints
against the police officials, the Inspectorate of Constabulary acts as an audit wing for
the police which examine and assess the efficiency of police. The Police Reforms Act,
2002 requires the Home Secretary to prepare a annual Policing Plan and to place it
before the legislature. The budgetary control of each police force rests with the Police
Authority, which consists of at least 17 members. There is representation for local
elected representatives, judiciary and common men, In every police authority, such
representation includes nominations from the Home Office as well as members selected
through an open recruitment process. All bodies like Inspectorate of Constabulary,
Independent Police Complaints authority and Police Authorities function as independent
bodies with separate corporate identity, distinct from that of police.
5. SPAIN
Spain is a typical example of a multiple Uncoordinated Centralised police force. As in
almost all European Countries, policing is based on the principle of “Policing by law”.
The system is called Multiple Centralised uncoordinated force since, there is more than
one police force in the country, but at the top both these forces report to the same
authority. The authority of these forces overlaps in many places.
In conformity with the Constitution, the organic law on law enforcement bodies defines
the structure of public safety in Spain.
Under the Spanish constitution, public safety is the responsibility of the State alone and
national Government’s role to maintain security. Autonomous communities and local
corporations may participate through their own security forces in the law and order
maintenance and crime investigation functions of police. Spain has a National Police,
which is a civilian force and operates basically in urban areas. The Guardia Civil (Civil
Guard), which is a military force and operates mainly in rural areas. Local communities
have either units of police forces attached to their executives or their own police forces.
6. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
There’s no national police force in the US, where policing is organised on a state and
local basis. The country has around 500,000 police officers and a total of 40,000
separate police forces, over half of which are simply one or two-man sheriffs’ offices in
small towns. In addition to regular full-time police officers, many towns have auxiliary,
part-time police officers, special duty and volunteer sheriff’s posses (which assist
sheriffs’ offices in some areas).
Law enforcement in the United States is decentralized. Federal authorities deal with
violations of federal law that fall within their specific jurisdictions. There are
approximately 65 different federal police agencies. At the local level, each of the 50
sovereign states has its own state legislature that enacts criminal statutes under their
state constitutions. Most of the U.S. States have police at all levels – municipal, county
and state level.
Specific Organisational features of police vary greatly from small informally organised
departments with 2-3 employees to highly organised metropolitan departments with
numerous sub divisions and thousands of employees.
Police structures vary greatly among and within the federal, state and local levels.
Primary responsibility of policing is at local level. State level officials have only specific
duties.
7. POLICE IN INDIA
India tops the number of Police men in the world countries with 1,032,960 police
personnel. USA has the second largest police force in the world with 941,139 police
officers. UK and France come 9th and 10th respectively. However considering the
population of the country, India has only 0.956207 per 1,000 people and comes 47th in
the world countries, while, UK with 2.04871 per 1,000 people stands at 34th position.
Indian model of police organisation is an example for a multiple unorganised
decentralised policing. In sharp contrast to the British principle of policing by consent,
India follows policing by law. Each state has its own police force, whose top echelons
are filled by officers of Indian Police Service, which is a central service. Many analysts
have commented that the Indian Police Act, 1861, which was brought into force
immediately after the First War of Indian Independence in 1857 was based on distrust of
Indian officials and was aimed at ensuring strict control over the Indian population. Even
after attaining independence, successive governments did not try to change this basic
character of Indian Police force. Though the framers of the Indian Constitution
envisaged police as a state subject, vide Article 246 read with entries I & 2 of List II of
Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution, most Indian states opted to adopt the Indian
Police Act, 1861 without any change, while the very few states, including Kerala which
opted for Police Act of its own, modeled its statute broadly based on the Indian Police
Act, 1861 itself. Even the model Police Act, 2008 does not have any basic difference
from the philosophy of Indian Police Act, 1861.
While we can broadly classify the Indian Police organisation as a multiple, un
coordinated, decentralised model, the presence of IPS officers at the top ranks of most
police forces create an oblique Centralised control.
The quasi-federal character of the Indian polity, with specific provisions in the
Constitution, allows a coordinating and counseling role for the Centre in police matters
and even authorizes it to set up certain central police organisations.
The head of the police force in each state is the Director General of Police (DGP)
responsible to the state government for the administration of the police force in each
state, and for advising the government on police matters. The DGP represents the
highest rung in the police hierarchy.
UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM
TYPES OF US POLICE
1. MUNICIPAL POLICE = includes village, township, city and country police
departments, sheriff departments.
TYPES OF LOCAL POLICE
a. Country Sheriff = in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such
as service of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in
matters that occur in an incorporated municipality.
2. STATE POLICE = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on state
wide law enforcement
3. FEDERAL POLICE = agencies operated by federal government at the national level

