Biodiversity Newsletter Vol29-2 EIACP

eISSN 0974 - 1356
pISSN 0974 - 1364

Vol. 29 (2), 2023-24
Biodiversity Conservation
JNU EIACP Programme Centre on 'Geodiversity & Impact on Environment'

Environmental Information, Awareness, Capacity Building & Livelihood Programme (EIACP)
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC)
Table of Contents
TITLE OF ARTICLE / AUTHOR'S NAME PAGE NO.
1 Editorial 1
Prof. Paulraj R. (JNU EIACP Coordinator)
Biodiversity and Eco-Sensitive Zones: An Indian Outlook

2 2-6
Sudeepa Kumari, Naveen Kumar and Kavita Shah
Enhancing Biodiversity Conservation Strategies Amidst

7 - 15
3 the Climate Crisis
Naira Nayab and Md Anzer Alam
Linking Lands for Life: Wildlife Corridors of Western Ghats 16 - 22

4
Sandra P R, Nikhil P V and Sarath S
Makhana Wetland Farming: A Sustainable Model for 23 - 27

5
Global Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation
Sonali Singh
Preserving Natural Water Resources Lifeline: A Triumph in Wetland 28 - 33

6
Conservation in the National Capital Territory of Delhi
Sheilja Singh and Rabidyuti Biswas
Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) Flowers: Important source of nectar 34 - 40

7
and minerals for Butterflies in urban landscape
Chandra Bhushan Maurya and Surya Prakash
Cover Page Illustration by : Ms Priya Sarsaiya, B.Des student, at Indian

Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur, MP.
(The painting was submitted in Earth Day 2023 - Online Painting Competition)
EIACP: Geodiversity and Impact on Environment eISSN: 0974 - 1356
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Biodiversity Conservation 1
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Biodiversity and Eco-Sensitive Zones:

An Indian Outlook
Sudeepa Kumari, Naveen Kumar and Kavita Shah*
Environmental Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, INDIA
*[email protected]
Abstract
Biodiversity that is variety of life habitat and species protection, species distinct from other species
forms in any area is essential for biodiversity conservation, watershed over generations. All organisms
survival of humans and proper protection. which can reproduce with each
functioning of planet earth. other fall in the category of one
Ecosystems like forests, wetlands, species. Ecosystems that have
1. Introduction
desert, marine and coastal areas greater biodiversity tend to become
ccording to the World Wide
A
support huge variety of biodiversity. more stable. India is a megadiverse
Now a days biodiversity around Fund for Nature (WWF) area accounting for 7-8% of all
protected areas is maintained by Biodiversity is defined as recorded species consisting of
identifying Eco-Sensitive Zones all kinds of life that one 91,000 species of animals and
(ESZs) around them which contains finds
finds in an area that is the variety of 45,000 species of plants (IUCN
unique biological resources plants, fungi, animals, and India). These humongous variety of
requiring special attention for their microorganisms that make up the ecosystems which includes forests,
conservation. These ESZs integrates natural world. Biodiversity supports grasslands, desert, wetlands, marine
conservation efforts, sustainable all the things that is needed for the and coastal ecosystems sustain high
development and well-being of local survival of humans like food, water, biodiversity.
and tribal communities residing in and shelter. Many species are there
2. Protected areas in India
its vicinity. Creation of ESZs helps which are yet to be discovered while
to promote several sustainable there are species that are threatened Biodiversity of Protected areas is
development goals by enhancing because of anthropogenic activities managed by identifying Eco-
protection and living sustainably putting biodiversity at risk. Sensitive Zones (ESZs) around
with nature. ESZs helps in According to National Geographic them. These areas have greater
maintaining ecological integrity by Education around 8.7 million ecological significance as they
reducing deforestation, habitat species exists in earth out of which contain unique biological resources
fragmentation, soil erosion and only 1.2 million have been that requires special attention for
promoting carbon sequestration, identified. Unique traits make each conserving them. Protected areas
habitat spp have
Keywords: Biodiversity, Biodiversity Conservation, Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
have least human intervention and Community Reserves, and Marine adverse impacts caused from
exploitation of resources due to Protected Areas. Conservation anthropogenic activities in the
human activities. Strong reserves and community reserves vicinity of ecologically sensitive
legislation, investment, are protected areas which act as areas (Deb et al., 2014). The main
compensation schemes, local connectors between national parks, objective of ESZs is to maintain an
support in India favors reserved forests and wildlife integrity between conservation
conservation and protection of sanctuaries of India. These areas efforts, sustainable development
species. India officially protects are termed as conservation areas and wellbeing of local
5% of its area whereas when they are not inhabited and communities around ESZs and
approximately 15% of global land owned by government of India but their associated biodiversity.
has protection status (Dinerstein et used for subsistence by
al., 2017). Corbett National Park in communities and is termed 3.1 Role of ESZs in achieving
the year 1936 was designated as community area if some parts of Sustainable Development Goals
first National Park of India and the land are privately owned. The (SDGs)
currently India has 567 Wildlife concept of community areas and ESZs plays a significant role in
Sanctuaries accounting for 3.73% conservation areas was added in achieving several Sustainable
of total geographical land of the Wildlife (Protection) Development Goals (SDGs)
country, 106 National Park Amendment Act of 2002 due to outlined by United Nations. ESZs
accounting for 1.35% of total reduced protection around contributes in overall global
geographic area of country protected areas as some of the achievement and maintaining an
(Wildlife Institute of India, 2023). lands are owned privately. For equilibrium between social,
The level of protection varies for achieving the target of National economic and environmental
different types of protected areas Biodiversity Target 6 and Aichi dimensions. The ESZs promotes
according to the laws of every Biodiversity Target 11, India has SDGs by enhancing the importance
country or regulations of any taken several steps like of Natural resources and promoting
international organization involved identification of 106 coastal and sustainable practices. Some of
(Wildlife Institute of India, 2022). marine sites as Important Coastal SDGs and their connection with
A strict protection (International and Marine Areas (ICMBAs). Out ESZs are mentioned below:
Union for the Conservation of of 106 ICMBAs, sixty-two lies
Nature, IUCN Category II) is given along the west coast of India and i. SDG 1: No Poverty and SDG 2:
to biodiversity of National parks to forty-four along the east coast. Zero Hunger: Some of tribal
protect its functioning. Wildlife communities are dependent on
sanctuaries fall under IUCN 3. Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) ESZs for their livelihood. The
category IV for protection of Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) are Government of India allow these
particular species or habitats. The often referred as Eco-Friendly communities as they preserve the
biodiversity of less developed area Zones or Ecologically Fragile cultural heritage and maintains
like northeast Himalaya the Areas which represents area ecological balance (Ghosh-Harihar
protected area are generally around ecologically significant et al., 2019). Their activities like
maintained by local individuals. sites like national parks, wildlife traditional agricultural, fishing and
Protected areas include National sanctuaries and protected areas. aquaculture practices, livestock
Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, ESZs establishes a buffer zone grazing, bee keeping, traditional
Conservation Reserves, which helps in mitigation from waste management and
community adverse
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
iv. SDG 10: Reduced Inequality:

ESZs helps in equality among
various groups like the local
communities and disadvantaged
groups without gender
discrimination by involving them
in the management and decision
making related to these zones
(Andrade and Rhodes, 2012).
v. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities

and Communities: ESZs supports
SDG 11 indirectly by prevention of
urban sprawl and regulates
developmental activities around
protected areas by promoting green
spaces and maintain ecological
balance.
vi. SDG 12: Responsible

Figure 1: Relation between Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) and Sustainability Development Goals Consumption and Production:
Traditional practices opted by
craftmanship skills, seed often extracted from the ESZs. people residing in these zones
conservation and traditional These ESZs are ecologically ultimately helps in responsible
medicinal practices etc. maintain valued and undisturbed regions. consumption, reducing waste
harmony with nature. An accessible and renewable
generation and resource
feedstock for bioenergy production
ii. SDG 4: Quality Education: conservation techniques to avoid
can be obtained by sustainably
ESZs contributes in education and adverse impacts on environment.
harvesting biomass from such
research by providing a wide zones, such as non-invasive plant vii. SDG 14: Life Below Water:
knowledge about biodiversity and species or agricultural waste These sensitive zones majorly
ecological conservation. The tribal (Awasthi et al., 2017). This has the focus on the terrestrial ecosystem
communities living around ESZs potential to minimize the pressure however, indirectly contributes in
has preserved the cultural and on non-renewable resources and the preservation of watershed,
traditional sustainable techniques significantly reduces resource wetlands and coastal area. In ESZs
which is very needful in this era of exploitation. The strategic overfishing, habitat destruction and
globalization for benefit of placement of renewable energy bycatch is restricted hence
mankind. projects in ESZs facilitates the promoting sustainable fishing
iii. SDG 7: Affordable and Clean extraction of clean, affordable and practices. ESZs helps in
sustainable energy while preservation of many aquatic and
Energy: The renewable energy
minimizing the adverse impacts on marine species and their habitat in
resources like solar, wind and
these fragile ecosystems. the riparian zone.
hydroelectric power potentials are
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viii. SDG 15: Life on Land: The are focusing on ecosystem services 5. Conclusion
primary objectives of both ESZs (Balvanera et al. 2001). People India should opt for systematic
and SDG 15 is to conserve obtain many benefits from strategies that incorporates
biodiversity. ESZs are established ecosystem which depends on conservation, sustainable
in order to protect habitat and biodiversity and it sustains human development and local community
species around these protected beings in everyday life (Mace et involvement to prevent
areas, preventing further al., 2012). A number of studies biodiversity loss through
biodiversity loss. ESZs can also have combined sustainable development of ESZs. Regular
help in restoration and development goals and scientific assessments and
rehabilitation of already degraded biodiversity conservation monitoring programs should be
ecosystem. By creating buffer (Bateman et al., 2013). implemented to track changes in
zone, ESZs contributes in Biodiversity enhances people’s biodiversity and ecological health.
prevention of habitat quality of life physically and Boundaries for each ESZ should be
fragmentation, reducing psychologically in ways that clear and specified. Traditional
deforestation and erosion activities. cannot be elated by any other knowledge and practices from
Sustainable land use practices means. Some of the observed local communities which reside
around protected areas help in behaviors are lower blood pressure around ESZs should be recognized
maintaining the ecological (Lohr et al., 2006), reduced mental properly and incorporated for
fatigue, positive mood, stress proper ESZs management in order
integrity. Carbon sequestration and
relieve. These health benefits are to achieve SDGs.
other mitigation efforts for
seen everywhere from urban areas
preserving undisturbed ecosystem
(parks, gardens) to countryside
through these ESZs helps in
(cultural landscape, wilderness) by
achieving the goals of SDG 15. References
only interacting with nature. Now
ix. SDG 17: Partnerships for the it is believed that protection of Andrade, G. S., & Rhodes, J. R.
Goals: ESZs ensures the biodiversity is very closely linked (2012). Protected areas and local
involvement of various to development in a way that does communities: an inevitable
government bodies, non- not destroy ecosystems. partnership toward successful
government organizations, Biodiversity of any country is an conservation strategies?. Ecology
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preservation of biodiversity. development. Among SDGs Goal
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number 14 and 15 have highest P. (2017). A concept of diverse
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are
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
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Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Enhancing Biodiversity Conservation

