GRADETEN

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCI
VICEDUCATI
ON.

WHATI
SCI
VICEDUCATI
ON?

 I
tist
heawar
enessoft
hepubl
ici
nCi
vicmat
ter
ssuchasgover
nance,Pol
it
ics,
Wor
kCul
tur
e,HumanRi
ght
sandSoci
o-economi
cissues.

 I
tist
hei
mpar
ti
ngofknowl
edge,
abi
li
tyandcapaci
tyofCi
ti
zenst
omakesenseof
t
hei
rPol
it
icalwor
ld.

 I
tist
hei
mpar
ti
ngofknowl
edget
opeopl
eoni
ssuesper
tai
ningt
onat
ionalaf
fai
rs
whi
chhi
ngeongover
nance.

 Thi
smeanst
hatCi
viceducat
ionmayal
sor
efert
otheact
ivepar
ti
cipat
ionand
engagementi
nsel
f-gover
nancebyt
heci
ti
zensoft
hecount
ry.I
tcover
sthe
r
ight
s,dut
ies,
obl
igat
ionsandr
esponsi
bil
it
iesofci
ti
zens.

I
MPORTANCEOFCI
VICEDUCATI
ON

 I
thel
pst
ofor
m compet
ent
,act
iveandr
esponsi
bleci
ti
zens.

 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
obeawar
eoft
hei
rfundament
alr
ight
sandf
reedoms.

 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
opar
ti
cipat
einvol
unt
aryor
gani
zat
ionssuchaswor
ker
s
uni
ons,
women’
sassoci
ati
ons,
communi
tyor
gani
sat
ions,
etc.

 I
thel
psci
ti
zenst
oacqui
repr
ofi
ciencyi
nmoni
tor
ingandcor
rect
ingpol
ici
esand
l
awsoft
hei
rcount
ry.

 I
thel
pst
ofaci
li
tat
ethedevel
opmentofknowl
edge,
ski
ll
sandval
uesi
npupi
ls.

 I
tenabl
es t
o pr
oduce knowl
edgeabl
elear
ner
s who ar
e awar
e,can make
deci
sions,
judgeandactbasedonhumanr
ight
sandsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
it
ies.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page1
  I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
obeanal
yti
cal
,innovat
ive,cr
eat
iveandconst
ruct
ivemi
nd
whi
chwi
llcher
ishandsaf
eguar
dindi
viduall
iber
ti
esandhumanr
ight
s.

 I
thel
pst
opr
oducel
ear
ner
swhocanexpr
essone’
sowni
deasf
reel
y,exer
cise
t
oler
ancef
orot
herpeopl
e’svi
ewsandmai
ntai
ndi
sci
pli
neandhar
dwor
kfort
he
sakeofper
sonalandnat
ionaldevel
opment
.

 I
tenabl
espupi
lst
o cont
ri
but
etot
hepr
omot
ion ofdemocr
ati
cval
uesand
sust
enanceofdemocr
ati
csyst
emsbymaki
ngt
hem under
stand,cher
ishand
def
endi
tsequal
it
y.

 I
tenabl
es pupi
lst
o under
stand,cher
ish,pr
omot
e and pr
otectt
he equal
it
y
bet
ween men and women,human r
ight
s,t
he r
ule ofl
aw,r
epr
esent
ati
ve
gover
nanceet
c.

 I
tenabl
espupi
lst
o cont
ri
but
etot
hepr
omot
ion ofdemocr
ati
cval
uesand
sust
enanceofdemocr
ati
csyst
emsbymaki
ngt
hem under
stand,cher
ishand
def
endi
tsequal
it
y.

 I
tenabl
es pupi
lst
o under
stand,cher
ish,pr
omot
e and pr
otectt
he equal
it
y
bet
ween men and women,human r
ight
s,t
he r
ule ofl
aw,r
epr
esent
ati
ve
gover
nanceet
c.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page2
THECONSTI
TUTI
ON
 AConst
it
uti
oni
sasyst
em ofl
aws,
cust
omsandpr
inci
plesusual
lywr
it
tendown,
accor
dingt
owhi
chacount
ryoranor
gani
zat
ioni
sgover
ned.
 Cust
omsr
efert
oaccept
edt
radi
ti
onsandhabi
tsoft
hepeopl
einasoci
ety.A
const
it
uti
oni
stheSupr
emeLawt
owhi
chal
lot
herl
awsar
esubor
dinat
e.
 Anat
ionneedsaconst
it
uti
oni
nor
dert
oregul
atet
heact
ivi
ti
esofi
tsci
ti
zens.

TYPESOFCONSTI
TUTI
ONS
Wr
it
tenconst
it
uti
ons.
Unwr
it
tenconst
it
uti
ons.

2.WRI
TTENCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 Thi
sis a const
it
uti
on i
n whi
ch mostoft
he pr
ovi
sions orcont
ent
s ar
e
document
edi
nasi
ngl
efor
malwr
it
tendocument
.
 I
tisasetofr
ulest
hatt
heci
ti
zensofanat
ioncont
ri
but
eto,
discussandagr
eet
o
begover
nedby.
 Count
ri
es wi
th wr
it
ten const
it
uti
ons i
ncl
ude Zambi
a,Bot
swana,Tanzani
a,
Nami
bia,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca,
andAmer
ica.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page3
Advant
agesofaWr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on
 I
tisusual
lydr
awnupwi
thgr
eatcar
eanddel
iber
ati
ons
 I
tiscl
earanddef
ini
te.
 Theyar
est
abl
eandst
eady.
 Theyar
efr
eef
rom mani
pul
ati
onbyt
heJudi
ciar
y.
 I
taf
for
dspr
otect
iont
othei
ndi
vidual
sandguar
ant
eepeopl
e’sr
ight
s.
Di
sadvant
agesofaWr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on
 Theyar
enoteasi
lyadapt
abl
etoemer
genci
esandchangi
ngneedsi
nsoci
ety.
 I
ttendst
ocompr
essi
ntoonedocumental
lthei
deal
sandpol
it
icalpr
inci
plesofa
nat
ion.
 I
tisdi
ff
icul
ttoamendwhenr
igi
dit
yandconser
vat
ism ar
ecar
ri
edt
oof
ar.

2.UNWRI
TTENCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 Thi
sisaConst
it
uti
ont
hathasmostofi
tspr
ovi
sionsnotf
oundi
nasi
ngl
e
documentbuti
nacol
lect
ionofdocument
s,st
atut
esandt
radi
ti
onalpr
act
ices
t
hatar
egener
all
yaccept
edasgover
ninganat
ion.
 TheBr
it
ishconst
it
uti
oni
sonesuchexampl
e.

Advant
agesofUnwr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on
 I
tiseasi
lyadapt
abl
etochangi
ngcondi
ti
onsofadynami
csoci
ety.
 I
tcanbebentt
omeetnat
ionalemer
genci
eswi
thoutbr
eaki
ngt
hei
rfr
amewor
k.
 I
tpr
ovi
des l
egalmeans f
or sat
isf
ying popul
ar passi
ons and pr
event
ing
r
evol
uti
ons.

Di
sadvant
agesofUnwr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on
 I
tisunst
abl
easi
tcanbebentort
wist
edeasi
ly.
 I
tcanbechangedoramendedaccor
dingt
oindi
vidual
sorpar
ty’
swi
shesand
desi
res.
 I
tisvaguebecausei
tisuncl
earandi
ndef
ini
te.
 I
trequi
resahi
ghdegr
eeofpol
it
icalconsci
ousnessi
nor
dert
ounder
standi
t

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page4
 amongt
hepeopl
e.
 I
tist
akenf
orguar
ant
eedt
hati
texi
sts,
event
houghi
tisnotwr
it
ten.
 I
tcaneasi
lybemani
pul
atedbyt
heJudi
ciar
y

FORMSOFCONSTI
TUTI
ONS
Thet
wot
ypesofconst
it
uti
onscanei
therbeFl
exi
bleorRi
gid.

1.FLEXI
BLECONSTI
TUTI
ON
 Thi
sisaf
orm ofaconst
it
uti
ont
hatcaneasi
lybeamendedorchangedbyt
he
maj
ori
tyofel
igi
bleci
ti
zenswi
thoutcal
li
ngf
orar
efer
endum.
 ARef
erendum i
sasi
tuat
ionwhenci
ti
zensar
easkedt
ovot
eYESorNOonan
i
mpor
tantnat
ionali
ssue,suchasvot
ingwhet
hert
oabol
isht
hedeat
hsent
ence
ornot
.

2.RI
GIDCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 Thi
sisaf
orm ofaConst
it
uti
ont
hatcannoteasi
lybeamended.
 Thi
stypeofaconst
it
uti
oni
susual
lyamendedbyadi
ff
erentbodysuchast
he
Nat
ionalConst
it
uti
onConf
erence(
NCC)asi
sthecasei
nZambi
a,andal
so
t
hroughaConst
it
uentAssembl
y(C.
A)andaRef
erendum,whi
chhaveaspeci
al
st
atust
hanor
dinar
yinst
it
uti
onsorPar
li
ament
.

STRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHEZAMBI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 TheZambi
anConst
it
uti
onbegi
nswi
thaPr
eambl
ewhi
chi
sani
ntr
oduct
iont
o
t
hedocument
.
 The pr
eambl
e st
at We,t
es,‘ he peopl
e ofZambi
a by ourr
epr
esent
ati
ves,
assembl
edi
nourPar
li
ament
,havi
ngsol
emnl
yresol
vedt
omai
ntai
nZambi
aasa
sover
eignDemocr
ati
cRepubl
icandt
hatZambi
ashal
lfor
everr
emai
nauni
tar
y,
i
ndi
visi
ble,mul
ti
par
tyandDemocr
ati
cSover
eignSt
ate;doher
ebyenactandgi
ve
our
sel
vest
hisConst
it
uti
on’
.

STRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHEZAMBI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page5
PART TI
TLE CONTENT
i
. NATI
ONALSOVEREI
GNTY  Decl
arat
ionofZambi
aasaSover
eignst
ate.
ANDTHESTATE
i
i.  Deal
s wi
tht
he qual
if
icat
ion f
orZambi
an
CI
TIZENSHI
P ci
ti
zenshi
pandcondi
ti
onswhi
chcanl
ead
t
owi
thdr
awalofZambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p.
i
ii
. PROTECTI
ON OF THE  Deal
s wi
tht
he Ri
ght
s and Fr
eedoms of
FUNDAMENTAL RI
GHTS i
ndi
vidual
swhi
char
epr
otect
ed.St
ati
ngt
he
AND FREEDOMS OFTHE pr
otect
ion of r
ight
s and f
reedoms of
I
NDI
VIDUAL i
ndi
vidual
s.
i
v. THEEXECUTI
VE  Deal
s wi
th el
ect
ion,t
enur
e ofof
fi
ce and
r
emoval of t
he pr
esi
dent f
rom of
fi
ce;
f
unct
ions oft
he pr
esi
dent
,Mi
nist
ers and
Deput
yMi
nist
ers,Secr
etar
ytot
heCabi
net
,
At
tor
neyGener
al,Sol
ici
torGener
al,Di
rect
or
of Publ
ic Pr
osecut
ions and Advi
sor
y
Commi
tt
ee.
v THELEGI
SLATURE  Deal
swi
thqual
if
icat
ionsf
orel
ect
iont
othe
Nat
ional Assembl
y; l
egi
slat
ive power
s,
member
shi
pofpar
li
amentandcomposi
ti
on
ofnat
ionalassembl
y.
Vi
i THEJUDI
CATURE  Deal
s wi
th cour
ts and appoi
ntment of
j
udges, Hi
gh cour
t, Supr
eme Cour
t,
Chai
rman and Deput
y Chai
rman of
I
ndust
ri
alRel
ati
onsCour
t.
Vi
i DEFENCEANDNATI
ONAL  Deal
s wi
tht
he f
unct
ions oft
he Zambi
a
SECURI
TY Def
enseFor
ces,t
heZambi
aPol
iceSer
vice,
t
he Pr
isons Ser
vice and t
he Zambi
a
Secur
it
yInt
ell
igenceSer
vices.
Vi
i LOCAL GOVERNMENT  Deal
swi
tht
hest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionsof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page6
 SYSTEM l
ocalcounci
ls.
i
x DI
RECTI
VE PRI
NCI
PLES  Deal
s wi
th devel
opment of nat
ional
,
OF STATE POLI
CY AND pol
ici
es, i
mpl
ement
ati
on of nat
ional
THEDUTI
ESOFACI
TIZEN pol
ici
es,maki
ng and enact
mentofl
aws;
andappl
icat
ionoft
heconst
it
uti
onandany
ot
herl
aw.
x FI
NANCE  Deal
swi
tht
axat
ion,wi
thdr
awalofmoni
es
f
rom t
hegener
alr
evenues,
financi
alr
epor
ts,
r
emuner
ati
onsofof
fi
cer
s,publ
icdebtand
t
heAudi
torGener
al.
xi SERVI
CECOMMI
SSI
ONS  Deal
swi
thcommi
ssi
ons,pensi
onl
awsand
pr
otect
ion.
xi
i HUMAN RI
GHTS  Deal
s wi
th t
he est
abl
ishment
, t
he
COMMI
SSI
ON i
ndependence, f
unct
ions, power
s,
composi
ti
on and pr
ocedur
es of Human
Ri
ght
sCommi
ssi
on.
xi
ii CHI
EFS AND HOUSE OF  Deal
swi
thi
nst
it
uti
onsofchi
efs,Houseof
CHI
EFS Chi
efs,
itsf
unct
ionsandcomposi
ti
on.
xi
v MI
SCELLANEOUS  Resi
gnat
ions,r
e-appoi
ntment
s,concur
rent
appoi
ntment
s.

HI
STORYOFCONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGPROCESSI
NZAMBI
A
 WhenZambi ndependenceon24th Oct
agoti ober
,1964,i
tinher
it
edt
heNor
ther
n
Rhodesi
asel
f-gover
nmentconst
it
uti
onof1963.
 Thepr
ovi
sionsi
nthatconst
it
uti
onwer
emeantt
osaf
eguar
dthei
nter
est
sof
whi
teset
tl
ers.
 Ther
efor
e,si
nce1964 t
o 2016,Zambi
a hashad f
iveConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ew
Commi
ssi
ons(
CRCs)wi
tht
hevi
ewofi
mpr
ovi
ngi
tsconst
it
uti
on.

CONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONSI
NZAMBI
ASI
NCEI
NDEPENDENCE

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page7
  TheConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ewCommi
ssi
onsi
nZambi
aar
eusual
lynamedaf
tert
he
chai
rper
sonsoft
hecommi
ssi
on.

1.CHONACONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONOF1972
 Thi
swast
hef
ir
stConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ew Commi
ssi
onandi
trecommendedt
he
est
abl
ishmentofaOnePar
tySt
ate.
 Thi
smeantt
hatal
lot
herpol
it
icalpar
ti
eswer
ebannedandnotal
lowedt
oexi
st
exceptUNI
P(Uni
tedNat
ionalI
ndependencePar
ty)whi
chPr
esi
dentKaundawas
headi
ng.I
tbecamei
ll
egalt
ofor
m anyot
herpol
it
icalpar
ty.
 Thi
srecommendat
ionwasadopt
edi
n1973andt
hiswast
hebegi
nni
ngoft
he
SecondRepubl
ic.
 Aconst
it
uti
ont
hatout
laws(
banns)t
hef
ormat
ionofpol
it
icalpar
ti
esdoesnot
encour
age f
ree el
ect
oralpar
ti
cipat
ion and i
nfr
inges on peopl
eri
ght
s and
f
reedomssuchasFr
eedom ofAssoci
ati
on,
Freedom ofConsci
ence,
etc.

2.MVUNGACONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONOF1991
 Thi
swast
hesecondConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ew Commi
ssi
onandi
trecommended
t
hatZambi
ashoul
drever
tto,
orr
eint
roducemul
ti
par
tydemocr
acy.
 Thi
smar
kedt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heThi
rdRepubl
ic.

3.MWANAKATWECONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONSOF1995
 Thi
swast
het
hir
dConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ewCommi
ssi
onandi
tsmai
namendment
t
othe Zambi
an const
it
uti
on was t
he par
ent
age of per
sons cont
est
ing
pr
esi
dencyofZambi
a.
 I
trecommendedt
hatonl
yper
sonswhosepar
ent
swer
ebot
hbor
ninZambi
a
coul
d be el
igi
ble(
all
owed)t
o st
and f
orpr
esi
dency.As a r
esul
t,t
he t
hen
pr
esi
dent
ialaspi
rantDr
.Kennet
hKaundawasaut
omat
ical
lydi
squal
if
iedsi
nce
hi
spar
ent
swer
enotbor
ninZambi
a.

4.MUNG’
OMBACONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONOF2005
Thi
sist
hef
our
thConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ew Commi
ssi
onandi
tsr
ecommendat
ions

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page8
 wer
enotadopt
ed.

5.CONSTI
TUTI
ONAMENDMENTACTNUMBER2OF2016.
Thi
sConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ew Commi
ssi
onwasmadeupofexper
tsandsomeoft
he
r
ecommendat
ionsi
ncl
udet
her
unni
ngmat
e,Dualci
ti
zenshi
p,Nocr
ossi
ngoveroft
he
f
loorandt
hef
if
typl
usoneper
centf
oronet
owi
nthegener
alel
ect
ion.

CONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGANDADOPTI
ONPROCESSES
CONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGPROCESS
 Thi
sisal
egal
lyaccept
abl
epr
ocesswhi
chacount
ryusest
omakei
tssupr
eme
l
awoft
hel
andorconst
it
uti
on.
 Aconst
it
uti
oncanbemadet
hroughaConst
it
uentAssembl
yandConst
it
uti
onal
Revi
ewCommi
ssi
on[
CRC]
ACONSTI
TUENTASSEMBLY
 i
sabodyofr
epr
esent
ati
vesel
ect
ed byt
hei
rrespect
ivei
nter
estgr
oupst
o
f
ormul
ate,
amendoradoptaconst
it
uti
onofacount
ry
 Repr
esent
ati
vesar
edr
awnf
rom Chur
ches,l
ear
ningi
nst
it
uti
ons,Tr
adeUni
ons,
t
heCi
vilSoci
ety,
Studentbodi
esandSpeci
ali
nter
estgr
oups
ACONSTI
TUTI
ONALREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ON
 Thi
sisagr
oupofpeopl
eappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dentt
ocol
lectvi
ewsf
rom t
he
gener
alpubl
iconwhatshoul
dbecont
ainedi
ntheconst
it
uti
on.
 I
n Zambi
a,t
he Execut
ive wi
ng ofgover
nmenti
nit
iat
es t
he maki
ng oft
he
Nat
ionalConst
it
uti
on.
 Ther
epubl
icanpr
esi
dentusi
ngt
heI
nqui
ri
esAct
sappoi
ntsaConst
it
uti
onal
Revi
ew Commi
ssi
ont
ocol
lectvi
ewsf
rom ci
ti
zenst
hroughsi
tt
ingsconduct
ed
count
rywi
dewer
eci
ti
zensmakesubmi
ssi
onsor
all
yori
nwr
it
ingasgr
oupsor
i
ndi
vidual
s.
 Ther
eaf
ter
,theConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ewCommi
ssi
onpr
oducesadr
aftconst
it
uti
on.
TheI
nqui
ri
es Acti
sa l
aw whi
ch gi
vest
hepr
esi
dentpowert
o appoi
nta
commi
ssi
onofenqui
ry.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page9
CONSTI
TUTI
ONADOPTI
ONPROCESS
 Thi
sisapr
ocessofappr
ovi
ngt
hecopyofadr
aftconst
it
uti
onsot
hati
tbecomes
anof
fi
cialdocument
.
 Ther
ear
etwomai
nmet
hodswhi
char
eusedt
oadoptaconst
it
uti
onandt
hese
ar
e;

THROUGHPARLI
AMENT
 Undert
hismet
hod,t
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
oni
ssubmi
tt
edt
oPar
li
ament
,whi
ch
debat
est
hedr
aftConst
it
uti
onbef
oreadopt
ingandsendi
ngi
ttot
hepr
esi
dentf
or
assent(
signi
ng)
.
 Zambi
ausedt
hismet
hodf
ort
hef
ir
stt
hreeConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ewCommi
ssi
ons.

THROUGHACONSTI
TUENTASSEMBLY(
CA)
 AConst
it
uentAssembl
yisabodyofr
epr
esent
ati
vesel
ect
edbyt
hei
rrespect
ive
i
nter
estgr
oupst
ofor
mul
ate,
amendoradoptaconst
it
uti
onofanycount
ry.
 Repr
esent
ati
vesmaybedr
awnf
rom chur
ches,
lear
ningi
nst
it
uti
ons,
tradeuni
ons,
ci
vilsoci
ety,et
c.Themosti
mpor
tantt
hingi
sthatever
yci
ti
zenr
egar
dlessof
gender
,rel
igi
on,
ethni
cit
y,cr
eed,
sex,
ageandbel
ief
sident
if
ieswi
tht
hei
nter
est
s
bei
ngexpr
essedbyamemberormember
sofaConst
it
uentAssembl
y.
 Thi
sist
hebestwayofadopt
ingaconst
it
uti
onasi
tismor
erepr
esent
ati
vet
han
par
li
ament
.
 I
tisi
ndependentandal
sof
reef
rom cont
roloft
hegover
nmentoranyper
son.
Count
ri
esl
ikeI
ndi
a,Nami
bia,Et
hiopi
a,Sout
h Af
ri
ca,Amer
ica,adopt
ed t
hei
r
const
it
uti
onst
hrought
hispr
ocess.
 Nat
ionalConst
it
uti
onalConf
erence(
NCC)i
ssi
mil
art
oConst
it
uentAssembl
y
exceptt
hatundert
heNat
ionalConst
it
uti
onalConf
erence,t
headopt
ioni
sdone
bypar
li
ament
,whi
chcandeci
deei
thert
oadoptorr
ejectt
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
on.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFAGOODCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 I
tmustbecl
earast
hel
anguageusedi
nthedocumentmustnotbet
oot
echni
cal
f
oror
dinar
yci
ti
zensot
hert
hanl
awyer
stounder
standandi
nter
preti
t.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page10
  Mustpr
otectt
heRi
ght
sandf
reedomsofci
ti
zens.
 Mustcat
erf
ort
hei
nter
est
sofvar
iousgr
oupsi
nsoci
ety.
 Mustpr
otectand r
espond t
othe soci
al,economi
c and pol
it
icalneeds of
ci
ti
zens.
 Mustbest
abl
eandst
andat
estoft
ime(
usef
uloveral
ongper
iodoft
ime)
.It
mustnoteasi
lybechangedatt
hepl
easur
eofanypr
esi
dentwhocomesi
nto
power
.
 I
tmustbenei
thert
oor
igi
dtopr
eventchangenort
oof
lexi
blet
oencour
age
t
amper
ingwi
tht
hebasi
cpr
inci
ples.

I
MPORTANCEOFACONSTI
TUTI
ON
 I
tal
soset
soutt
hecomposi
ti
onandf
unct
ionsoft
hewi
ngsofgover
nment
.
 I
tensur
esdemocr
ati
cgover
nance.
 I
tgi
vesequaloppor
tuni
ti
esf
ori
ndi
vidualdevel
opment
.
 I
tisownedandguar
dedbyci
ti
zens.
 I
tpr
omot
esandpr
otect
stheRul
eofLaw.
 I
tsaf
eguar
dst
hef
undament
alr
ight
sandf
reedomsofci
ti
zens.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Whati
saConst
it
uti
onRevi
ewCommi
ssi
on?

2.Out
li
net
wot
hingst
hatcoul
dhappeni
faConst
it
uti
ondoesnotst
andt
het
estof
t
ime.

3.Di
ff
erent
iat
eaf
lexi
bleConst
it
uti
onf
rom aRi
gidConst
it
uti
on.

4.Wi
thcl
earexampl
esdi
scusst
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofagoodConst
it
uti
on.

5.Descr
ibet
hemai
nchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
heZambi
anconst
it
uti
on.

6.St
atet
hef
eat
uresofagoodconst
it
uti
on.

7.Whyi
saconst
it
uti
oni
mpor
tantt
oanat
ion?

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page11
 8.compar
eandcont
rastwr
it
tenandunwr
it
tenconst
it
uti
on

9..
Exampl
ewhati
smeantbyconst
it
uentAssembl
y?

10.Out
li
newhatcoul
dhappeni
ftheconst
it
uti
ondoesnotst
andat
estoft
ime.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page12
GOVERNANCE

Gover
nancei
sthewaypeopl
ear
erul
edwi
thorwi
thoutt
hei
rconsent
.

GOVERNANCEI
NPRE-
COLONI
ALZAMBI
A

 Gover
nancei
sasol
dashumani
ty.
 Al
lsoci
eti
esonear
thhavehadatl
eastonef
orm ofgover
nmentoranot
her
.
 I
tther
efor
efol
lowst
hatZambi
anst
oohadsomef
orm ofgover
nmenti
nthepr
e-
col
oni
aler
awer
eki
ngsr
uledt
heki
ngdoms.
TYPESOFGOVERNANCE

Goodgover
nance

Badgover
nance

1. Goodgover
nance
Means a gover
nmentwhi
ch i
slegi
ti
mat
e,compet
ent
,account
abl
e,and
r
espect
shumanr
ight
sandt
her
uleofl
aw

I
MPORTANCEOFGOODGOVERNANCE

 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
oenj
oyhumanr
ight
sandf
reedoms
 I
tmakest
hegover
nmentaccount
abl
etot
heandpeopl
e
 Makesgover
nment
soper
ati
onst
ranspar
ent
 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zensenj
oyequalr
ight
sandf
reedomsbef
oret
hel
aw.
 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
oful
lypar
ti
cipat
einel
ect
ingl
eader
soft
hei
rownchoi
ce.
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFGOODGOVERNANCE

Ci
ti
zenPar
ti
cipat
ion

Al
lpeopl
etakeanact
iver
olei
ntheaf
fai
rsoft
hei
rcommuni
tyandcount
ry.Theyel
ect
t
hei
rleader
saswel
lasst
andi
ngf
orpubl
icof
fi
ceandmobi
li
zingf
orsoci
alact
ioni
na
democr
ati
cway.Respectf
orhumanr
ight
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page13
Al
lfor
msofhumanr
ight
sar
erecogni
zedpr
omot
edandr
espect
ede.
g.r
ightt
ovot
e.