SOME FEDERAL AGENCIES HAVING POLICE FUNCTIONS

A. PROTECTION OF LIFE, PROPERTY AND ENFORCEMENT OF PENAL STATUTES
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) = investigates all
violations of federal law except when the enforcement authority was given to other
specific federal agency
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) = concerned with
investigation of counterfeiting, forging oral tearing of any of the money or other
securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the protection of the president and his
family, and of the executive mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) = investigated all violations of
federal law relating to prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) = investigates all
violations of immigration andnaturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious
entry of aliens,
B. PROTECTION OF THE NATIONAL REVENUE
1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = investigation of violations of
income tax laws
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = violations of internal
revenue laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs = investigates smuggling
activities and enforces customsand navigation laws.
4. Private Police = additional police protection made by employing sworn officers
through contract when they are notofficially on duty
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

DURING THE SPANISH REGIME

• Maintenance of law and order is a part of the military system for the defense of
the colony;
• Locally organized police forces although performing civil duties is a direct adjunct
of the colonial military establishments; (policemen in appearance yet colonial
soldiers in the ultimate sense.

POLICE FUNCTIONS CONSISTED MAINLY OF

• Suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas;
• Detection of local or petty uprising by spying upon the work and movements of
the people and;
• The enforcement of tax collection including church revenues.

• Cuardilleros - a body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal

decree of Jan. 8, 1836. It mandates that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants
of each province where to be enlisted in this police organization for 3 years.
There services are originally not paid or gratuitous subject to some privileges
although in some province they received a proportionate pay ranging from 4.00
to 8.00 depending on the revenue collection.

• Carabineros De Seguridad Publica- Organized in 1712 for the purpose of

carrying the regulations of the Department of State. This was armed and
considered as the mounted police who later discharged the duties of a port,
harbor and river police. It was later given special commission by Royal Decree of
December 20, 1842 and it was called – Cuerco De Seguridad Publica ( Corps of
Crabbiness for Public Security).

• Gurdia Civil - Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve
the Spanish peninsula troops of their works in policing towns. It is consisted of a
body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital of
the province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)

• Philippine Commission Act No. of 175 - (July 18, 1901) an act providing for the
organization and government of an Insular Constabulary.
• Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901 - renamed the Insular Constabulary to
Philippine Constabulary (a national police institution for preserving peace,
keeping order and enforcing the law.
• Henry Allen - the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
• Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
• Act No 70 - (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was
organized
• E.O. 389 - Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the AFP, dated
December 23, 1940.

• P.D. 765 -Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1975, established the
Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the PC as the nucleus and the Integrated
local police forces as components, under the Ministry of National Defense.

• E.O. 1012- transferred to the city and municipal government the operational
supervision and direction over the INP units assigned within their locality.

• R.A. 4864 -It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency
to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police under the
Officer of the President. Otherwise known as the Police Professionalization act of
 1966, dated September 8, 1966. It was later renamed as the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM).

• E.O. 1040 - Transferred the Admin. Control and Supervision of the INP from the
ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission.

• R.A. 6975 - It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local

Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990. Established the PNP,
BFP, BJMP and the PPSC.

• R.A. 8551 Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998,
enacted 1998, amending the provision of R.A. 6975

• Act No. 181- created the Division of Investigation (DI) of the Department of
Justice dated November 1938.