Strategies Amidst the Climate Crisis
Naira Nayab* and Md Anzer Alam
Department of Botany, Jai Prakash University, Chapra, Bihar - 841 301, India
*[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Biodiversity conservation is an to promote resilience and The planet experiences varying rates
essential aspect of maintaining sustainability in ecosystems and of change, leading to shifts in
ecological balance and ensuring the species management. biological relationships and
long-term survival of various associations. The balance of life on
species on Earth. Conserving plant Earth is intricately tied to two
1. Introduction
biodiversity is important for essential processes: the carbon cycle
limate change stands as one
C
maintaining ecological balance, and the water cycle. Both of these
supporting human livelihoods, and of the most significant mechanisms are intricately
safeguarding the planet's resilience worldwide issues in the connected with the diversity of life
to environmental changes. The 21st century, carrying across genetic, species, and
climate crisis poses significant extensiveextensive
implications for the ecosystem levels. Furthermore, the
threats to biodiversity worldwide, environment on a global scale. As significant repercussions of climate
leading to alarming declines in temperatures rise, sea levels change, change on the environment are
various species and ecosystems. and extreme weather events become significant, and the resultant
Preserving Earth's unique more frequent, biodiversity faces outcomes on biodiversity are a
biodiversity necessitates the unprecedented risks. The current pivotal factor with worldwide
implementation of advanced climate crisis is disrupting implications, including for India.
conservation approaches that tackle ecological systems, jeopardizing the Multiple research endeavors have
the interrelated complexities of delicate balance of biodiversity on showcased the complex connection
climate change, environmental Earth. As temperatures rise, extreme between climate change and its
disruption, and the well-being of weather events intensify, and impacts on the biodiversity of the
wildlife. This research article habitats face unprecedented threats, country. This composition delves
explores the essential role of the urgency to preserve biodiversity into the complex interplay between
biodiversity conservation amidst the becomes paramount. Biodiversity is climate change and the safeguarding
climate crisis and the present in a constant state of transformation of biodiversity. It underscores the
innovative approaches and measures due to the ever-changing climate. importance of embracing inventive
The approaches
Keywords: Biodiversity, Climate change, Biodiversity conservation, Ecological balance, Species.
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
approaches to counteract the revealed, incorporating climate knowledge gap related to humans,
negative repercussions of climate change into protected area system climate change, biodiversity, and
change, thereby securing a planning and individual park ecosystem functioning across the
sustainable future for a multitude management decision-making globe (particularly in unexplored
of species. Conservation policies processes will be a complex and countries and regions) through
have evolved considerably over incremental process, but one that several interdisciplinary
time, transitioning from merely all workshop participants strongly approaches and collaborations.
preserving famous sites to focusing agreed was essential (Cristopher et (Farooqi, Tanzeel Javaid Aini, et al
on safeguarding biodiversity across al. 2005). Climate change presents 2022). Conservation organizations
different levels and regions. This an immense obstacle for worldwide express significant
transition acknowledges the conservation biologists as they concern regarding biological
significance of protecting not just strive to create and execute invasions, as there is a prevailing
specific species or habitats, but successful conservation strategies. belief that numerous invasive
also the larger ecosystems and The anticipated decline in species are responsible for
genetic variety that support life on biodiversity caused by climate substantial alterations to
our planet. In essence, change undermines the ability of communities and, in some cases,
understanding and addressing the ecosystems to function properly even leading to extinction. During
link between climate change and and provide essential services, the Rio Earth Summit Convention
the conservation of biodiversity is potentially resulting in a on Biological Diversity in 1992,
essential to uphold the delicate worldwide environmental participating countries committed
balance of Earth's interconnected catastrophe. Although climate to taking necessary actions to
ecosystems. By adopting forward- change and biodiversity prevent, manage, and eliminate
thinking approaches and policies, conservation research have been invasive alien species that pose a
we can strive to protect and nurture studied across the globe threat to ecosystems, habitats, or
biodiversity, paving the way for a (particularly in developed native species. These steps were
more resilient and sustainable countries such as the USA) and implemented to guarantee the
future. By ‘policy’ we mean institutions (such as the University safeguarding and conservation of
collections of objectives of Queensland, Australia), several biodiversity and the fragile
(statements of a fundamental more countries, regions and equilibrium of natural ecosystems.
desired endpoint, goal or institutions are underrepresented Biological invasions present
something that matters to the across the globe. The current intricate challenges as they involve
actors in a given decision context), research hot topics we found are various factors. Certain regions
and means (specific methods or mainly “management”, “impact”, exhibit higher vulnerability to
management strategies designed to “diversity” and “land use”, invasions, and specific species
achieve a specific objective), that whereas the research trends are demonstrate greater proficiency in
together reflect values, knowledge, “richness”, “scenario”, establishing themselves in new
and expectations of control at a “perception” and “REDD” ( environments. Additionally, there
given point in time. (Hagerman, 'Reducing emissions from are instances where distinguishing
Shannon, et al 2010). As recent deforestation and forest between alien and native species
discussions at a Parks Research degradation in developing becomes uncertain. This article
Forum of Ontario (PRFO) countries). Thus, further research is examines how climate change
workshop on climate change needed to cover the huge impacts biodiversity, the species
revealed knowledge most
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
most vulnerable to its effects, and 3. Factors contributing to as a result of carbonic acid
the urgent need for adaptive climate change formation. This rise in acidity
conservation measures to protect 3.1 Emission of greenhouse negatively impacts the oceans'
our planet's rich biological gases: The main cause of the ability to act as carbon sinks and
heritage. ongoing rise in greenhouse gas poses threats to marine ecosystems
(GHG) emissions, which is the and the populations that rely on
2. Effect of climatic shifts them.
primary factor behind climate
Climate change pertains to changes change, can be attributed to human
in extended temperature and actions. The major contributors to 3.2 Deforestation:
weather trends on local, regional, these emissions are carbon dioxide Deforestation is the widespread
or worldwide levels, (CO2), accounting for 76%, removal of trees for human
predominantly brought about by methane (CH4), responsible for activities like farming,
human activities. Throughout 16%, and to a lesser extent, nitrous urbanization, and logging, causing
thousands of years, the intricate oxide (N2O), contributing 2%. The biodiversity loss, climate change,
connection between life forms and primary source of significant disrupted water cycles, and soil
weather conditions has maintained greenhouse gas emissions is degradation. Efforts to mitigate
a delicate balance, creating an closely associated with the deforestation include reforestation
environment suitable for the combustion of fossil fuels such as and afforestation programs,
existence of all living organisms coal, oil, and natural gas in various sustainable forestry practices,
on Earth. Starting from the sectors, including transportation. stricter regulations on logging,
beginning of the industrial When these fossil fuels are protecting and expanding protected
revolution, there has been a extracted and utilized, they release areas, promoting responsible land-
gradual change in the balance of carbon emissions into the air. Prior use planning, and raising
ecosystems, and this to the onset of the industrial awareness about the importance of
transformation has become more revolution, atmospheric CO2 forests and their conservation.
noticeable starting around the concentrations stood at Deforestation can have significant
middle of the 20th century. These approximately 280 parts per and detrimental environmental
changes have now become a major million (ppm). However, by the impacts, including: 1. Loss of
danger, jeopardizing not just the year 2019, there was a substantial biodiversity, 2. Climate change, 3,
health and safety of humans but escalation in these levels, reaching Disruption of water cycles. Since
also the ongoing existence and 412 ppm. This rise in atmospheric Deforestation refers to the clearing,
balance of biodiversity. The temperatures also contributes to removal, or destruction of forests,
escalation of average global elevated ocean temperatures. The primarily caused by human
temperatures and the prevalence of world's oceans fulfill a crucial activities. This process has
erratic and unforeseeable weather function within the global carbon significant historical and current
phenomena have led to the cycle, as they take in roughly a implications for the environment,
worldwide acknowledgment of quarter (25%) of the carbon wildlife, climate, and human
climate change as a pressing global dioxide released into the societies. Throughout history,
crisis. These phenomena have atmosphere due to human actions. deforestation has been a recurring
become the most prominent Moreover, a portion of carbon practice driven by various needs.
manifestations of the urgent dioxide gets absorbed by ocean Early civilizations like the
climate crisis. water, leading to increased acidity Mesopotamians, Greeks, and
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Romans cleared forests for management. Despite progress, environment and human welfare by
agriculture and construction ongoing global cooperation is providing essential services that
materials. During the colonial era, crucial to preserve forests for maintain ecological balance. The
European powers cleared vast future generations. examination of biodiversity decline
expanses of land in the Americas, solely attributed to climate change
4. Weather pattern and
Africa, and Asia for timber, becomes complex due to the
natural disasters
agriculture, and settlements. The interactions with other human-
Industrial Revolution further In recent times, there has been a induced environmental factors.
intensified deforestation due to noticeable shift in weather These elements comprise habitat
increased demands for timber, land patterns, marked by extreme and reduction, deterioration, excessive
for factories, and wood as a erratic conditions, alongside a rise utilization of natural materials, and
primary fuel source. Today, in the occurrence and intensity of the insertion of non-indigenous
deforestation stems from natural calamities. The noticeable species. All these factors
agricultural expansion (cattle increase in the occurrence and collaborate alongside climate
ranching, soybean, and palm oil severity of natural calamities such change to influence biodiversity
farming), logging for timber/paper, as floods, droughts, cyclones, and ecosystems. In the modern era,
and infrastructure projects like hurricanes, typhoons, and wildfires there has been a notable decline in
roads and dams, fragmenting and has become more evident. In 2021, the variety of life forms on Earth,
opening forests to exploitation notable impacts of changing resulting in a serious crisis of
globally. Consequences of climate patterns were evident in widespread species extinction. This
Biodiversity: 1. Biodiversity Loss: Japan, the Philippines, Germany, crisis can be attributed mainly to
Deforestation destroys habitats, Madagascar, and India, as these human actions that modify the
causing the extinction or five countries experienced natural environment. Scientists and
endangerment of numerous plant significant repercussions. The researchers have extensively
and animal species, disrupting different types of Natural disaster examined the impacts of severe
ecosystems crucial for biodiversity. is shown in the Figure-1. climatic events such as cyclones,
2. Climate Impact: Trees absorb 5. Climate Change and droughts, floods, cold waves, and
CO2, and deforestation releases Biodiversity Loss heat waves on a range of
stored carbon, adding to Biodiversity plays a critical role in biodiversity categories. These
greenhouse gas emissions and supporting both the natural include amphibians, birds, fish,
worsening climate change. 3. environment invertebrate
Indigenous Disruption:
Natural Disaster
Deforestation often harms
indigenous communities,
impacting their livelihoods,
culture, and traditions tied to forest Land Air Water
resources. Efforts to combat
Earthquake Flood
deforestation include conservation Landslides Storms Tsunami
programs establishing protected Volcanisms (cyclone, Tornadoes, Drought
Forest Fire Thunderstorms)
areas, reforestation initiatives, and
Avalanches
policies regulating industries to
promote sustainable land Figure 1: Types of natural disasters.
management
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
invertebrates, mammals, reptiles, interactions and ecological more suitable habitats. The impact
and plants. The evaluation covered processes. As the temperature rises of future Biodiversity Loss are
the period from 1941 to 2015. In in their natural environment, shown in figure 3. This issue is
figure-2 we can see the species tend to migrate towards particularly worrying for species
Consequences of climate change higher elevations and latitudes, that have limited geographical
on global biodiversity reduction. seeking conditions that are more ranges, even if they inhabit
The findings indicated that 59% of suitable for their survival, protected regions, as highlighted in
the identified groups displayed including appropriate temperatures the study conducted by Velasquez-
adverse ecological reactions to and other favorable environmental Tibata et al. (2013). European
these severe climate events. This factors. As the climate continues to birds, as highlighted by Pautasso
encompassed 32 instances of change rapidly, many species are (2012), are particularly vulnerable
localized extinctions, where struggling to cope and face the risk to the impacts of climate change,
species vanished from particular of extinction. According to affecting various aspects of their
areas, and 25% of the groups Beckman et al. (2020), a behavior and distribution.
encountered a decrease in significant number of flowering Meanwhile, the critically
population. The results highlight plants rely on animals to disperse endangered species, Metasequoia
the notable impact of climate their seeds. However, due to glyptostroboides, found in South-
change on biodiversity, climate change and other Central China, is experiencing
underscoring the pressing environmental disruptions, this significant changes in its
requirement for efficient seed dispersal process has been phenology and habitat suitability
conservation approaches to greatly reduced, particularly for due to climate warming (Zhao,
alleviate these effects. The increase plants with fleshy fruits. As a Zhixia, et al. 2020). Corals, among
in temperature affects two consequence, these plants are marine species, suffer the most
fundamental aspects of plants and finding it challenging to adapt to from the escalating ocean
animals - their distributional range the changing climate and shift to temperatures and acidity.
and phenological events. As
temperatures increase, species
move to new geographic regions,
causing changes in the
environments and ecosystems that
sustain them. This shift directly
affects the habitats and overall
equilibrium of the ecosystems
where these species live.
Additionally, the warming climate
influences the timing of crucial life
cycle events, like flowering,
migration, and hibernation. These
changes in phenological
occurrences have significant
implications for the Figure- 2 Consequences of climate change on global biodiversity reduction: supporting data
synchronization of species Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-021-15702-8
interactions
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Corals rely heavily on a mutually