Separ
ati
onofpower
s

Thi
sist
hepr
inci
plet
hatst
atest
hatt
het
hreemaj
oror
gansoft
hegover
nmentnamel
y
t
he,Legi
slat
ure,execut
iveandt
heJudi
ciar
ymustwor
kindependent
lybutpr
ovi
de
ChecksandBal
ances.Meani
ngeachor
ganoft
hegover
nmentshoul
dshar
epower
s
wi
thot
herbr
anchesandoper
ateswi
thi
ntheconst
it
uti
onoft
hecount
ry.

I
ndependenceoft
heJudi
ciar
y

Thej
udi
ciar
yisvest
edwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
it
yofi
nter
pret
ingandenf
orci
ngt
hel
awf
ree
f
rom i
nter
fer
encebyt
heExecut
iveandt
hel
egi
slat
ure.Onceappoi
nted,
theyshoul
dnot
beeasi
lydi
smi
ssed.

Pol
it
icalt
oler
ance

Peopl
ewi
thdi
ff
erentpol
it
icalopi
nionsmustbeabl
etof
reel
yexpr
esst
hemsel
vesand
t
hei
ropi
nionsshoul
dber
espect
ed.Pol
it
icalvi
olenceagai
nstpeopl
ewhosuppor
t
di
ff
erentpol
it
icalpar
ti
esshoul
dnotbet
oler
ated.

Account
abi
li
tyandTr
anspar
ency

Account
abi
li
tymeanst
hatl
eader
sshoul
dbeanswer
abl
etot
hepeopl
ewhoel
ect
ed
t
hem i
nto of
fi
ce.Tr
anspar
ence r
equi
res t
hatpubl
icr
esour
ces mustbe used f
or
gover
nmentandcommuni
typr
ogr
amsandact
ivi
ti
esi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hepeopl
e.

Regul
arf
reeandf
airel
ect
ions

El
ect
ions mustbe hel
d atagr
eed i
nter
val
s.Per
iodi
cfr
ee and f
airel
ect
ions ar
e
conduct
ed.Forexampl
einZambi
aGener
alel
ect
ionsar
ehel
dever
yfi
veyear
s.Ever
y
ci
ti
zen who has r
eached t
he vot
ing age shoul
dregi
sterand vot
e. Uni
ver
sal
suf
fr
age,
Franchi
se(
ri
ghtt
ovot
e).

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page14
Ther
uleofl
aw

TheRul
eofLawmeanst
hatt
hosei
npowershoul
drul
ethecount
ryi
naccor
dancewi
th
t
heconst
it
uti
onandt
heot
herl
awsoft
hecount
ry.Al
lpeopl
eint
hecount
ryar
esubj
ect
t
othesamel
awsandshoul
dbehel
daccount
abl
eift
heybr
eakt
hem.Rul
eofl
awavoi
d
anar
chyi
nsoci
ety.

Exi
stenceofpol
it
icalpar
ti
es

Apol
it
icalpar
tyi
svol
unt
aryassoci
ati
onswaspeopl
eshar
ecommonval
uesandwi
sh
t
ofor
m anal
ter
nat
ivegover
nmentoft
hecount
ry.Dur
ingel
ect
ionspol
it
icalpar
ti
es
sponsorcandi
dat
esf
ort
heof
fi
ceoft
hepr
esi
dent
,member
sofpar
li
amentandwar
d
counci
lor
.

Funct
ionsofPol
it
icalpar
ti
es

 Educat
epeopl
eont
hei
rri
ght
sandobl
igat
ions.
 Poi
ntoutt
heshor
tcomi
ngsoft
hegover
nmenti
npower
 Pr
ovi
deal
ter
nat
ivepr
ogr
ammet
hroughmani
fest
os
 Pr
ovi
dechecksandbal
ances
 Faci
li
tat
epeacef
ult
ransf
erofpowerf
rom onepol
it
icalpar
tyt
oanot
her

Exi
stenceofci
vilSoci
ety

Ci
vilsoci
etyneedt
oexi
stast
heypr
ovi
dechecksandbal
ancesi
ncet
heyar
enon-
mi
li
tar
y,non-
gover
nment
alor
gani
zat
ionsandi
ndi
vidualwhomakei
tthei
rbusi
nesst
o
pr
omot
eanddef
endbasi
cideal
sofgoodgover
nanceout
sidegover
nment
.

Fai
rness

Thegover
nmentshoul
dmakesur
ethatnoonei
sexcl
udedf
rom accesst
oanypubl
ic
ser
vicef
oranyr
easonse.
g.r
ace,
col
ourcr
eed,
genderandment
alorphysi
caldi
sabi
li
ty.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page15
Gover
nmentwor
ker
sshoul
dber
ecr
uit
edandpr
omot
edopenl
yonmer
itandt
hey
shoul
dcar
ryoutt
hef
unct
ionsoft
hegover
nmenti
mpar
ti
all
y.

Hel
pfulandcar
ing

Gover
nmentshoul
dbehel
pfulandt
akecar
eoft
hei
nter
est
soft
heci
ti
zensbot
hat
homeandabr
oad.Publ
icser
vicesshoul
dbet
reat
edwi
thcour
tesyandsur
ethatpubl
ic
ser
vant
sar
epr
oper
lyt
rai
ned i
n publ
icr
elat
ionswi
th cl
ear
lydef
ined st
andar
dsof
behavi
our
.

BADGOVERNANCE

 Bad Gover
nance i
s a gover
nmentwhi
ch i
s notl
egi
ti
mat
e,compet
ent
,and
account
abl
eanddoesnotr
especthumanr
ight
sandt
her
uleofl
aw.
 I
tisagover
nmentwhi
chr
ulesagai
nstt
hewi
shesoft
hepeopl
e.E.
g.di
ctat
orshi
p.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFBADGOVERNANCE

Rest
ri
cti
ononPol
it
icalpar
ti
es

Peopl
e ar
efor
ced t
o vot
eforcer
tai
n candi
dat
es wheneverel
ect
ions ar
e hel
d.
Opposi
ti
onpar
ti
esar
enotal
lowedt
oexi
storst
ri
ctl
ycont
rol
ledbyt
hegover
nment

Lackofsepar
ati
onofpower
s

Thet
hreeor
gansoft
hegover
nmentdonotwor
kindependentsuchast
heoper
ati
onsof
t
heJudi
ciar
yandt
hel
egi
slat
ureshoul
dnotbei
nter
fer
edbyt
heexecut
ive.

Lackofpr
essf
reedom

Thepr
essi
scont
rol
ledbyt
hegover
nmentandof
tenr
epor
tfavor
abl
yongover
nment
pol
ici
es.Opposi
ngvi
ewi
snotal
lowedi
npubl
icmedi
a.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page16
Vi
olat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s

Ther
eisnor
espectf
orHumanr
ight
s.Peopl
ewhoopposet
hegover
nmentcanbe
t
ort
uredanddet
ainedwi
thoutt
ri
alorcanbeki
ll
ed

Judi
ciar
ynoti
ndependent

TheJudi
ciar
yisnoti
ndependentf
rom t
heExecut
iveandt
hel
egi
slat
ure.Ther
eisl
it
tl
e
r
espectf
ort
her
uleofl
awandt
her
eisnof
airt
ri
al.

Ar
bit
rar
yar
rest
s

Ther
ear
ear
bit
rar
yar
rest
sofsuspect
eddi
ssi
dent
swhoar
ecr
it
icaloft
hegover
nment
.
Thesecr
etpol
icespi
esont
heci
ti
zens

Lackoff
reedom ofassoci
ati
onandAssembl
y

Vol
unt
aryassoci
ati
onssuchasci
vilsoci
eti
esdonotoper
atef
reel
y.Thosewhi
chdo
notconf
ormt
ogover
nmentpol
ici
escanbebanned

Negl
ectofpubl
icwel
far
e

Gover
nmentLeader
sdonotcar
efort
hewel
far
eoft
hepeopl
e.Ther
eiscor
rupt
ion,
Nepot
ism andot
herf
ormsofabuseofof
fi
ce

Useoff
orce

Thegover
nmentusesf
orcet
oremai
ninpowerandot
hermet
hodssuchasconst
it
uti
on
amendment
sandpost
ponementofel
ect
iondat
es

I
rregul
arandUnf
airel
ect
ions

El
ect
ionsar
enothel
dregul
arl
y.I
fhel
dtheyar
enotf
reeandf
air
.Ther
eisvot
eri
ggi
ng

LackofCi
ti
zenPar
ti
cipat
ion

Thegover
nmentdeci
desf
ort
hepeopl
e.Peopl
ebecomeser
vant
sinst
eadofmast
ersof
t
hegover
nment
.Thegover
nmentcl
aimst
oknowwhati
sgoodf
ort
hepeopl
e.Peopl
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page17
ar
erar
elyconsul
tedandt
hei
rconcer
nsar
eof
teni
gnor
ed

El
ect
oralsyst
ems

El
ect
oralsyst
emsar
emet
hodst
hroughwhi
cht
hegover
nedchooset
hei
rleader
sor
r
epr
esent
ati
ves

TYPESOFELECTORALSYSTEMS

SI
NGLEMEMBERPLURALI
TYSYSTEM (
SMPS)ORFI
RSTPASTTHEPOST(
FPTP)

I
tiscommonl
yknownasWi
nnerTakesal
l.I
nthi
ssyst
em t
hecount
ryi
sdi
vided
i
ntoel
ect
oralconst
it
uenci
es.Anycandi
dat
ewhoget
sthehi
ghestnumberof
vot
eswi
nst
heel
ect
ioneveni
fthecandi
dat
eget
sthevot
eabovet
heot
her

Di
sadvant
age

Thecandi
dat
ecanber
eject
edbymostoft
heel
ect
orat
ebutst
il
lmanaget
owi
n
anel
ect
ionbymi
nor
it
yvot
es

SI
NGLEMEMBERMAJORI
TARI
ANSYSTEM (
SMMS)

 Thewi
nnerofan el
ect
ion mustwi
n an absol
utemaj
ori
tyofvot
esi
nthe
const
it
uency.Thi
smeanst
hatacandi
dat
eshoul
dwi
nover50% oft
hevot
es
casti
nanel
ect
ion.

 Wher
ethecandi
dat
efai
lst
oget50+1per
cent
,thet
wot
opcandi
dat
esshoul
d
gof
oranEl
ect
ionRe-
run

PROPORTI
ONREPRESENTATI
ONSYSTEM (
PRS)
 I
nthi
ssyst
em r
epr
esent
ati
vest
othel
egi
slat
urear
echosenaccor
dingt
o
par
tyr
egi
onaloret
hni
cPr
opor
ti
ons.

 ThemostcommonPr
opor
ti
onalRepr
esent
ati
onsyst
em i
sthepar
tyl
ist
syst
em (
PLS)
. Thewhol
ecount
ryf
ormsasi
ngl
econst
it
uency.Af
ter

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page18
 el
ect
ions par
li
ament
aryseat
s ar
e shar
ed among t
he pol
it
icalpar
ti
es
accor
ding t
othepr
opor
ti
on of(
per
cent
age)oft
otalvot
est
heyhave
scor
ed.

 ForI
nst
anceI
fPar
tAwon42per
centoft
hevot
escastt
hen42%oft
he
seat
swi
llgot
opar
tyeachpar
tynomi
nat
esMember
sofpar
li
amentf
rom
amongi
tsmember
stor
epr
esenti
nthel
egi
slat
ure.

 Thel
eaderoft
hepar
tywhi
chget
sthehi
ghestpr
opor
ti
onofseat
sint
he
l
egi
slat
uref
ormsgover
nment
.

Di
sadvant
age

Themember
sofpar
li
amentar
enotanswer
abl
etot
heel
ect
orat
ebutt
othei
r
pol
it
icalpar
ti
eswhi
chnomi
nat
edt
hem.

MI
XEDMEMBERPROPORTI
ONALI
TYSYSTEM

Thi
sis a combi
nat
ion ofFi
rstPastt
he Post(
FTP)and t
he Pr
opor
ti
onal
Repr
esent
ati
onSyst
em.Thi
ssyst
em al
lowsf
orsomemember
sofpar
li
amentt
o
beel
ect
ed t
hrough t
heFPTP syst
em whi
leot
her
soccupyl
egi
slat
iveseat
s
t
hrought
hepar
tyLi
stSyst
em

ELECTI
ONS

I
MPORTANCEOFELECTI
ON

 Obl
igecandi
dat
est
oexpl
aint
oci
ti
zenswhyt
heyshoul
dbeel
ect
ed
 Theymakepol
it
icalpar
ti
esaccount
abl
etot
hepeopl
e
 Pr
ovi
deamechani
sm ofpeacef
ult
ransf
erofpower
 Of
ferr
egul
aroppor
tuni
ti
esf
orpeopl
etochangegover
nment
 Pr
ovi
det
hepeaceandst
abi
li
tynecessar
yfordevel
opment

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFELECTI
ONSI
NGOODGOVERNANCE

Per
iodi
c

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page19
 Thi
smeanst
hatel
ect
ionsshoul
dbehel
datpr
escr
ibedi
nter
val
s

Compet
it
ive
El
ect
ions mustt
ake pl
ace i
n a conduci
ve pol
it
icalenvi
ronmentwher
e al
l
candi
dat
escancompet
efr
eel
yandf
air
ly

I
ncl
usi
ve
Thedef
ini
ti
onoft
heel
igi
blevot
ermustbebr
oadenought
oincl
udeal
arge
pr
opor
ti
onofadul
tpopul
ati
on

Deci
sive
Democr
ati
cel
ect
ionsdet
ermi
net
hel
eader
shi
0pofgover
nment
.Thewi
nni
ng
candi
dat
eorshoul
dnotbepr
event
edf
rom t
aki
ngof
fi
ce

THEZAMBI
ANELECTORALSYSTEM

The 2016 amended const

it
uti
on of Zambi
a pr
escr
ibes t
he Si
ngl
e member
maj
ori
tar
iansyst
em (
SMMS)
.TheEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
onofZambi
a(ECZ)conduct
s
el
ect
ionsi
nZambi
a

TheEl
ect
oralcodeofConducti
nst
rumentnumber90of2006

Theel
ect
oralcodeofconductof2006i
sasetofr
ulesandpr
inci
plest
hatr
egul
ates
t
heconductofal
lst
akeor
der
sbef
ore,
dur
ingandaf
terel
ect
ions.Thecodedoesnot
al
low anyf
orm ofi
nti
midat
ionvi
olence,br
iber
y,vot
ebuyi
ngcor
rupt
ionandof
fi
ce
i
nducementasmeansofwi
nni
ngel
ect
ions.Thecodeal
sodoesnotal
lowt
heuseof
gover
nmentf
aci
li
ti
esandt
ranspor
tforcampai
gnpur
pose.

TYPESOFELECTI
ONSI
NZAMBI
A

1.Pr
imar
yEl
ect
ions
Thesear
ehel
dwheneverdemocr
ati
cpol
it
icalpar
ti
eswantt
ochoosecandi
dat
est
o
st
andi
npr
esi
dent
ial
,Par
li
ament
aryandl
ocalgover
nmentel
ect
ions

2.Pr
esi
dent
ial
,Par
li
ament
aryandl
ocalGover
nmentEl
ect
ions
 Thesear
eal
soknownasGener
alort
ri
par
ti
teEl
ect
ions.Theyar
ehel
dever
yfi
ve

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page20
 year
stoel
ectt
hepr
esi
dent
,member
sofpar
li
amentandwar
dcounci
lor
sas
st
ipul
atedi
ntheZambi
anconst
it
uti
on

 Tost
andi
nthepr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ions,t
hecandi
dat
emustbesponsor
edbya
pol
it
icalpar
ty.I
nthe par
li
ament
ary and l
ocalgover
nmentel
ect
ions t
he
candi
dat
ecanei
therbesponsor
edbyt
hepar
tyorst
andasani
ndependent

3.ByEl
ect
ions
Byel
ect
ionsar
ehel
dwhenacounsel
ororMemberofPar
li
amentort
hepr
esi
dent
di
es,orr
esi
gnsf
rom t
hepar
tyori
sexpel
ledf
rom t
hepar
tyorsi
ximpr
isonedf
or
mor
ethansi
xmont
hs

VOTERSRI
GHTSI
NGOODGOVERNANCE

 Seeki
nfor
mat
ionf
reel
y
 Haveaccesst
ovot
ereducat
ion
 At
tendpar
tycampai
gnswi
thoutf
ear
 Expr
essopi
nionsf
reel
yandpeacef
ull
y
 Vot
eforcandi
dat
esoft
hei
rchoi
ce
 Vot
einsecr
ecy
 Vot
ewi
thouti
nti
midat
ionorf
ear
 Beassi
stedi
fonehasadi
sabi
li
ty
 Compl
ainabouti
rr
egul
ari
ti
es
 Beexcusedf
rom wor
ktogoandvot
e
 Bepr
otect
edbyl
awandpol
ice
ELECTI
ONRI
GGI
NG(
CHEATI
NG)

 Opposi
ti
onpar
ti
esar
enotal
lowedt
oor
gani
zemeet
ingsf
reel
y
 Opposi
ti
onpar
ti
esar
enotgi
venenought
imeonmedi
atoexpr
esst
hei
rvi
ews
andpl
ans
 Member
soft
heopposi
ti
onpar
ti
esar
edet
ainedorputi
npr
isoni
nor
dert
o
si
lencet
hem
 Thepr
essar
enotf
reet
oexpr
essvi
ewsorgi
vei
nfor
mat
iont
hati
scr
it
icaloft
he

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page21
 r
uli
ngpar
ty
 Apar
tyal
lowsi
tsmember
stophysi
cal
lyassaul
tsuppor
ter
sofot
herpol
it
ical
par
ti
es
 Ther
eisno t
ranspar
encyi
nthecount
ing,t
ranspor
tat
ion,t
ransmi
ssi
on and
announcementofel
ect
ionr
esul
tsf
rom t
hepol
li
ng.
 I
f vot
ingt
imei
scutshor
tinconst
it
uenci
es wher
erul
ingpar
tyi
sunpopul
ar
ext
endedwher
eiti
spopul
ar
 Whenvot
ervot
est
wice
 Whenacandi
dat
egi
vesmoney,beerandot
hermat
eri
alst
ovot
erswi
nthei
r
suppor
t
 Whent
hepar
tyi
npowerusesgover
nmentr
esour
cest
ocampai
gn.For
,exampl
e
ci
vilser
vant
sgover
nmentvehi
clesandmat
eri
als.
 El
ect
ionr
esul
tsar
eannouncedwhi
levot
ingi
sst
il
lgoi
ngoni
not
herpl
aces.
DANGERSOFELECTI
ONRI
GGI
NG

 Theymayl
eadt
ocost
lyel
ect
ionpet
it
ionandby-
elect
ions.
 Peopl
emayl
osef
ait
hindemocr
acy
 Ther
emaybei
ncr
easedvot
erapat
hyaspeopl
eloseconf
idencei
nel
ect
ions
 Thegover
nmentmayl
osesuppor
toft
hepeopl
e
 St
ri
kesanddemonst
rat
ionsmaybeor
gani
zedt
opr
otectagai
nstt
hef
alse
r
esul
ts
 I
fpr
event
edf
rom f
ormi
nggover
nmentt
hathasl
ostt
heel
ect
ionsmayuse
weaponst
ofi
ghtagai
nstt
hegover
nment
,ther
ebybr
ingi
ngaboutaci
vil
.
 ar
iggi
nggover
nmentmayf
acei
nter
nat
ionalsanct
ionandi
sol
ati
on

THELOCALGOVERNMENTSYSTEM

Bef
orei
ndependencei
n1964t
heBr
it
ishcol
oni
alAdmi
nist
rat
ionr
uledt
hecount
ry
t
hrought
hecent
ralgover
nmentandnat
iveaut
h0r
it
ies.

Dut
iesper
for
medbyNat
iveAut
hor
it
ies

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page22
  Col
lect
ionoft
axesl
ikepol
ltaxandhutt
ax.
 Theyal
soi
ssuedl
icensessuchasdogl
icense,
bicycl
eli
censeandst
orel
icense
t
om peopl
e.

Fr
om 1964,t
he Mi
nist
ry of Local Gover
nment became r
esponsi
ble f
or t
he
admi
nist
rat
ionofal
llocalaut
hor
it
iesi
nthecount
rywhi
chi
ncl
udedchi
efsappoi
ntedby
t
heMi
nist
erofLocalGover
nment
.Thesecounci
lswer
etopr
ovi
deal
imi
tedr
angeof
basi
cessent
ialser
vice.I
n1965,t
hel
ocalgover
nmentactnumber69wasamendedt
o
est
abl
ishabasi
cal
lyuni
for
m pat
ter
nofl
ocalaut
hor
it
iest
hroughoutZambi
a.Undert
he
Act
,ther
ewer
eci
tycounci
ls,
Muni
cipalcounci
lsTowncounci
lsandr
uralcounci
ls.

I
n1980,t
hel
ocalgover
nmentDecent
ral
izat
ionactwasenact
ed.UNI
Passumedf
ull
r
esponsi
bil
it
y

Reasonsf
ordecent
ral
izat
ion

 r
educedel
aysast
hemostdeci
sionscoul
dbemadeont
hespott
oheadquar
ter
s
 Makepl
ansandpr
ogr
amsmor
erel
evantt
olocalneedsandcondi
ti
ons
 I
mpr
ovecoor
dinat
ionbet
weendi
ff
erentgover
nmentagenci
esi
nanar
ea
 Reducet
hebur
den on senorst
affatnat
ionall
evelso ast
oimpr
ovet
hei
r
per
for
mance

Thecomposi
ti
onofDi
str
ictcounci
ls

 Di
str
ictgover
nor
-chai
rper
son
 Di
str
ictpol
it
icalsecr
etar
y
 Di
str
ictwomen’
schai
rper
son
 Twot
rust
ees
 War
dcounci
lor
sMember
sofpar
li
amentf
rom ar
eas
 Oner
epr
esent
ati
veofchi
efsel
ect
edbychi
efsi
nthedi
str
ict
 Oner
epr
esent
ati
vef
rom eachoft
hesecur
it
yfor
ces
 Oner
epr
esent
ati
vef
rom eachTr
adeUni
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page23
TheDi
str
ictcounci
lAdmi
nist
rat
ionwasheadedbyt
hedi
str
ictexecut
ivesecr
etar
yand
suppor
ted byni
nesecr
etar
ies.Thesewer
esecr
etar
iesf
orpol
it
ical
,admi
nist
rat
ion
Soci
alSecur
it
y,f
inance,
anddevel
opment
,commer
cial
,l
egalandi
ndust
ri
alaf
fai
rs

I
n1991,t
hedecent
ral
izat
ionActwasamended.ThenewActi
ntr
oducedt
hreet
ypesof
l
ocalcounci
lsnamel
yci
ty,
Muni
cipal
,andDi
str
ictcounci
ls.Thi
ssyst
em hascont
inued
upt
odat
e.TheMMDgover
nmentwant
edt
ogi
vemor
eaut
onomyt
ocounci
lssot
hat
t
her
ewasl
essdependenceoncent
ralgover
nmentf
orf
unds.I
tal
somadecounci
lst
o
oper
atef
reel
yfr
om pol
it
icali
nter
fer
encesi
nceal
lcounci
lor
swer
eel
ect
edbyt
hepeopl
e.

Thecur
rentcomposi
ti
onofl
ocalcounci
ls

 Mayoroft
hecounci
l
 Deput
ymayororDeput
ycounci
l;chai
rper
son
 War
dcounci
lor
s
 Ar
eamemberofpar
li
ament
 3chi
efsr
epr
esent
ati
ve
 1r
epr
esent
ati
vef
rom t
heLabourMovement
 Thet
owncl
erkort
hedi
str
ictSecr
etar
y(Exof
fi
cialmember
s)
Mayor
s and Town cl
erks ar
efound i
n ci
ty and muni
cipalcounci
ls,wher
eas
chai
rper
sonsanddi
str
ictSecr
etar
iesar
efoundi
nDi
str
ictcounci
ls.Theadmi
nist
rat
ive
st
ruct
urei
sheadedbyt
het
owncl
erkort
heDi
str
ictSecr
etar
y.He/shear
eassi
stedby
Di
rect
orssuchas:
-

 Di
rect
orheal
th
 Di
rect
orf
inance
 Di
rect
orengi
neer
ing
 Di
rect
orwor
ks
Funct
ionsoft
hel
ocalcounci
l

 Pr
ovi
decl
eanandsaf
ewat
er
 Pr
ovi
deaccommodat
ionandpl
otsf
ordevel
opment
 Mai
ntai
ningt
heenvi
ronmentawar
dingt
radi
ngl
icensest
opeopl
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page24
  Pr
ovi
dest
reetl
ight
ing
 Mai
ntai
ningst
reet
sandr
oads
 Mai
ntai
ninggr
aveyar
ds
 Cont
rol
li
ngl
ivest
ockmovement
 Const
ruct
ingandmai
ntai
ningmar
ket
s
 Townpl
anni
ng
 Sewagedi
sposal
 Pr
ovi
dingr
ecr
eat
ionf
aci
li
ti
essuchasswi
mmi
ngpool
sandpar
ks
 Pr
ovi
dingpubl
icheal
thf
aci
li
ti
esandcont
rolofepi
demi
cssuchaschol
era
 Pr
ovi
dingeducat
ionf
aci
li
ti
essuchasschool
s
 Col
lect
ingl
evi
es
 Maki
ngbyl
aws
ROLETRADI
TIONALLEADERSI
NGOVERNANCE
Queens,Ki
ngs,chi
efs,Vi
ll
ageheadsandel
der
sar
ethepeopl
ewhoar
eref
err
edt
oas
Tr
adi
ti
onalLeader
s.Dur
ingt
hecol
oni
aler
a(1890-
1964)t
hecol
oni
alpowerr
ecogni
zed
t
hei
mpor
tanceofi
nvol
vingt
radi
ti
onall
eader
singover
nance.Br
it
ainadopt
edapol
icy
knownasi
ndi
rectr
ulewhi
chmeantgover
ningt
hepeopl
ethr
ought
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
st
ruct
ures.

HouseofChi
efs
Thehouseconsi
stsof30chi
efsf
rom eachoft
hent
het
enpr
ovi
nces.Thet
erm ofof
fi
ce
f
ort
heel
ect
edchi
efsi
sthr
eeyear
sbutamembercanber
e-el
ect
edf
orasecondt
erm.
Thehouseel
ect
sachai
rper
sonandt
hevi
cewhot
akeanoat
hofal
legi
ance(
Loyal
tyt
o
t
hepr
esi
dent
).