• R.A. 157 - created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947
and later reorganized by R,A. 2678.

• Line and Staff - the organizational structure of the P.N.P. which is also adopted by
many police organization in the world.

• P.N.P.- headed by Chief with a rank of Director General with two (2)Deputy
Director General (1) for Administration and (2) for Operation. Although there are
three (3) Deputy Director General ranks.

• SOP No. 7 - prescribed PNP guidelines in the conduct of operations against

terrorists and other lawless elements involved in terrorist activities.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE PNP TO THE DILG

Pursuant to Republic Act No. 6975 as amended by Republic Act No. 8551, The PNP in
under the administrative control and operational supervision of the National Police
Commission. Meanwhile, the NAPOLCOM is an attached agency of the Department of
the Interior and Local Government for policy and program coordination. The Secretary
of the Interior and Local government is mandated to be the Ex- Officio Chairman of
NAPOLCOM.
THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
In order to accomplish the mission, powers and functions of the PNP, its structure was
provided for as follows:
1. The PNP Command Group is headed by the Chief PNP who is vested with the
power to command and direct the PNP. He is also assisted by two Deputies
assigned to the administration of the PNP and one for operations side.
2. The Chief of the Directorial Staff serves as the Chief Operations Officer of the
PNP. He coordinates, supervises, and directs the Directorial Staff and the PNP
units in the performance of their respective functions.
3. The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) is headed by a Inspector General who assists
the Chief PNP in ensuring operational readiness and investigates infractions of
the regulations committed by the members of the PNP.
4. The Human Rights Affairs Office (HRAO) is headed by a senior police
commissioned officer who serves as a manager of the facility that will supervise
the implementation of the guidelines and policies on human rights laws.
5. The Center for Police Strategy Management (CPSM) serves as the Central
facility of the PNP in coordinating and integrating all strategy management
 processes, sustaining its strategy execution and management, and instilling in
the organization a culture of strategy focus.
6. The Directorial Staff is composed of 16 directorates. Every Director in each unit
has also his defined function in line with his specialization as follows:
o The Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM). The
director optimizes the utilization of personnel resources both from the
PNP- uniformed and non- uniformed personnel.
o The Directorate for Intelligence (DI). The director manages the
gathering/collating of intelligence objectives through effective management
of all intelligence and counter-intelligence activities of the PNP. He also
serves as the linkage of all foreigners with official transactions with the
chief PNP.
o The Directorate for Operations (DO). The director exercises the
command, the control, the direction, the coordination and the supervision
of all activities on PNP operations such as deployment and employment of
personnel.
o The Directorate for Logistics (DL). The director administers and
manages material resources needed for the PNP operations.
o The Directorate for Plans (DPL). The director plans and programs
strategic PNP operations. He also represents the PNP in the inter-agency
and international affairs on peace and order.
o The Directorate for Comptrollership (DC). The director administers and
manages the fiscal financial resources.
o The Directorate for Police-Community Relations (DPCR). The director
formulates and implements community –related activities, programs and
projects. He also supervises the PNP Salaam Police Center to undertake
close monitoring, networking and liaisoning activities with the Muslim
communities in addressing terrorism and lawless violence in their
respective areas to guarantee that the Muslims are not discriminated,
oppressed or singled-out.
o The Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM).
The director coordinates. Controls and supervises all investigation
activities.
o The Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development
(DHRDD). The director formulates policies on matters pertaining to human
resources and doctrine development.
• The Directorate for Research and Development (DRD). The director engages
in research and development and does testing and evaluation of self-reliant
projects.
• The Directorate for Information and Communications Technology
Management (DICTM). The director integrates and standardizes all the PNP
information systems and resources to further improve the frontline services.
• Five (5) Directorates for Integrated Police Operations (DIPOs). The Directors
of the clustered areas for Integrated Police Operations, namely: Eastern
Mindanao, Western Mindanao, Visayas, Southern and Northern Luzon are given
the responsibility to direct and to supervise the conduct of integrated
anticriminality, internal security, counter- terrorism operations, to promote