beneficial partnership with algae,
where the algae provide color and
perform photosynthesis to supply
nutrients for the corals' survival.
However, even a slight rise of 2-
3°F in ocean water temperature
above the norm can cause the
corals to expel the algae, resulting
in a phenomenon known as
bleaching. This sensitivity to heat
and acidity puts corals at
significant risk. When this
Figure-3 Future Biodiversity Loss
bleached condition continues for Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3086
several weeks, corals die. Nearly
one-third of the Great Barrier Reef, on biodiversity is evident in ii. Protecting Climate sanctuaries
the world’s largest coral reef various ways, such as shifts in entails identifying past and present
system that sustains huge Organism distributions, changes in safe zones while forecasting future
Australian tourism industry, has life-events like plant-pollinator potential safe areas considering
died as a result of global warming interactions, alterations in climate change impacts and
(Hughes et al. 2018). demographic rates, population vulnerabilities.
declines, and the loss of species iii. Promoting Ecosystem Process
6. Conservation Challenges and populations due to habitat and Function demands knowledge
in Changing Climate destruction caused by factors like of natural ecosystem variations,
The effects of climate change are sea-level rise, increased fires, and disturbance patterns, dynamic
anticipated to result in more glacial recession. Moreover, models simulating these
frequent and intense instances of climate change has played a role in disturbances, and spatial indicators
extreme weather, leading to the dissemination of diseases illustrating ecological processes,
substantial consequences for both among wildlife, the introduction of like animal migration routes.
ecosystems and individuals who non-native species, and the iv. Developing possibilities for
rely on them. These effects can be diversification of species that conservation initiatives involves
seen in increased occurrences of compete for resources. assessing diverse factors. For
droughts and wildfires in forests, instance, analyzing data on carbon
as well as coral bleaching in reefs. 6.1 Enhancing regional volumes and deforestation rates for
Successfully preserving evaluations requires additional REDD payments, understanding
ecosystems and the benefits they data across various domains: the conservation impacts of land
provide relies on our ability to i. Conserving the Geophysical uses resulting from REDD
predict the likelihood of severe Stage involves understanding the projects, such as reforested areas
weather impacts and use the distribution and composition of for carbon offsets, and their effects
resilience of affected human physical features such as rock on biodiversity. Moreover,
communities to adapt to these formations, soil types, elevation, effective implementation of
changes. Climate change's impact and orientation. Ecosystem - Based Adaptation
on (EBA)
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(EBA) strategies requires access to

information on critical ecosystem
services' distribution, such as
mangroves' protective role against
coastal storms. Additionally,
evaluating human populations'
susceptibility to climate change
impacts, like coastal flooding
inundation, is crucial.
7. Biodiversity Conservation
Strategies
Biodiversity conservation
strategies encompass a range of
measures aimed at protecting and Figure-4 Green initiatives and Biodiversity management
Source: https://www.interacademies.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Climate-Change-and-Biodiversity-infographic_0.
preserving the variety of life on
Earth. These strategies are Connectivity Conservation: Education and Awareness:
essential to safeguard ecosystems, Creating wildlife corridors and Raising public awareness about the
species, and genetic diversity, ecological networks to facilitate importance of biodiversity and its
which collectively contribute to the the movement of species and conservation, fostering a sense of
stability and resilience of the maintain genetic diversity, responsibility and inspiring
planet's natural systems. Some especially in fragmented collective action.
strategies regarding Green landscapes. International Collaboration:
initiatives and Biodiversity Species Conservation: Promoting global cooperation
management are shown in figure 4. Implementing targeted efforts to among governments,
Protected Areas: Establishing and conserve endangered species organizations, and individuals to
managing protected areas, such as through captive breeding address cross-border conservation
national parks, wildlife reserves, programs, habitat restoration, and challenges.
and marine protected areas, to protection from threats like Sustainable Resource
conserve critical habitats and poaching and illegal trade. Management: Encouraging
provide safe havens for endangered Climate Change Adaptation: responsible use of natural
species. Integrating climate change resources, including fisheries and
Habitat Restoration: considerations into conservation forestry, to prevent
Rehabilitating and restoring strategies to help ecosystems and overexploitation and maintain
degraded habitats to their natural species adapt to changing climatic ecological balance.
conditions to support biodiversity conditions. Invasive Species Control:
recovery and enhance ecosystem Community Engagement: Managing and mitigating the
functions. Involving local communities, impacts of invasive species to
Sustainable Land Use: Promoting indigenous peoples, and protect native biodiversity and
sustainable agricultural practices, stakeholders in conservation prevent ecological disruptions.
responsible forestry, and urban efforts to ensure their active Conservation Finance:
planning that consider biodiversity participation and support in Mobilizing resources and funding
conservation in their development. protecting biodiversity. mechanisms to support
biodiversity
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biodiversity conservation projects Table-1 Conservation Approach and Description

and initiatives.
Conservation
Description
Approach
8. Conclusion
Given the pressing concerns Protected areas created with legal protections to conserve ecosystems, species,
Protected Areas and habitats, including locations such as national parks, wildlife reserves and
presented by the climate crisis, it is marine protected areas.
imperative to bolster approaches Environmental Enhancing deteriorated environments to their original condition, promoting the
aimed at protecting biodiversity. Restoration flourishing of indigenous species, and encouraging biodiversity.
This is essential to counteract the Species Reintroducing endangered or extirpated species into their former habitats to
Reintroduction bolster populations and restore ecological balance.
adverse impacts of climate change
Wildlife Creating corridors or pathways between fragmented habitats to enable the
on ecosystems and various species. Corridors movement of species and promote gene flow, enhancing biodiversity.
Extensive scientific evidence
Sustainable Managing forests in a way that ensures their conservation, reduces
strongly supports the notion that Forestry deforestation, and protects wildlife habitats.
climate change poses a significant Sustainable Implementing fishing practices that maintain fish populations, prevent
threat to biodiversity, leading to Fisheries overfishing, and protect marine ecosystems.
species loss, habitat degradation, In-situ Protecting species and their habitats within their natural environment,
Conservation minimizing disturbance and promoting their survival.
and shifts in ecosystem
Ex-situ Conserving species outside their natural habitats through measures like captive
functioning. To effectively tackle Conservation breeding programs, seed banks, and botanical gardens.
these issues, conservation efforts
Community-
must be adjusted and intensified. Involving local communities in conservation efforts, leveraging traditional
based
knowledge and engaging them as stewards of their environment.
Conservation
Utilizing an interdisciplinary
approach is crucial for advancing Biodiversity Focusing conservation efforts on areas with exceptionally high levels of
Hotspots endemic species, aiming to protect unique biodiversity.
research in biodiversity
Ecological Raising awareness about biodiversity and its importance, promoting sustainable
conservation. This involves Education practices, and encouraging conservation actions.
integrating ecological, genetic, and
climate sciences alongside socio- climate, adaptive management and and climate control, all of which
economic and policy analyses. conservation measures are are fundamental to the well-being
Through this approach, necessary. The ability to be of humans.
comprehensive tactics can be adaptable and modify strategies
formulated to adeptly safeguard based on new data and information References
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by climate change. Global term resilience of ecosystems and Satterfield, T., & McDaniels, T.
(2010). Expert views on biodiversity
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biodiversity. Countries can biodiversity. Preserved ecosystems ce/article/abs/pii/S09593780090009
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transcending geographical climate change. Moreover, (2005). Climate change, biodiversity
boundaries to devise and undisturbed ecosystems offer conservation and protected area
implement effective strategies. In crucial ecosystem benefits like planning in Canada. Canadian
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abs/10.1111/j.0008- S., Lan, T., Xie, Z., & Shen, G.
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& Graham, C. H. (2013). Effects of Connolly, S. R., Heron, S. F.,
climate change on species Kerry, J. T., Lough, J. M., ... &
distribution, community structure, Wilson, S. K. (2018). Spatial and
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l/10.1080/11250003.2011.627381
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Linking Lands for Life:

Wildlife Corridors of Western Ghats
Sandra P R 1, Nikhil P V 2 and Sarath S 3
1
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India - 110 067
2 College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India – 680 656
3 Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India - 560 003
[email protected],1 [email protected],2 [email protected] 3
1. Introduction
abitat loss and These patches get isolated, often potential value of corridors in
H fragmentation ranks among

the foremost factors
contributing to the decline
reducing their interaction and
making the individuals more
vulnerable to stochastic events.
preserving species diversity inside
nature reserves (Diamond, 1972;
Wilson & Willis, 1975), and the
in
in biodiversity. Fragmentation often Wildlife corridors or ecological equilibrium theory of island
involves breaking down a larger corridors are strips of habitat that biogeography provides a theoretical
habitat into smaller, separate connect fragmented patches of justification for this (MacArthur &
patches that are isolated from each habitat for the purpose of preserving Wilson, 1967).
other in terms of space (Munir et al., or reestablishing connections While connectivity and habitat
2018), leading to intricate effects on between dispersed ecosystems and conservation are seen as the primary
species diversity (Rybicki et al., facilitating interspecies mobility short-term conservation benefits of
2019). It is significantly accelerated (Liu et al., 2018). This is one corridors, they might also be
by agricultural activities, strategy for reducing the negative advantageous in the long run for a
encompassing extensive farming impacts of fragmentation. It has world experiencing climate change
and ranching practices (Laurance, been demonstrated that habitat (Norton, 1999). They might permit
2014), uncontrolled resource corridors are important for the the relocation of species that
extraction, and industrial expansion conservation of different wild become incompatible with their
(Mullu, 2016), with ensuing animals and conditions current distributions due to climate
consequences affecting entirely (MacDonald, 2003). They are change, either directly or indirectly,
from the minute soil microbiome crucial instruments for wildlife through resulting habitat changes
(Kiesewetter & Afkhami, 2021) to conservation since many species use (MacDonald, 2003). Connecting the
large mammalian species (Kuipers them for migration, breeding, and fragmented forest patches also helps
et al., 2021). Fragmented lands feeding. Corridors essentially serve to control negative human-wildlife
often create smaller habitat patches to assist the physical movement of interactions, of which forest
where only a fewer individuals of a wildlife (Srivastava & Tyagi, 2016). fragmentation is a crucial driver
species can sustain themselves. Ecologists have long recognized the (Acharya et al., 2017).
These
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
The Western Ghats, also known as potentially develop into threats for Western Ghats population of
the “Sahyadri” mountain ranges, the native wild populations, elephants from being split between
are a chain of hills that stretch for particularly acting as a restricting the Brahmagiri hills and the rest of
1600 km along India’s southwest element for the survival of large Karnataka, such as Bandipur and
coast, rising on average 900–1500 mammals (Sasi & Kumara, 2018). Nagarahole National Parks. The
meters above mean sea level. The Therefore, identifying and initiative was formally launched in
Western Ghats, which Meyer implementing potential wildlife April 2005 by the Wildlife Trust of
describes as being one of the corridors and proper maintenance India in partnership with the
hottest hotspots, are home to of the existing ones are essential Kerala Forest Department and
thousands of species of unique for the coexistence of people and local communities and with
plants and related animals (Binoy wildlife and for maintaining the financial
et al., 2022). It makes up less than genetic diversity and health of
6% of India’s total land area, yet it wildlife populations.
is home to more than 30% of the
country’s plant, fish, herpetofauna, 2. The Success story of
bird, and mammal species. Thirunelli - Kudrakote
(Western Ghats, n.d.). corridor
About 13 significant river systems The Thirunelli-Kudrakote corridor,
originate in the Western Ghats which connects the protected areas
area. It performs crucial watershed of Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary
and hydrological functions while and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary,
encompassing a variety of was given protection through
ecosystems (S. et al., 2023). India’s first private purchase model
According to IUCN World of securing land. This region is
Heritage Outlook (2020), the situated at the trijunction of
conservation outlook of this region Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil
is assessed as of “significant Nadu states. The protection of this Figure 1: Important tiger and elephant
concern”. corridor prevented the northern corridors within the Ecologically Sensitive
Area (ESA) in the Western Ghats
The encroachment of construction western (Source: mahenvis.nic.in/)
and developmental activities
within the wildlife corridors
threatens to disrupt the delicate
equilibrium. These patches of land,
originally intended to offer
temporary shelter to wildlife,
including elephants, have led to
increased instances of human-
wildlife conflicts due to their
proximity to human habitation
(Rameshan et al., 2014; Jaybhaye
et al., 2022). Escalating
anthropogenic activities can
potentially Figure 2: Graphical representation of corridor landscape
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
financial assistance from the

Elephant Family, World Land
Trust, and IUCN Netherlands. A
total of 37 families consented to
the relocation, and 25.3 acres of
land acquired from them were
transferred to the forest department
to be made part of the wildlife
sanctuary. The long-term
monitoring has shown that there is
an improvement in the living
standards of the relocated tribes
and also in the free movement of
the elephants through the corridor
Figure 3: Model of Thirunelli-Kudrakote corridor (Menon et al., 2020)
(Menon et al., 2020).
that there is a noticeable absence of scientific information, and species-
3. Challenges effective implementation of state specific adaptive capacity, which
The primary challenges forest policies in the Western have significantly reduced the
confronting biodiversity in the Ghats, with Kerala demonstrating habitat suitability and free
Western Ghats include the comparatively better adherence. movement of wild animals
conversion of forests, habitat loss, This discrepancy is likely (Gangadharan et al., 2011;
conflicts between humans and attributed to a disconnect between Vaidyanathan et al., 2016;
wildlife, and the obstruction of state policies and local-level Johnsingh & Williams, 1999).
animal migration corridors caused execution. Also, the study says that With the expansion of population
by changing land-use patterns the region lacks a centralized and increasing agriculturally
(Jaybhaye et al, 2022). Other authority responsible for planning, intensive landscape, the
constraints include grazing implementing, and enforcing availability of land is significantly
domestic cattle and firewood regulations aimed at conserving the diminishing, making it challenging
collection, which have become valuable natural resources of the to allocate suitable land for
serious issues in the conservation Western Ghats (Kudale & Kudale corridors. Gangadharan et al.
of elephants throughout the eastern 2023). (2011) found multiple gaps in
areas of the Western Ghats Establishing effective wildlife connectivity for focal species
(Baskaran, 2013). Moreover, corridors to facilitate species because of the uneven quality of
livestock grazing in wildlife movement and genetic exchange is habitats in southern WG. The
sanctuaries has impeded the crucial for maintaining healthy presence of roads, railways, and
regeneration of forests and reduced populations and preserving the human settlements disrupts the
the accessibility of essential food ecological balance. Creating and natural environment and
sources for the local wildlife maintaining wildlife corridors in connectivity of large mammals
community (Silori & Mishra, the Western Ghats presents a range (Chandra Sagar & Mrunmayee,
2001). Looking from a legislative of significant challenges. They 2020; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016)
point of view on the issue of loss include densely populated human and even become abandoned by
of habitat, recent studies suggested settlements, absence of essential the wild animals over a long period
scientific
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(Johnsingh & Williams, 1999). The thousands of years have severely activities that threaten their
prominent challenge of habitat caused fragmentation of the entire effectiveness and the species that
fragmentation was evident in the landscapes. The habitats of wildlife rely on them. A harmony between
study conducted by Daksh 2023, have shrunk into many smaller development and conservation is a
which conducted a detailed fragments, resulting in a large complex but crucial endeavour.
analysis, showing a “district-level number of challenges in the Building and managing corridors
breakdown” of leopard habitats coexistence and survival of both using scientifically proven
and protected areas in the states of humans and wildlife. The techniques within an appropriate
Tamil Nadu and Kerala. establishment of wildlife corridors place and time requires a multi-
connecting these landscape disciplinary approach that takes
4. Way Forward fragments has largely facilitated into account the needs of both
Western Ghats is a biodiversity the movement of wild populations, humans and wildlife. The
hotspot that stands as an example maintaining ecological reduction in the time lag between
of the complex socio-cultural connectivity. However, these scientific designing,
relationships between nature and corridors are in the face of various implementation, and management
humanity. The increasing human challenges owing to the rampant activities must be emphasized at
interventions dating back to expansion of anthropogenic the policy level. A well-managed
thousands activities and
Table 1: Some important corridors connecting landscapes in Western Ghats, India
Sl.
Corridor Connecting Landscape Focal Species Reference
No
1 Kallar Corridor Brahmagiri- Nilgiris- Eastern Ghats Elephant Midha et al., 2018
Tholpetty, Begur Range-Brahmagiris-
2 Thirunelli–Kudrekote Corridor Elephant Anoop & Ganesh, 2020
Nagrhole National Park
Nagarahole National Park-TholpettyRange of
3 Nagarahole–Chedalayam Corridor Elephant Anoop & Ganesh, 2020
WWS
N-W corner of TholpettyRange- Eastern slope
4 Tholpetty–Brahmagiri Corridor Elephant Anoop & Ganesh, 2020
of Brahmagiri hills
5 Ariankavu Pass corridor Periyar- Srivilliputtur hills- Agasthyamalai hills Tiger Johnsingh & Williams, 1999
6 Periyar Agasthyamalai Corridor Periyar Arboreal mammals ATREE AND CEPF, 2013
Nagarahole-Pushpagiri-Talakavery Nagarahole WLS-Pushpagiri WLS Pushpagiri
7 Tiger Qureshi et al., 2014
Corridor WLS-Talacauvery WLS
Wayanad WLS-Brahmagiri WLSBrahmagiri
8 Wayanad-Brahmagiri-Talakaveri WLS Tiger Qureshi et al., 2014
WLS-Talacauvery WLS
Mudumalai-Mukurthi-Silent Valley Mudumalai NP-Mukurthi NP Mudumalai NP-
Corridor Silent Valley NP Mukurthi NP-Silent Valley NP
10 Chimmony-Parambikulum Corridor Parambikulam WLS-Chimmony WLS Tiger Qureshi et al., 2014
11 Mathikettan-Periyar Corridor Periyar WLS-Mathikettan Shola NP Tiger Qureshi et al., 2014
Mathikettan Shola NP-Pambadum Mathikettan Shola NP-Pambadum Shola NP-
Shola NP-Anaimudi Shola NP Corridor Anaimudi Shola NP
13 Periyar-Shendurney WLS Corridor Periyar WLS-Shendurney WLS Tiger Qureshi et al., 2014
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
and updated database regarding the that are not only ecologically Binoy, C., Nasser, M., & Santhosh,
status of corridors of Western valuable but also socially S. (2022). The Western Ghats, a
Ghats can be prepared together by acceptable and sustainable in the biodiversity hotspot: the example
the state governments and long run. of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera)
stakeholders. This will not only with the description of a new
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Srinivasaiah, Rajat Ramakant
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Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Makhana Wetland Farming :