Funct
ionsoft
hehouseofchi
efs
 Todi
scussanybi
llaf
fect
ingcust
omsandt
radi
ti
onsofpeopl
ebef
oresuchbi
lli
s
i
ntr
oducedi
ntheNat
ionalAssembl
y.
 Toi
nit
iat
edi
scussi
onsandpassdeci
sionsonmat
ter
sconcer
ningcust
omar
y
l
awandcust
oms.
 Todi
scussanddeci
deonanymat
ter
sref
err
edt
othehousebyt
hepr
esi
dent
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page25
  Tosubmi
tther
esol
uti
onsoft
hehouset
othepr
esi
dent
,whowoul
dint
urn
submi
tthem t
otheNat
ionalAssembl
yforconsi
der
ati
on

SHORTCOMI
NGSOFTHEHOUSEOFCHI
EFS
 Thehouseofchi
efshasbeencr
it
ici
zedasamer
ecost
lyt
alki
ngshopbecausei
t
pl
ayani
nsi
gni
fi
cantadvi
sor
yrol
eandi
thasnor
eali
nfl
uenceoni
ssuesof
devel
opmentandgover
nance
 The1996amendedconst
it
uti
onofZambi
aofdoesnotal
low chi
efst
ojoi
na
pol
it
icalpar
tyort
ocont
estanel
ect
ion

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Di
scusst
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofbadgover
nance.

2.Def
inegover
nance.

3.Out
li
net
hef
eat
uresofgoodgover
nance?

4.Descr
ibet
hedi
ff
erentel
ect
oralsyst
ems.

5.Whatcanhappenel
ement
sofgoodgover
nancear
enotobser
ved?

6.Descr
ibet
heel
ect
oralsyst
em usedi
nZambi
a.

7.Gi
veexampl
eofel
ect
ionr
iggi
ngi
nZambi
a.

7.Expl
ainwi
thpr
act
icalexampl
est
hemaj
orr
oleofl
ocalcounci
linZambi
a.

8.Out
li
newhatcoul
dhappeni
ftheconst
it
uti
ondoesnotst
andat
estoft
ime.

9.Di
ff
erent
iat
egoodgover
nancef
rom badgover
nance.

10.St
atet
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofel
ect
ionsi
ngoodgover
nance.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page26
CI
TIZENSHI
P

Aci
ti
zeni
samemberofst
atewhoenj
oysal
lther
ight
sandpr
ivi
legesgr
ant
edbyi
t.

Ci
ti
zenshi
pist
he r
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween t
he st
ate and an i
ndi
viduali
n whi
ch an
i
ndi
vidualowesal
legi
ancet
othest
ateandi
ntur
nrecei
vesst
atepr
otect
ionf
rom t
he
st
ate.
Thei
deaofci
ti
zenshi
por
igi
nat
edf
rom Gr
eece

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page27
LEGALANDMORALASPECTSOFCI
TIZENSHI
P

LegalAspect
s
Aci
ti
zeni
srecogni
zedbyl
awandhi
sorherr
ight
sar
eenshr
inedi
nthel
awsoft
hel
and.
Ever
yci
ti
zenhast
hepr
otect
ionoft
hest
atewhet
herhomeorabr
oad.Aci
ti
zenwho
f
ail
stocompl
ywi
tht
hel
egalaspect
sofci
ti
zenshi
pisl
iabl
eforpr
osecut
ion.

Mor
alAspect
s
TheMor
alaspect
sofci
ti
zenshi
packnowl
edget
heval
ueofsel
f-di
sci
pli
neandsel
f-
cont
rol
.Amor
all
yupr
ightci
ti
zenhasasenseofr
esponsi
bil
it
ytof
ulf
il
lal
lhi
sorher
obl
igat
ionst
othest
ateandt
hevar
ioussoci
algr
oupst
hathe/
shebel
ongs.He/
shei
s
notonl
yresponsi
blet
ohi
sorherf
ami
lybutal
sot
ohi
sorhercommuni
tyandt
hest
ate.
Al
ien
AnAl
ieni
sper
sonl
ivi
ngi
nacount
rywhi
chi
snothi
sorherown.Anal
ienowes
al
legi
ancet
o anot
her
.Al
iensenj
oyci
vilbutnotpol
it
icalr
ight
s.An al
ien maybe
depor
tedf
rom t
hehostst
atef
ormi
sconductorcommi
tt
ingaser
iouscr
ime.

KI
NDSOFCI
TIZENSHI
P

Nat
uralci
ti
zenshi
p
 TypeofNat
ural
izedci
ti
zenshi
p
 Rul
eof
JusSangui
nis-bl
oodr
elat
ionanddescentdeci
desci
ti
zenshi
p.
 r
uleof
JusSol
ici
ti
zenshi
pisacqui
redont
hebasi
sofpl
aceofbi
rt
h
Ther
uleofJusSangui
nisi
sor
dert
hant
hatofJusSol
iandmanycount
ri
esf
oll
owt
his
pr
inci
ple.
egZambi
a.Butcount
ri
esl
ikeAmer
icaandBr
it
ainf
oll
owt
hepr
inci
plesofJus
sol
i.
Nat
ural
izedCi
ti
zenshi
p
Af
orei
gnermayacqui
reCi
ti
zenshi
pofahostcount
ry.
PRESCRI
BEDCONDI
TIONSFORONETOACQUI
RENATURALI
ZEDCI
TIZENSHI
P
Rul
eofr
esi
dence:
Thi
sst
atet
hataf
orei
gneri
srequi
redt
oli
vei
nthehostcount
ryf
oruni
nter
rupt
ed

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page28
 mi
nimum per
iodofr
esi
dencebywhi
chaf
orei
gnerbecomesel
igi
bleappl
yfor
ci
ti
zenshi
pist
enyear
s.
Thepr
inci
pleofdecl
arat
iononapr
escr
ibedf
orm:Thi
srequi
resaf
orei
gnert
ofi
ll
i
npr
escr
ibedappl
icat
ionf
ormsandpr
ovi
denecessar
ydocument
sdecl
ari
nghi
s
orheri
ntent
ionofappl
yingf
orci
ti
zenshi
p.
Renunci
ati
onofpr
evi
ousci
ti
zenshi
p:Thi
srequi
resanappl
icantt
ogi
veup hi
s
orherpr
evi
ousci
ti
zenshi
pandt
akeanoat
hofal
legi
ancet
othecount
ryofwhi
ch
onei
ntendst
o
Mar
ri
age:Aspousecanacqui
reci
ti
zenshi
pofawi
feorhusband.Thi
srequi
res
onet
orenouncet
hepr
evi
ousci
ti
zenshi
p.However
,onecanoptt
omai
ntai
nhi
s
ornat
uralci
ti
zenshi
pevenwhenl
ivi
ngi
naspouse’
snat
ion.
Nat
ural
izat
ioncanbepar
ti
alorcompl
ete.
Whenaf
orei
gnerobt
ainst
hef
ullshar
eofenj
oymentoft
her
ight
sandpr
ivi
leges
oft
hatofanat
uralci
ti
zen ofhi
sorheradopt
ivecount
ryand t
her
eisno
di
scr
imi
nat
ionofanysor
t,Nat
ural
izat
ioni
ssai
dtobecompl
ete.
I
fther
eisdi
ff
erent
iat
ion i
n enj
oymentofr
ight
sand pr
ivi
legesbet
ween t
he
nat
uralci
ti
zenandnat
ural
izedci
ti
zenwecal
lthatasPar
ti
al.

QUALI
FICATI
ONSFORZAMBI
ANCI
TIZENSHI
P
Ar
ti
cle4,
5and6st
ipul
atest
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
onsf
oronet
obeaci
ti
zen:
Ar
ti
cle4.
(
i) A per
son who st
ayed i
n Zambi
a bef
oret
he commencementoft
his
const
it
uti
on.
(
ii
) Any per
son,who was ent
it
led t
o ci
ti
zenshi
p ofZambi
a bef
oret
he
commencementoft
his const
it
uti
on subj
ectt
othe per
for
mance ofany
condi
ti
onsf
oll
owi
ngt
hehappeni
ngofaf
utur
eevent
,shal
lbecomeaci
ti
zen
uponper
for
manceofsuchcondi
ti
ons.
Ar
ti
cle5.
A per
son bor
n or out
side Zambi
a af
ter t
he commencementoft
his
const
it
uti
onshal
ecomeaci
ti
zenofZambi
a.
Ar
ti
cle6

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page29
 Anyper
sonwho:
-
(
a)Hasat
tai
nedt
heaget
went
yoneyear
sand
(
b)Hasbeenr
esi
denti
nZambi
aforacont
inuousper
iodofnotl
esst
hant
en
year
scanappl
yandber
egi
ster
edasaZambi
anCi
ti
zen

Speci
algr
oups
 Ref
ugest
hesear
epeopl
ewhocamet
oseekf
reedom andsaf
etywi
thi
nher
/hi
s
orout
sidecount
rybecauseofdi
ff
erentr
easons.
 Per
sons wi
th di
sabi
li
ti
es.The gover
nmentshoul
dinst
it
ute measur
es t
hat
enabl
esper
sonswi
thdi
sabi
li
ti
est
oleadanor
mall
if
e
 Theagedpeopl
eoversi
xtyyear
sneedspeci
alcar
e,l
oveandsecur
it
yast
heyar
e
seni
orci
ti
zen.
 Unempl
oyedyout
hst
hegover
nmentshoul
dputi
ntr
aini
ngf
aci
li
ti
eswhi
chso
t
hatyout
hsar
epr
ovi
dedwi
thnecessar
yski
ll
s.
 Or
phansThegover
nmentshoul
dof
fersoci
alsecur
it
yal
levi
atet
othesuf
fer
ingof
t
hesepeopl
e.
Symboloft
heZambi
anCi
ti
zenshi
p
TheGr
eenNat
ionalRegi
str
ati
oni
sthesymbolofZambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p.Thi
sisi
ssued
byt
heNat
ionalRegi
str
ati
onof
fi
ceundert
heMi
nist
ryofHomeAf
fai
rs.TheMi
nimalage
f
ort
oacqui
ret
heNRCs16year
s.

LOSSOFCI
TIZEN
 Acqui
sit
ionofnewci
ti
zenshi
pofanot
hercount
rybynat
ural
izedci
ti
zen;
 Deser
ti
ngf
rom Mi
li
tar
yser
vicebyanat
ural
izedci
ti
zenwhencal
leduponbyt
he
st
ate;
 Commi
tt
ing a ser
ious cr
ime orengagi
ng i
n unaccept
abl
e act
ivi
ti
es by a
nat
ural
izedci
ti
zen
I
nsomecount
ri
es,
aper
soncanal
sol
oset
hest
atusofbei
ngaci
ti
zeni
fone
 Accept
sfor
eigndecor
ati
onsoft
it
les
 I
scont
inuousl
yabsentf
rom t
hehomest
atef
oral
ongper
iodoft
ime
 Takesupempl
oymentundert
hef
orei
gngover
nment

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page30
  Get
sMar
ri
ed(
woman)t
oaf
orei
gnersuchasaper
sonacqui
rest
heci
ti
zenshi
p
oft
hehusband.
Anat
ural
izedci
ti
zencanl
oseci
ti
zenshi
pift
hatper
soni
sexpel
ledf
rom t
hecount
ryof
r
esi
dencybyt
hest
ate.Thi
ski
nd ofexpul
sion i
sknown asFor
ced Repat
ri
ati
on.
However
,ift
henat
ural
izedci
ti
zenwi
shest
orever
ttohi
sorhernat
uralci
ti
zenshi
pand
goesbackt
othecount
ryofor
igi
n,t
hisi
sknownasVol
unt
aryr
epat
ri
ati
on.

QUALI
TIESOFAGOODCI
TIZEN
 Li
vingupt
odemocr
ati
cpr
inci
ples:Thi
srequi
rest
hewi
ll
ingnesst
opar
ti
cipat
ein
t
heaf
fai
rsoft
hest
atesuchasexer
cisi
ngt
her
ightt
ovot
e
 Cont
ri
but
iont
oNat
ionalDevel
opment:Thi
sist
her
eadi
nesst
orenderever
y
ki
ndofser
vicet
othenat
ion
 Sel
f-cont
rol
:Thi
sist
heabi
li
tyt
ocont
rolonesel
fandr
espectot
her
sinor
dert
o
avoi
dconf
li
cts.
 Consci
ence:Thi
sist
he sense ofr
esponsi
bil
it
y and ser
vice t
owar
ds t
he
communi
ty.
 Cour
age:Thi
sist
hest
rengt
htost
andupf
oronesconvi
cti
onswhenconsci
ence
demandsi
t.
 Respectf
ort
hel
aw:Thi
sist
hewi
ll
ingnesst
owor
kthr
oughpeacef
ull
egal
meanst
ochangeunj
ustl
aws.
 Per
sever
ance:Thi
sist
hewi
ll
ingnesst
owor
kunderdi
ff
icul
tci
rcumst
ancesi
n
or
dert
oaccompl
ishwor
thwhi
legoal
s
 Empat
hy:Havi
ngconcer
norcompassi
onf
ort
hewel
l-
bei
ngofot
her
sespeci
all
y
t
hevul
ner
abl
einsoci
ety.
 Pat
ri
oti
sm:Thi
sinvol
vesasenseofl
oveandl
oyal
tyt
othest
ate byobser
ving
val
uesandpr
inci
ples’
ofone’
scount
ry

DUTI
ESANDRESPONSI
BILI
TIESOFACI
TIZEN
 Bepat
ri
oti
candl
oyalt
oZambi
aandpr
omot
eit
swel
l-
bei
ng;
 To cont
ri
but
etot
he wel
l-
bei
ng oft
he communi
tywher
ethatci
ti
zen l
ives
i
ncl
udi
ngobser
vanceofheal
thcont
rol
;

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page31
  Pr
omot
edemocr
acyandt
her
uleofl
aw
 Fost
ernat
ionalDevel
opment
;
 Vot
einnat
ionaluni
tyandl
ivei
nhar
monywi
thot
her
s
 Vot
einNat
ionalandl
ocalgover
nmentel
ect
ions;
 Pr
ovi
dedef
enseandmi
li
tar
yser
vicewhencal
ledupon;car
ryoutwi
thdi
sci
pli
ne
andhonest
ylegalpubl
icf
unct
ions
 Payal
ltaxesandduesl
egal
lyduet
othest
ate
 Assi
sti
ntheenf
orcementoft
hel
awatal
lti
mes
PERSONALRESPONSI
BILI
TIES
 Taki
ngcar
eofonesel
f
 Suppor
ti
ngonesf
ami
ly
 Adher
ingt
omor
als,
pri
nci
plesandval
uesofone’
ssoci
ety
 Respect
ingt
her
ight
sandi
nter
est
sofot
her
s
CI
VICRESPONSI
BILI
TIES
 Obeyi
ngt
hel
aw
 Payi
ngt
axes
 Respect
ingt
her
ight
sofot
her
s
 Bei
ngconcer
nedaboutpubl
ici
ssues
 Par
ti
cipat
ingi
nci
vicact
ivi
ti
essuchasvot
ing
 Per
for
mingpubl
icser
vice
 Obser
vingandmai
ntai
ningt
hesecur
it
yoft
henat
ion
OBSTACLETOGOODCI
TIZENSHI
P
 I
ndi
ff
erence:WhenCi
ti
zensar
eindi
ff
erentt
othei
rri
ght
sanddut
iesandar
etoo
concer
nedwi
tht
hei
rper
sonalsaf
etyandsecur
it
y,democr
acycannott
hri
ve.
 Sel
fInt
erest
:ani
ndi
vidualwhoi
smot
ivat
edbysel
f-i
nter
est avoi
dspubl
ic
r
esponsi
bil
it
iesorsi
mpl
yignor
est
hegener
alwel
far
eofhi
sorhersoci
ety
 Al
legi
ancet
opol
it
icalPar
ti
es:A badci
ti
zeni
sonet
hatput
sthei
nter
estof
apol
it
icalpar
tyhe/
shei
saf
fi
li
atedt
oabovenat
ionali
nter
est
s.
 Pover
ty:Apover
tyst
ri
ckenci
ti
zeni
snoti
nter
est
edi
nnat
ionalaf
fai
rs.
 I
gnor
ance:Ani
nfor
medori
gnor
antper
sonof
tenf
ail
stodi
ff
erent
iat
ebet
ween
wr
ongandr
ight
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page32
  Def
ect
sint
heel
ect
oralsyst
em:I
flar
gesect
ionsofsoci
etyar
eunr
epr
esent
edi
n
el
ect
oralsyst
em,t
hiscanmaket
hem l
osei
nter
esti
ntheaf
fai
rsoft
hest
ateas
t
heymaynotf
eelasenseofbel
ongi
ng
 Repor
tsofCor
rupt
ioni
ntheMedi
a:Pr
intandel
ect
roni
cMedi
asuchast
he
newspaper
s,r
adi
otel
evi
sion,i
nter
netmayt
wistt
het
rut
handmi
sinf
ormt
he
publ
ict
osuchanext
entt
heci
ti
zensar
enotabl
etoaccessi
ssuescor
rect
lyand
knowl
edgabl
y.
 Thecompl
exofoursoci
ety;I
nmanycasesi
ndi
vidual
stoadybel
ongt
ovar
ious
t
ypesofci
ti
zenshi
psuchasChr
ist
ian,
LocalNat
ionalEcoci
ti
zenshi
pandgl
obal
Ci
ti
zenshi
p.I
tmaybedi
ff
icul
tyt
ohar
moni
zei
nter
estofoneci
ti
zenshi
pwi
th
t
hoseofanot
herf
orexampl
eEco-ci
ti
zenshi
pwi
thChr
ist
ianci
ti
zenshi
p.

WAYSOFPROMOTI
NGGOODCI
TIZENSHI
P
Admi
nist
rat
ivei
mpr
ovement
 Ther
eshoul
dber
est
ruct
uri
ngofpol
it
icalandsoci
ali
nst
it
uti
onst
okeeppace
wi
tht
het
imesandwi
shesofci
ti
zens.
 Shor
ttenur
eofof
fi
cef
orel
ect
edof
fi
cer
swi
lll
eadt
ofr
equentel
ect
ionst
hatwi
ll
br
ingaboutaccount
abi
li
tyi
nleader
s.
 Br
oadeni
ngf
ranchi
sewhi
chwi
lli
ncr
easeci
ti
zen’
sawar
enessoft
hei
rri
ght
s
Mor
alr
emedi
es:
Ci
ti
zensneedt
obespi
ri
tual
lyandment
all
ymot
ivat
edf
ort
hem t
otakeanact
ive
i
nter
esti
npubl
icaf
fai
rst
hrougheducat
ionaloppor
tuni
ti
es.
St
abi
li
tyandJust
ice:
Est
abl
ishmentofsecur
it
y,st
abi
li
tyandj
ust
icewhi
chshoul
dmeasur
eleader
s
andt
heci
ti
zens

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page33
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1. St
ateanyt
woqual
if
icat
ionsf
orZambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p.

2. Namet
woki
ndsofCi
ti
zenshi
p.

3. Whatar
ethesymbol
sofZambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p?

4. Gi
vef
ourqual
it
iesofagoodci
ti
zen.

5. St
atet
her
ulest
hatr
egul
ateNat
uralci
ti
zenshi
p.

6. Undert
her
uleofnat
ural
isedci
ti
zenshi
p,whatdoest
her
uleofr
esi
dentst
ate?

7. Expl
ainwhyhumanr
ight
scanbesai
dtobeuni
ver
sal
.

8. I
dent
if
ytheobst
acl
esoft
hegoodci
ti
zen.

9. Di
scusst
hequal
it
iesofagoodci
ti
zen.

10. Descr
ibewaysofpr
omot
inggoodci
ti
zen.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page34
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOHUMANRI
GHTS

 Humanr
ight
sar
eent
it
lement
sthatonehasbecauseheorshei
sahumanbei
ng.
Ent
it
lement
sar
ecl
aimsorf
reedoms

 Humanr
ight
sar
euni
ver
sall
egalguar
ant
eesandf
reedomst
hatever
yhuman
bei
nghasandmustenj
oysi
mpl
ybybei
ngahuman

 Theypr
otecti
ndi
vidual
sorgr
oupsofpeopl
efr
om act
ionst
hatmi
ghti
nter
fer
e
wi
thorst
oponef
rom enj
oyi
ngt
hem

 Theyar
ecl
aimedf
rom t
hesoci
etyi
nwhi
chpeopl
eli
ve.

HI
STORI
CALDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANRI
GHTS.

 Humanr
ight
shaveal
waysexi
stedast
heyar
einher
ent
,uni
ver
salandi
nal
ienabl
e

 Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
sdonotbel
ongt
oanypar
ti
cul
argr
oupofpeopl
e,
r
aceornat
ional
it
y.

Someoft
hedocument
sment
ioni
ngi
ndi
vidualhumanr
ight
sint
hepastar
e:

TheMagnaCar
taof1215.

TheChar
terofMandeof1222.

TheEngl
ishBi
llofRi
ght
sof1689.

TheFr
enchDecl
arat
ionont
heRi
ght
sofManandCi
ti
zensof1791.

TheUSConst
it
uti
onandBi
llofRi
ght
sof1791.

 TheMagnaCar
tawast
heear
li
estdocumenti
ntheWor
ldi
nwhi
chhumanr
ight
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page35
 wer
erecogni
zed.

 TheChar
terofMandewast
heear
li
estdocumentt
oout
li
nei
ndi
vidualhuman
r
ight
swhi
chwer
eguar
ant
eedbySoundi
ataKei
ta,Ki
ngoft
heEmpi
reofMal
i,
al
socal
ledMande.

 I
tisal
socal
ledt
heOat
hofMandeandwaspr
ocl
aimedathi
sCor
onat
ionasan
of
fi
cialdocumentcont
aini
ngpr
inci
plesuponwhi
cht
heempi
reshoul
dber
uled.

 However
,al
ltheabovel
ist
eddocument
swer
enotuni
ver
sali
nnat
urebecause
t
heyof
ten excl
uded women,chi
ldr
en,sl
avesand per
sonsofcer
tai
n soci
al,
r
eli
gious,
economi
corpol
it
icalgr
oups.

THEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS-
1948.

 Thi
sis a setofpr
inci
ples ofwhi
ch t
he Uni
ted Nat
ions member
s commi
t
t
hemsel
vest
opr
ovi
deal
lpeopl
eoft
hewor
ldwi
thhumandi
gni
ty.

 Thedocument
ssetmi
nimum st
andar
dsofhow i
ndi
vidual
s,i
nst
it
uti
onsand
gover
nment
sshoul
dtr
eatpeopl
easwel
lasaguar
ant
eeoff
reedom andj
ust
ice
f
orpeopl
ethr
oughoutt
hewor
ld.

 I edon10th December
twasadopt ,1948bymemberst
atesoft
heUni
tedNat
ions
whi
chmeantt
hathow agover
nmentt
reat
edi
tsownci
ti
zenswasnol
ongera
domest
ici
ssue,
butoneofi
nter
nat
ionalconcer
n.

 However
,theUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ion ofHuman Ri
ght
sisnotl
egal
lybi
ndi
ng
becausei
tisonl
yadecl
arat
ion,whi
chmeansapr
onouncementwhi
chmaybe
ef
fect
edornot
.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFHUMANRI
GHTS

THEYAREI
NALI
ENABLE.

Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
scannotbet
akenawayorsepar
atedorgi
venaway
f
rom ahumanbei
ng.(
Insepar
abl
efr
om t
hehumanbei
ngs)
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page36
 THEYAREI
NDI
VISI
BLE.

Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
scannotbedi
videdbecauseal
lri
ght
sar
e
equal
lyi
mpor
tant
.

THEYAREI
NHERENT.

Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
sexi
sti
ndependent
lyoft
hewi
llofani
ndi
vidual
oragr
oupofper
sons.

THEYAREUNI
VERSAL.

Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
sar
ethesameandappl
ytoal
lpeopl
eoft
he
wor
ldr
egar
dlessofr
ace,
sex,
col
our
,et
hni
cit
y,r
eli
gion,
pol
it
ical
,geogr
aphi
cal
,
bel
ief
s,nat
ional
it
yorsoci
alst
atus.

CATEGORI
ESOFHUMANRI
GHTS
 I
nter
nat
ionalhumanr
ight
shavebeencat
egor
izedi
nto:
 Ci
vilandPol
it
icalr
ight
s
 Economi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s
 Col
lect
iver
ight
s
 Atgl
oball
evel
,humanr
ight
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreecat
egor
iesaccor
dingt
o
t
hei
revol
uti
onordevel
opmentpr
ocess,
andt
hedi
ff
erentcat
egor
iesar
eref
err
ed
t
oas‘
gener
ati
ons’
.
 Thesegener
ati
onsar
enoti
nor
derofi
mpor
tancebuti
ntheor
deri
nwhi
cht
hey
wer
erecogni
zedhi
stor
ical
lyi
nthedevel
opmentofhumanr
ight
s.

CI
VILANDPOLI
TICALRI
GHTS

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page37
 Theyar
ecal
ledFi
rstGener
ati
onRi
ght
s.Thesear
efi
rstgener
ati
onr
ight
sbecause
t
heywer
ethef
ir
stRi
ght
stober
ecogni
zedasr
ight
soft
hei
ndi
vidual
.
 Theyar
efoundi
npar
tii
itheZambi
anConst
it
uti
onwhi
chi
ncl
udes:
 Ri
ghtt
oli
fe
 Ri
ghtt
oper
sonall
iber
ty
 Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofexpr
essi
on
 Fr
eedom f
rom t
ort
ureandi
nhumant
reat
ment
 Fr
eedom ofopi
nion
 Pr
otect
ionf
rom sl
aver
yorf
orcedl
abour
 Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofconsci
ence
 Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on
 Pr
otect
ionoft
hef
reedom ofmovement
 Pr
otect
ionf
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofr
ace,
age,
sex,
ethni
cit
y,r
eli
gion,
etc

ECONOMI
C,SOCI
ALANDCULTURALRI
GHTS
 Economi
c and Cul
tur
alr
ight
s ar
e cal
led “
Second Gener
ati
on Ri
ght
s”Thi
s
cat
egor
yconsi
stsofr
ight
sthatar
eeconomi
c,soci
alandCul
tur
ali
nNat
ure.
 Thei
rreal
izat
ionbr
ingsaboutSoci
alj
ust
ice,
digni
tyandequi
ty
 Ri
ghtt
ofood
 Ri
ghtt
oempl
oyment
 Ri
ghtt
osoci
alSecur
it
y
 Ri
ghtt
oeducat
ion
 Ri
ghtt
oheal
th(Medi
calCar
e)
 Ri
ghtt
ocl
eanenvi
ronment
 Ri
ghtt
odevel
opment
 Ri
ghtt
oadequat
ehousi
ng

COLLECTI
VERI
GHTS
 Thesear
eal
soknownas´
Thi
rdGener
ati
onRi
ght
s’andar
ethemostr
ecent
ly
i
dent
if
iedr
ight
s.
 Thet
erm col
lect
iver
ight
sref
ert
other
ight
sofPeopl
es’t
obepr
otect
edf
rom

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page38
 at
tacksont
hei
rgr
oupi
dent
if
yandgr
oupi
nter
est
.
 These r
ight
s ar
e bestdescr
ibed as sol
idar
it
yri
ght
s because t
hey r
equi
re
i
nter
nat
ionalcooper
ati
onandai
m atcommuni
ty-bui
ldi
ng;
 Ri
ghtt
osel
fdet
ermi
nat
ion
 Ri
ghtt
oeconomi
candsoci
alDevel
opment
 Ri
ghtt
oaheal
thyenvi
ronment
 Ri
ghtt
oNat
uralr
esour
ces
 Ri
ghtt
opeace
 Ri
ghtt
ocommuni
cat
e
 Ri
ghtt
oPar
ti
cipat
ioni
ncul
tur
alHer
it
age
 Ri
ghtt
oint
ergener
ati
onalequi
tyandsust
ainabi
li
ty.