interoperability with the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and to provide a system
to promote regional socio-economic development.
 7. There are 23 National Support Units of the PNP. Eleven (11) of which are
administrative while twelve (12) are operational in nature. The eleven
Administrative Units are as follows:
• Logistics Support Service (LSS).
• Information Technology Management Service (ITMS).
• Finance Service (FS).
• Health Service (HS)..
• Communications and Electronics Service (CES).
• Chaplain Service (CHS).
• Legal Service (LS).
• Headquarters Support Service (HSS).
• Engineering Service( ES).
• Training Service (TS). and
• PNP Retirement and Benefits Administration Service (PRBS).
THE TWELVE (12) OPERATIONAL SUPPORT UNITS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE
FUNCTIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• Maritime Group (MG). This group is responsible to perform all police functions
over Philippine Territorial waters, lakes, and rivers along coastal areas to include
ports and harbors and small islands for the security and the sustainability
development of the maritime environment.
• Intelligence Group (IG). This group serves as the intelligence and
counterintelligence operating unit of the PNP.
• Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG). This group provides security to
government vital installations, government officials, visiting dignitaries and private
individuals authorized to be given protection.
• Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG). This group monitors,
investigates, prosecutes all crimes involving economic sabotage, and other
crimes of such magnitude and extent as to indicate their commission by highly
placed or professional criminal syndicates and organizations. It also conducts
organized- crime –control, all major cases involving violations of the revised
penal Code, violators of SPECIAL LAWS assigned to them such as Anti-
hijacking, AntiCarnapping and Cyber crimes among others and atrocities
committed by Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)/New People’s Army
(NPA)/National Democratic Front (NDF).
• Special Action Force (SAF). This group is a mobile strike force or a reaction unit
to augment regional , provincial, municipal and city police force for civil
disturbance control, internal security operations, hostage-taking rescue
operations, search and rescue in times of natural calamities, disasters and
national emergencies and other special police operations such as ant-hijacking,
anti-terrorism, explosives and ordnance disposal. On a special note, the PNP Air
Unit is placed under the supervision of SAF.
• Aviation Security Group (AVEGROUP). This group provides security to all
airports throughout the country.
• Highway Patrol Group (HPG). This group enforces the traffic laws and
regulations, promote safety along the highways, enhances traffic safety
consciousness through inter- agency cooperation concerning Police Traffic
Safety Engineering, Traffic Safety Education and Traffic Law enforcement
functions and develops reforms in the crime prevention aspect against all forms
 of lawlessness committed along National Highway involving the use of motor
vehicles.
• Police-Community Relations Group (PCRG). This group undertakes and
orchestrates Police Community Relations program and activities in partnership
with concerned government agencies, the community, and volunteer
organizations in order to prevent crime and attain a safe and peaceful
environment.
• Civil Security Group (CSG). This group regulates business operations and
activities of all organized private detectives, watchmen, security guards/agencies
and company guard forces. It also supervises the licensing and registration of
firearms and explosives.
• Crime Laboratory (CL). This group provides scientific and technical,
investigative aide and support to the PNP and other investigative agencies. It
also provides crime laboratory examination, evaluation and identification of
physical evidence gathered at the crime scene with primary emphasis on
medical, biological and physical nature.
• PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG). This Group serves as the primary
unit of the PNP in addressing kidnapping menace in the country and in handling
hostage situations. And
• PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group (PNP- ACG). This Group is responsible for the
implementation of pertinent laws on cybercrimes and anti-cybercrime campaigns
of the PNP.
8. For the main PNP operating units, there are seventeen (17) Police Regional
Offices nationwide which correspond to the Regional subdivisions of the country.
Directly under the Police Regional Offices are seventeen (17) Regional Public
Safety Battalions (RPSB), eighty (80) Police Provincial Offices which correspond
to the number of Provinces in the country and twenty (20) City Police Offices
(CPOs) in highly urbanized and independent cities , which are equivalent to a
Provincial Police Office.
The Police Provincial Offices have their respective Provincial Public Safety
Companies (PPSC) which is utilized primarily for internal security operations (ISO). The
number of platoons in a Provincial Public Safety Company is dependent on the
existing peace and order situation in the province concerned.

