HYPOTHESIS ON THE ORIGIN

OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE

SOLAR SYSTEM

THE FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE

Objectives
 Describe the structure and composition of the
universe.
 Explain the Big Bang Theory.
 State the different hypothesis that preceded the
Big Bang theory of the Origin of the universe.
 Explain the red-shift and CMB and how it used as
proof of an expanding universe.
 Illustrate the historical events in the development
of the origin of the universe trough timeline.
 The understanding of the origin,
evolution, structure and fate of the universe
is called cosmology.
Lets have a recap!

 What is matter?
 Matter is anything that commonly take a solid,
liquid or gas state or form, has mass, and
occupies space. Examples of matter are atoms,
compounds, air, water, rock, man, car etc.
 Baryonic matter-”ordinary” matter consisting of
protons, and neutrons that compromises atoms,
planets, stars, galaxies and other bodies.
 Dark matter- matter that has gravity but does not
emit light.
What is energy?
 Energy are physical property of an object that
relates to its capacity to do work.
 Forms of are heat, nuclear, kinetic, potential,
electrical, chemical, mechanical and thermal
energies etc.
 Dark energy- a source of anti-gravity; a force
that counteracts gravity and causes the
universe to expand.
What is gravity?
 Gravity is commonly
defined or described by
Newton’s law of
universal gravitation.
 It is a force that
describes the attraction
between two or more
physical objects.
COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE
AND AGE OF THE UNIVERSE
Composition of the Universe
 The universe comprises all space and
time, and all matter and energy in it.
 It is made of 4.6 % baryonic matter 24%
dark matter and 71.4% dark energy
Composition of the Universe
 Hydrogen, Helium and lithium are the three
most abundant elements.
 Main Sequence Stars- the building block of
galaxies born out of clouds of gas and dust in
galaxies. It fuses hydrogen atoms to form
helium atoms in their cores outward pressure
resulting from nuclear fusion.
 Protostar- early stage in the formation of a star
resulting from the gravitational collapse of
gases.
Structure of the Universe
 Galaxy- a cluster of billions of stars, planets,
asteroids or other bodies in the accompanying
planetary system.
 In between clusters is practically an empty
space.
 Universe is indeed clumpy at certain scale but
appears homogenous and isotropic at a large
scale.
 Isotropic-
having property that has the same value
when measured in different direction.
Age of the Universe
 The universe is 13.8 billion years old.
 The diameter of the universe is possible infinite
but should be at least 91 billion light years (1 year
light years=9.4607 x 10 12 km).
 How astronomers estimate the age of the
universe?
 Estimating the age by looking at oldest stars.
 The farther away from Earth an object is, the longer it has
taken light from the object to travel across space and reach
Earth.
 Measuring the rate of expansion of the universe and
extrapolating back to the bigbang.
Non-scientific Theory
 The Creationist theory-
The theory that God
created the universe,
Earth, and human
nature - stated in the
Holy Bible.
 The monotheistic
religions of, Christianity,
and Islam claim that a
supreme being created
the universe, including
man and other living
organisms
 How did the universe come to be?

Big-bang Theory
The prevailing cosmological model for the
universe from the earliest known periods trough
its subsequent large-scale evolution.
 Big Bang Theory
As the currently accepted theory
of the origin and evolution of the
universe, the Big Bang Theory postulates
that between 13.8 billion years ago, the
universe expanded from a tiny, dense and
hot mass of energy (singularity) to its
present size and much cooler state.
From there it created incredible
mixture of energy and subatomic
particles-the first matter in the universe,
such as protons, electrons, neutrons etc.
This birthing process beautifully
illustrates the transformation of energy
and mater.
What is a "singularity" and where does it
come from?

 We tend to imagine a singularity as little

fireball appearing somewhere in the universe.
 The singularity didn’t appear in space; rather,
space began inside of the singularity.
How energy transformed into
matter?
 The universe is made up just of these two
constituents: matter and energy.
 The transformation of energy into matter is
described by Einstein’s mass-energy
equivalence, otherwise known as E=mc2.
 Whatever we sense around us, are made of
energy and matter.
Was there a BANG!

The “bang” should not be taken as an explosion; it

is better thought of a simultaneous expansion of
space everywhere. The theory does not identify the
cause of the “bang.”
We tend to imagine as the “big bang” as giant
explosion. Experts says that there was no explosion
but rather continuously “expansion”.