A Sustainable Model for Global
Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation
Sonali Singh
Centre for the Study of Social Systems (CSSS), School of Social Sciences,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India - 110 067
[email protected]
1. Introduction
n the intricate interplay of resilience in the face of changing Thirdly, the study aims to examine
I sustainable
narrative of
living, the
Makhana
wetland farming emerges as
climatic conditions. For instance,
analyzing the adaptability of
Makhana crops to fluctuations in
the socio-economic implications of
Makhana wetland farming on local
communities. This involves
a compelling story, illustrating the temperature, precipitation, and understanding the diverse ways in
dynamic relationship between water levels provides insights into which Makhana cultivation benefits
agriculture and nature. This study the system's ability to endure and the community, including economic
extends beyond regional boundaries thrive. strength, cultural preservation, and
to explore the profound connections Secondly, the study seeks to explore gender dynamics. By analyzing the
between Makhana cultivation and the biodiversity impact of Makhana multifaceted impact of Makhana
the ecological fabric of Bihar's cultivation, focusing on its role in wetland farming on local
Mithilanchal region. Positioned not creating a stable habitat for aquatic communities, the research uncovers
merely as a local practice but as a life. By investigating the effects on increased income from Makhana
potential global model for local biodiversity and understanding sales contributing to economic
sustainable agriculture and how Makhana wetland farming strength, the preservation of
biodiversity conservation, Makhana might contribute to global traditional farming practices
wetland farming captivates biodiversity conservation efforts, fostering cultural identity, and
attention. the research sheds light on the insights into gender dynamics
The objectives of this study are interconnectedness of agriculture within Makhana cultivation.
threefold. Firstly, it aims to delve and the ecosystem. Examining the The significance of this study lies in
into the ecological dynamics of coexistence of fish, amphibians, and its transcending of regional specifics
Makhana wetland farming, aquatic plants within Makhana to offer a comprehensive
examining how this agricultural fields illustrates the farming understanding of the intricate
practice interacts with the method's pivotal role in establishing connections between agriculture,
environment in Mithilanchal's a harmonious habitat for various biodiversity, and sustainable
wetlands and demonstrating its species. development. By spotlighting
reselience Makhana
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Makhana wetland farming, the

study aims to provide valuable
insights applicable not only within
Mithilanchal but as a universal
guide for sustainable agricultural
practices worldwide. The research
unfolds the dynamics of a unique
agricultural system, presenting
Makhana wetland farming as a
beacon of sustainable coexistence
with far-reaching global
implications.
2. The Mithilanchal Quilt :

A Living Landscape
of Biodiversity
Makhana, scientifically known as
Euryale ferox, is a remarkable
aquatic plant species indigenous to
the waters of Mithilanchal,
particularly in the Darbhanga,
Madhubani, Purnia, and Katihar
Figure 1: From Ponds to Plates : Makhana's Journey
districts of Bihar. The Makhana Image Source : Farmley (2023)
Mallah community in Bihar's
Mithilanchal region plays a pivotal Their contribution to the majority unique qualities and characteristics
role in cultivating Makhana, a crop of the world's Makhana production of Mithila Makhana,
contributing a staggering 90 underscores the local significance acknowledging its distinctiveness
percent to the world's Makhana of this crop in Bihar's Mithilanchal in the global market. This
production (Barua, 2020). region. recognition not only boosts the
Predominantly managed by the A noteworthy milestone was economic value of Mithila
Mallah and fishermen achieved when Bihar's Mithila Makhana but also preserves and
communities, the involvement of Makhana received the promotes the cultural identity
women in the delicate process of Geographical Indication (GI) tag associated with this crop.
Makhana popping adds an essential on August 16th, 2022 (Murari, At the heart of this exploration is
layer to the narrative (Kumar et al., 2022). This recognition highlights the ecological theory of symbiosis,
2011). the exceptional attributes defining emphasizing the interdependence
The Makhana Mallah community's Mithila Makhana, solidifying its of human activity and the natural
central role in cultivating Makhana importance in both cultural and environment. Makhana wetland
illustrates the community's economic contexts. farming serves as an exemplar of
intricate knowledge and expertise The awarding of the Geographical this symbiotic relationship,
in sustainable agricultural practices Indication (GI) tag emphasizes the challenging conventional notions
unique of
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
of agriculture by demonstrating
how farming practices can enhance
biodiversity and contribute to
environmental sustainability.
Makhana wetland farming, by its
very nature, showcases a symbiotic
relationship between human
cultivation and the natural
environment. The coexistence of
Makhana crops and diverse aquatic
life in the wetlands exemplifies
how agricultural practices can
contribute positively to the local
ecosystem, fostering biodiversity.
Drawing from the resilience
theory, the study further examines
the adaptability of Makhana
wetland farming in the face of
changing climatic conditions,
offering insights into its potential
as a climate-resilient agricultural
model. For instance, researching
the adaptability of Makhana
wetland farming to changing
climatic conditions involves
studying how the crop responds to
factors like temperature variations
and irregular rainfall. If the
cultivation of Makhana proves Figure 2: Harvesting of Makhana in Pond using Traditional Tools :
Bamboo Pole (Kaara) and Bamboo Container (Gaja)
resilient in the face of climate Image Source: How Makhana is Made? The Undiscovered (UD) by Ashish Kaushik (2022)
change, it could serve as a valuable
model for sustainable agriculture in themselves as dynamic ecosystems biodiversity in the region and holds
regions experiencing similar supporting various plants and implications for redefining global
challenges. animals. Makhana cultivation sustainable agricultural practices.
represents more than just farming; For instance, the robust root
3. Ecological Dynamics of it signifies a symbiotic relationship systems of Makhana plants provide
Makhana Wetland Farming between human activity and the a nurturing substrate for diverse
In the expansive farmlands of natural environment. aquatic organisms, creating a
Mithilanchal, Makhana wetland Understanding the intricacies of dynamic aquatic ecosystem.
farming unfolds as a self- these ecological dynamics Simultaneously, the wetlands serve
sustaining ecosystem. Often becomes crucial in appreciating the as natural habitats for numerous
overlooked, the wetlands reveal delicate equilibrium that sustains species of fish, amphibians, and
them
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
birds. This interconnected web of landscapes. This redefines the For instance, investigating the
life exemplifies the symbiosis of conversation on global biodiversity potential scalability of Makhana
agriculture and biodiversity, conservation, showcasing wetland farming as a sustainable
positioning Makhana wetland Makhana wetland farming as a livelihood option for marginalized
farming as a potential model for paradigm shift in agricultural communities globally could
sustainable coexistence globally. practices with far-reaching provide insights into its broader
ecological implications. socio-economic implications.
4. Conservation of
Exploring the role of Makhana
Biodiversity through 5. Socio-Economic
wetland farming in promoting
Makhana Farming Implications & Community
gender inclusivity within the
Central to this study is the Development
Mallah community and its
evaluation of the impact of Beyond its ecological significance, potential for gender-inclusive
Makhana wetland farming on local Makhana wetland farming unfolds agricultural practices globally adds
biodiversity. Preliminary insights as a socio-economic catalyst for depth to the socio-economic
suggest a positive correlation the Mithilanchal region. The narrative.
between Makhana cultivation and cultivation of Makhana offers a
enhanced aquatic biodiversity. livelihood for local communities, 6. Conclusion
Beyond serving as a stable habitat, fostering economic resilience and In the expansive tableau of
Makhana plants contribute to water reducing dependency on Mithilanchal's agricultural
purification, fostering an conventional agriculture. This landscape, Makhana wetland
environment conducive to the socio-economic dimension is not farming transcends its regional
survival of diverse aquatic confined to regional boundaries but specificity to emerge as a vibrant,
organisms. Moreover, the resonates as a universal theme, resilient fabric weaving together
intentional or unintentional role of with the potential to be replicated the principles of biodiversity
wetlands as natural barriers against in diverse global contexts. conservation and sustainable
invasive species further fortifies The traditional knowledge and development. The revelations of
biodiversity conservation beyond skills associated with Makhana this study extend beyond the
regional borders. cultivation form integral confines of local narratives,
Additionally, Makhana farming components of the region's cultural unveiling a blueprint for the
aligns with organic and traditional heritage, contributing to the social harmonious coexistence of
agricultural methodologies, fabric of the community. The cultivation and conservation in
minimizing reliance on synthetic burgeoning market demand for diverse landscapes globally.
pesticides and fertilizers. This Makhana positions it as more than As we unfurl the layers of
approach not only ensures the a local commodity; it becomes an Makhana wetland farming in the
ecological integrity of the wetlands economic opportunity for small- Mithilanchal quilt, it becomes
but extends its positive impacts to scale farmers. This study aims to evident that this way of farming
the surrounding terrestrial delve into the economic viability goes beyond local borders. It
ecosystem. The holistic impact of of Makhana wetland farming and embodies a complete approach to
Makhana wetland farming on its potential to empower local life, nurturing biodiversity,
biodiversity transcends regional communities through income preserving cultural heritage, and
boundaries, advocating for its generation and skill enhancement, strengthening resilient
potential as a sustainable farming offering insights applicable beyond communities. By recognizing and
model applicable across diverse the borders of Mithilanchal. promoting the importance of
landscapes Makhana
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Makhana wetland farming, we 4. Khadatkar, A., Gite, L. P., &

contribute not only to the well- Gupta, V. K. (2015). Interventions
being of local ecosystems but also to reduce drudgery of workers in
to a broader, global discourse on the traditional method of
harvesting Makhana (Euryale
sustainable agriculture and
ferox salisb.) seeds from ponds.
biodiversity conservation. Current Science, 109(7), 1332–
Investigating the potential of 1337.
Makhana wetland farming to act as http://www.jstor.org/stable/249058
a carbon sink and mitigate climate 98
change effects on a global scale 5. Kumar, U., Kumar, A., & Singh,
could further establish its K. M. (2011). Constraints and
significance. In the ever-evolving Drudgery in Makhana Cultivation.
tapestry of agricultural practices, International Journal of Extension
Education, 7, 47–51.
Makhana cultivation stands as a
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2061652
beacon of hope, guiding us toward
a future where farming and nature 6. Kumar et al., (2020). Scientific
Cultivation of Makhana for
seamlessly coalesce, nurturing the
Improving Farmers’ Livelihood in
vibrant fabric of life across diverse Eastern India. Research Today
landscapes and communities 2(7): 670-672.
worldwide.
7. Mandal, R.N., Saha, G.S. and
Sarangi, N. (2010). Harvest and
References processing of Makhana
1. Ahmad. A. (2020). A study on (Euryale ferox Salisb.)-An unique
constraints of Makhana cultivation assemblage of traditional
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development. J Pharmacogn Traditional Knowledge, 9 (4), 684-
Phytochem, 9(1), 984-987. 688.
2. Ahmad. A., & Kumar. B. 8. Murari, K. (2022). Bihar ready