III. THE PNP RANK CLASSIFICATIONS:

The PNP also has a significant feature in line of its rank classifications. It adopts a
different structure for purposes of attaining a more efficient administration, supervision,
and control as compared to the Armed Forces.
These distinct considerations serve as bases for comparison between the ranks of the
PNP and ranks of AFP as presented in the table.
Police Senior Inspector (PS/INSP) Police Captain (P/CAPT)

Police Inspector (PINSP) Police Lieutenant (P/LT)

Senior Police Officer IV (SPO4) Police Executive Master Sergeant

(PEMS)

Senior Police Officer III (SPO3) Police Chief Master Sergeant

(PCMS)

Senior Police Officer II (SPO2) Police Senior Master Sergeant

(PSMS)

Senior Police Officer I (SPO1) Police Master Sergeant (PMSgt.)

Police Officer III (PO3) Police Staff Sergeant (PSSgt.)

 Police Officer II (PO2) Police Corporal (PCpl.)

Police Officer I (PO1) Patrolman / Patrolwoman (Pat.)

RANKS OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY

Philippine Constabulary, which lasted between 1901 to 1991, was a gendarmerie police
force which initially had its ranks and insignia are modelled after the United States Army
upon its foundation before switching to Philippine Army styling with branchspecific
shoulder board and sleeve insignia.

OFFICERS
Philippine Constabulary Rank (1950–1991)

Major General

Brigadier General

Colonel

Lieutenant Colonel

Major

Captain

First Lieutenant

Second Lieutenant

ENLISTED CONSTABLES AND NCO

• Master Sergeant
• Technical Sergeant
• Staff Sergeant
• Sergeant
• Constable 1st Class
• Constable 2nd Class  Constable

INTEGRATED NATIONAL POLICE (RANK CLASSIFICATION)

The defunct Integrated National Police adopted a paramilitary-styled ranking
classification based on Presidential Decree No. 1184 (the Integrated National Police
Personnel Professionalization Law of 1977) issued by then-President Ferdinand Marcos
as part of the joint command it shared with the PC, which began in 1975.

Rank
 Police Brigadier General

Police Colonel

Police Lieutenant Colonel

Police Major

Police Captain

Police Lieutenant

Police Sergeant

Police Corporal

Patrolman First Class / Patrolwoman First Class

Patrolman / Patrolwoman

INFORMAL RANKS
Prior to the adoption of the 2019 classification, the police has informally used military
ranks to address to each other; such as tiniente or lieutenant for officers who had
recently graduated from the Philippine National Police Academy while Chief
Superintendents up to the Director General were colloquially referred to as Generals.
• Police rank
• Chief of the Philippine National Police, top position in the Philippine National
Police, sometimes referred to as the Director General after the prerequisite rank
of the position.

IV. THE PNP LINKAGES WITH OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS

Domestically, the PNP is linked with the other law enforcement agencies through the
National Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee (NALECC). This body convenes
regularly to foster cooperation and coordination among all law enforcement agencies in
the country.
It also supports several law enforcement agencies like the Philippine Center for
Transnational Crimes (PCTC) and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency.
It is also linked with the International Enforcement Community thru the INTERPOL, with
the head of the PCTC as the Secretariat, and the Chief PNP as the Chief of the National
Central Bureau and a member of the ASEAN Chiefs of Police or ASEANPOL, and a
partner of the United Nations Center for International Crime Prevention (UNCICP).
V. THE PNP RELATIONSHIP WITH THE AFP
The PNP and AFP complement each other on their pursuit to suppress insurgency, and
other serious threats to national security and in times of national emergency prescribed
pursuant to Section 12 of Republic Act 8551.
Consequently there are also governing relationships between them as follows:
1. The PNP enforces laws and ordinances and performs statutory functions while
the AFP exercises primary responsibility on matters involving suppression of
insurgency and other serious threats to national security.
 2. The PNP provides assistance to the AFP in insurgency – affected areas while the
AFP is also responsible for the integrated territorial defense system.
3. The PNP assists the AFP for the dispositive action on arrested, captured or
surrendered insurgent within the prescribed reglementary period.