SI
GNI
FICANCEOFHUMANRI
GHTS
 HumanRi
ght
sfocusont
hedi
gni
tyoft
hehumanbei
ng.
 At
ti
tudessucht
heonesbel
ow mustbedevel
opedbyever
yonei
nor
dert
o
pr
omot
ehumanr
ight
s:
 Respectf
orever
yone’
sli
fe,
thei
rphysi
calandment
ali
ntegr
it
y,f
reedom,
proper
ty,
pr
ivacyi
ncl
udi
ngone’
sown
 Respectf
ordi
ff
erencesei
theri
nsex,et
hni
cit
y,l
anguage,col
our
,age,r
eli
gion,
cul
tur
alaspect
s,opi
nion,
andi
dent
it
yofot
her
sandone’
sown.
 Taki
nguponesr
esponsi
bil
it
yinsoci
ety:Ri
ght
scomewi
thr
esponsi
bil
it
iesand
r
esponsi
bil
it
iesst
artwi
thr
espect
ingot
herpeopl
e’sr
ight
s
 Respect
ingt
hef
actt
hatpeopl
ehavel
egal
lyest
abl
ishedcl
aimsandent
it
lement
s.
 Recogni
zing Account
abi
li
ty and r
esponsi
bil
it
yinr
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween t
he
i
ndi
vidual
,i
nst
it
uti
onorst
atet
hathasadut
ytof
ulf
il
lther
ight
.
 Ri
ght
s-hol
der
sneedt
obeempower
edi
nor
derf
ort
hem t
ocl
aimt
hei
rri
ght
sand
t
akepar
tinpubl
icdeci
sionmaki
ng.
 Par
ti
cipat
ioni
sani
mpor
tantHumanRi
ght
.Peopl
eofbot
hsexesandal
lages
havet
her
ightt
opar
ti
cipat
einever
yar
eaoft
hei
rli
ves.

SUMMARYOFASI
MPLI
FIEDVERSI
ONOFTHEUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMAN

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page39
RI
GHTS

Ever
yone:
 I
sbor
ninf
reedom,
equal
it
yanddi
gni
ty.

 Hast
her
ightnott
obedi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstonanybasi
s.

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
feandt
oli
vei
nfr
eedom andsaf
ety

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
ber
tyorf
reedom

 Hast
her
ightt
osecur
it
yofper
sonasnooneshoul
dbet
ort
uredorsuf
ferf
rom
cr
uelandi
nhumant
reat
ment
.

 Hast
her
ightt
oequal
it
ybef
oret
hel
awandequalpr
otect
ion.

 Hast
her
ightr
ecogni
ti
onbef
oret
hel
aw

 Hast
her
ightt
oef
fect
iver
emedy

 Hast
her
ightnott
obesubj
ect
edt
oar
bit
rar
yar
restordet
ent
ion.

 Hast
her
ightt
oful
landf
airhear
ingbef
oreani
mpar
ti
alandi
ndependentt
ri
bunal

 Hast
her
ightt
obepr
esumedi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovengui
lt
y

 Hast
her
ightt
omar
ry

 Hast
her
ightt
oasyl
um

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofmovement

 Hast
her
ightt
oNat
ional
it
y

 Hast
her
ightt
opr
ivacy.

 Hasr
ightt
oownpr
oper
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandexpr
essi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page40
  Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on

 Hast
her
ightt
otakepar
tingover
nment
,accesst
opubl
icser
vicesandt
ovot
e.

 Hast
her
ightt
osoci
alsecur
it
y.

 Hast
her
ightt
owor
k

 Hast
her
ightt
orestandl
eisur
e

 Hast
her
ightt
oanadequat
est
andar
dofl
ivi
ng

 Hast
heei
ghtt
oeducat
ion

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eel
ypar
ti
cipat
eint
hecul
tur
all
if
eoft
hecommuni
ty

 I
sent
it
ledt
oasoci
alandi
nter
nat
ionalor
dert
oreal
izet
her
ight
sandf
reedoms

 Hasdut
iest
othecommuni
ty

 Musti
nter
prett
hisdecl
arat
ioni
nawayt
hatcannotendangeranyoft
her
ight
s
andf
reedomsofot
her
s.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1. Whatar
eHumanRi
ght
s?

2. Di
scussanychar
act
eri
sti
csofHumanRi
ght
s?

3. Descr
ibet
hecat
egor
iesofHumanRi
ght
s?

4. I
dent
if
ywaysi
nwhi
chHumanRi
ght
sar
evi
olat
ed?

5. How doest
her
ightofhabeascor
pushel
paper
sonandcont
ri
but
eto
r
espectofhumanr
ight
s.

6. Di
sti
ngui
shr
ight
sfr
om r
esponsi
bil
it
ies.

7. Out
li
nesomesoci
al,
economi
candcul
tur
alr
ight
s.

8. Humanr
ight
sar
euni
ver
sal
,

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page41
 9. Expl
ainI
dent
if
ywaysi
nwhi
chhumanr
ight
sar
einvol
ved.

10. Di
scusst
hesi
gni
fi
canceofhumanr
ight
s.

CORRUPTI
ON

Cor
rupt
ion:i
sthegi
vingofmoney,val
uabl
esorr
ender
ingaser
vicet
osomeonei
n

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page42
r
etur
nforaf
avourot
hert
hanacasualgi
ft
.
Accor
dingt
otheAnt
i-Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
onActofZambi
a,Cor
rupt
ioni
sdef
inedas
“
Sol
ici
ti
ng,accept
ing,obt
aini
ng,gi
vingorof
fer
inggr
ati
fi
cat
ionbywayofabr
ibeor
anyot
herper
sonalt
empt
ati
onsori
nducementormi
suseandabuseofpubl
icof
fi
ce
f
orper
sonalgai
norbenef
it
.’
’

Casualgi
fti
sanyor
dinar
ygi
ftof
fer
edt
oaper
soni
nhospi
tabl
emanner
,wi
thoutany
demandf
oraf
avour
.
Gr
ati
fi
cat
ionmeansanycor
ruptpaymentmadewhet
heri
ncashorki
ndasar
esul
tof
t
hecor
ruptmi
suseofpubl
icf
undsorpr
oper
ty.

For
msofGr
ati
fi
cat
ion
 Cash.Thi
sinvol
vesgi
vingoraccept
ingmoneyi
nret
urnf
oraf
avour
.
 Ser
vice (ki
ckback)i
tinvol
vest
her
ender
ingofaser
vicei
nret
urnf
oraf
avour
 Paymenti
n ki
nd,wher
e one demands a f
avourf
oran act
ion done.E.
g.
demandi
ngf
orsexi
nret
urnf
orempl
oymentof
fer
.
 Loansandadvances.Thi
sinvol
vesacor
ruptpaymenti
nfor
m ofal
oanoran
advancesal
ary
AI
Iinvol
ves f
orms ofvi
olat
ion ofhuman r
ight
s and l
ack oft
ranspar
ency and
account
abi
li
tyi
ntheuseofpubl
icf
undsandr
esour
ces.
CATEGORI
ESOFCORRUPTI
ON
Pet
tyCor
rupt
ion
 Wi
del
ypr
act
icedi
nZambi
aandusual
lyi
nvol
vessmal
lpayment
scal
ledbr
ibes.
 Abr
ibei
sanof
ferormoneyof
fer
edt
oobt
ainf
avour
.(nchekel
ako)
.

Gr
andCor
rupt
ion
 I
nvol
vessubst
ant
ialamount
sofmoney.
 I
tisusual
lypr
act
icesbyhi
ghl
evelof
fi
cial
sandassoci
atedwi
thawar
ding
gover
nmentcont
ract
s
Pol
it
icalcor
rupt
ion
 I
tisassoci
atedwi
tht
heel
ect
oralpr
ocess.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page43
  I
tisusual
lypr
act
icedbyt
hosecont
est
ingpol
it
icalpower
.
Forexampl
e:
 Donat
ionofmoneyt
oinf
luencet
hevot
erschoi
ce
 Cashormat
eri
aldi
str
ibut
iont
oinf
luencevot
ers
 Pr
ovi
sionofbeer
,toi
nfl
uencevot
erschoi
ce
 Pr
ovi
sionofser
vicese.
g.r
oadmai
ntenanceatt
het
imeofel
ect
ions

Soci
alCausesofCor
rupt
ion
 Per
sonalgr
eedyanddi
shonest
 Leader
sinkeyposi
ti
onsar
enotcapabl
eof i
nspi
ri
ng andi
nfl
uenci
ngt
he
conductoft
hehi
ghestmor
alst
andar
ds
 Weakenf
orcementorabsenceofcodeofconduct
 Puni
shmentf
orof
fender
sisweak
 Lar
genumber
sofpeopl
ecompet
efori
nsuf
fi
cientser
vicese.
g.f
ew school
s
pl
aces

Economi
ccauseofcor
rupt
ion
 Shor
tagesofgoodsandser
vices
 Unequaldi
str
ibut
ionofweal
thandr
esour
ces
 Awar
dingofgover
nmentl
oanst
osomepr
efer
redi
ndi
vidual
satt
heexcl
usi
onof
ot
her
s
 Lowsal
ari
esandwagesi
ncompar
isont
othecostofl
ivi
ng
 Pover
ty,
whenpeopl
ear
epoort
heyar
edesper
atea

OTHERCAUSESTHATLEADTOCORRUPTI
ONANDRELATEDCRI
MES
 Unnecessar
yLongpr
ocedur
es (r
edTape)maydemandf
oraki
ckbacki
n
r
etur
nforanact
ion
 Lack ofpol
it
icalwi
ll
:Some gover
nment
slack pol
it
icalwi
llt
o dealwi
th
cor
rupt
ionf
ir
mly.
 Lackoft
ranspar
encyandaccount
abi
li
ty:whenagover
nmentl
ackschecksand
bal
ances,
ther
eismi
smanagementandmi
suseofpubl
icf
unds

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page44
  Abuseofpower
:ift
her
e’sexcessi
vepoweri
nthehandsofani
ndi
vidualmay
hi
nderi
nvest
igat
ionsi
ncor
ruptpr
act
ices.
 Lackofi
ndependenceoft
heJudi
ciar
y:Cour
tsmaynotacti
ndependent
lyon
mat
ter
sofcor
rupt
ion.
 Publ
icReact
ion:Thepubl
ict
hinkcor
rupt
ioni
snor
malbecauseoft
heeconomi
c
har
dshi
ps.
 Lackofpr
essf
reedom:Gover
nmentownedmedi
ainAf
ri
cai
snotf
reet
oexpose
cor
ruptact
ivi
ti
esi
nthei
rowncount
ri
es

EFFECTSOFCORRUPTI
ON

 Bi
rt
hofcapi
tal
istpol
ici
es-makesf
ew cor
ruptof
fi
cial
sri
chatt
heexpenseof
Soci
ety
 Awar
dingofj
obt
ounqual
if
iedPer
sonnelenabl
est
hosewhopaybr
ibest
owi
n
f
avour
stowhi
cht
heyar
enotent
it
led.Thi
scauseswi
despr
eadbi
tt
ernesson
deser
vingper
sonnelorgr
oups.
 Lossofr
espectf
ort
her
uleofl
aw I
nter
fer
eswi
thenf
orcementoft
hel
aw and
r
espectf
ort
her
ule.
 Lowst
andar
dofl
ivi
ng-per
pet
uat
eshumansuf
fer
ingt
hroughescal
ati
ngpover
ty
l
evel
soft
heor
dinar
yci
ti
zenr
y
 Hamper
sEconomi
cDevel
opmentCor
ruptnat
ionneverpr
osper
seconomi
cal
ly
asi
twi
llal
wayshavehi
ghdebtandbecomei
mpossi
blet
osave.

I
MPACTOFCORRUPTI
ONI
NZAMBI
ANSOCI
ETY

Cor
rupt
ionscour
gehashadanegat
ivei
mpactont
heZambi
anSoci
ety.Hi
ghLevel
sif
cor
rupt
ioni
nfl
atepr
icesofgoodsandser
vices.Thi
shasbr
oughtunt
oldmi
ser
yto
manypeopl
epar
ti
cul
arl
ythepoor
.
AFFECTEDAREASONCORRUPTI
ON
Law enf
orcementAgenci
es:Pol
icehavesomet
imesf
ail
edt
omai
ntai
nlaw andor
der
becauseofcor
rupt
ion.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page45
TheJudi
cialSyst
em:Cor
ruptpr
act
icespr
eventj
ust
ice.Caser
ecor
dsdi
sappear
,tr
ial
s
ar
edel
ayedandt
heout
comeofcasesnol
ongerdependsont
hesuf
fi
ciencyoft
he
evi
denceavai
labl
e.
El
ect
oralpr
ocess:Leader
sandpol
it
icalpar
ti
eswhodonotdeser
vet
owi
ntheel
ect
ions
maycomei
ntopowerbecauset
heydi
shoutmoneyandmat
eri
als
Secur
it
yoft
heNat
ion:Of
fi
cesl
ikei
mmi
grat
ionOf
fi
ceal
lowsal
iencr
imi
nal
swi
thi
ll
i
ntent
ionst
oent
eri
nZambi
a.
TheEconomy:Ther
ear
emoneyl
aunder
ingact
ivi
ti
es,
taxevasi
on,
andot
hereconomi
c
i
ssueswhi
chl
eadt
oeconomi
cinst
abi
li
ty.
Educat
ionSyst
em:Br
ibesar
epai
dinwhat
everf
orm bycandi
dat
est
obeadmi
tt
edi
nto
al
ear
ningi
nst
it
uti
onsofl
ear
ningi
nst
eadofbei
ngadmi
tt
edonmer
it
.
Admi
nist
rat
ionofl
andmat
ter
s:l
andhasusual
lybeenunf
air
lydi
str
ibut
edespeci
all
yby
t
he mi
nist
ryofLands and counci
lof
fi
cial
s.As a r
esul
t,unpl
anned orpr
ohi
bit
ed
set
tl
ement
sar
eacommonsi
ghti
nmoi
stur
banar
easi
nZambi
a.
Gover
nmentPur
chases:Tenderpr
ocedur
esar
emaysomet
imesnotbef
oll
owedwhen
awar
dingcont
ract
s.Pot
ent
ialsuppl
ier
sar
ebei
ngdi
squal
if
iedsi
mpl
ybecauset
hey
havenotr
ecei
vedabr
ibef
rom t
hem.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFI
GHTAGAI
NSTCORRUPTI
ON
Ant
i-Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
on(
ACC)
TheAnt
i-Cor
rupt
ioni
stheof
fi
ciali
nst
it
uti
onest
abl
ishedbyt
hegover
nmentt
ofi
ght
cor
rupt
ion.I
twasest
abl
ishedi
n1980andbecameoper
ati
onali
n1982.TheACCi
san
Aut
onomousbody.
Aut
onomy:meanssel
f-gover
ning
TheAnt
i-Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
on
Usest
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodsi
nit
sfi
ghtagai
nstcor
rupt
ion
Cor
rupt
ionPr
event
ion
TheCommi
ssi
onexami
nespr
act
icesandpr
ocedur
esi
npr
ivat
eandpubl
icsect
orst
o
f
aci
li
tat
ethedi
scover
yofcor
ruptpr
act
ices.I
tal
soensur
est
hatanywor
k,met
hodsor
pr
ocedur
espr
onet
ocor
rupt
ionar
erevi
sed.TheCor
rupt
ionPr
event
ionDepar
tment
(
CPD)conduct
s manager
ialaccount
abi
li
ty Wor
kshops i
n bot
h publ
ic and pr
ivat
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page46
i
nst
it
uti
ons.

Communi
tyEducat
ion
Communi
tyRel
ati
onsDepar
tmenti
sresponsi
blef
oreducat
ing t
hecommuni
tyon
mat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
ocor
rupt
ion.I
nthi
swayt
hedepar
tmentr
eveal
sevi
lsanddanger
ous
ef
fect
sofcor
ruptpr
act
icesonsoci
ety.
I
nvest
igat
ionandPr
osecut
ion
Commi
ssi
onr
ecei
vesandi
nvest
igat
escompl
aint
sofsuspect
edcor
ruptpr
act
icesand
wher
eevi
dencei
sest
abl
ished,
prosecut
ionf
oll
ows.

OTHER GOVERNMENT I
NSTI
TUTI
ONS I
NVOLVED I
N THE FI
GHT AGAI
NST
CORRUPTI
ON
Zambi
aPubl
icpr
ocur
ementaut
hor
it
y
(
ZPPA)Wasest
abl
ishedi
n1983asZambi
aNat
ionalTenderBoar
d
Theobj
ect
ive
 To cont
roland r
egul
atepr
ocur
ementofgoodsand ser
vicei
n gover
nment
mi
nist
ri
esanddepar
tment
’sswel
laspar
ast
ernalor
gani
zat
ions.
 Theboar
densur
est
hatpr
ocur
ementi
sdonei
nat
ranspar
entandaccount
abl
e
manner
.
Par
li
ament
Ther
oleoft
hepar
li
amenti
smakel
awsandpl
ayawat
chdogr
olei
npr
ovi
dingchecks
bal
ances.E.
g.t
he Publ
ic Compl
aintCommi
tt
ee scr
uti
nizes t
he audi
torGener
als
Repor
tsonmi
suse,
misappl
icat
ionandembezzl
ementofpubl
icf
unds.

Audi
torGener
al’
sOf
fi
ce
Theof
fi
cei
schar
gedwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
it
yofensur
ingt
hatpubl
icf
undsal
locat
edt
o
par
li
amentar
eexpendedf
ort
hei
ntendedpur
pose.TheAudi
torgener
al’
sof
fi
ceaudi
ts
account
srel
ati
ngt
othegener
alr
evenueoft
her
epubl
ic.

I
nvest
igat
orGener
al’
sOf
fi
ce

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page47
The i
nvest
igat
orGener
ali so known as Ombudsman.He i
s al sthe head oft
he
Commi
ssi
onf
ori
nvest
igat
ions.TheI
nvest
igat
orGener
alwor
kswi
that
eam ofof
fi
cer
s
who car
ryouti
nvest
igat
ion on compl
aint
saboutcor
rupt
ion.Af
teri
nvest
igat
ion i
s
compl
ete,
thei
nvest
igat
orGener
aladvi
sest
hepol
iceort
hecour
tont
heact
iont
otake.
Ant
i-MoneyLaunder
ingUni
t
Thi
sisundert
hedepar
tmentofDr
ugEnf
orcementCommi
ssi
on.I
twasest
abl
ishedi
n
2001t
omoni
torandi
nvest
igat
emoneyl
aunder
ingact
ivi
ti
esi
nZambi
a.
Moneyl
aunder
ingi
stheactofr
ecei
ving,
possessi
ng,
conceal
ing,
disgui
sing,
disposi
ng
oforbr
ingi
ngi
ntot
hecount
ryanypr
oper
tymoneyi
ncl
usi
veder
ivedorr
eal
izeddi
rect
ly
ori
ndi
rect
lyf
rom i
ll
egalorcr
imi
nalact
ivi
ti
es.

Zambi
aPol
ice
TheZambi
apol
icehavebeenchar
gedwi
thaver
yimpor
tantr
oleofi
nthef
ightagai
nst
cor
rupt
ion.Thepol
icei
nvest
igat
eandar
rest
speopl
einvol
vedi
ncor
ruptpr
act
ice

CI
VILSOCI
ETYORGANI
ZATI
ONSI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFI
GHTAGAI
NSTCORRUPTI
ON
Foundat
ionf
orDemocr
ati
cPr
ocess(
FODEP)
I
twasest
abl
ishedi
n1991wi
tht
heobj
ect
iveofpr
omot
ingdemocr
acyi
nZambi
a
t
hroughpr
ogr
ammesofCi
vicEducat
ionandpr
omot
ionofhumanRi
ght
sandel
ect
ion
Moni
tor
ing.

Tr
anspar
encyI
nter
nat
ionalZambi
a
TheOver
allobj
ect
ivei
stodevel
opsust
ainabl
ecapaci
tyi
ntheCi
vilSoci
ety,Medi
a,
publ
icandpr
ivat
esect
ors,i
nor
dert
oef
fect
ivel
yfi
ghtcor
rupt
ionandpr
omot
ehi
gh
i
ntegr
it
yandgoodgover
nancei
nZambi
a.

Nat
ionalMovementagai
nstCor
rupt
ion(
NAMAC)
Themovementhasembar
kedonawi
decampai
gnf
ort
heer
adi
cat
ionofcor
rupt
ioni
n
Zambi
a.I
tdemandshi
ghl
evel
sofi
ntegr
it
y,t
ranspar
encyandaccount
abi
li
tyandseeks
genui
nepar
ti
cipat
ioni
ntheaf
fai
rsofournat
ion.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page48
Medi
a
Ther
oleoft
her
oleoft
hemedi
aist
odi
gdeeperandcar
ryoutr
esear
chonanycasesof
cor
rupt
ion.Thi
siscal
ledi
nvest
igat
ivej
our
nal
ism.Theyi
nvest
igat
ecor
ruptpr
act
ices
andpr
esentf
indi
ngst
othepubl
ic
 I
nvest
igat
iveJour
nal
ism-Mean’
scar
efuli
nqui
ryi
ntowor
kofwr
it
ingf
oredi
ti
on
andpubl
icat
ions.

I
ndi
vidual
s,Gr
oupsi
nSoci
etymustf
ightagai
nstCor
rupt
ion
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hewaysbywhi
chi
ndi
vidual
sandgr
oupscanpar
ti
cipat
ein
t
hef
ightagai
nstcor
rupt
ion:
-
 Bychangi
ngt
hei
rat
ti
tudesf
rom t
oler
ancet
otot
alr
eject
ionofcor
rupt
ion
 Accessi
ngi
nfor
mat
iononpr
ocedur
esonhowt
odealwi
thcor
rupt
ioncases
 Repor
ti
ng Cor
ruptOf
fi
cer
stoi
nst
it
uti
onst
hatar
ecombat
ing cor
rupt
ion e.
g
Pol
ice.Ant
i-cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
onandTr
anspar
encyI
nter
nat
ional
.
 Suppor
ti
ngt
heor
gani
zat
ionf
ight
ingcor
rupt
ion
 Soci
etymustdemandi
ntegr
it
yandhi
ghsenseofmor
ali
tyf
rom publ
icof
fi
ce
bear
ers
 Theymustnotkeepsi
lentwhent
heyf
eelacor
ruptpr
act
icehasbeencommi
tt
ed

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1. Whati
sCor
rupt
ion?

2. Descr
ibet
het
ypesofCor
rupt
ion.

3. St
atet
hecausesofCor
rupt
ion

4. Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofCor
rupt
ionont
heZambi
anpeopl
e.

5. I
ll
ust
rat
ether
olepl
ayedbyi
nst
it
uti
onst
hatf
ightagai
nstcor
rupt
ioni
nZambi
a.

6. I
dent
if
yther
oleofpubl
icof
fi
cer
s,t
hecommuni
tyandt
heyout
hinf
ight
ing
cor
rupt
ion

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page49
7. Mbi
tawasar
rest
edf
orusi
ngvar
iousf
ormsofgr
ati
fi
cat
ioni
nor
dert
ocor
rupt
peopl
e.

Gi
veanyexampl
esoft
hegr
ati
fi
cat
ionwhi
chhecoul
dhavebeenusi
ngi
nhi
s
act
ivi
ti
es.

8. Themedi
ahast
hei
mpor
tantr
olei
nfi
ghtagai
nstcor
rupt
ion.

9. I
dent
if
yther
olesoft
hemedi
acanuset
ofi
ghtcor
rupt
ion.

10. Ment
iont
wowaysofadopt
ingt
heconst
it
uti
oni
nZambi
aandwhi
chone
doyout
hinki
sthebest
.

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCULTURALSTUDI
ES.

Cul
tur
eref
erst
othewhol
ewayofl
if
eofagr
oupofpeopl
e.I
tisal
sot
hesum t
otalof
behavi
orwhi
chpeopl
ehavel
ear
nedoveraper
iodoft
imeanddef
ineswaysbywhi
ch
peopl
edot
hings.

COMPONENTSOFCULTURE
1.Language
 Languagei
sthemostobvi
ousdi
ff
erencebet
weencul
tur
es.I
tdef
inesacul
tur
al
gr
oupevent
hought
hesamel
anguagemaybeusedi
ndi
ff
erentcount
ri
es.
 Languagei
ncl
udesunspokenl
anguagesuchasgest
ures,whi
chmeandi
ff
erent
t
hingsi
ndi
ff
erentl
anguages

2.Rel
igi
on
 Rel
igi
oni
samaj
orcul
tur
alcomponentandr
eli
gioust
aboos,cust
oms,hol
idays
andr
it
ual
sdi
ctat
ethebehavi
orofagi
vensoci
ety.
 Forexampl
e,Hi
ndusdonotdr
inkbever
agesandcanonl
yeatmeatsl
aught
ered
i
nacer
tai
nwaycal
led“
Hal
al”becauseofr
eli
gion

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page50
 3.Val
uesandat
ti
tudes
 Thesear
easoci
ety’
sbel
iefsyst
em aswel
lasasoci
ety’
shear
tandt
heyar
ethe
l
eastl
ikel
ytochange.
 Theychangever
ysl
owl
yandasoci
ety’
sbel
iefsyst
em gui
desi
tsat
ti
tudet
o
whati
sconsi
der
edr
ightandwr
ongandi
tist
hebasi
sofasoci
ety’
swayofl
if
e.
 Mostbel
iefsyst
emsar
ebasedonsoci
ety’
scent
ralr
eli
gion

4.Educat
ion
 Educat
ioni
sani
mpor
tantpar
tofcul
tur
esi
ncecul
tur
edi
slear
nedbehavi
or.
 Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofl
ear
ningt
hatt
akespl
acei
nsoci
ety.Thef
ir
stt
ypei
s
i
nfor
mall
ear
ningi
nwhi
chachi
ldl
ear
nbyi
mit
ati
ngt
hebehavi
orofi
tsf
ami
ly
member
s,f
ri
endsori
nhomeswher
ether
eisaT.
Vthechar
act
erspor
trayedi
n
t
hef
il
ms.
 Theot
hert
ypei
sfor
mall
ear
ningi
nwhi
chadul
tsandol
dersi
bli
ngst
eachyoung
f
ami
lymemberhowt
obehavei
ncer
tai
nsi
tuat
ions.
 Thet
hir
dtypeofl
ear
ningi
stechni
call
ear
ningi
nwhi
cht
eacher
sinst
ructt
he
chi
ldi
naneducat
ionalenvi
ronmentaboutwhatshoul
dbedone,how t
oit
shoul
dbedoneandwhyi
tshoul
dbedone.