(2020). A Study on Socio- for new makhana millionaires after
economic Condition of Farmers GI Tag, R&D and start-up boom.
Cultivating Makhana in Darbhanga ThePrint.
District of Bihar, India. https://theprint.in/feature/bihar-
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. ready-for-new-makhana-
9(02): 1318-1325. doi: millionaires-after-gi-tag-rd-and-
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20.902.155 9. Sajesh, V.K. (2013). Factor
3. Barua, A. (2020). Bihar discriminating the effectiveness of
entrepreneur grows 50% of India’s women’s joint liability Sonali Singh
Makhana while empowering group in agriculture:evidence from Centre for the Study of Social Systems (CSSS),
12,000 farmers. The Better India. kerala, Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu., 13 School of Social Sciences,
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farming-india-ana79/
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Preserving Natural Water Resources Lifeline:

A Triumph in Wetland Conservation in the
National Capital Territory of Delhi
Sheilja Singh and Rabidyuti Biswas
Department of Physical Planning, School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), New Delhi - 110 002.
[email protected] , [email protected]
1. Introduction
etlands are important and human activities have posed total geographical extent, depicting
W features in urban landscape

that provide numerous
beneficial services for
significant threats to these delicate
ecosystems.
3. The Wetlands of NCT Delhi

a notable decline from 6.6% to 1.6%
i.e. 29.7 km 2 to 24.35 as shown in
Table 1 (Singh & Biswas, 2022).
people
people and flora-fauna. These areas Among these, the Okhla Bird
improve water quality, and quantity. The National Capital Territory Sanctuary, Najafgarh Drain, and
In this article, we delve into the (NCT) of Delhi is home to several Yamuna Biodiversity Park are some
inspiring world of wetland wetlands that have, over the years, of the vital wetland areas that were
conservation in the National Capital faced degradation and in dire need of conservation
Territory of Delhi. Wetlands, often encroachment. This study focuses measures. As per the CSE report
referred to as the "lungs of the on reviewing the available made by M. Matto in 2017,
Earth," play a crucial role in documents related to urban water available surface water bodies have
maintaining ecological balance and bodies in India, with a specific the potential to hold 135MGD
supporting biodiversity. In this emphasis on the National Capital surface water but storage and water
article, we present an in-depth Territory (NCT) of Delhi. The study holding capacity of these water
exploration of the successful efforts area encompasses approximately bodies have been decreasing. In
made in conserving these invaluable 1483 km 2 as per the 2021 Master Delhi, Most of these resources are
elements of ecosystems within the plan of Delhi, situated between the surrounded by high-dense populated
bustling urban landscape of Delhi. Aravali ranges and the river River areas and few are surrounded by
Yamuna. The city has small and green/ open/ forest areas. The type
2. Significance of Wetlands large water bodies and streams of surrounding land uses are
Wetlands are the natural reservoirs which are carrying sewage water residential, recreational, industrial,
that harbor an impressive array of and falling into the river River commercial, green cover, open area
plant and animal species. They act Yamuna. The city has roughly 1140 etc.
as a buffer against floods, recharge natural and man-made water bodies
groundwater, and filter pollutants, in both rural and urban settings of 3. The Conservation Journey
making them indispensable to the the city. The city presently In the early 2000s, recognizing the
overall health of the environment. encompasses a surface water area of importance of preserving these
Unfortunately, rapid urbanization approximately 24.35 km 2 out of its wetlands, the authorities,
and total environment
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Table 1: Surface Water Areas Comparison based on Master Plans of Delhi Development Office (BDO), and
(Sources: Delhi Development Autority, 1962; Delhi Development Authority, 1990; Delhi Development Autority, 2007)
data with the Delhi Parks and
Total Area of
Green Green Surface Surface No of Gardens Society (DGPS) has
S. Master geographic water
area in area water area water water mapped these water bodies. There
No plan al area in bodies
2
km 2 (%) in km 2 area (%) bodies
km (%) are few wetlands/water bodies
1 1962 448 107.52 24 29.7 6.6 1449 6.4 which are in the conservation
process, which are discussed
2 2001 678 87.22 19 27.9 4.1 1166 3.8
below:
3 2021 1483 104.70 14.16 24.35 1.6 969 0.8 3.1. Reviving the Okhla Bird
Sanctuary: The Okhla Bird
environmentalists, and local accountability mechanisms and Sanctuary, situated along the
communities united to undertake implementation of Water Sensitive Yamuna River, faced threats from
an ambitious conservation effort. Urban Design (WSUD) pilot rapid urbanization and
Comprehensive surveys and Demonstration projects through 2
encroachments with 4 km in size.
assessments were carried out to participatory decision-making With the help of Delhi government
understand the ecological processes involving all major and environmental organizations, a
conditions and identify critical stakeholders. In 2022, 10 water restoration plan was implemented,
areas requiring immediate bodies were identified in the first comprising habitat restoration,
attention. phase to be labelled as Delhi's first invasive species management, and
In current state, Delhi government wetlands, including Sanjay Lake, public awareness campaigns.
has started city of lake project Hauz Khas Lake, Bhalswa Lake, Now, the sanctuary has emerged as
since 2019, 250 water bodies have Najafgarh Jheel, Welcome Jheel, a haven for migratory birds and a
been selected for rejuvenation and and Smriti Van. Most of Delhi's hub for eco-tourism. More than
around 48 water bodies have been 1,043 water bodies fall under the 324 bird species are reported here.
revived till now. along with state Delhi Development Authority Very frequently, few events such
government, central government is (DDA) and the Block as tourists walk, bird watching, etc.
also taking initiatives for Development
conserving water bodies and
formed a Delhi Wetland Authority
which is working on reviving
water bodies and wetlands. There
is Delhi water forum is also placed
by the collaboration of The
Australia-India Water Security
Initiative Community
Demonstration Project (AIWASI
CDP) to improve water security
and liveability conditions for two
disadvantaged communities in
Delhi in line with Water Sensitive
City (WSC) and Gender Equality,
Disability and Social Inclusion
(GEDSI) principles. It offers joint Figure 1 Map showing location of the Okhla Bird Sanctuary, National Capital Region, Delhi, India.
Source: (Manral et al., 2012)
accountability
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Figure 2 View of Okhla Bird Sanctuary. Source: Okhla Bird Sancury, 2023.
have been conducted by several improved the water quality but also sewage-carrying drain in theal
organisations. provided a thriving habitat for capital, it carries wastewater from
3.2. Najafgarh Drain numerous aquatic species. the surrounding areas along of it.
Restoration: The Najafgarh Drain, It was also known as River Sahibi. The drain attracts many species of
once plagued by pollution and The Delhi Government birds and lake is perhaps the only
dumping of waste, was channelized it for better flood bird sanctuary within a drain.
transformed into an oasis of management during the monsoon Many migratory birds visit this
biodiversity. Government in 1977. It is the largest basin in area during various seasons.
authorities, NGOs, and local terms of its catchment area, which Najafgarh Drain (NJD) is the
largest among all the surface drains
communities joined hands in is 615 km long, and takes care of
joining the river in the NCT. The
cleaning the drain, reviving its the water discharged from rural
sewered catchment area is around
natural flow, and creating artificial and urban areas of Delhi.
374 sq km. Some proposals have
wetlands for water purification. Presently, according to TERI, the
been made along the drain as
This remarkable initiative not only Najafgarh Drain is the largest shown in Figure 4.
i
Figure 3 Land Use Map of Drain. Source: (Commission, 2015) Figure 4 Image showing the proposed stepped edges of
the waterway. Source: (Commission, 2015)
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
3.3. Yamuna Biodiversity Park: In an effort to restore the lost Yamuna, Aravalli, Neela Hauz,
The Yamuna Biodiversity Park, natural heritage amidst Delhi's Northern Ridge, Tilpath Valley,
situated near the Wazirabad urban landscape, DDA has Tughlaqabad, and South Delhi
Barrage, exemplifies the successful undertaken the development of a Biodiversity Parks. Covering a vast
restoration of a once barren and network of Biodiversity Parks – an expanse of 148 hectares on the flat
eroded floodplain. Native flora and innovative concept pioneered and alluvial floodplains of the River
fauna were reintroduced, turning implemented for the first time Yamuna, the Yamuna Biodiversity
the park into an educational hub worldwide in collaboration with Park is segmented into two phases.
for environmental awareness. The the Centre for Management of Phase I encompasses 63.5 hectares,
park showcases how wetland Degraded Ecosystems, University while Phase II spans 121 hectares,
conservation can coexist of Delhi. As of now, DDA has situated on the dynamic floodplain
harmoniously with urban successfully established seven of the river Yamuna. This
landscapes. Biodiversity Parks, namely captivating park comprises a
Yamuna diverse blend of wetlands,
grasslands, and floodplain forest
communities.
The project's vision revolves
around fostering environmental
security through ecosystem
development, with a primary focus
on groundwater recharge and
enhancing the region's
microclimate. Additionally, the
project aims to establish a
connection with the people of
Figure 5 View of Yamuna Biodiversity Park. Source: Delhi Development Authority, 2023. Delhi by serving as a hub for
environmental education, research,
and eco-tourism.
YBP places significant emphasis
on Nature Education as a key
mission to inspire and engage
young minds in environmental
conservation. Catering to a diverse
audience, including schools,
colleges, teachers, and trainees
from various educational courses,
YBP aims to enhance ecological
literacy for the general public. The
abundant flora and fauna within
YBP serve as valuable tools for
promoting conservation education,
Figure 6 Chronological Development of Yamuna Biodiversity Park.
fostering a sense of environmental
Source: (Yamuna biodiversity park, 2018) responsibility, and instilling
conservation
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
conservation ethics that will through concretization and initiatives: Lack of public
positively impact environmental chemical treatment. The wetland awareness and initiatives to revive
quality. This park has recharged ecosystem incorporates plants like the wetland ecosystem is an area of
the ground water level and it Park typha latifolia and spider lily, a concern. Most citizens are neither
is a pilot project for the water-filtering layer of gravel with motivated for conservation nor
development of Biodiversity parks a biofilm to process pollutants, and informed about the depleting
across City. effectively immobilizes heavy resources by public authorities.
3.4. Rajokari Pond: Before 2017, metals within the gravel system. Inadequate catchment area or
the Rajokri water body was a source of water supply: Many
polluted and murky pond receiving 4. Challenges water bodies in Delhi are currently
sewage from nearby shanties. The journey of wetland without an adequate catchment
However, it has undergone a conservation in NCT Delhi was not area or a source of water supply.
remarkable transformation, without its challenges. This problem will be addressed
converting into a redeveloped Administrative coordination, once they are notified as wetlands.
public space spanning 9,446 square public engagement, and resource Accountability and records of
meters. This rejuvenated area now mobilization were critical aspects wetlands: there is no records in
features a 2,000 square meter water that required constant attention. terms of documentation of
body that receives treated Some of wetlands are still facing wetlands in Delhi. due to lack of
effluents, which were previously problems for revival due to lack of accountability and management of
the primary source of pollution. co-ordination and collaboration records, encroachment and land
The project employs a scientific among institutions. However, the grapping of water bodies are
wetland system with active bio collective determination of various happening.
digesters (SWAB) instead of the stakeholders, along with strong
conventional chemical treatment government support, enabled the 5. Policy Interventions
approach. This departure from successful restoration of few of Robust policies and legal measures
Delhi's Jal Board's policy involves these vital ecosystems. Few played a significant role in the
utilizing wetlands and mechanized challenges have been discussed conservation efforts. The inclusion
aeration systems, moving away below: of wetlands in the environmental
from isolating water bodies Lack of public awareness and regulatory framework and their
through initiative recognition as ecologically
sensitive areas provided the
necessary impetus for their
protection. Furthermore, local
communities were actively
involved through awareness
programs and community-based