Rather than imagining a balloon popping and

releasing its content, imagine a balloon expanding.
 Origins of the Big Bang Theory

 Georges Lemaître (1927) A

Belgian priest suggested
the big bang theory in the
1920s. He theorized that
the universe began from a
single primordial atom.
 He introduced the theory
as “Primeval atom
hypothesis”
 Fred Hoyle coined the term
“big bang”.
Why the Big bang theory is the most accepted
theory?

THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE

 Galaxies appear to be moving away from us at
speeds proportional to their distance. This is
called "Hubble's Law," named after Edwin
Hubble who discovered this phenomenon in
1929.
 This observation supports the expansion of the
universe and suggests that the universe was
once compacted.
Why the Big bang theory is the most accepted
theory?

REDSHIFT
 Redshift indicate that the astronomical body being
observed is moving away very fast relative to an
observation, for example station on earth.
 Light from most distant galaxies was shifted to the red
end of the electromagnetic spectrum. Longer the light
travels, the more it gets redshifted.
 Hubble noticed that the further away the galaxy, the
greater the redshift of its spectral lines (Hubble’s law).
Why the Big bang theory is the most accepted
theory?

COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB)

RADIATION
 The cosmic microwave background radiation is the remnant
radiation leftover from the Big Bang.
 CMB is Long-wavelength radiation that fills all space.
 In 1965, Radioastronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
discovered CMB.

Arno Penzias Robert Wilson

 COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
(CMB) RADIATION

 COBE  In June 2001, Wilkinson

Microwave Anisotropy
 Cosmic Background
Probe (WMAP) captured
Explorer (1989)
the “glow” of the Big Bang
 Probe that looked 15 by detecting temperature
billion light years into changes just like COBE.
space to detect tiny  WMAP was much more
temperature changes. precise.
 These temperature
changes were evidence
of the heat left over
from the Big Bang.
Why the Big bang theory is the most
accepted theory?
THE ABUNDANCE OF THE LIGHT ELEMENTS

The Big Bang theory

predicts that these light
elements should have
been fused from protons
and neutrons combined
in the first few minutes
after the Big Bang
forming the first atoms,
hydrogen and helium-
the most dominant
chemical element in the
universe.
 Predicted abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen, as a
function of the density of baryons in the universe (expressed in terms
of the fraction of critical density in baryons, Omega_B and the
Hubble constant)
Steady State Model
 Proposed by James
Jeans in 1920,
revised by Fred
Hoyle, Herman
Bondi, Thomas
Gold in 1948 as
alternative to Big
bang Theory.
Steady State Model
 The universe is always expanding in an
constant average density.
 Matter is continuously created to form
cosmic bodies.
 It claims that the universe has no beginning
and no end in time, even though it is
expanding, its appearance remains the same
over time.
Why Steady State Theory was
disproved?
The universe is expanding.
The space between galaxies expands, not the
galaxies themselves. Though the uinverse
expands, but still retain the core idea that the
universe always looks the same. And is therefore
unchanging in practice.
Example: raisins in a loaf of bread.
As the dough rises, the overall loaf of bread
expands; the space between raisins increases but
the raisins themselves do not expand.
Why Steady State Theory was
disproved?
They predict that new matter continually comes
to life in the spaces between the receding galaxies.
Astronomers propose that this new material is
made up of atoms of hydrogen, which slowly form
in open space to form new stars or other matter.
 Naturally, continuous creation of matter from
empty space has met with criticism.
 How can you get something from nothing? The idea violates a
fundamental law of physics: the conservation of matter. According to
this law, matter can neither be created nor destroyed, but only
converted into other forms of matter, or into energy.
 Why Steady State Theory was
disproved?
If matter is continuously created everywhere
throughout the universe, then the average age of
stars in any section of the universe should be the
same. But astronomers have found that not to be
true.
 Astronomers can figure out how old a galaxy or star is by
measuring its distance from Earth. The farther away from
Earth an object is, the longer it has taken light from the
object to travel across space and reach Earth. That means
that the most distant objects we can see are also the
oldest.
How the Steady State theory fails?

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

“The final nail of the coffin of the steady state theory”-Stephen Hawking.