5.Soci
alor
gani
zat
ion:
 Thi
sist
hewayasoci
etyor
gani
zesi
tsel
f.I
trel
atest
ohow asoci
etydef
ines
r
elat
ionshi
ps,soci
ali
nst
it
uti
onssuchasmar
ri
agesandst
atussyst
em suchas
t
her
oleofwomenandchi
ldr
en

6.Technol
ogi
calandMat
eri
alcul
tur
e:
 Theser
efer
stosoci
ety‘
sabi
li
tyt
ocr
eat
e,desi
gn,anduset
hings.Technol
ogy
andmat
eri
alcul
tur
erel
atest
othewaysoci
etyor
gani
zesi
tseconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

7.LawandPol
it
ics:
 Thesear
erul
esandst
ruct
urest
hatr
egul
atet
hebehavi
orofsoci
ety.Thel
egal

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page51
 r
ulesat
tr
actpuni
shmentwhencont
ravened.
 Thel
awspr
otectmember
sofsoci
etyt
oli
vei
n peace,f
reef
rom f
earand
i
nhumant
reat
ment

8.Aest
het
ics
 Thesoci
ety’
sper
cept
ionofwhati
sconsi
der
edbeaut
if
uli
nar
tandi
nper
sons.I
t
di
ctat
eswhati
saccept
abl
eorappeal
ingi
nthatcul
tur
e.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFCULTURE
Cul
tur
eisdynami
c:
 Thi
smeanst
hatcul
tur
eisnotconst
antasi
tisal
waysevol
vingandchangi
ng.
Changei
ntechnol
ogyi
seasi
lyaccept
edr
athert
hanchangei
ntheval
uesyst
em
ofsoci
ety.
 Forexampl
e,t
heuseofcel
lphoneshasbeenaccept
edaspar
tofZambi
anway
ofl
if
eandyett
hesewer
enott
her
eunt
ilt
hemi
d-1990s
a)Cul
tur
eisl
ear
nt:
 I
tispassedonf
rom gener
ati
ont
ogener
ati
on.I
tist
aughtt
oani
ndi
vidualby
soci
etyi
nwhi
cht
hei
ndi
viduali
sbor
nin.
 Thewayt
ospeak,whatt
oeat
,how t
oheat
,how t
orel
atet
oot
her
s,whatt
o
bel
ievei
nist
aught
.

b)Cul
tur
eiscumul
ati
ve:
 Ever
yhumangener
ati
oncandi
scovernewt
hingsandi
nventbet
tert
echnol
ogi
es
whi
chbecomepar
tofcul
tur
e.
 Thenew cul
tur
alski
ll
sand knowl
edgear
eadded ont
o whati
slear
ned i
n
pr
evi
ousgener
ati
ons.

c)Cul
tur
ali
scompr
ehensi
ve:
 I
tist
hesum t
otalofasoci
ety’
swayofl
if
e,t
her
efor
eiti
scompr
ehensi
veasi
t
r
equi
resvar
iousaspect
swhi
chgi
vesmeani
ngt
oli
fe.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page52
 d)Cul
tur
eisshar
ed:
 Themember
sofacul
tur
eshar
easetof‘
ideal
s,val
ues,and st
andar
dsof
behavi
or”andt
hissetofshar
edi
deal
siswhatgi
vesmeani
ngt
othei
rli
ves,and
whatbondst
hem t
oget
herasacul
tur
e

e)Cul
tur
eisbasedonsymbol
s.
 I
nor
derf
oracul
tur
etobet
ransmi
tt
edsuccessf
ull
yfr
om onegener
ati
ont
othe
next
,asyst
em ofsymbol
siscr
eat
edandt
ransl
atest
hei
deal
soft
heCul
tur
eto
i
tsmember
s.
 Thi
sisaccompl
ishedt
hroughl
anguage,
art
,rel
igi
on,
andmoney.

f
) Cul
tur
eisi
ntegr
ated:
 Thi
smeanst
hatcul
tur
emustbei
ntegr
atedi
nor
derf
ori
ttobet
ransmi
tt
ed
successf
ull
yfr
om oneper
sont
oanot
her
.

g)Peopl
ear
enotusual
lyawar
eoft
hei
rcul
tur
eunt
ilt
heycomei
ntocont
actwi
th
ot
hercul
tur
e:
 Thi
smeanst
hatpeopl
ear
eunawar
eoft
hei
rcul
tur
ebecauset
heyar
esocl
ose
t
oitt
oknowi
tsowel
l.

h)Peopl
edonotknowal
lthei
rcul
tur
e:
 Nooneknowsever
ythi
ngabouthi
sorherowncul
tur
e.

i
) Cul
tur
egi
vesasoci
etyar
angeofper
missi
blebehavi
orpat
ter
ns.
 Cul
tur
ecommonl
yal
lowsar
angeofwaysi
nwhi
chmencanbemenand
womencanbewomen.
 Cul
tur
eal
sot
ell
speopl
eofhowdi
ff
erentact
ivi
ti
esshoul
dbeconduct
edsuchas
howoneshoul
dactasahusband,
wif
epar
entet
c

j
) Cul
tur
esnol
ongerexi
stsi
nisol
ati
on:
 Evensmal
loutoft
hewayet
hni
csoci
eti
esar
enow bei
ngi
ntegr
atedt
osome

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page53
 ext
enti
ntot
hegl
obaleconomy.

THEI
MPORTANCEOFCULTURE
 Cul
tur
econt
ri
but
est
oreenf
orci
ngofone’
sident
it
yandt
heabi
li
tyt
ocr
it
ical
ly
r
efl
ectont
hati
dent
it
y.
 Cul
tur
alher
it
agei
sunder
stoodt
omeanar
chi
ves,pi
ecesofar
t,andpl
acesof
wor
shi
ppedmonument
s.
 Nodevel
opmentwi
thoutcul
tur
e.I
fcul
tur
eisi
nter
pret
edasawhol
eofbel
ief
s,
habi
tsandcust
omsofasoci
ety,hence,cul
tur
eist
hef
oundat
iont
hatsuppor
ts
ever
ydevel
opment
.
 Thest
atusofcul
tur
ehasevol
veddr
amat
ical
lysi
ncet
headopt
ionofAr
ti
cle27of
t
heUni
ver
saldecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
swhi
chaf
fi
rmed,
fort
hef
ir
stt
ime.
 Al
lar
ound t
hewor
ld,t
hei
ntr
insi
cvi
rt
uesand t
hei
mpactofcul
tur
eon an
i
ndi
vidualandcommuni
tydevel
opmentar
ebei
ngquest
ioned,
studi
ed,
measur
ed
andhopef
ull
y,r
edi
scover
ed.

TYPESOFCULTURE

1.MASSCULTURE.
 Thi
sist
hecul
tur
epr
oducedf
rom machi
nesandconsumedonal
argescal
e,f
or
exampl
e,r
ecor
dingi
ndust
ry,
tel
evi
sion,
orvi
deocasset
tes.
 I
tisspr
eadt
hroughel
ect
roni
cmedi
aandot
herhi
ght
echnol
ogy.

2.POPULAR CULTURE
 Thi
sist
hecul
tur
ewhi
chi
sapr
oductofchangi
ngneedsandi
nnovat
ionsi
n
peopl
e’sl
if
est
yles.
 I
tisusual
lyonhi
ghdemandespeci
all
yfr
om t
heyout
hwhohavenew musi
c,
f
ashi
onot
herpr
oduct
sint
hef
iel
dofent
ert
ainment
.

3.FOLKCULTURE
 I
tisal
sor
efer
redt
oasr
esi
dualcul
tur
ethati
s,r
emai
nsoft
hepast
.Anexampl
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page54
 off
olkcul
tur
ewast
hepr
ogr
am off
olkmusi
cwhi
cht
heZambi
anNat
ional
Br
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
on[
ZNBC]pl
ayedsomet
imeback

4.I
DEALCULTURE:
 I
tref
erst
osomeki
ndofdr
eamsandaspi
rat
ionsofwher
eagi
venpeopl
ewoul
d
wi
sht
obe.
 Ever
ysoci
etyvi
ewsi
tsel
fvi
ewsi
tsel
finaposi
ti
vewayandhast
hehi
ghest
vi
rt
uesandst
andar
dsbywhi
chi
tappear
stobe.

5.REALCULTURE
 Thi
sref
erst
otheact
ualbehavi
orofpeopl
einsoci
etysuchassl
eepi
ngata
f
uner
alhouseunt
ilt
hedayofbur
ial
.
6.SUBCULTUREPEOPLE
 A sub cul
tur
eisawayofl
if
eorbehavi
ng whi
ch asmal
lgr
oup ofpeopl
e
bel
ongi
ngt
othesamecul
tur
emaypor
tray.
 I
tmay ar
ise because ofdi
ff
erentoccupat
ions i
n soci
ety whi
ch r
esul
tsi
n
di
ff
erencesi
npowerandpr
est
ige

7.COUNTERCULTURE
 Thi
srepr
esent
sbehavi
oralpat
ter
ns,act
ivi
ti
esorst
ylesofl
if
epor
trayedbya
gr
oup ofi
ndi
vidual
s who ar
e gener
all
yopposed t
othe gener
all
yaccept
ed
st
andar
dofbehavi
or.
 Suchi
ndi
vidual
smayr
efuset
osubmi
ttot
hewayst
hatt
hingsar
eexpect
edt
obe
doneandt
heymaydevel
opt
hei
rownl
if
est
yles.

8.CULTURALHETEROGENEI
TY
 Thi
sref
erst
oasoci
etyt
hatcont
ainsavar
iet
yofgr
oupsofdi
ff
erentr
aces,
bel
ief
s,r
eli
gionsandnat
ional
it
ies.
 Ther
epubl
icofSout
hAf
ri
cai
sagoodexampl
e.Cul
tur
alhet
erogenei
typr
omot
es
cul
tur
alpl
ural
ism,whi
chr
ecogni
zesandr
espect
sthecont
ri
but
ionsofvar
ious
cul
tur
est
othewhol
esoci
ety.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page55
 9.CULTURALHOMOGENI
ETY
 Thi
sref
erst
oacommoncul
tur
eofpeopl
eofasi
mil
arr
ace,bel
ief
s,r
eli
gionand
nat
ional
it
y.Forexampl
e,Nor
thAf
ri
cancount
ri
essuchasTuni
sia,Egypt
,Li
bya
et
c.t
hathavemor
ethan90% oft
hepeopl
eoft
hesamer
ace,shar
ethesame
r
eli
gionandnat
ional
it
ymaybecl
assi
fi
edashomogenous.

ZAMBI
A’SSOCI
ETALCOREVALUES
 Ever
ycul
tur
algr
ouphascor
eval
ueswhi
chpr
ovi
deast
andar
dmeasur
ementby
whi
chi
tisr
egar
ded.
 Thewor
dcor
emeansCent
reandval
uemeanst
hequal
it
yofbei
ngusef
ul.Cor
e
val
uesar
eshar
edval
ueswhi
char
echer
ishedi
nanysoci
ety.

ZAMBI
A’SCORESOCI
ETALVALUES
1. OBEDI
ENCETOAUTHORI
TY
 Aut
hor
it
yispoweri
nvest
edi
nagr
ouporani
ndi
vidualwhoi
sresponsi
blef
or
ot
herpeopl
eormanagei
nst
it
uti
ons.
 Per
sonswi
thaut
hor
it
yincl
udeci
vic,pol
it
ical
,school
,chur
ch,pol
ice,f
ami
lyand
peergr
oupl
eader
s.

2. TOLERANCE
I
tist
hequal
it
yofal
lowi
ngopi
nions,bel
ief
s,cust
omsandbehavi
orofot
herpeopl
e
t
oal
sopr
evai
levenwhenonei
snoti
nagr
eementwi
tht
hem.

3. MUTUALRESPECT
Thi
sist
heval
ueoft
reat
ingeachot
herwi
thconsi
der
ati
on.Mut
ualr
espectal
so
wor
ksont
hei
deat
hati
fonedoesnotr
espectot
herpeopl
e,t
hatper
sonwi
llnotbe
r
espect
ed.

4. RESPECTFORPRI
VACY
Ever
yper
sonr
equi
rest
imet
obeonhi
sorherown,awayf
rom ot
her
s.Pr
ivacyal
so

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page56
 hast
odowi
thkeepi
ngpr
ivat
e,t
hei
nfor
mat
ionaper
sondoesnotwantt
oreveal
.

5. HONESTY
Honest
yist
hequal
it
yoft
ell
ingt
het
rut
h,notcheat
ingandnotst
eal
ing.I
tisaqual
it
y
ofbei
ngt
rust
wor
thyandst
rai
ght
for
war
d.

6. FREEDOM OFEXPRESSI
ON
I
tist
her
ightofaper
sont
obehear
dasl
ongaswhatt
heyar
esayi
ngi
swi
thi
nthe
l
aw.
7. I
NTEGRI
TY
Thi
sist
hequal
it
yofbei
nghonestandmor
all
yupr
ight
.Itgoesbeyondj
ustbei
ng
honestasi
tincl
udesal
lqual
it
iesofgoodness.

8. COMMI
TMENTTOTHEDEMOCRATI
CRESOLUTI
ONSOFDI
SPUTES
I
tist
her
ecogni
ti
ont
hatsor
ti
ngoutt
ensi
on,di
sput
esanddi
ff
erencesi
sbestdone
t
hroughdi
alogueandt
heaccept
anceoft
hemaj
ori
ty’
svi
ew.
I
tisacommi
tmentt
opeacef
ulr
esol
uti
onsofanyf
orm ofconf
li
ct.

9. RESPONSI
BILI
TY
Responsi
bil
it
y means doi
ng whatone i
s expect
ed t
o do wi
thoutbei
ng t
old,
super
visedorf
orced.

10. SOCI
ALJUSTI
CE
Thi
sist
reat
ingever
yonei
nthecommuni
tyf
air
ly.

11. COOPERATI
ON
I
tist
hewor
kingt
oget
herf
ort
hecommongoodofever
yonei
nthecommuni
ty.

12. LOVE
Lovei
sthequal
it
yofgoodwi
llt
owar
dsever
yper
son.I
tisawar
m ki
ndoff
eel
ingand
f
ondnesst
oot
herhumanbei
ngs.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page57
13.
PEACE
Thi
sisf
reedom f
rom st
ressandphysi
calt
hreatt
oones’wel
lbei
ngi
ncl
udi
ngwar
,
capt
ivi
tyandconf
inement
.

14. LOYALTY
Loyal
tyi
sthef
ait
hful
nessandt
rut
hful
nesst
opeopl
e,gr
oupsoror
gani
zat
ionst
hat
onei
samemberof
.

15. TRUST
I
stheconf
idence,bel
iefi
nthegoodness,st
rengt
handr
eli
abi
li
tyofonesel
fand
ot
her
s

16. ATTAI
NMENTOFSETGOALS
Thi
sisper
sonalunder
taki
ngi
nwhat
everonei
sunder
taki
ng.
17. HARDWORK
Thi
sist
heabi
li
tyt
oaccompl
ishdi
ff
icul
ttasksasopposedt
oidl
eness.

18. NATI
ONALI
SM
Thi
sisaf
eel
ingofonenessbyagr
oupofpeopl
ewi
tht
hesameor
igi
nandcul
tur
e.

19. PATRI
OTI
SM
Thi
sisl
ovi
ngone’
scount
ryandwi
ll
ingt
osacr
if
icef
ori
tswel
l-
bei
ng.

20. SCI
ENTI
FICADVANCEMENT
Thi
sisabel
iefi
nsci
enceandt
echnol
ogyast
ool
stomakepr
ogr
essandi
mpr
ovi
ng
i
none’
ssoci
alandi
ncomepr
obl
ems.

CULTURALPRACTI
CESI
NZAMBI
A

1. Respectf
orEl
der
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page58
  Thi
sisabel
ieft
hatanyoneel
dert
hanonesel
fshoul
dbeaccor
dedr
especti
n
speechandt
reat
mentr
egar
dlessofst
atus,
raceorbl
oodr
elat
ionshi
p.
 El
der
lypeopl
ear
eref
err
edt
oasf
atherormot
herorgr
andmot
herofgr
andf
ather
.

2. Ext
endedFami
lySyst
em
 Thi
sist
hef
ami
lysyst
em t
hatnotembr
acest
henucl
earf
ami
lybutal
souncl
es,
cousi
ns,
aunt
ies,
inl
aws,
nephewsandni
eces.
 I
nZambi
a,t
het
erm‘
Mot
her
’isext
endedt
oone’
s‘mot
her
s’si
ster
sand‘
fat
her
’to
one’
s‘f
ather
’sbr
other
s
3. Ri
tesofPassage
 Thesear
eri
tual
sthatoneunder
goest
omar
kimpor
tantchangesi
naper
son’
s
posi
ti
oni
nsoci
ety.
 Theser
it
esofpassagei
ncl
udesuchr
it
ual
ssuchasnami
ngofanew bor
n,
i
nit
iat
ion,mar
ri
age,deat
handaf
terdeat
hcer
emoni
es.
egI
samboLyamf
wai
sa
cer
emonyper
for
medaf
terdeat
h.

4. Tr
adi
ti
onalCer
emoni
es
 Manyt
radi
ti
onalcer
emoni
es ar
e hel
dto commemor
ate pastevent
s.Ot
her
f
unct
ionsoft
radi
ti
onalcer
emoni
esi
ncl
ude;
 Expr
essi
ng,
ref
lect
ingandr
einf
orci
ngcul
tur
alr
elat
ionshi
psandval
ues.
 Obser
vingcer
tai
nri
tual
s
 Connect
iont
otheancest
ors
 Asser
ti
onofl
ocalt
radi
ti
onall
eader
shi
p.
 Reconci
li
ngi
ntergr
oupconf
li
cts.
 Cel
ebr
ati
ngpastwarvi
ctor
ies.
 Har
vestcer
emoni
es.
 Rel
igi
ousf
est
ival
s.
 Cer
emoni
eswhi
chmovet
her
hyt
hm ofnat
uresuchasr
isi
ngofnew moon,
f
loodi
ngcycl
essuchasKuombokaCer
emony.

COMMONPUBLI
CCEREMONI
ESI
NZAMBI
A

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page59
  KuombokaCer
emonyoft
heLozipeopl
e.
 Umut
ombokoCer
emonyoft
heLundapeopl
eofLuapul
a.
 Ukusef
yapaNg’
wenacer
emonyoft
heBembapeopl
e
 Kul
ambacer
emonyoft
heNsengapeopl
e.
 Shi
munengacer
emonyoft
heI
lapeopl
e.
 Nc’
wal
acer
emonyoft
heNgonipeopl
e.
 Li
kumbi
LyaMi
zecer
emonyoft
heLuval
epeopl
e.
 Mal
ail
acer
emonyoft
heKundapeopl
e.
 Kul
ambaKubwal
ocer
emonyoft
heLenj
epeopl
e
Tr
adi
ti
onalAt
ti
res
 SomeZambi
ancul
tur
esdi
spl
ayuni
quest
yleofdr
essi
ng.Thesei
ncl
udet
heLozi
,
menwearaSi
ziba(
Kil
t)whi
lewomenwearaMusi
si.
 TheChewa’
sNyaudancer
sal
soexhi
bitdi
ff
erentat
ti
ref
rom t
heLuval
eLi
kishi
dancer
s.

TheAr
ts
 Ar
tisexpr
essedi
ndance,musi
c,pai
nti
ngs,f
olkl
ore,cr
aft
s,et
c.Zambi
anshave
songsanddancesf
ormostoccasi
ons.EvenmostZambi
anpai
nti
ngsdepi
ctr
eal
l
if
esi
tuat
ions.

Hospi
tal
it
y
 Tr
adi
ti
onal
ly,Zambi
ansar
ehospi
tabl
epeopl
ebecausewel
comi
ngpeopl
eand
vi
sit
orsi
s a ver
yimpor
tantZambi
an soci
etalval
ue and i
s cher
ished and
pr
act
iced.

APPRECI
ATI
ONOFTHECULTURALDI
VERSI
TYI
NZAMBI
A
 Zambi
acanbecl
assi
fi
edashavi
ngabr
oadhomogeneouscul
tur
e,i
nter
msof
r
aceandr
eli
gion.Butt
her
eexi
stsavar
iat
ionofet
hni
cdi
ver
sit
yint
ermsof
l
anguage,
tradi
ti
onsandcust
omst
hatgi
vei
tahet
erogeneouschar
act
eri
sti
c.
 Ther
efor
e,i
nappr
eci
ati
ngt
hecul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
ythatexi
stsi
nZambi
a,peopl
e
shoul
dbemi
ndf
uloft
hef
oll
owi
ngaspect
sthathaveabear
ingoncul
tur
al

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page60
 di
ver
sit
y.

STEREOTYPI
NG
 Thi
siswhenonemakesanopi
niononanot
herpur
elyont
hebasi
sofgr
oup
member
shi
p.eg r
egar
ding al
lfemal
es as weak or al
lyoung peopl
e as
i
rr
esponsi
ble

PREJUDI
CE.
 Pr
ejudi
cei
sani
rr
ati
onal
,il
logi
calhat
redandsuspi
cionofapar
ti
cul
argr
oup,
whi
chcanbebasedongender
,age,et
hni
cit
y,r
eli
gion,pl
aceofr
esi
denceor
occupat
ion.St
ereot
ypi
ngandPr
ejudi
cel
eadt
odi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

ETHNOCENTRI
SM
 Thi
sist
hebel
ieft
hatone’
sowncul
tur
eist
hebestandj
udgi
ngot
herpeopl
es
cul
tur
ebyi
tsst
andar
d.Peopl
etendt
ovi
ewt
hecust
omsofot
her
sint
hel
ightof
t
hei
rownbel
ief
sandval
ues.
CULTURALRELATI
VISM
 Thi
smeanst
heabsenceofdi
rectandi
ndi
rectdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nal
lar
easofl
if
e.
 I
tisal
soadel
iber
ateat
temptt
ovi
ew t
hewor
ldasseenbymember
sofot
her
soci
eti
es.
 I
tisbasedont
hebel
ieft
hateachgr
oup’
swayofl
if
eisl
ogi
calt
othatgr
oup’
s
r
esponset
osur
vivali
ssues.

Assi
mil
ati
on i
sasi
tuat
ion when peopl
efr
om mi
nor
it
ygr
oupsand di
ff
erent
cl
assesofsoci
etyar
eaccept
edi
nmaj
orsoci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons.

Amal
gamat
ioni
sapr
ocessofbl
endi
ngmi
nor
it
yandmaj
ori
tygr
oupst
hrough
soci
albondi
ngsuchasmar
ri
age.

PROMOTI
ONOFZAMBI
A’SCULTURALPRACTI
CES
Zambi
a’scul
tur
alher
it
age

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page61
  Zambi
a’scul
tur
alher
it
agei
ncl
udesbot
htangi
bleandi
ntangi
blewor
ksofar
ti
sts,
ar
chi
tect
s,musi
cians,
sci
ent
ist
sandwr
it
ers.
 Thesewor
ksar
edemonst
rat
edt
hroughl
anguages,r
it
es,bel
ief
s,hi
stor
icsi
tes,
monument
s,l
it
erat
ureandwor
ksofar
t,ar
chi
vesandl
ibr
ari
es.

Cul
tur
eanddemocr
acy
 Theenshr
inementofani
ndi
vidual
’scul
tur
e,t
radi
ti
ons,
cust
omsandl
anguagei
n
t
he nat
ional const
it
uti
on r
einf
orces Zambi
a’s si
gni
ng of t
he Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
sAr
ti
cles27.
 Thi
sisbecausedemocr
ati
cpr
act
iceswi
thoutef
fect
iveexer
ciseofcul
tur
alr
ight
s
pr
omot
etr
uedemocr
acy.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATPRESERVECULTURALHERI
TAGEI
NZAMBI
A
MUSEUMS
 Thesear
eadmi
nist
eredbyt
heNat
ionalMuseumsBoar
dandar
eresponsi
blef
or:
 Col
lect
ionofar
ti
fact
s.
 Rest
orat
ionofar
ti
fact
s.
 Di
spl
ayofar
ti
fact
sofhi
stor
ical
,cul
tur
al,sci
ent
if
ic,t
echnol
ogi
calandeconomi
c
si
gni
fi
cancet
othenat
ion.

Nat
ionalher
it
ageconser
vat
ioncommi
ssi
on
 I
tadmi
nist
ersi
mmovabl
eher
it
agesuchassi
tesandmonument
s.
 I
tsheadquar
ter
sar
einLi
vingst
oneandi
nLi
vingst
oneandi
thasof
fi
cesi
n
Kasama,
Sol
weziandLusaka.

Nat
ionalar
tscounci
l
 I
tpr
omot
esar
ti
sti
candi
ntel
lect
ualcr
eat
ivi
tyandAr
tEducat
ion.
 I
trecogni
zest
hatf
reedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
oni
sessent
ialf
orr
eact
ive
act
ivi
ti
esofar
ti
stsandi
ntel
lect
ual
sal
ike.