initiatives.
Delhi has several plans and
policies for conserving urban water
bodies such as Wetland
(Conservation & management)
rules (2017), National Plan for
Figure 7 Current State of Pond: Source: City of Lake Project, DJB, 2020 Conservation of Aquatic
ecosystems
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Ecosystems (NPCA) (2016), water management systems. accountability and records for
Review of guidelines for wetlands in the city. By working
7. Conclusion together, the Delhi government,
continuation of scheme on RRR of
water bodies in 12th plan 2005, The journey of wetland local communities, and other
conservation in the National stakeholders can help conserve and
Delhi water policy 2016 (Draft),
protect water bodies in Delhi,
Delhi master plan 2021, Advisory Capital Territory of Delhi
ensuring a more sustainable and
on conservation and restoration of exemplifies what can be
environmentally friendly future for
WBS in urban areas (2013), etc. accomplished when stakeholders the city.
These policies documents are unite for a common cause like few
directly influencing and discussing of them have been in good References
about the conservation of urban conditions. Through tireless 1. Commission, D. U. A. (2015).
water bodies. Currently Delhi efforts, robust policies, and Rejuvenation Of Najafgarh
Waterway Vision for Delhi ( West
government is working on city of community participation, the Zone ).
lake project and majorly Delhi Jal wetlands of Delhi have been given 2. Delhi Development Authority.
Board. a new lease of life. As we celebrate (1990). Master Plan for Delhi -
this triumph, let us be inspired to 2001. 1–180.
6. Future Prospects safeguard the precious wetlands 3. Delhi Development Autority.
(1962). Master Plan for Delhi, 1962.
The achievements in wetland across the globe, ensuring a 1–181. www.rgplan.org
conservation within the NCT Delhi greener, healthier, and sustainable
4. Delhi Development Autority.
set a promising precedent for other future for generations to come. (2007). Master Plan for Delhi-2021.
urban centers facing similar In conclusion, the conservation of 2021, 1–245.
challenges. The learnings from water bodies in Delhi is a crucial 5. Yamuna biodiversity park, (2018).
these successful endeavors can be aspect of ensuring the city's 6. Manral, U., Raha, A., Solanki, R.,
replicated and adapted in various sustainability and environmental Hussain, S. A., Mohan, D., &
Talukdar, G. (2012).Hydrological
parts of the country and beyond. well-being. The Delhi government characteristics and flood plain
Continued vigilance and adaptive and other stakeholders have taken vegetation of human impacted
management will be essential to several initiatives and policy wetlands : a case study from Okhla
Bird Sanctuary , National Capital
ensure the long-term sustainability interventions to conserve water Region , New Hydrological
of these restored wetlands. bodies in the city, such as the characteristics and flood plain
The Delhi government has identification of 1,040 vegetation of human impacted
wetlands : A case study f. Asian
prepared a draft Delhi Water waterbodies, the establishment of Journal of Conservation Biology,
Policy to address the issue of the Delhi Wetland Authority, and 2(May 2014), 1–11.
depleting groundwater levels in the the allocation of funds for water 7.https://obs-up.com/
city. This policy is expected to be conservation efforts. Despite these 8.https://cityoflakesdelhi.com/2022/
implemented in the future, leading efforts, there are still challenges to 10/19/rajokri-lake-revitalisation/)
to more comprehensive water overcome, such as urbanization, 9.https://dda.gov.in/land-/biodiversit
conservation measures. There other lack of public awareness, and y-park-yamuna
******
prospects such as need of inadequate accountability and
increasing awareness and public records of wetlands in Delhi. To
participation, Collaboration with address these challenges, it is
other stakeholders, adaptation essential to continue implementing
Sheilja Singh Prof. Rabidyuti Biswas
measures to climate change, and policy interventions, raising public PhD Scholar Professor
Department of Physical Planning, School of
revival strategies for traditional awareness, and ensuring proper Planning and Architecture (SPA), New Delhi
water accountability
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
(Moringa oleifera)
Drumstick (Moringa oleifera)Flowers:
Important source of nectar and minerals
for Butterflies in urban landscape
Chandra Bhushan Maurya 1 and Surya Prakash 2
1. R.K.Puram, Sector-3, New Delhi – 110 022, INDIA
2. Gaur Yamuna City, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Butterflies generally do not depend 1. Introduction (Prakash, S. et al. 2022) and thus
on flowers only for their feeding, elhi is amongst one of the
D
tally reached to 94. The number of
because in adult stage they greenest capitals of the butterflies seen at any place depends
specifically need only those world and has many green on the flora that is present at that
minerals which they could not get zones and historical particular habitat and other external
from their larval host plants during gardens gardens
of Mughal era supplying factors due to very specific micro-
their early developmental stages. adequate food base that are suitable habitat requirements of butterflies.
There are many such plants that can to provide nectar and minerals to Butterflies are sap/nectar feeding
fulfil the requisite nutritional butterflies. In Delhi, butterflies have insects, which they get by sucking it
demand of butterflies. Flowers of been studied very little in the past from flowers through their
Drumstick tree, Moringa oleifera is and documentation by Jandu (1941, proboscis (Krenn, 2010). While
grown in the backyards and kitchens 42, & 43); Donahue (1967); Ashton feeding, they also cross -pollinate
gardens for food delicacies, it can (1972) took the tally to 81 species. many plants as they are considered
also be seen in many parks and Larsen surveyed Delhi in 1984-86 very good pollinators along with
gardens. We hereby report that its and made a complete checklist of honey bees. Butterflies are classified
small yellowish white flowers Delhi’s butterflies which was into two groups, i) nectar feeder,
attracts about 50% species of published in 2002 and the tally and ii) non-nectar feeder (acquiring
butterflies found in Delhi. Moringa reached 86. After Larsen, Surya nutrition from sources like decaying
oleifera, therefore has value in Prakash identified and documented fruits, dead animals, excreta, body
conservation of butterflies in urban six new species of butterflies from fluids, sap etc). Most butterflies feed
landscape. Delhi (Prakash, S., 2019). Later on on floral nectar which they obtain
two more butterflies got added in from variety of flowers (Krenn,
the list of Delhi when a pioneer 2010). The hypothesis of nectar
Keywords: Flora, Fauna, Urban study of butterfly diversity of feeding during adult stages has not
landscape, Biodiversity Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) been accepted by many
Campus, Delhi was carried out lepidopterists due to different
(Prakash feeding
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
feeding habits of butterflies. observations were taken for the arotene, vitamin C, and flavonoids
Flowers however, can be a rich whole day, from January, 2017 to (Bennett, et al., 2003; Mbikay,
source of nectar containing November, 2023. Similar 2012). It has been observed that
minerals for butterflies living in or observations were also collected Moringa oleifera blooms and bears
close to sub-urban landscapes from other butterflies observers flowers many times in a year i.e.,
(Chaudhary, R., 2020). from JNU and Vasant Kunj from March-April, July-August and
In the present study we have their personal kitchen gardens. To October-November. Moringa
focused on Moringa oleifera determine the species of butterflies oleifera has various beneficial
commonly known as ‘Drumstick visiting the tree, the flowers of the properties and therefore it has been
tree’ as important source of nectar tree were observed with binocular grown in India for ages. The
for butterflies in urban landscape model (Olympus and Nikon flowers are fragrant and
of Delhi. This tree is commonly 10x40), unaided eyes and digital surrounded by five unequal
grows in vast parts of India. The cameras (SLR cameras: Canon yellowish-white petals. The
present observations were made in 600D, Nikon D-3400 using 18-55 flowers are about 1–1.5 cm long
an urbanized part of Delhi, where – 300 mm focal length & Cell and 1.5-2 cm broad (Plate-1). The
Moringa oleifera trees are phone camera : Redmi Note 6 Pro). flower attracts different insects
generally grown in the backyard of This data includes only those along with butterflies which also
residential complexes, kitchen butterflies which were observed helps the plant to pollinate.
gardens and medicinal gardens. nectaring on Moringa oleifera. For Total 47 species of butterflies were
Out of nearly 94 butterflies found identification of butterflies up to observed feeding on the flowers of
in Delhi, about half the number of species level, internet database by Moringa oleifera (Table-1 & Plate-
species have been found nectaring Kunte et.al. 2). These butterflies belong to 16
on the flowers of Moringa oleifera http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org genera of four families (viz.
which suggests that it is an was consulted. Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae,
important source of food for Nymphalidae and Papilionidae).
3. Results and Discussion
butterflies in urban areas of Delhi. Pioneer (Belenois aurota) was
Moringa oleifera is native to India found to be most common visitor
2. Material and Methods and commonly known as of the flowers during March-early
The observations were made out ‘drumstick tree’ or ‘horseradish May, as far as count of individual
on Moringa oleifera growing in a tree’, which grows in the tropical species is concerned. Moringa
residential area of R.K.Puram, and subtropical regions of the oleifera flowers was also visited by
Sector-3, South west Delhi, Delhi. world (Y.P., Rajbhar, et al., 2018). some of the rare butterflies of
The observations were made With its high nutritional values, Delhi including Tailless line blue
during last five years from the every part of the tree has some or (Prosotas dubiosa), Indian Dark
terrace of first floor (at a height of other nutritional value that suits cerulean (Jamides bochus bochus)
approximately 6-7 m). One variety of insects, birds and (Chaudhary, R., 2021) and some
Moringa oleifera tree was humans. Phytochemical analysis other uncommon butterflies (Plate-
observed during this period. The have shown that Moringa oleifera 2). Some regular butterflies
study was conducted during is a rich source of ‘K’ potassium, commonly sighted on the tree in
different seasons from 7.00 – 9.00 ‘Ca’ calcium, ‘P’ phosphorus, ‘Fe’ observation during the period of
am in the morning and 5.30 p.m. – iron, vitamins ‘A’ and ‘D’, study were Pioneer (Belenois
6.30 p.m. in the evening during essential amino acids, as well as aurota), Oriental Lemon Emigrant
weekdays, while on weekends known antioxidants, such as β-c (Catopsilia Pomona Pomona),
observation North
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Northern Lime Swallowtail accessible to both butterflies with Further, though a single flower
(Papilio demoleus demoleus), longer as well as comparatively only contains a small amount of
Common Banded Awl (Hasora shorter proboscis. The flowers nectar, clustering of flowers make
chromus), Dakhan Common Gull were observed to be foraged upon foraging advantageous even to
(Cepora nerissa phryne). Among by different sizes of butterflies of larger numbers of butterflies at one
blues, Indian Lime Blue (Chilades Delhi such as Chilades pandava time (Vikas, 2011; Corbet, 2000).
lajus lajus) and Oriental Plains pandava with small proboscis to By providing nectar and minerals
Cupid (Chilades pandava Catopsilia Pomona Pomona with which an adult butterfly has not
pandava) were also commonly longer proboscis. Therefore, it derived during their larval stage as
their larvae predominantly feed on
observed on the tree. Dark grass appears that the maximum number
leaves of a host plants that mainly
blue (Zizeeria karsandra), Pale of butterfly species of Delhi
contains carbohydrate only.
grass blue (Pseudozizeeria maha) possess an adequate length of
Flowering period of Moringa
and Tiny Grass Blue (Zizula hylax) proboscis for probing Drumstick
oleifera coincides with the period
which are otherwise common in flowers for nectar. Whereas, of the year when butterflies are
Delhi were not observed on extremely small butterflies such as abundant, so this tree provides
Moringa oleifera flowers. Thus the Dark grass blue (Zizeeria food to a large range of butterflies.
study is suggestive of some level karsandra), Pale grass blue Moringa oleifera and other
of preference of different species (Pseudozizeeria maha), Lesser flowering trees, especially which
butterflies for Moringa oleifera grass blue (Zizina otis) and Black- attract butterflies and bloom during
flowers as per their body spotted Grass Jewel (Freyeria butterflies abundance and
requirement that was fulfilled by putli) were seen in close proximity migrating periods in Delhi, can
drumstick tree. It is evident from of this tree on the same height but play an major role in maintaining
Table-1, that nectar present in not been observed nectaring from diversity of butterflies in urban
flowers of Moringa oleifera is the flower of Moringa oleifera. landscapes (Chaudhary, R., 2020).
accessible Further
Table-1 : Butterflies observed feeding on the flowers of Moringa oleifera
Sl. No. Family Species/Sub-Species