4. The PNP provides assistance to the AFP in the arrest of suspected insurgents
with standing warrants of arrest, and
5. The PNP and the AFP maintain close intelligence coordination and exchanges
and share each other’s accomplishments of their respective mission and
functions.
PNP RECRUITMENT PROCESS:

STEPS OF THE SELECTION PROCESS:

1.THE WRITTEN EXAM:

• It is NOT a competitive exam

• It is designed to assess & validate the candidate’s capacity to successfully

follow PN’s Training

• We use clickers to automate our exams (results are given 10 to 15 minutes

after the end of the exam)

• Subjects: English, Math and Logic (2.5 hours)

• Motivation interview will follow immediately

2.THE MOTIVATION INTERVIEW:

• It is designed to validate that candidates have the right motivation and

maturity level to successfully follow PN’s Training

• Assessment of: Motivation to study, communication ability, maturity and

mindset, interest in Information Technology...

THE SOCIAL INVESTIGATION:

 • This visit is necessary to evaluate and verify the applicant’s eligibility (our
IT Training Program is only for the underprivileged student)

• Of particular interest to the social investigator: Parents' knowledge of

PNP's program, family description, family's income, house & property,
assets & liabilities, specific problem.

ENROLMENT IN THE PROGRAM:

• We establish a first list of 60-90 students, and a waiting list

• The students joining PNP will sign a contract: MOA with PNP, training
rules, solidarity
, minor authorization

PNP APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS

If you are eligible and have the courage and will to join the police force, here are the
initial requirements that you must prepare (PDF Format):

• Notarized CSC and PNP Personal Data Sheet (handwritten)

• PSA issued Birth Certificate of Patrolman/Patrolwoman Applicant and Family
Documents for Issuance of Certificate of Declared Beneficiary.
1. Computerized Affidavit of Confirmation
2. PSA issued Advisory on Marriage of PNP Personnel
3. PSA issued Advisory on Marriage of Spouse
4. PSA issued Advisory Marriage Contract
5. PSA issued Birth Certificate of Dependents
6. PSA issued Certificate of Non-Marriage (CENOMAR)
7. Photocopy of valid ID with three (3) specimen signatures
• (FOR MARRIED – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7)
• (FOR SINGLE – 1, 5, 6, AND 7)
• Affidavit of Understanding Regarding Incontestability of Declared Birth Date
• Educational Background
• College Diploma and Transcript of Records (TOR)
• General Weighted Average (GWA) of TOR
• Good Moral Character (from school last attended)
• Eligibility (NAPOLCOM/CSC/PRC/PD No. 907)
• Report of Rating and PRC shall also attach the Authenticated PRC License
• CLEARANCE – Authenticated copies
• National Police Clearance, Barangay clearance, Mayor/ADHOC Committee
Recommendation, Prosecutor/Fiscal, MTC, RTC, NBI
• Service Record for previous employment on the government service if any
(Original)
• 1 pc colored whole body picture (JPEG), 1 pc Bust-size (JPEG), 2 pcs. 2×2
colored with name tag (JPEG) (use white background)
• Photocopy of Valid ID
• Tax identification Number

PNP RSS
The Philippine National Police Recruitment and Selection Service (PNP RSS) is the
primary unit responsible for new recruits in the PNP. It will manage the recruitment and
selection process of patrolman/woman, patrol officer, lateral entry for technical and line
officers, etc. Moreover, it will be under the supervision of the Directorate for Personnel
and Records Management (DPRM).