I
NTERNATI
ONALCULTURALCOOPERATI
ON

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page62
  I
tisdonet
hroughI
nter
nat
ionalCul
tur
alExchangesandencount
ers.
 Thi
s cont
ri
but
es t
o t
he pr
omot
ion of gl
obal peace, r
espect
, mut
ual
under
standi
ngandcooper
ati
on.
 Zambi
aisamemberoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmul
ti
lat
eralCul
tur
alOr
gani
zat
ions:
i
. Wor
ldCr
aft
sCounci
l[WCC]
i
i. I
nter
nat
ionalCounci
lofMuseums[
ICOM]
i
ii
. I
nter
nat
ionalTheat
erI
nst
it
ute[
ITI
]
i
v. Sout
her
nAf
ri
canDevel
opmentCommuni
ty[
SADC]
v. I
nter
nat
ionalCent
ref
orBant
uCi
vil
izat
ion[
CICI
BA]
vi
. Wor
ldI
ntel
lect
ualPr
oper
tyOr
gani
zat
ion[
WIPO]

ADMI
NISTRATI
ONANDCOORDI
NATI
ONOFCULTURALAFFAI
RSI
NZAMBI
A
 TheCul
tur
alSect
orcut
sacr
ossanumberofl
inegover
nmentmi
nist
ers,
whi
ch
hasaf
fect
edef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ionf
oref
fi
cientr
unni
ngofcul
tur
alaf
fai
rs.
 Suchmi
nist
ri
esi
ncl
udes:
 The Mi
nist
ry of Communi
ty Devel
opment
, Mot
her and Chi
ld
Heal
th[Depar
tmentofCul
tur
alSer
vices/Nat
ionalAr
tsCounci
lofZambi
a
 Mi
nist
ryofHomeAf
fai
rs[Nat
ionalAr
chi
ves
 Mi
nist
ryofGener
alEducat
ion[Tr
aini
ngofar
ti
stsi
nCol
leges
 Mi
nist
ryofChi
efsandTr
adi
ti
onalAf
fai
rs,
Admi
nist
rat
ionofChi
efs’Af
fai
rsand
Tr
adi
ti
ons

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.
Cul
tur
e di
ver
sit
yin Zambi
a has r
esul
ted i
nto et
hni
c gr
oupi
ng whi
ch cel
ebr
ate
t
radi
ti
onal
cer
emoni
es:

i
. Whati
scul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
y?

i
i. Ment
ionanyt
hreecul
tur
alpr
act
icesi
nZambi
a

i
ii
. Whyar
etr
adi
ti
oncer
emoni
esi
mpor
tant
?St
atef
iver
easons.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page63
2.Out
li
net
hecomponent
sofcul
tur
e.

3.I
dent
if
yinst
it
uti
onst
hatpr
eser
vecul
tur
alher
it
agei
nZambi
a.

4.Wi
thcl
earexampl
esi
dent
if
yfact
orst
hataf
fectt
heappr
eci
ati
onofcul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
y
i
nZambi
a.

5.Di
scusst
hechar
act
eri
sti
cofcul
tur
e.

6.Li
stdownt
hesoci
etalcor
eval
vesandexpl
aineachoneoft
hem.

7.Gi
ver
easonswhycul
tur
eisi
mpor
tant
.

8.Ment
ionsi
xcommoncul
tur
alpr
act
icesi
nZambi
a.

9.Di
scussgl
obalcul
tur
e.

10.I
dent
if
yinst
it
uti
onst
hatpr
eser
vecul
tur
alher
it
agei
nZambi
a.

SUBSTANCEABUSE

Subst
ancemeansmat
eri
alort
ypeofmat
ter
Abusemeansusesomet
hingwr
ongl
y
Subst
anceabusemeanst
aki
ngsomet
hingof
tent
hatyourbodydoesneedandf
or
wr
ongr
easons.

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFSUBSTANCES

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page64
 1.Overt
hecount
ersubst
ances
Thesear
esubst
anceswhi
chcaneasi
lybeboughtovert
hecount
erandusedf
or
medi
calpur
posesuchaspanadol
,aspi
ri
n,caf
enol
,fansi
darandvemox.
2.Cont
rol
ledSubst
ances
Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatcanbeobt
ainedi
fonehasapr
escr
ipt
ion.These
subst
ances can be danger
ous i
fnotused pr
oper
ly.E.
g.Mor
phi
ne,val
ium,
cocai
neandmar
ij
uana

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFSUBSTANCESACCORDI
NGTOTHEI
REFFECTS
 Depr
essant
s-Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatsl
ow downt
heact
ionoft
hecent
ral
ner
voussyst
em.Theyar
eal
soknownasSedat
ivesorhypnot
ics.E.
g.Al
cohol
,
mandr
axandval
ium.Theydecr
easeawar
enessandt
ensi
on.Butwhent
akeni
n
l
argeramount
s,t
heyl
eadi
ntocoma.
 St
imul
ant
s. Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatst
imul
atet
hecent
ralner
voussyst
em
andspeedupt
hebodypr
ocesses.Themostcommonst
imul
anti
scaf
fei
ne
f
oundi
nteacof
fee,
chocol
ateandcocacol
a.
 Hal
luci
nogenst
hesear
esubst
anceswhi
chdi
stor
tthewayt
hebr
aint
ransl
ates
i
mpul
sesormessagesf
rom sensor
yor
ganspr
oduci
ngper
cept
ualchanges.The
br
ainmaypr
oducei
mageswi
thnobasi
sinr
eal
it
ycal
ledhal
luci
nat
ions.These
subst
ancesi
nthi
scat
egor
yincl Lyser
ude. gicaci
ddi
ethyl
LSD,cocai
ne,magi
c
mushr
ooms,
andecst
asy.
 Nar
cot
icsoropi
ates.Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatmaket
hesensesdul
land
r
eli
evepai
nbydepr
essi
ngt
hecer
ebr
alcor
tex.Thecer
ebr
alcor
texi
stheout
er
l
ayeroft
hebr
ainr
esponsi
blef
orconsci
ousnessi
ncl
udi
ngper
cept
ion,memor
y
andl
ear
ning.
 I
nhal
ant
sorsol
vent
s.Thesear
edr
ugsf
oundi
nhousehol
dpr
oduct
ssuchas
gl
ue,deodor
ant
sli
keper
fumespr
aysandf
uelgasses.Thecapi
ll
arysur
faceof
t
hel
ungsal
lowsqui
ckabsor
pti
onoft
hesubst
ance.Ent
ryi
ntot
hebr
aini
sfast
andi
ntoxi
cat
ingef
fect
sar
eint
ense.
SUBSTANCESANDTHEI
REFFECTS
ALCOHOL

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page65
 Al
coholi
sapur
ecol
orl
essl
iqui
dpr
esenti
ndr
inks.Peopl
etakeal
coholf
orpl
easur
e.
Mostoft
hemedi
cinescont
ainaper
cent
ageofal
cohol
Al
coholabusei
swhenonedr
inkst
oomuchal
coholt
ooof
ten.
Addi
cti
ont
aki
ngsomet
hingt
hatonecannotst
opcannotst
op.
Al
cohol
ici
sper
sonwhoi
saddi
ctedt
oal
cohol
.
Al
cohol
ism i
s a sever
e and pot
ent
ial
lyf
atalcondi
ti
on caused by physi
cal
dependenceonal
cohol
.Iti
mpai
rsphysi
calandment
alheal
th.

BEVERAGESANDTHEI
RPERCENTAGE

Bever
age Per
cent
ageofEt
hanol%
Mosi
lar
ger 4.
5
Ohl
ssonsl
arger 5
Cast
lel
ager 5
Chi
buku 46
Wi
ne 1220
Kachasu(
tradi
ti
onal 2565
Spi
ri
ts 3345

Thest
rengt
hofanyal
cohol
icbever
agedependsont
heper
cent
ageconcent
rat
eof
et
hanolpervol
umemeani
ng t
hemor
eet
hanolt
hemor
eef
fect
sithast
o an
i
ndi
vidual
.

EFFECTSOFALCOHOL
 I
ncr
easebl
oodpr
essur
eandhear
tbeat
 Causesvi
olentbehavi
or
 Af
fect
sthebr
ain,
itdi
stor
tst
heonewayt
hinks,
speakandact
s.
 Causes ci
rr
hosi
s. The l
iver becomes f
att
y and enl
arged causi
ng
i
nfl
ammat
ions.
 Hypot
her
miaf
eel
ingwar
m evenwheni
nreal
it
yonei
slosi
ngheat
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page66
  Di
stor
tsper
cept
ionoft
imeandspaceandhaveadoubl
evi
sion(
uncl
ear
obj
ect
s).

TOBACCO
Tobaccoi
smadeupofsomechemi
cal
swhi
char
epoi
sonouswhenone
smokesasi
tent
erst
hebl
oodst
ream.
Car
bonmonoxi
de-
Iti
sdeadl
ygast
hataf
fect
sthebl
oodsabi
li
tyt
ocar
ry
oxygenar
oundt
hebody.
Tar-
Cont
ainsanumberofsubst
ancest
hatcancausecancer
Ni
cot
inei
sthever
ypower
fuldr
ugt
hatmakest
hehear
tbeatf
ast
er.
EFFECTSOFTOBACCO
 Br
onchi
ti
s
 Emphysema-Lungdi
seasewhi
chaf
fect
sbr
eat
hing.
 Hear
tdi
seaseni
cot
inei
ncr
easest
hehear
tbeatandsowear
sdownt
hehear
t.
 Cancer–smoki
ngcausesabout90%ofdeat
hsf
rom cancer
 Bl
oodcl
otsandst
omachul
cer
s.
 damaget
heunbor
nbabi
es
 Shor
tnessofbr
eat
h
 Col
ds,
fluandot
heri
nfect
ions
 Non-smoker
sinhal
esmokewhi
chmaket
hem passi
vesmoker
s
 Def
orest
ati
on.Duet
othepr
ocessordr
yingandcur
ingt
obacco.

I
NHALANTS
 I
nhal
ant
sar
edi
ver
segr
oupofsubst
ancest
hati
ncl
udevol
ati
lesol
vent
sand
gases.Thevol
ati
lesubst
ancesar
efoundi
nhousehol
dpr
oduct
ssuchasgl
ue,
pai
nt,
nai
lpol
ish,
powder
edt
obacco,
tipex,
pet
ro,
rubberandl
ight
erf
lui
d.

 I
nhal
ant
sar
eusual
lysni
ff
edf
rom anopencont
ainerandl
ungsal
low r
api
d
absor
pti
onasar
esul
tent
ersi
ntot
hebr
aini
sfastandi
ntoxi
cat
ingef
fect
s
i
ntense.

EFFECTSOFI
NHALANTS

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page67
  Depr
essi
onoft
hecent
ralner
voussyst
em.(
Reduci
ngbr
eat
hrat
eand

 Causi
nghi
ghbl
oodpr
essur
e.

 Headaches,
nausea,
slur
redspeechandl
ossofmot
orcoor
dinat
ion.

 Rashar
oundt
henoseandmout
h.

 Unpr
edi
ctabl
ebehavi
or.

 Memor
yimpai
rmentandat
tent
iondef
ici
t.

 Li
verandki
dneyabnor
mal
it
ies.

 Red,
glassyandwat
eryeyes.

 Di
stor
ti
oni
nper
cept
ionoft
imeandspace.

DRUGS

Adr
ugi
sanysubst
ancewhi
chal
ter
sthechemi
str
yoft
hebodyandaf
fect
sthenat
ural
bal
anceoft
hemi
ndandemot
ions.Dr
ugscanei
therbenat
uralorsynt
het
icchemi
cal
s.
Nat
uraldr
ugsar
ethosewhi
char
efoundi
ncer
tai
npl
ant
s.Forexampl
e,caf
fei
nei
n
cof
fee,
nicot
inei
ntobaccoandt
etr
ahydr
o-cannabi
no

CANNABI
S

Thi
sisahar
dbr
ownmat
eri
alorher
balmi
xtur
ethatcomesf
rom acannabi
spl
ant
.

THREEFORMSCANNABI
S

Mar
ij
uana:Thi
scomesf
rom t
hedr
iedl
eaves,f
lower
sorst
emsoft
hecannabi
s
pl
ant
.Ithasaconcent
rat
ionofdel
ta-
9-t
etr
ahydocannabi
nol(
THC)ofabout0-
12%.

Hashi
sh:
Thi
sismadef
rom t
hedar
k,st
ickyr
esi
noft
hepl
antandcont
ainsTHC
ofabout12-
18%.

Hashi
shoi
l:Thi
sismadebycompr
essi
nghashi
sht
opr
oduceoi
lusi
ngasol
vent
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page68
 Theconcent
rat
ionofTHCi
sabout18-
25% andi
smuchhi
ghert
hant
hatof
mar
ij
uanaandhashi
sh.

EFFECTSOFCANNABI
S

 Causi
ngcr
avi
ngf
orcer
tai
nfoods(
incr
easi
ngappet
it
e).

 Maki
ngmostuser
srel
axedort
alkat
ive.

 Maki
nguser
spar
anoi
dandanxi
ous,
dependi
ngont
hei
rmoodandsi
tuat
ion.

 Causi
ngheal
thpr
obl
emssuchascancerandr
espi
rat
orydi
sor
der
s.

 Af
fect
ing t
her
epr
oduct
ivesyst
em byr
educi
ng sper
m counti
n mal
eswhi
le
i
rr
egul
armenst
rualcycl
esi
nfemal
es.

 Af
fect
ingmemor
yandcoor
dinat
ion.

 Leavi
nguser
sfeel
ingexhaust
ed.

HEROI
N

Her
oini
sabr
ownorwhi
tespeckl
edpowdermadef
rom j
uiceext
ractf
rom t
heunr
ipe
capsul
eoft
hepoppypl
ant
.Theseedcapsul
eoft
hegr
eenopi
um pr
oducesami
lky
j
uice(
lat
ex)f
rom whi
chmanydr
ugscanbemadesuchasmor
phi
ne.Mor
phi
nei
sused
f
ormedi
cinalpur
poses.

EFFECTSOFHEROI
N

 Depr
essessomebr
aincel
lsorst
imul
atesot
hert
ypesofbr
ainf
unct
ionsl
eadi
ng
t
odi
stur
bedpat
ter
nofner
veact
ivi
ty,
per
cept
ion.

 Lossofappet
it
e.

 Chr
oni
cconst
ipat
ion.

 Deat
hduet
oover
dose.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page69
  Ur
get
ocommi
tsui
cide.

 I
rr
egul
armenst
rualcycl
esi
nwoman

COCAI
NE

Cocai
nei
swhi
tepowdermadef
rom t
hel
eavesofaCocabush. Thecocapl
anti
s
mai
nlygr
owni
ncoast
alpl
ainsoft
heAt
lant
icOceanandt
heCar
ibbeanSea.

Cocai
nei
susual
lysmoked,bei
nject
edi
ntot
hebl
oodandcanal
sobet
akenor
all
yby
mi
xingwi
thl
iqui
dori
nacapsul
efor
m.

EFFECTSOFCOCAI
NE

 menst
rualci
rcl
es
 Tr
ansmi
ssi
on ofdi
seases such Hepat
it
is and HI
VAI
DS usi
ng hypoder
mic
needl
es
 Overal
ert
nessandel
evat
ionofmood
 Dr
ymout
h
 Sweat
ing
 Sever
ewei
ghtl
oss
 Exhaust
ionandl
ackofsl
eepi
nsomni
a
 Di
gest
ionpr
obl
ems
 Ul
cer
ati
onoft
henasalpassage
 Hear
tandbl
oodci
rcul
ati
onpr
obl
ems
 Deat
hduet
oover
dose

REASONSFORSUBSTANCEABUSE

 Cur
iosi
ty:Somepeopl
ear
etempt
edt
otr
youtsubst
ances.Theywoul
dli
ket
o
t
ast
ehowi
tfeel
s,l
iket
otakesubst
ances.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page70
  Peerpr
essur
es,Youngpeopl
eendupt
aki
ngsubst
ancesbecauset
heywantt
o
dowhatt
hei
rfr
iendsar
edoi
ng.
 I
gnor
ance:Peopl
ebegi
ntot
akesubst
ancesonexper
iment
albasi
sandmaynot
beawar
eoft
hedanger
soft
hesubst
ancet
heyabuse.
 St
ress:Adol
escencecanbeapar
ti
cul
arl
ydi
ff
icul
typer
iod.Onemaybeundera
conf
li
cti
ngpr
essur
efr
om par
ent
s,school
,fr
iendsandmanydi
ff
icul
tychoi
ces
mi
ght
yhavet
obemad.Adol
escencecanaswel
lbeat
imef
rust
rat
ionand
bor
edom;asar
esul
t,youngpeopl
ear
eusual
lyvul
ner
abl
etopeerpr
essur
e.
 Avai
labi
li
tyofsubst
ances:Ther
ear
eanumberofsubst
ancest
hatar
ereadi
ly
avai
labl
eont
hemar
ket
.Thesei
ncl
ude:al
cohol
icbever
agesandsol
vent
ssuch
asgl
ue,
tipexandmet
hyl
atedspi
ri
ts
 Changi
ngsoci
alst
ruct
ures:Af
ami
lyi
sauni
tyt
hatser
vesasasuppor
tgr
oup
f
ori
tsmember
s.Whenaf
ami
lybegi
nst
ochangei
nanegat
iveway,
forexampl
e:
l
ossofaf
ami
lymember
.
 Al
ienat
ion:Wehavet
hesenseofbel
ongi
ngt
oaf
ami
ly,gr
oup,communi
tyor
count
ry.Whenwef
eeli
sol
atedwet
ryt
ofi
ndagr
oupt
obel
ongt
obyassoci
ati
ng
wi
thpeopl
ewhoal
sof
elli
sol
ated.
 Unempl
oyment
:InZambi
a,wehavehi
ghl
evel
sofunempl
oymentwhi
chl
edt
o
empl
oyment
.
 LackofRecr
eat
ionalFaci
li
ti
es:Recr
eat
ion f
aci
li
ti
esar
elacki
ng i
n Zambi
an
communi
ti
es.Youngpeopl
e havenowher
etospendt
hei
rlei
sur
eti
measa
r
esul
ttheymayr
esor
ttosubst
anceabuse
 Enhancementofsel
f-conf
idence:Somebel
ievet
hatt
aki
ngsubst
ancesmay
hel
pthem t
oimpr
ovei
nthei
rsel
fconf
idencei
n spor
ts,sexuali
nter
cour
se
exami
nat
ionsandot
heract
ivi
ti
es.

SI
GNSANDSYMPTOMSOFSUBSTANCEABUSE

 Suddenchangei
nper
sonal
it
y
 Unusualmoodswi
ngs,
rest
lessness,
ori
rr
it
abi
li
ty
 Decl
inei
nschoolper
for
mance

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page71
  Spendi
ngmor
eti
meawayf
rom home
 St
eal
ingmoneyorgoodsandexcessi
vespendi
ngorbor
rowi
ngofmoney
 Heavyuseofper
fumest
odi
sgui
set
hesmel
loft
hesubst
ances
 Associ
ati
ngwi
thapar
ti
cul
argr
oupespeci
all
yonet
hatabusessubst
ances
 Lackofi
nter
esti
nschoolwor
kandabsent
eei
sm f
rom wor
k
 Lossofappet
it
e
 Wear
ingofsungl
assesati
nappr
opr
iat
eti
met
odi
sgui
set
heappear
ance

POSSESSI
ONOFCERTAI
NOBJECTSMAYALSOI
NDI
CATESUBSTANCEABUSE.

 Syr
ingesandneedl
es
 Smal
lpl
ast
icorgl
assbot
tl
es
 Pi
llboxes
 Pl
ast
iccel
lophaneormet
alf
oilwr
apper
s
 St
raws
 Sugarl
umps
 Foi
lcont
ainer
sormet
alt
insusual
lydi
scol
oredbyheat
 Shr
eddedci
gar
ett
es’
andpi
pes

AVOI
DINGSUBSTANCES
 Saynot
hanks:I
fyouar
eof
fer
eddanger
oussubst
ancesal
wayssaynot
hank
you.
 Gi
vingr
easonorexcuse:Al
waysgi
vear
easonf
ordecl
ini
nganof
fer
 Changi
ngt
hesubj
ect
:Ifsomeonei
sent
ici
ngyout
ousedanger
oussubst
ances
youshoul
dchanget
hesubj
ectt
odi
scour
agehi
m orher
 Wal
king away:You can al
so wal
k away t
o avoi
d bei
ng t
empt
ed t
otake
danger
oussubst
ances
 Avoi
dingt
hesi
tuat
ion:I
fyouknow pl
aceswher
etheyabusesubst
ancesst
ay
awayf
rom suchpl
aces.
 Associ
ati
ngwi
thnon-
user
s:Makeyour
sel
fal
waysbusybydoi
ngsomet
hing
l
ikespor
ts.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page72
DEPENDENCEONSUBSTANCE
Twof
ormsofdependence:
 Physi
caldependence:i
swhen onet
ri
est
o wi
thdr
aw f
rom usi
ng a cer
tai
n
subst
ancebutexper
iencesphysi
calef
fect
ssuchasshaki
ng.
 Psychol
ogi
caldependence:Moods,
depr
essi
on,
andanxi
ety.

I
MPACTOFSUBSTANCEABUSE

I
ndi
vidualLevel
 Asubst
anceabuseri
sli
kel
ytoexper
ienceheal
thpr
obl
ems
 Rel
ati
onshi
pswi
thf
ri
endsand f
ami
lymaybecomest
rai
ned asa r
esul
tof
subst
anceabusermaynothavesuppor
tfr
om t
hel
ovedones
 Peopl
ewhoabusesubst
ancesr
iskheavyf
inesori
mpr
isonment
.
Fami
lyLevel
 Mostsubst
anceabuser
stendt
ospend al
otofmoneyt
osust
aint
hehabi
tand
endupnegl
ect
ingt
hei
rfami
li
es
 Subst
anceabuser
scausedi
srupt
ionanddi
shar
monywi
thi
nthef
ami
ly.Hence
ever
yonei
nthef
ami
lyi
saf
fect
ed.
 Youngpeopl
einhomeswher
etheyabusesubst
ancest
heyt
hinksubst
ance
abusei
snor
malandaccept
edi
nsoci
etyhencet
heygeti
nfl
uencedandbecome
abuser
s

Communi
ty
 Subst
anceabuser
stendt
ocommi
tcr
imessuchasmur
derandaggr
avat
ed
r
obber
yinor
dert
oacqui
remor
emoneyt
osuppor
tthei
rhabi
t.
 Ot
hermaybei
nvol
vedi
nvi
cesl
ikepr
ost
it
uti
onanddr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng
 Thespr
eadofHI
V/AI
DSi
sli
kel
ytobecomer
ampantamong abuser
sespeci
all
y
i
ftheyar
eusi
ngneedl
es
 Abuser
swhobecomet
ermi
nal
lyi
lli
tist
hecommuni
tyt
hatusual
lyt
akecar
eof
t
hem

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page73
  Ther
eisal
so l
ossofmoneyi
nter
msofpr
oduct
ion i
nindust
ryacci
dent
s,
vi
olencecr
ime,
treat
mentandr
ehabi
li
tat
ionandcar
eforsubst
anceabuser
s.

I
nter
nat
ionalLevel
 I
ncr
easei
ndr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng
 Moneyl
aunder
ingi
sal
socommoni
ndr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng,dr
ugt
raf
fi
cker
suset
hei
r
moneyt
odest
abi
li
zegover
nment
sthr
oughcor
rupt
ion,
int
imi
dat
ion,
viol
enceand
buyi
ngoft
hevot
es.
 Gover
nment
sofmanycount
ri
est
heyspendal
otofmoneyt
ryi
ngt
oer
adi
cat
e
dr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng

ROLEOFTHECOMMUNI
TYI
NCOMBATI
NGSUBSTANCEABUSE
 Abol
ishi
ngt
hecul
ti
vat
ionofdr
ugs.
 Educat
ingt
hepeopl
e.
 Taki
ngkeeni
nter
esti
nwhati
sgoi
ngonhi
sorhercommuni
ty.
 Changi
ngpeopl
e’sat
ti
tudest
owar
dsubst
anceabuse.
 Est
abl
ishi
nggr
oupsandcl
ubs.

MEASURETOFI
GHTSUBSTANCEABUSE

 Thepubl
ici
ssensi
ti
zed on t
hedanger
sofsubst
anceabuseand i
tsl
egal
i
mpl
icat
ions.
 Dr
ugabusei
sli
abl
eforpuni
shmentbyi
mpr
isonmentf
oraper
iodnotexceedi
ng
10year
siff
oundgui
lt
y
 The gover
nmentofZambi
a al
so wor
ks wi
th ot
hercount
ri
es t
o exchange
i
nfor
mat
ionondr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ngandr
elat
edcr
imesi
nor
dert
oar
restof
fender

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATFI
GHTSUBSTANCEABUSE
Dr
ugEnf
orcementCommi
ssi
on(
DEC)
I
twas est
abl
ished i
n 1989. I
tis a gover
nmenti
nst
it
uti
on char
ged wi
tht
he
r
esponsi
bil
it
yofcur
bingsubst
anceabuse.I
tinvest
igat
esandpr
osecut
escasesr
elat
ed

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page74
t
odr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ngandsubst
anceabuse.

NGOI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFI
GHTAGAI
NST.
 Pl
annedPar
ent
hoodAssoci
ati
onofZambi
a
 Yout
hAl
ive
 YoungWomenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on
 Soci
etyf
orFami
lyHeal
th
 LocalChur
ches
 Spor
tinAct
ion

Agr
oupofci
viceducat
ionpupi
lsf
rom MuunduSecondar
ySchoolcar
ri
edoutasur
vey
t
ofi
ndoutpr
eval
ental
coholabusei
nthei
rschool
.Theycameupwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ng
i
nfor
mat
ionr
epr
esent
edi
nthebarchar
tbel
ow;

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON
1 Whoi
sanabuser
?
2 Anal
yzewhypeopl
eresor
ttosubst
anceabuse.
3 I
dent
if
ythemeasur
est
hatshoul
dbeputpl
acet
ocur
bsubst
anceabuse
4 .
Descr
ibet
het
ypesofsubst
anceof
tenabusedbypeopl
e.
5 Di
scusst
hesubst
ancesandt
hei
ref
fect
s.
6 Di
scuss t
he i
mpactofsubst
ance on i
ndi
vidual
,nat
ional
,communi
ty and
i
nter
nat
ionall
evel
.
7 Ment
iont
hei
nst
it
uti
onst
hatf
ightsubst
anceabuse.

8 St
udyt
hedi
agr
am bel
owandanswert
hequest
ions.Agr
oupofci
viceducat
ion
pupi
lsf
rom MuunduSecondar
ySchoolcar
ri
edoutasur
veyt
ofi
ndoutpr
eval
ent
al
coholabusei
nthei
rschool
.Theycameupwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion
r
epr
esent
edi
nthebarchar
tbel
ow;

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page75
key

Gi
rl
s

Boys

I
. Whati
ssubst
anceabuse
I
I. I
nwhi
chgr
adear
esubst
anceabusemor
epr
eval
entandt
wor
easons?
I
II
. Whatt
ermi
sgi
vent
oachi
ldwhodependsonal
coholf
orhi
s/herphysi
caland
ment
alst
abi
li
ty?
I
V. I
magi
neyourschoolhasapr
obl
em ofal
coholabuseasshowni
nthebarchar
t.
Whatbehavi
our
alt
rai
tswi
llbedi
spl
ayedbyt
hoseabusi
ngal
cohol
?