1 Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) – Brown Awl
2 Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1780) – Common Banded Awl
3 Suastus gremius (Fabricius, 1798) – Oriental Palm Bob
4 Baorini spp. – Baorini Swift spp.
5 Hesperiidae Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) – Rice Swift
6 Gegenes nostrodamus (Fabricius, 1793) – Dingy Swift
7 Parnara spp. – Parnara Swift spp.
8 Pelopidas mathiasmathia (Fabricius, 1798) – Dakhan Small Branded Swift
9 Pelopidas spp. – Pelopidas Swifts
10 Azanus ubaldus (Stoll, 1782) – Bright Babul Blue
11 Lycaenidae Azanus uranus (Butler, 1886) – Dull Babul Blue
12 Catochrysops Strabo strabo (Fabricius, 1793) – Oriental Forget-me-not
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Sl. No. Family Species/Sub-Species

13 Chilades lajus lajus (Stoll, 1780) – Indian Lime Blue
14 Chilades pandava pandava (Horsfield, 1829) – Oriental Plains Cupid

15 Euchrysops cnejus cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) – Oriental Gram Blue
16 Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, 1782) – Indian Dark Cerulean
17 Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) – Pea Blue
18 Leptotes plinius plinius (Fabricius, 1793) – Asian Zebra Blue
19 Lycaenidae Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, 1925) – Indian Tailless Lineblue
20 Talicada nyseus nyseus (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) – Indian Red Pierrot
21 Tarucus balkanica nigra (Bethune-Baker, 1918) – Black-spotted Pierrot
22 Tarucus nara (Kollar, 1848) – Striped Pierrot
23 Castalius rosimon rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) – Continental Common Pierrot
24 Spindasis vulcanus vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775) – Indian Common Silverline
25 Rapala iarbus sorya (Kollar, 1844) – Indian Red Flash
26 Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) –Oriental Plain Tiger
27 Tirumala limniace exoticus (Gmélin, 1790) – Oriental Blue Tiger
28 Phalanta phalantha phalantha (Drury, 1773) –Oriental Common Leopard
29 Hypolimnas bolina jacintha (Drury, 1773) – Oriental Great Eggfly
30 Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764)– Danaid Eggfly
Nymphalidae
31 Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758) – Oriental Peacock Pansy
32 Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) – Oriental Yellow Pansy
33 Junonia lemonias lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) – Chinese Lemon Pansy
34 Junonia orithya swinhoei (Butler, 1885) – Pale Blue Pansy
35 Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) – Painted Lady
36 Graphium dosona xionides (Page &Treadaway, 2014) – Himalayan Common Jay
37 Papilio demoleus demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Northern Lime Swallowtail
38 Papilio polytes romulus (Cramer, 1775) – Indian Common Mormon
39 Pachliopta aristolochiae aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) – Indian Common Rose
40 Catopsilia Pomona pomona (Fabricius, 1775) – Oriental Lemon Emigrant
41 Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) – Oriental Mottled Emigrant
Papilionidae
42 Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) – Oriental Common Grass Yellow
43 Belenois aurota aurota (Fabricius, 1793) – Indian Pioneer
44 Cepora nerissa phryne (Fabricius, 1775) – Dakhan Common Gull
45 Pieris brassicae nepalensis (Gray, 1846) – Nepalese Large Cabbage White
46 Ixias marianne (Cramer, 1779) –White Orange-tip
47 Ixias pyrene kausala (Moore, 1877) – West Himalayan Yellow Orange-tip
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Plate 1 - Moringa oleifera
Canopy of the tree of Moringa oleifera
Flower of Moringa oleifera Fruit of Moringa oleifera
Plate 2 - Butterflies observed feeding on the flowers of Moringa oleifera
Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, Suastus gremius (Fabricius, 1798) – Castalius rosimon rosimon (Fabricius,
1775) – Brown Awl Oriental Palm Bob 1775) – Continental Common Pierrot
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
Plate 2 (continues) - Butterflies observed feeding on the flowers of Moringa oleifera
Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, 1925) – Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, 1782) – Azanus ubaldus (Stoll, 1782) – Bright
Indian Tailless Lineblue Indian Dark Cerulean Babul Blue
Rapala iarbus sorya (Kollar, 1844) – Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) – Painted Tirumala limniace exoticus (Gmélin,
Indian Red Flash Lady 1790) – Oriental Blue Tiger
Hypolimnas bolina jacintha (Drury, Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) – Belenois aurota aurota (Fabricius, 1793) –
1773) – Oriental Great Eggfly Oriental Yellow Pansy Indian Pioneer
Vol.29 (2) pISSN : 0974 - 1364
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Bombay
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eISSN 0974 - 1356

pISSN 0974 - 1364

JNU EIACP Programme Centre on 'Geodiversity & Impact on Environment'

TITLE OF ARTICLE / AUTHOR'S NAME PAGE NO.

Biodiversity and Eco-Sensitive Zones: An Indian Outlook

Enhancing Biodiversity Conservation Strategies Amidst

Linking Lands for Life: Wildlife Corridors of Western Ghats 16 - 22

Makhana Wetland Farming: A Sustainable Model for 23 - 27

Preserving Natural Water Resources Lifeline: A Triumph in Wetland 28 - 33

Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) Flowers: Important source of nectar 34 - 40

Cover Page Illustration by : Ms Priya Sarsaiya, B.Des student, at Indian

Biodiversity and Eco-Sensitive Zones:

iv. SDG 10: Reduced Inequality:

v. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities

vi. SDG 12: Responsible

Balvanera, P., Daily, G. C., Ehrlich, EIACP Programme Centre

Chan, K. M., Pringle, R. M., Living Planet Report, 2022.

Enhancing Biodiversity Conservation

Corals rely heavily on a mutually

(EBA) strategies requires access to

biodiversity conservation projects Table-1 Conservation Approach and Description

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ Zhao, Z., Wang, Y., Zang, Z., Deng,

Velásquez-Tibatá, J., Salaman, P., Hughes, T. P., Anderson, K. D.,

Linking Lands for Life:

H fragmentation ranks among

financial assistance from the

Sagar, H. S. C. (2020). A highway Srivastava, R., & Tyagi, R. (2016).

Singh, D. (2023). Modelling

Srinivas Vaidyanathan, Nishant M

Makhana Wetland Farming :

Makhana wetland farming, the

2. The Mithilanchal Quilt :

Makhana wetland farming, we 4. Khadatkar, A., Gite, L. P., &

2. Ahmad. A., & Kumar. B. 8. Murari, K. (2022). Bihar ready

Preserving Natural Water Resources Lifeline:

W features in urban landscape

3. The Wetlands of NCT Delhi

Sl. No. Family Species/Sub-Species

Sl. No. Family Species/Sub-Species

14 Chilades pandava pandava (Horsfield, 1829) – Oriental Plains Cupid

Plate 1 - Moringa oleifera

Canopy of the tree of Moringa oleifera

Flower of Moringa oleifera Fruit of Moringa oleifera

Plate 2 - Butterflies observed feeding on the flowers of Moringa oleifera

Plate 2 (continues) - Butterflies observed feeding on the flowers of Moringa oleifera

8.Vikas & R. Tandon. (2011); 15. Donahue, J.P. (1967); An

Prof. Paulraj R. Prof. Kasturi Mukhopadhyay

EIACP RESOURCE PERSON

Ms. Sandhya Farswan Ms. Ravina Bisht Ms. Ruchika

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