PNP QUALIFICATIONS
It is important to check if you are qualified to apply before anything else. This will save
you your time and effort. Refer to the photo below.
1. A citizen of the Philippines;

2. A person of good moral character;

3. Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical tests to be

administered by the PNP;

4. Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a recognized learning institution;

5. Must be eligible;

– PNP Entrance (NAPOLCOM)

– RA No. 1080 (Bar and Board Examinations)

– PD No. 907 (CS eligibility to College Honor Graduates)

-RA 6506 (Criminologist)

6. Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military employment or dismissed
for cause from any civilian position in the government;

7. Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving
moral turpitude;

8. Must be at least 5’2 for men (1.57 meters) and 5’0 for women or (1.52 meters).
Read about the PNP, BFP, BJMP, and BuCor Height Equality Act.

9. Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5kg) from the standard weight
Corresponding to his/her weight, age, and sex; and

10.Must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of age.
Note: An applicant shall be considered to be 21 years of age on his/her 21st birthday
and shall be considered more than thirty (30) years of age on his/her 31st birthday.

PRELIMINARY INTERVIEW / SCREENING:

Applicants will undergo different screening processes. Refer to the list below.

a. Preliminary Interview/Screening – Applicants will be assessed and evaluated based

on a point system. Criteria include Education, Eligibility, Physical Agility Test, And Final
Interview. They shall be interviewed by the screening committee.

Additional Points are given for those with Masteral, LLB units, graduates with
honors, and with multiple eligibilities (maximum 30 points)

Additional Points are given for those with Masteral, LLB units, graduates with
honors, and with multiple eligibilities (maximum 30 points).
 Criteria Minimum Points Maximum Points

Educational 21 30

Eligibility 21 30

Physical Agility Test 10.5 15

Final Interview 16 25

TOTAL 68.5 100

PHYSICAL AGILITY TEST:

All applicants are required to pass all the events of PAT and must meet the following

Sit-up Male – 35 (1 Minute)

Female – 25 (1 Minute)

Push-up Male – 35 (1 Minute)

Female – 25 (1 Minute)

3KM Run Male – 19 Minutes

Female – 21 Minutes

Physical Agility Test is one of the requirements by the PNP in order to evaluate the
physical qualification of these aspiring Patrolman/woman applicants whether he or she
possesses the required condition such as strength and speed applicable in the service.
The Screening Committee composed of personnel from RPHRDD and Regional Health
Service took the lead as the screening committee.

Physical Agility Test:

Maximum Total – 100 pts

Passing score: – 75 pts

Psychological and/or Neuro Psychiatric Test

This test is necessary to filter applicants who may be suffering from any mental disorder.
All applicants are obliged to take the psychological and/or neuro-psychiatric test to be
administered by the PNP or any recognized institution.

Character and Background Investigation

This is another important screening wherein the PNP will conduct an intensive
investigation regarding the applicant’s character as well as reputation. They will be
doing a background investigation to determine if there are any questionable or criminal
activities in which the applicant may be involved.

Physical Examination
This is done in order to determine whether or not the applicant is in good health, free
from any contagious diseases, a physical and medical examination must be conducted
by the city/municipal health officer or PNP medical officer after he/she qualified for a
preliminary interview.

Final Interview
The Screening Committee shall interview the qualified applicant for suitability for police
work. The interview shall aid in determining likeableness, affability, attitude towards
work, outside interest, forcefulness, conversational ability, disagreeable mannerism, etc.

Oath-Taking
After the final deliberation and through selection among the qualified applicants, the
successful applications shall take their oath of office.

Probationary
The probation will be for a period of at least twelve (12) months. The New PO1s must
undergo the Public Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC) and Field Training Program in
order to attain permanent status.

References:
Comparative Policing Systems, Global Responses of Law Enforcement Officers to
Crimes, Dr. Veneranda Poschor- Depayso

Internet Sources:

http://ojen.ca/wp-content/uploads/Policing-and-Society_Module-4.pdf
https://www.coursehero.com/file/32435318/LEA-6-COMPARATIVE-
POLICESYSTEMdocx/
https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/comparative-study-
ofpolicing-models-administrative-law-essay.php