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page76
 GRADEELEVEN

CI
VILSOCI
ETYANDTHEMEDI
AINGOVERNANCE

WHATI
SACI
VILSOCI
ETY?

 Thi
sref
erst
othose non- mi
li
tar
y,non-
gover
nment
alor
gani
zat
ions and
i
ndi
vidual
swhomakei
tthei
rbusi
nesst
opr
omot
eanddef
endt
hebasi
cideal
sof
goodgover
nance.

 I
tcanal
sor
efert
oor
gani
zat
ionsandsoci
alr
elat
ionshi
psout
sideoft
hecont
rol
ofgover
nment
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page77
  I
tincl
udesever
ynonmi
li
tar
yindi
vidualout
sidet
hegover
nment
.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFCI
VILSOCI
ETY
 I
tisnotgui
dedbyar
egul
ator
yfr
ame.
 Notpr
ofi
tmaki
ng
 Dr
awssuppor
tfr
om wel
l-wi
sher
ssuchasdonor
sandot
heri
nst
it
uti
ons
 Shapesownnat
ureofneedsandi
nter
est
s
 Wor
ks wi
thi
n speci
fi
c envi
ronment whi
ch det
ermi
nes i
ts oper
ati
on and
maneuver
s[t
act
ics]
 Dr
awsmember
shi
pfr
om f
ormalandi
nfor
malor
gani
zat
ionsandassoci
ati
ons.

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFCI
VILSOCI
ETYI
NZAMBI
A
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
eexampl
esofCi
vilSoci
etyOr
gani
zat
ionsar
e:

I
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ions
 I
nterAf
ri
canNet
wor
kforHumanRi
ght
sandDevel
opment(
AFRONET)
 TheMedi
aInst
it
uteofSot
her
nAf
ri
ca(
MISA)
 Tr
anspar
entI
nter
nat
ionalZambi
a(TI
Z)
 WomenI
nLawandDevel
opmenti
nAf
ri
ca(
WILDAF)
 WomenI
nlawI
nSout
her
nAf
ri
ca(
WILSA)
Theseor
gani
zat
ionsar
eref
err
edt
oasachapt
er.
Achapt
eri
sabr
anchofani
nter
nat
ionalCi
vilSoci
etyOr
gani
zat
ion
Pr
essur
egr
oups
Thesear
eor
gani
zat
ionsf
ormedt
oinf
luencegover
nmentpol
icyanddeci
sionsona
par
ti
cul
arsubj
ect
.Theyar soknownasI
eal nter
estgr
oups
 Ci
ti
zensFor
um
 Oasi
sFor
um
 TheCommi
tt
eef
orCl
eanCampai
gn[
CCC]
 TheZambi
aConsumerAssoci
ati
on[
ZCA]

Ci
vicor
gani
zat
ions

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page78
Ar
econcer
nedwi
thi
ssuesofCi
vicEducat
ion,
HumanRi
ght
sandGoodGover
nance
 Ant
i-Vot
erApat
hyPr
ogr
amme(
AVAP)
 Foundat
ionf
orDemocr
ati
cPr
ocess(
FODEP)
 Non-
Gover
nment
alOr
gani
zat
ionscoor
dinat
ingCommi
tt
ee(
NGOCC)
 Oper
ati
onyoungvot
e(OYV)
 TheNat
ionalMovementagai
nstcor
rupt
ion(
NAMAAC)
 Zambi
aCi
vicEducat
ionOr
gani
zat
ion(
ZCEA)

Women’
sgr
oups
Thesear
econcer
nedwi
thpr
omot
ingandpr
otect
ingwomen’
sri
ght
s
 For
um f
orWomenEducat
ional
ist
sofZambi
a(FAWEZA)
 Nat
ionalWomen’
sLobbyGr
oup.(
NWLG)
 WomenForChange[
WC]
 Womeni
nDevel
opment
 YoungMen’
sChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YMCA)
 YoungWomenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YWCA)
 Zambi
aAl
li
anceofWomen(
ZAW)

Pr
ofessi
onalassoci
ati
ons
Thesear
efor
medbypeopl
einpar
ti
cul
arpr
ofessi
onst
opr
omot
eandpr
otectt
hei
r
i
nter
est
s
 Pr
essAssoci
ati
onofZambi
a(PAZA)
 TheLawAssoci
ati
onofZambi
a(LAZ)
 Womeni
nLawandDevel
opmenti
nAf
ri
ca(
WILDAF)
 Zambi
aIndependentMedi
aAssoci
ati
on(
ZIMA)

I
ndust
ri
alor
gani
zat
ions
Thesear
epr
imar
il
yfor
medbypeopl
eint
hesamei
ndust
ryt
osaf
eguar
dint
erest
s
 LabourMovement(
TradeUni
on)
 Zambi
aAssoci
ati
onofManuf
act
urer
s(ZAM)
 Zambi
aChamberofCommer
ceandI
ndust
ry(
ZAAC)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page79
  Zambi
aCr
ossBoar
derTr
ader
sAssoci
ati
on(
ZCBBTA)
 Zambi
aFeder
ati
onf
orWomenI
nBusi
ness(
ZFWB)
 Zambi
aNat
ionalFar
mer
sUni
on(
ZNFU)

Rel
igi
ousor
gani
zat
ions
 Car
it
asZambi
a,f
ormer
ly t
heCat
hol
icCommi
ssi
on f
orPeace,Just
iceand
Devel
opment
 Counci
lofChur
chesi
nZambi
a(CCZ)
 I
slami
cAssoci
ati
onOfZambi
a(I
AZ)
 YoungMenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YMCA)
 YoungMenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YWCA)
 Zambi
aEvangel
icalFel
lowshi
p(ZEF)

ROLESOFTHECI
VILSOCI
ETY
 Actasagent
sofdemocr
ati
cchangeorexampl
ebyadvocat
ingf
orconst
it
uti
onal
r
efor
m,genderequal
it
yandf
reeandf
airel
ect
ions.
 Actaschannel
sthr
oughwhi
chi
ndi
vidual
scanpar
ti
cipat
ebot
hingover
nment
andcommuni
tydeci
sionmaki
ngpr
ocess
 ActasLi
nkbet
weent
hecommuni
tyandt
hegover
nment
.Ci
vilsoci
eti
esof
ten
t
ransmi
tpubl
icopi
niononvar
iousi
ssuest
othegover
nment
.
 Car
ryoutCi
viceducat
ionact
ivi
ti
est
opr
omot
epubl
icawar
enessoni
ssues
af
fect
ingsoci
etysuchasHI
V/AI
DS,
HumanRi
ght
sabusesandpover
ty
 Debat
ebi
ll
sandi
nfl
uenceamendment
sordeci
sionsoft
hel
egi
slat
ure.
 Def
endandpr
omot
eHumanRi
ght
sandr
uleofl
aw:Rul
eofl
awmeansever
yone
mustacti
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
aw.
 Def
end t
he i
deal
s ofDemocr
acy by checki
ng t
he gr
owt
h ofundemocr
ati
c
t
endenci
esi
nthepol
ici
esofgover
nment
.
 Ensur
ethatt
hegover
nmentandot
herpeopl
einaut
hor
it
yar
eaccount
abl
etot
he
publ
ic
 I
nfl
uencePubl
icopi
nion:Ci
vilsoci
etyor
gani
zat
ionsusest
rat
egyofadvocacyt
o
i
nfl
uencepubl
icopi
nioni
nfavourofspeci
fi
cobj
ect
ives.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page80
  Publ
ici
ze and ar
ti
cul
atet
he Demands oft
hei
rmember
s.Fori
nst
ance t
he
Nat
ionalwomen’
s Lobby gr
oup demands f
ora mi
nimum of30% f
emal
e
r
epr
esent
ati
oni
npar
li
amentandal
lot
herl
eader
shi
pandmanager
ialposi
ti
ons.

REQUI
REMENTFORTHEESTABLI
SHMENTOFACI
VILSOCI
ETY
 Agover
nmentwhi
chr
espect
sandaccept
sthevi
ewsofopponent
sand mi
nor
it
y
gr
oups
 A pr
o-act
ivepopul
ati
on wi
ll
ing t
o par
ti
cipat
ein communi
ty and nat
ional
act
ivi
ti
es
 Ci
ti
zenswhoacceptopposi
ngvi
ewsi
nademocr
ati
csoci
ety,andt
heneedf
or
negot
iat
ionandcompr
omi
sewi
thi
nthef
ramewor
koft
hel
awsoft
henat
ion
 Favour
abl
elawswhi
chper
mitandr
espectt
hef
reedom ofexpr
essi
on
 Theexi
stenceofaspeci
fi
cpr
obl
em encour
agesi
ndi
vidual
stof
orm aci
vil
Soci
etyor
gani
zat
iont
oaddr
esst
hepar
ti
cul
ari
ssue.
 Wher
eist
her
eisapat
hy,
civi
lSoci
etyor
gani
zat
ionsmaynotf
lour
ish

CI
TIZENPARTI
CIPATI
ONI
NGOVERNANCE
Thi
sref
erst
othel
evelofi
nvol
vementofpeopl
eint
hedeci
sionsmaki
ngpr
ocess.

FORMSOFCI
TIZENPARTI
CIPATI
ON
Pol
it
icalact
ivi
ti
es
 At
tendi
ngapol
it
icalpar
tymeet
ing
 Cast
ingavot
einanel
ect
ion
 Cont
act
ingacounsel
ororaMemberofPar
li
amentt
orai
seani
ssues
 Joi
ningandcampai
gni
ngf
orpol
it
icalapar
tyofone’
schoi
ce
 St
andi
ngf
orapol
it
icalof
fi
cei
nanel
ect
ion
 Wr
it
ingnewspaperar
ti
clest
ocommentongover
nmentpol
ici
es.

Ci
vilsoci
etyor
gani
zat
ions
 At
tendi
ngsemi
nar
s
 Joi
ningaci
vilSoci
etyor
gani
zat
ion

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page81
  Readi
ngpost
ersandbr
ochur
es
 Taki
ngpar
tinl
egaldemonst
rat
ion

Communi
tyact
ivi
ti
es
 At
tendi
ngacommuni
tymeet
ingt
odi
scusscommuni
tyaf
fai
rs
 At
tendi
ngaPar
ent
sTeacher
sAssoci
ati
on[
PTA]meet
ingatal
ocalschool
 Maudl
ingbr
icksf
oracommuni
tyschool
 Si
gni
ngapet
it
ionwi
thot
herpeopl
etoexpr
essdi
ssat
isf
act
ionwi
thadeci
sion
madebyal
ocalcounci
loraschooladmi
nist
rat
ion

WOMENPARTI
CIPATI
ONI
NGOVERNANCE
Womenhavebeenexcl
udedf
rom ef
fect
ivepar
ti
cipat
ioni
ngover
nance,pol
it
icaland
Leader
shi
pmaki
ngsi
ncei
ndependence.Al
thought
her
ehasbeenamodesti
ncr
ease
si
nce1992,t
heper
cent
ageofwomenpar
li
ament
ari
ansi
nZambi
ast
il
lfal
lsbel
ow30%
whi
chi
sthemi
nimum r
ecommendedbySADCandNat
ionalWomen’
sLobbyGr
oup

Year of El
ect
ion Mal
e Femal
e Tot
alel
ect
ed
Hel
d Par
li
ament
ari
ans Par
li
ament
ari
ans Par
li
ament
ari
ans
1968 104 1 105
1973 120 5 125
1983 122 3 125
1988 119 6 125
1991 144 6 150
1996 135 15 150
2001 137 13 15

OBSTACLESOFFEMALEPARTI
CIPATI
ONI
NGOVERNANCE
Cul
tur
alAspect
s:
 Thecul
tur
alsetupi
nZambi
ansoci
etyencour
ageswoment
obesubor
dinat
e
andsubmi
ssi
vet
omen.Hencemostpeopl
ebel
ievet
hatwomencannotmake

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page82
 goodl
eader
s.
Mal
eEconomi
cDomi
nance:
El
ect
ioncampai
gnsar
eusual
lydomi
nat
edbymal
ecandi
dat
escampai
gni
ng
agai
nstf
emal
eswhoar
eusual
lyunabl
etor
aiseenoughmoneyf
ort
hecampai
gn.
LackofSol
idar
it
yamongwomen:
 Femal
evot
erst
endnott
osuppor
tfemal
ecandi
dat
es.Ther
eisusual
lyar
if
t
bet
weenhi
ghl
yeducat
edandl
esseducat
edwomen.
 womenal
sot
endt
ohavel
it
tl
econf
idencei
nthei
rfel
lowwomen
Pol
it
icaldi
scr
imi
nat
ion:
Pol
it
icalpar
tycommi
tt
eesr
esponsi
blef
oradopt
ingaspi
ri
ngcandi
dat
esar
e
mal
edomi
nat
edandt
endt
odi
scr
imi
nat
eagai
nstwomen

NEEDFORCI
TIZENPARTI
CIPATI
ON
Ci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ioni
sakeyf
act
ori
ndemocr
acy.
Lackofci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ion
 Ci
ti
zensmayr
emai
nignor
antofgover
nmentpol
ici
esandi
ntent
ions.
 Gover
nmentl
eader
smaynotbehel
daccount
abl
e
 Gover
nmentl
eader
s woul
d be el
ect
ed by a mi
nor
it
y ofci
ti
zens who ar
e
pol
it
ical
lyact
ivet
ogover
novert
hei
nact
ivemaj
ori
ty.
 Poorgover
nmentpol
ici
esmaygounchecked
 Sel
fi
shl
eader
smayf
indi
teasyt
ocor
ruptt
hef
ewpol
it
ical
lyact
iveci
ti
zensand
wi
nel
ect
ions.
Themedi
a
TheMedi
acomesf
rom t
hewor
dmedi
um meani
nggobet
ween.
Mass Medi
aref
erst
otechni
caldevi
ces t
hatmake i
tpossi
blet
o di
ssemi
nat
e
i
nfor
mat
iont
oal
argenumberofpeopl
e
TYPESOFNEWSMEDI
A

Pr
intMedi
a
 I
tist
het
ypeofmedi
athatr
eli
esonpr
int
edpapert
odi
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
ion.I
t
i
sal
sor
efer
redt
oasPr
ess.Pr
intmedi
aconsi
stofper
iodi
call
it
erat
ureanddai
ly

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page83
 newspaper
s.
 I
tal
soi
ncl
udesNot
iceboar
ds,
post
ersandbr
ochur
es.
Exampl
eofPr
intMedi
a
 Chal
lengeMagazi
ne
 Moni
tor
 PostNewspaper
 SpeakoutMagazi
ne
 Sundayt
imesofZambi
a
 Ti
mesofZambi
a
 Zambi
aDai
lyMai
l

El
ect
roni
cMedi
a
I
tisat
ypeofmedi
athatusesel
ect
ri
cmet
hodst
odi
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
ion.
Exampl
es:
 I
nter
net
 Radi
oChr
ist
ianVoi
ce
 Radi
oMano
 Radi
oPhoeni
x
 Zambi
aNat
ionalBr
oadcast
ingCooper
ati
on
TheMedi
acanal
sobecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
oowner
shi
p.
 Publ
icMedi
a:i
stoal
argeext
entownedandcont
rol
ledbyt
hest
ate
 Pr
ivat
eMedi
a:i
sownedbypr
ivat
ecompani
esandi
nst
it
uti
onssuchast
he
chur
ch.
Newsagenci
es
 Thesear
emedi
ainst
it
uti
onswhi
chcol
lectandsuppl
yinf
ormat
iont
omedi
a
i
nst
it
uti
ons.
Exampl
es:
 Reut
ers
 Zambi
aNewAgency
 Zambi
aNewsandi
nfor
mat
ionser
vice

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page84
 THEROLEOFTHEMEDI
AINGOODGOVERNANCE
Toi
nfor
m andeducat
e:
Ci
ti
zenscannotf
ull
ypar
ti
cipat
eingover
nanceunl
esst
heyar
ewel
linf
ormed.
Hence,t
hemedi
aist
her
etoi
nfor
m andeducat
easwel
lasf
ormi
ngpubl
ic
opi
nion.
Toactaswat
chdog:
I
tpl
ayst
her
oleoft
hewat
chdogandj
eal
ousguar
dianoft
her
ight
sofci
ti
zensby
hol
dingpubl
icof
fi
cial
saccount
abl
efort
hei
ract
ions.
Themedi
ashoul
dnotonl
ypubl
ici
zet
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
her
uli
ngpar
tybuti
tshoul
d
al
so i
nvest
igat
eand exposet
hemal
pract
icesoft
hegover
nmentand ot
her
publ
icof
fi
cial
s.
Topr
omot
epubl
icDebat
e
TheMedi
apr
ovi
desaf
orum f
orexpr
essi
onofvi
ewsandopi
nionsofbot
hthe
gover
nmentandt
hepeopl
eonmat
ter
sofpubl
ici
nter
est
.
Tosett
heAgenda:
TheMedi
adeci
desonbehal
foft
hepubl
icwhati
snewsandwhati
snot
.

SHORTCOMI
NGSORLI
MITATI
ONSOFTHEMEDI
A
Owner
shi
pandcont
rol
:
Thosewhoownandcont
rolt
hemedi
atendt
ouset
hem t
oser
vet
hei
rown
i
nter
estt
otheexcl
usi
onofopposi
ngvi
ews.
Accessi
bil
it
y:
Publ
ic access t
o t
he medi
aisr
est
ri
cted by var
ious f
act
ors and t
he
di
scr
imi
nat
orypol
ici
esofsomeoft
hemedi
aor
gani
zat
ionswhi
chdel
iber
atel
y
denypubl
ici
tyt
opeopl
ehol
dingvi
ewscont
rar
ytot
hei
rown.
Peopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
li
ti
es
Themedi
adoesnotf
ull
ycat
erf
ort
hebl
indanddeafast
her
eisnonewsi
n
br
ail
le.
Costofadver
ti
sing
I
tisver
ycost
lyt
oadver
ti
sei
nthemedi
athemaj
ori
tyofpeopl
ear
epoorand
cannotaf
for
dtomar
kett
hei
rpr
oduct
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page85
FREEDOM OFTHEMEDI
A
Thi
sisessent
ialf
ort
hemedi
ainst
it
uti
onst
oser
vet
hepubl
icwi
thouti
nter
fer
encef
rom
anyquot
a.Fr
eedom oft
hemedi
aent
ail
s:
Fr
eedom ofowner
shi
p
I
tmeanst
hatever
yci
ti
zeni
sfr
eet
ost
artorownamedi
ainst
it
uti
onsuchasa
newspaper
,magazi
neorbr
oadcast
ingst
ati
on.
Fr
eedom ofaccessandpubl
icat
ion
I
tmeans t
hatmedi
a pr
act
it
ioner
s ar
efr
ee t
o gat
herand publ
ish orbr
oadcast
i
nfor
mat
ion
Ri
ghtoft
hepubl
ict
obei
nfor
med
I
tmeanst
hatt
hepubl
icenj
oyt
her
ightt
orecei
vef
air
,ful
landobj
ect
ivei
nfor
mat
ion.
Pr
otect
ionofmedi
apr
act
it
ioner
sfr
om unduer
est
ri
cti
ons
Favor
abl
elawsar
eenact
edt
opr
otectmedi
apr
act
it
ioner
sforunduer
est
ri
cti
onssuch
as pr
ohi
bit
ive l
icensi
ng r
equi
rement
s,di
scr
imi
nat
ory t
axat
ion and censor
shi
p
r
egul
ati
ons.
Pr
ofessi
onalandr
esponsi
blej
our
nal
ism
I
tmeans t
hatf
reedom oft
he medi
a demands f
orpr
ofessi
onaland r
esponsi
ble
j
our
nal
ism.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.
Def
ineci
vilSoci
ety.

2.
Classi
fyci
vilsoci
etyi
nZambi
aaccor
dingt
othei
rfunct
ions.

3.
Anal
ysest
her
olesofsoci
etyi
ngover
nancei
ssues

4.
Expl
aint
hecondi
ti
onsnecessar
yfort
heest
abl
ishmentofci
vilsoci
etyor
gani
sat
ions.

5.
Discusst
hei
mpor
tanceofci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ioni
ngover
nance.

6.
Eval
uat
etheneedf
orci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ioni
ngover
nance.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page86
7.
Ident
if
ydi
ff
erentt
ypesofmedi
a.

8.
Anal
yzet
hel
imi
tat
ionst
omedi
acover
age.

9.
Discusst
hei
mpor
tanceofaccesst
othemedi
aingover
nance.

10.
Expl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hei
ndependenceoft
hemedi
aingover
nance.

ECONOMI
CANDSOCI
ALDEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT
Thi
sist
hepr
ocessofi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequal
it
yofhumanl
if
e.I
tal
someanst
hechange
f
rom t
heol
dtosomet
hingcompl
etel
yneworar
epl
acementoft
heol
dbyt
henew.
 Bui
ldi
nganewschool
 Const
ruct
ingabr
idge
 Openi
nganewmi
ne
Devel
opmental
someanst
her
eisani
mpr
ovementi
nthepr
ovi
sionsofbasi
cneeds.

Economi
cDevel
opment
Economi
cDevel
opmentmeansi
ncr
easei
nacount
ry’
stechnol
ogi
es,st
andar
dofl
ivi
ng
andal
soi
ncr
easei
npr
oduct
ivecapaci
tysuchast
her
ealNat
ionali
ncomeorGr
oss
Domest
icPr
oduct(
GDP)overaPer
iodofyear
s.

HOW ACOUNTRYCANACHI
EVEECONOMI
CDEVELOPMENT
 Expansi
onofagr
icul
tur
e
 Pr
oduci
ngsur
pluspr
oduct
sforexpor
t
 Expansi
onofmanuf
act
uri
ng
 I
ndust
ryt
opr
ocessvar
iouspr
oduct
swi
thi
nthecount
ry
 I
mpr
ovementoft
echnol
ogi
essuchasef
fi
cientt
ool
sandmachi
nes
 Resear
chonnewt
echnol
ogi
es
 I
mpr
ovedski
ll
sleadi
ngt
oincr
easedpr
oduct
ionofgoodsandser
vices

Pr
oduct
ivecapaci
ty:meanst
heabi
li
tyt
opr
oducemor
egoods.
RealNat
ionali
ncomeorGDP:Thi
sist
het
otalval
ueofal
lgoodsand ser
vices

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page87
pr
oducedi
nthecount
rywi
thi
nthespeci
fi
cper
iodofoneyear
.

Soci
alDevel
opment
Thi
sref
erst
othei
mpr
ovementi
nthest
andar
dofl
ivi
ngoft
hepeopl
e.
Soci
aldevel
opmentcover
sal
otoft
hingsandt
hef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeexampl
es:
 HumanRi
ght
s
 Goodgover
nance
 Accesst
oeducat
ionandheal
thcar
e
 Ensur
ingt
hatani
ndi
vidualhasoppor
tuni
ti
esandchoi
cest
oful
fi
llhi
sorher
pot
ent
ial
.

LackofSoci
alDevel
opmentl
eadst
oPover
ty.
Pover
ty
Pover
tyi
sacondi
ti
onofbei
ngpoor
.Apoorper
soni
sonewhohasnosuf
fi
cientmoney
ofr
esour
cest
oaf
for
dthebasi
cneedssuchsf
ood,cl
eanandsaf
edr
inki
ngwat
er,
cl
othesandhousi
ng.Pover
tyi
sthebi
ggestobst
acl
etohumansecur
it
y.Ther
efor
ethe
bi
ggestchal
lenget
osoci
aldevel
opmenti
sthef
ightt
ocont
ain.

Basi
cHumanNeeds
Thesear
ethi
ngst
hataper
soncannotdowi
thout
.
Thesecanbedi
videdi
ntoGoodsandSer
vices.
Goodsar
etangi
bleorphysi
cali
temst
hatcanbeseen.
Boat
s
Fur
nit
ure
Cl
othes
Mot
orvehi
cle
Radi
o
Ser
vicesar
enotphysi
calbutar
eact
ivi
ti
esorbenef
it
sof
fer
edt
hatgi
vesat
isf
act
iont
o
consumer
s.Ent
ert
ainmentbymusi
cians
Educat
ion
Heal
thser
vices

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page88
Want
s
Thesear
ethi
ngst
hatonecandowi
thout
.Theyar
enotr
eal
lyessent
ialf
orpr
oper
f
unct
ionoft
hebodysuchasal
cohol
,fur
nit
ureandmot
orvehi
cles.

FACTORSOFPRODUCTI
ON
Thesear
ethi
ngst
hatar
enecessar
yforpr
oduct
iont
otakepl
ace.
Pr
oduct
ionr
efer
stoanyact
ivi
tyt
hathel
pst
osat
isf
ywant
s.

LAND
Landcompr
isest
hoser
esour
cesmadeavai
labl
ebynat
ureorsi
mpl
ynat
uralr
esour
ces
suchas:
 Agr
icul
tur
alar
eas
 Nat
uralgr
assl
ands,
woodl
andsandf
orest
s
 Deser
ts
 Oceansl
akes,
seasandr
iver
s
 Chemi
cal
soft
heear
th’
scr
ustandt
heat
mospher
e

LABOUR
 These ar
e human ef
for
ts ei
therphysi
calorment
al,whi
ch di
rect
ed att
he
pr
oduct
ionofgoodsandser
vicesi
nyourr
out
inewor
k.Labouri
snotonl
ya
f
act
orofpr
oduct
ionbutal
sot
her
easonwhyeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esar
ecar
ri
edout
.
 I
tist
hepr
oduct
sofl
abourt
hatar
eboughtandsol
dandnotl
abouri
tsel
f.