The cosmic background Radiation

is radiation left over and relic from early
development of the universe, and is a landmark
proof of the Big Bang theory. Before the
formation of stars and planets, the Universe was
smaller, much hotter, and filled with a uniform
glow from its white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma.
 TIME PERIODS:
Cosmologist that support the Big bang theory divided the history of
the universe into a series of eras or time periods. Each era is distinguished from
the next by some major changes in the condition of the universe.
Planck Era
 Planck “the universe was very tiny-smaller
than an atom and assumed to be made up of
condensed energy and 10-43second old”.
 The fundamental forces that we know today
namely, gravity, nuclear strong force and
nuclear weak force and electromagnetic
force -were unified into what is called as
“the super force” in general relativity of
Einstein.
 Matter and energy were equivalent and the
universe was very hot.
 Later in this era, the first force (gravity)
froze out from the super force and began
Max Karl Ernst shaping the universe.
Ludwig Planck
The Grand Unified Theory (GUT) Era

 The GUT era began when the “super force”

split into gravity and GUT force.
 The split lasted only for a fraction of second.
In the time when the early universe had
cooled to 1032 K .
 The nuclear strong force started freeze out
from the GUT force, which was
accompanied by release of huge amount of
energy causing space evolution to grow up
into the enormous size of our solar system.
 This expansion of the universe is called
inflation.
 Electroweak Era

 Gravity, strong force, electroweak force-

three forces operating in our universe.
Electroweak forces are unification of
electromagnetic and weak forces.
 The universe continued to expand and cool,
dropping to a temperature of 10 15k when it
reached an age of 10-10 second. At this
temperature. Electromagnetic and weak
forces in the universe freeze out and finally
separating.
 At the end of this era all fundamental forces
in the universe were forever distinct.
 Particle Era

 When the fundamental forces were finally

separated, particles started to form. There were
spontaneous creation and annihilation of
particles (electrons, neutrinos and quarks).
 Photons, a particle of light or other
electromagnetic radiation, collided with
another photon to form matter.
 At the end of the era-the temperature of the
universe was low enough for the quarks to
combine in groups of three to form protons an
neutron and production of these particles had
ceased.
 Nucleosynthesis Era
 Heavier nuclei started to form by fusion of
proton and neutron left over.
 Most nuclei broke apart because of the high
temperature of the universe.
 At the end of the era, the temperature of the
universe dropped to 109k, which was caused
the fusion of proton and neutron to stop.
 At this stage, the universe was contained 75%
hydrogen and 25% helium with trace amounts
of deutorium and tritium.
 Era of Nuclei
 The expanding universe consisted of plasma of
hydrogen nuclei, helium nuclei and free electrons
throughout this era.
 At the end of the Era, the temperature of the universe
dropped to 3000k, at this temperature, the hydrogen
and helium nuclei captured electrons and formed
stable, neutral atoms. As result, the universe became
transparent. The formally trapped protons in the
electrons began to stream freely across the universe.
 These photons are known today as cosmic microwave
background. Later in this era, the first twenty-five
elements of the periodic table were created.
 Era of Atoms and Era of Galaxies
 During the Era of atoms, the universe consisted of mixture of
neutral atoms and plasma, which slowly gathered together to
form protogalactic clouds during the era of atoms.
 The first generation of stars was formed within clouds,
which transformed clouds into galaxies. However, heavier
elements could not be formed having the amount of energy
provided by the stars. The needed energy was derived from
the bursting of the stars known as the supernova. This
provides the energy to synthesize the heavier elements such
as copper, gold and uranium.
 Continuous creating and bursting of stars provided the
energy that led to the production of the elements that were
later used for the formation of the planets.
References:
 (2016). Conceptual Science and Beyond. In R. A. Baltazar, Earth and
Life Science (pp. 4-6). Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc. .
 (2017). In .. Joselito Duyanen et.al, Earth and Life Sciences for Senior
High School (pp. 21-25). C & E.
 DepEd Earth Science Teaching Guide, Page 1-12
 Steven W. Hawking, George F.R. Ellis, "The Cosmic Black-Body
Radiation and the Existence of Singularities in our Universe,"
Astrophysical Journal, 152, (1968) pp. 25-36.
 Steven W. Hawking, Roger Penrose, "The Singularities of
Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology," Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London, series A, 314 (1970) pp. 529-548.
 Mark Eastman, Chuck Missler, The Creator: Beyond Time and Space,
(1996) p. 11.
 W. Wayt Gibbs, "Profile: George F. R. Ellis," Scientific American,
October 1995, Vol. 273, No.4, p. 55.
 “A smart man only
believes half of
what he hears, a
wise man knows
which half”
-Jeff Cooper

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