TYPESOFLABOUR
 Ski
ll
edLabour
:Thi
sisl
abourt
hatr
equi
respr
ofessi
onalt
rai
ning,l
ikedoct
ors,
l
awyer
steacher
saccount
ant
s,et
c.
 Semi
-Ski
ll
edLabour
:Thi
sisl
abourt
hatr
equi
rest
rai
ningf
orashor
tper
iodof
t
imef
orexampl
esi
xweeksoranyper
iodl
esst
hanoneyear
.
 Unski
ll
edLabour
:Thi
sisl
abour
thatr
equi
resl
it
tl
etr
aini
ngornot
rai
ningf
or
exampl
efar
mlabor
ers,
cleaner
sandgar
denboys.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page89
EFFI
CIENCYOFLABOUR
Thi
sref
erst
othemaxi
mum andef
fect
iveuseofl
abourwi
thoutwast
e.
Pr
oduct
ivi
tyout
putofawor
kerperuni
toft
ime

FACTORSAFFECTI
NGTHEOFEFFI
CIENCY
 Educat
ionandt
rai
ning:A per
sonwhoi
seducat
edandhassoundt
echni
cal
t
rai
ningwoul
dbemor
eef
fect
ivet
hanonewhol
acksknowl
edge.
Wor
kingcondi
ti
ons:Theef
fi
ciencyofl
abouri
sinf
luencedbygoodwor
kingcondi
ti
ons
andaf
avor
abl
ewor
kingenvi
ronmentf
orexampl
e,al
ivi
ngwage,goodsani
tat
ionand
wel
lvent
il
atedwor
kpl
ace.
Wel
far
eSer
vices:Wel
far
eser
vicesar
epr
ovi
dedt
oawor
kersuchasmedi
calcar
e,
t
ranspor
t,andhousi
ng.
Mot
ivat
ion:Thi
sinvol
vesvar
iousi
ncent
ivessuchasmonet
aryr
ewar
d,asameansof
st
imul
ati
ng

CAPI
TAL
 Capi
tali
shumanmader
esour
ce.I
tref
erst
othephysi
calasset
scr
eat
edi
nthe
pastandi
savai
labl
eforpr
esentuse.
 I
tincl
udesmachi
nesandi
ndust
ri
albui
ldi
ngst
hatcont
ri
but
etopr
oduct
ion.
TYPESOFCAPI
TAL
 Wor
kingCapi
tal
:Thi
sismoneyabusi
nessmusthavei
nor
dert
omeeti
tsdayt
o
day expenses such as payi
ng f
or r
aw mat
eri
als,el
ect
ri
cit
y/wat
er bi
ll
s,
wor
ker
sal
ari
es.I
tal
soi
ncl
udesmoneyowedt
othebusi
nessbydebt
ors.
 Fi
xedCapi
tal
:Thi
sref
erst
ophysi
calasset
ssuchasl
and,t
ranspor
t,bui
ldi
ngs,
machi
ner
yandequi
pment
.Ital
sor
efer
stomoneyusedt
ost
artabusi
ness.

Ent
repr
eneur
shi
p
 Thi
sisanabi
li
tysomepeopl
ehavet
oacceptr
isksandcombi
nef
act
orsof
pr
oduct
ioni
nor
dert
opr
oducegoodsandser
vices
 AnEnt
repr
eneuri
ssi
mpl
eaper
sonwhost
art
sabusi
ness.I
nor
derf
orl
and,
l
abourandt
hecapi
talt
opr
oduceanyt
hing,t
her
emustbeaper
sonwhoshoul
d

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page90
 or
gani
zet
hesef
act
orssot
hatpr
oduct
ioncant
akepl
ace.

CAPI
TALACCUMULATI
ON
Capi
talaccumul
ati
onmeansi
ncr
easi
ngt
hepr
oduct
ionofcapi
talgoodsi
naddi
ti
ont
o
whatt
hecount
ryal
readyhas,economi
cdevel
opmentl
argel
ydependsont
her
ateof
capi
talaccumul
ati
on.

FACTORSTHATAFFECTCAPI
TALACCUMULATI
ON
 Lowi
ncomes:Peopl
ewhohavel
it
tl
emoneyornot
hingt
osave.
 Consumpt
ionHabi
ts:Peopl
eeatexpensi
vef
ood,t
akeexpensi
vef
orei
gndr
inks
l
ikebr
andyandbuyexpensi
vecar
s.Thi
smaket
hem savel
it
tl
eornot
hing
 Ext
ended f
ami
ly syst
em:Some peopl
e mai
ntai
nlar
ge Fami
li
es and f
ind i
t
di
ff
icul
ttosavemoney.Aper
soncankeepmanyr
elat
ivesi
naddi
ti
ont
ohi
sor
herf
ami
ly.
 Nof
utur
epl
ans:Peopl
espendmor
etof
ulf
il
lthei
r[pr
esentneeds,henceendup
bei
ngext
ravagant
.
 Lackofknowl
edget
osavef
ori
nvest
ment
:Mostpeopl
edonothavet
hei
deaof
savi
ngf
ori
nvest
ment
.
 Soci
alst
atus:Somepeopl
eespeci
all
ythosei
nthehi
ghgr
oupt
endt
ospenda
l
otofmoneyonexpensi
vegoodscar
sandcl
othesi
nor
dert
omai
ntai
nthei
r
st
atusi
nsoci
ety.
 Lar
gequant
it
iesofi
mpor
tedf
ini
shedpr
oduct
s:Mostoft
hei
mpor
tedpr
oduct
s
ar
equi
etexpensi
vehenceal
otofmoneyi
sspentt
oimpor
tfi
nishedgoodsi
nto
t
hecount
ryi
nst
eadofhavi
ngt
hem pr
oducedl
ocal
ly.
 Pover
tyi
tissi
tuat
ionwher
epeopl
elackbasi
cneedsandcannotent
eri
nto
busi
nessvent
ure

BANKI
NG
Banki
ngi
sanactofsavi
ngmoneyi
naf
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
oncal
ledabank.Banki
ng
hel
psi
nfi
nanci
ngoft
radeact
ivi
ti
esort
ransf
eroff
undsf
rom oneper
sont
oanot
heror

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page91
onei
nst
it
uti
ont
oanot
her
.

TYPESOFBANKS
Cent
ralBank
Thi
sist
hepr
inci
palf
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
oni
nthecount
ryandact
sasar
egul
atoroft
he
banki
ngsyst
em.I
tdoesnotdealdi
rect
lywi
tht
hepubl
icbutr
atherpr
ovi
desser
vicest
o
t
hecommer
cialBanksandt
hegover
nment
.InZambi
a,t
heCent
ralBanki
scal
ledt
he
BankofZambi
a(BOZ)andi
tisownedbyt
heZambi
angover
nment
.

FUNCTI
ONSOFTHECENTRALBANK
 Keepi
ngmoneyf
orcommer
cialBanks.I
tpr
ovi
desal
loft
hebanki
ngser
vicest
o
t
hebanki
ngsect
or.
 Keepi
ngGover
nmentr
evenues:I
tpaysmoneyonbehal
foft
hegover
nmentand
car
ri
esoutf
orei
gnt
ransact
ion.I
twor
kscl
osel
ywi
tht
heMi
nist
ryofFi
nanceAnd
Nat
ionalPl
anni
ngandgi
vesi
tadvi
ceonf
inanci
almat
ter
s.
 I
ssui
ng Bank not
es and coi
ns:I
tal
so wi
thdr
aws Mut
il
ated not
es f
rom
ci
rcul
ati
ont
hroughcommer
cialBanks
 Cl
ear
ingchequesandt
ransf
err
ingofmoneyt
ocommer
cialBanks
 Keepi
ngf
orei
gncur
renci
esandsel
li
ngt
hem t
ocommer
cialBanksandbur
eaus.
 Lendi
ngmoneyt
ocommer
cialbanks.
 Ser
vici
ngt
henat
ionaldebt
.Thegover
nmentusest
hecent
ralbankt
opayi
ts
nat
ionalandi
nter
nat
ionaldebt
.
 I
tal
sof
ixest
hemi
nimum andmaxi
mum amountaper
soncandeposi
tand
wi
thdr
aw r
espect
ivel
y.Thi
sisi
n or
dert
o cont
rolt
heamountofmoneyi
n
ci
rcul
ati
oni
nor
dert
oavoi
dinf
lat
ionanddef
lat
ion.
 Conduct
ingor
dinar
ybanki
ngbusi
nesssuchascashi
nggover
nmentcheques
andt
reasur
ybi
ll
s.

COMMERCI
ALBANKS
Commer
cialbanksar
efi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
onsl
icensedt
opr
ovi
debanki
ngser
vicest
othe
publ
ic.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page92
BASI
CFUNCTI
ONSOFTHECOMMERCI
ALBANKS
 Col
lect
ssur
plusf
undsf
rom t
hegener
alpubl
ic
 Tr
ansf
erf
undsf
rom oneper
sont
oanot
herbymeansofachequeorcr
edi
tcar
d.
 Lendsur
plusf
undsatani
nter
estt
othecust
omer
sandot
herent
erpr
ises.
 Pr
ovi
demoneyt
ransf
erser
vices.
 Faci
li
tat
epaymentofgoodsandser
vices.
 Of
feradvi
ceonbusi
nessmat
ter
ssuchasi
nvest
mentoppor
tuni
ti
es,
etc.
 Lookaf
terval
uabl
essuchasj
ewel
ry,
wil
ls,
tit
ledeeds,
etc.

TYPESOFACCOUNTSOFFEREDBYCOMMERCI
ALBANKS

Cur
rentaccount
s:Thesear
edeposi
tswhi
char
ewi
thdr
awnondemandandar
e
subj
ectt
otr
ansf
erbycheque.SuchDeposi
tsdonotear
nint
erestandbankscan
makeachangef
orhandl
ingt
hechequesdr
awnont
heaccount
s.Hol
der
sar
e
al
soent
it
ledt
oanover
draf
t.
Deposi
tAccount
:
Thesear
edeposi
tswhi
chear
nint
erestbutwhi
chcannotbet
ransf
err
edby
chequeorwi
thdr
awn on demand.Theyi
ncl
udet
imedeposi
tsand savi
ngs
account
s.
Lar
geFi
xedTer
m Deposi
ts:
Thesear
edeposi
tswhi
chi
nvol
vel
argesumsofmoneyanddoesnotal
low
hol
dert
owi
thdr
awmoneyondemandbutaf
tersomet
ime.

OTHERFI
NANCI
ALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS
Ther
oleoft
hesei
nst
it
uti
onsi
stocol
lectsavi
ngsf
rom member
soft
hepubl
ic
andchannelt
hem t
oindust
ryandt
hegover
nment
.InZambi
a,t
hesei
ncl
ude;
Nat
ionalSavi
ngsandCr
edi
tBank
TheNat
ionalSavi
ngsandCr
edi
tBankal
sopr
ovi
desavi
ngsaccount
sandbasi
c
banki
ngser
vicespar
ti
cul
arl
ytol
owi
ncomegr
oupsi
nbot
hur
banandr
uralar
eas.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page93
 Devel
opmentbankofZambi
a(DBZ)
Thi
swasest
abl
ishedbyt
hegover
nmentt
oof
ferl
ongt
ermf
inancef
orr
isky
busi
nessesorvent
ureswher
eot
herbanksar
erel
uct
antt
o oper
atei
n,e.
g.
agr
icul
tur
eandi
ndust
ri
alsect
ors.
Zambi
aNat
ionalBui
ldi
ngSoci
ety(
ZNBS)
Thi
spr
ovi
desl
ongt
erml
oanst
hatenabl
epeopl
etobui
ldorpur
chasehouses.I
t
al
sopr
ovi
dessavi
ngsaccount
s.
LusakaSt
ockExchange(
LuSE)
St
ockExchangei
sahi
ghl
yor
gani
zedmar
ketwher
eshar
esandst
ocksar
e
boughtand
Sol
d.

Funct
ionsofLuSE
 Pr
ovi
demar
ketf
orsecondhandshar
es.
 Hel
pcompani
esorbusi
nessest
orai
senewcapi
tal
.
 Encour
agesi
nvest
menti
nsecur
it
ies.
 Enabl
esf
lowofcapi
talf
orpr
oduct
ivei
ndust
ry.
 Regul
atespr
icesofshar
esont
hemar
ket
.

I
NSURANCE

I
nsur
ancei
sasyst
em ofpr
otect
ionagai
nstal
lki
ndsofr
isk.Peopl
ebuyi
nsur
ance
pol
ici
est
opr
otectt
hemsel
vesagai
nstt
hel
ossofsomet
hingwhi
chi
sver
yval
uabl
eto
t
hem,
suchasacar
,ahouse,
afar
m andaf
act
ory.

 I
nsur
erorunder
wri
teri
sthei
nsur
ancecompany.
 I
nsur
eist
heper
sont
aki
ngouti
nsur
ance.
 I
nsur
ancepol
icyi
sCont
ractsi
gnedbet
weent
hei
nsur
ancecompanyanda
per
soni
nsur
ed.
 Pr
emi
umsar
enor
mal
lypai
dmont
hly,quar
ter
lyandannual
ly.I
nret
urnf
ort
he
paymentofapr
emi
um ani
nsur
erorunder
wri
teragr
eest
ocompensat
ethe

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page94
 i
nsur
edi
ntheeventofhi
sorhersuf
fer
ingaspeci
fi
edl
oss,

WORKCULTURE
Thi
sist
heat
ti
tudeandval
uesofpeopl
etowar
dswor
k.Wor
kcul
tur
ecanei
therbe
posi
ti
veornegat
ive.

FORMSOFWORKCULTURE
NEGATI
VEWORKCULTURE
Char
act
eri
sti
csofNegat
iveWor
kCul
tur
e
 Aper
sonempl
oyedi
nthef
ormalori
nfor
malsect
ordoesnotwantt
owor
khar
d
butwoul
dli
ket
obepai
dfordoi
ngver
yli
tt
le.
 Aper
sonspendsmostoft
het
imedoi
ngnot
hingorpl
ayi
ngaboutupt
otheend
oft
heday’
swor
k
 Ani
ndi
vidualcannotwor
kwi
thoutbei
ngsuper
vised.
 Poormanshi
pint
hepr
oduct
ionofgoodsandser
vice.
 Fai
lur
etoappr
eci
ateoneswor
k.
POSI
TIVEWORKCULTURE
Char
act
eri
sti
csofPosi
ti
veWor
kCul
tur
e
 Wor
kshar
dtoachi
evepr
oduct
ivi
tyt
arget
swi
thi
nagi
vent
ime
 Doesnotwai
tforsuper
visi
on.Oncewor
khasbeenassi
gnedheormakessur
e
t
hatt
hatt
het
aski
scompl
etedi
nti
me.
 Ear
nsal
ivi
ngt
hroughhar
dwor
kandput
ti
ngmaxi
mum ef
for
ttocompl
eteany
assi
gnedt
ask.
 Usesi
ndi
viduali
nit
iat
ivet
odowhati
srequi
redr
athert
hanwai
ttobet
oldever
y
t
ime.
 Doesn’
thavenegat
iveat
ti
tudet
owar
dscer
tai
njobssuchasmeni
alwor
k.

THEI
MPORTANCEOFPOSI
TIVECULTURE
 Theat
ti
tudeofpeopl
etowar
dswor
kisver
yimpor
tantbecauset
hesur
vivaland
devel
opmentofasoci
etydependsont
hewor
kofi
tsmember
s
 Goodwor
kcul
tur
edet
ermi
nest
hepr
oduct
ivi
tyofwor
ker
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page95
  Asoci
etywi
thaposi
ti
vewor
kcul
tur
ehasver
yhi
ghpr
oduct
ivi
tyandal
otof
goodsandser
vicesar
eavai
labl
e.

FORMALANDI
NFORMALSECTOR

 Empl
oymentcanei
therbeFor
malorI
nfor
mal
.

 TheFor
malSect
ori
ncl
udesgover
nment
,publ
icent
erpr
ises,pr
ivat
ecompani
es
and commer
cialf
ar ng.The I
mi nfor
malSect
ori
s made up ofsubsi
stence
f
armer
s and i
ndi
vidual
s who make a l
ivi
ng by doi
ng pr
ivat
e wor
k ei
ther
i
ndi
vidual
lyori
nagr
oup.

 Thegover
nmenti
sthebi
ggestempl
oyeri
ntheFor
malsect
or.However
,the
numberofpeopl
eempl
oyedasf
ullt
imewor
ker
sisf
arl
esst
hant
hedemandf
or
j
obsbyt
hel
abourmar
ket
.

 ALabourMar
keti
sapl
acewher
eindi
vidual
sar
elooki
ngf
orempl
oymentand
ar
ereadyt
osel
lthei
rlabourf
orawage.

I
MPORTANCEOFI
NFORMALSECTORI
NNATI
ONALDEVELOPMENT

 I
tcont
ri
but
esgr
eat
lyt
oeconomi
cdevel
opmentf
ort
hecount
ry.

 I
tisal
soi
mpor
tantbecausei
ttakesupal
argernumberofpeopl
ecompar
edt
o
f
ormalsect
or.Peopl
ear
eabl
etogener
atei
ncomeont
hei
rownl
ivel
ihoodor
sur
vival
.Asar
esul
t,pover
tyl
evel
sar
ereducedi
nthecount
ry.

 I
tal
sopr
ovi
dest
rai
ningschemesf
oryout
hsout
sideschool
sandcol
leges.

 I
thasal
sopr
ovi
dedi
nfr
ast
ruct
uresuchasbui
ldi
ngs,
shoppi
ngcent
res,
transpor
t
andcommuni
cat
ion.

 Ithasalsopr
omotedaccessi
blecr
edi
tfaci
li
ti
esandi
mpr
ovedpr
oduct
ioni
n
subsist
encefar
ming.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page96
 1.Def
inedevel
opment
.

2.Basi
chumanneedscanbedi
videdi
ntogoodsandser
vices.Def
inest
het
erm
goodandSer
vices.

3.Ment
iont
hechar
act
eri
sti
cofnegat
iveandposi
ti
vewor
kcul
tur
e.

4.Whatar
ethet
wocl
assi
fi
cat
ionofcapi
tal
?

5.Whatar
esomeoft
hef
act
orst
hataf
fectcapi
talf
ormat
ion?

6.Apar
tfr
om cent
ralandcommer
cialbanks,
ment
ionot
heri
mpor
tantf
inanci
al
i
nst
it
uti
onswhi
chpl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
ndevel
opmentofanycount
ry.

7.Cent
ralbankat
tr
act
sdeposi
tfr
om t
hepubl
ici
nthr
eemai
nfor
ms.

8.St
atet
het
hreef
orms.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenneedsandwant
s?

I
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS.

Human r
ight
sinst
rument
sref
ert
oinst
it
uti
ons and mechani
sms t
hatar
e used t
o
pr
omot
eandpr
otecthumanr
ight
s,suchast
her
ightt
oli
fe,r
ightt
ovot
e,r
ightt
o
educat
ionet
c.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page97
TYPESOFI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS

TheI
nter
nat
ionalBi
llofRi
ght
swhi
chi
smadeupoft
hreemai
nint
ernat
ionalhuman
r
ight
sinst
rument
snamel
y:

 Uni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s.[
UDHR]of1948

 I
nter
nat
ionalCovenantonCi
vilandPol
it
icalRi
ght
s.[I
CCPR]
of1966andi
ts
t
woopt
ionalpr
otocol
s

 I
nter
nat
ionalCovenantonEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s[I
CESCR]of
1966.

SPECI
ALI
ZEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTSI
NCLUDES

 The I
nter
nat
ionalConvent
ion on t
he El
imi
nat
ion ofal
lfor
ms ofRaci
al
Di
scr
imi
nat
ion[
ICERD]
of1965.

 TheConvent
ionont
heEl
imi
nat
ionofal
lfor
msofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nst
Women[
CEDAW]
of1979andi
tsOpt
ionalPr
otocol
.

 TheConvent
ion agai
nstTor
tur
eand ot
herCr
uel
,Inhuman orDegr
adi
ng
Tr
eat
mentorPuni
shment[
CAT]of1984.

 Convent
ionont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
ld[
CRC]of1989andi
tst
woOpt
ional
Pr
otocol
s.

 TheI
nter
nat
ionalConvent
ionont
hePr
otect
ionoft
heRi
ght
sofAl
lMi
grant
Wor
ker
sandMember
soft
hei
rFami
li
es[
CMW]of1990.

CHARTERBASEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENT

THEUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS(
1948)

 Thi
sinst
rumentbegi
nswi
tht
hepr
eambl
eori
ntr
oduct
ion whi
ch st
atest
he
val
uesandbel
ief
soft
hedocument
.Iti
sani
nter
nat
ional
lyr
ecogni
zedand
agr
eeduponi
nst
rumentt
hroughwhi
chi
ndi
vidual
sandgover
nment
scanwor
k

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page98
 anddel
iverbasi
cri
ght
s.

 I edon10th December
twasadopt ,1948byt
heUni
tedNat
ionsi
nGeneva,
ast
her
esul
tofgenoci
det
hatt
ookpl
acei
nNazi
,Ger
manydur
ingt
heSecond
Wor
ldWaragai
nstt
heJews.

 Thi
sdecl
arat
ioncont
ains30ar
ti
cleswhi
char
eal
istofbasi
cri
ght
sever
y
humanbei
ngi
sbor
nwi
thandcanbedi
videdi
ntot
wot
hemesnamel
yCi
vil
andPol
it
icalr
ight
saswel
lasEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s.

TheUDHRar
ti
clesar
esummar
izedbel
ow.

Ever
yone:

 I
sbor
ninf
reedom,
equal
it
yanddi
gni
ty.

 Hast
her
ightnott
obedi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstonanybasi
s.

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
feandt
oli
vei
nfr
eedom andsaf
ety

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
ber
tyorf
reedom

 Hast
her
ightt
osecur
it
yofper
sonasnooneshoul
dbet
ort
uredorsuf
ferf
rom
cr
uelandi
nhumant
reat
ment
.

 Hast
her
ightt
oequal
it
ybef
oret
hel
awandequalpr
otect
ion.

 Hast
her
ightr
ecogni
ti
onbef
oret
hel
aw

 Hast
her
ightt
oef
fect
iver
emedy

 Hast
her
ightnott
obesubj
ect
edt
oar
bit
rar
yar
restordet
ent
ion.

 Hast
her
ightt
oful
landf
airhear
ingbef
oreani
mpar
ti
alandi
ndependentt
ri
bunal

 Hast
her
ightt
obepr
esumedi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovengui
lt
y

 Hast
her
ightt
omar
ry

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page99
  Hast
her
ightt
oasyl
um

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofmovement

 Hast
her
ightt
oNat
ional
it
y

 Hast
her
ightt
opr
ivacy.

 Hasr
ightt
oownpr
oper
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandexpr
essi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on

 Hast
her
ightt
otakepar
tingover
nment
,accesst
opubl
icser
vicesandt
ovot
e.

 Hast
her
ightt
osoci
alsecur
it
y.

 Hast
her
ightt
owor
k

 Hast
her
ightt
orestandl
eisur
e

 Hast
her
ightt
oanadequat
est
andar
dofl
ivi
ng

 Hast
heei
ghtt
oeducat
ion

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eel
ypar
ti
cipat
eint
hecul
tur
all
if
eoft
hecommuni
ty

 I
sent
it
ledt
oasoci
alandi
nter
nat
ionalor
dert
oreal
izet
her
ight
sandf
reedoms

 Hasdut
iest
othecommuni
ty

 Musti
nter
prett
hisdecl
arat
ioni
nawayt
hatcannotendangeranyoft
her
ight
s
andf
reedomsofot
her
s.

TREATY–BASEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page100
THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCOVENANTON ECONOMI
C,SOCI
ALAND CULTURALRI
GHTS
[
ICESCR]
-1966.

 Thi
sisanext
ractoft
heUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
swhi
chwasal
so
anef
for
ttocomeupwi
thal
egal
lybi
ndi
ngdocument
,for
medi
n1966

 Theser
ight
sar
epr
obl
emat
icbecauset
heyar
edependentonr
esour
cesf
ort
hei
r
r
eal
izat
ion.

 Thepr
eambl
egi
vesanout
li
nef
ort
heexpl
anat
ionoft
her
ight
sint
heCovenant
andt
alksaboutwhati
scont
ainedi
ntheUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
[
UDHR]becauset
heser
ight
sint
heCovenantar
ebasedont
hei
nher
entdi
gni
ty
oft
hehumanper
son.

 Thepr
eambl
eal
soemphasi
zest
hei
ndi
visi
bil
it
yandi
nter
dependenceofal
l
humanr
ight
sbyst
ati
ngt ,t
hat hei
dealoff
reehumanbei
ngsenj
oyi
ngf
reedom
f
rom f
earandwantcanonl
ybeachi
evedi
fcondi
ti
onsar
ecr
eat
edi
nwhi
ch
ever
yonecanenj
oyhi
seconomi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s,aswel
lashi
sci
vil
andpol
it
icalr
ight
s

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHEI
CESCR

 Ri
ght
stowor
k

 Ri
ghtt
ojustandf
avor
abl
econdi
ti
onsofwor
k,i
ncl
udi
ngf
airwages,
equalpayf
or
equalwor
kandhol
idayswi
thpay.

 Ri
ghtt
ofor
m andj
oint
radeUni
ons,
incl
udi
ngt
her
ightt
ost
ri
ke.

 Ri
ghtt
osoci
alsecur
it
y.

 Pr
otect
ionoft
hef
ami
ly,
incl
udi
ngspeci
alassi
stancef
ormot
her
sandchi
ldr
en.

 Ri
ghtt
oadequat
est
andar
dofl
ivi
ngi
ncl
udi
ngf
ood,
clot
hingandhousi
ng

 Ri
ghtt
othehi
ghestat
tai
nabl
est
andar
dofphysi
calandment
alheal
th

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page101
  Ri
ghtt
oeducat
ion

 Ri
ghtt
o par
ti
cipat
eint
he cul
tur
all
if
e and enj
oyt
he benef
it
s ofsci
ent
if
ic
pr
ogr
ess.

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCOVENANTONCI
VILANDPOLI
TICALRI
GHTS[
ICCPR]
-1966.

 Thi
scamei
ntof
orcei
n1996andi
slegal
lybi
ndi
ngt
oit
smemberst
ates.These
ar
eri
ght
sthatar
eeasyt
onat
ureandi
mpl
ementbecauset
heyr
equi
renobi
g
i
nvest
ment
sfort
hem t
obeenj
oyed.

 Thepr
eambl
e(i
ntr
oduct
ion)oft
hisdocument
sst
atest ,t
hat hei
dealoff
ree
humanbei
ngsenj
oyi
ngf
reedom f
rom f
earandwantcanonl
ybeachi
evedi
f
condi
ti
onsar
ecr
eat
edi
nwhi
chever
yonecanenj
oyhi
seconomi
c,soci
aland
cul
tur
alr
ight
s,aswel
lashi
sci
vilandpol
it
icalr
ight
s

 Thet
reat
yexpandsont
heCi
vilandPol
it
icalr
ight
ssetouti
ntheUni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s[UDHR]
,wi
tht
heexcept
ionoft
her
ightt
opr
oper
ty
andr
ightt
oasyl
um.

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHEI
CCPR.

 Ri
ghtt
oli
fe

 Fr
eedom f
rom t
ort
ureandi
nhumant
reat
ment

 Fr
eedom f
rom sl
aver
yandf
orcedl
abour

 Ri
ghtt
oli
ber
tyandsecur
it
y

 Ri
ghtofdet
ainedper
sonst
obet
reat
edwi
thhumani
ty

 Fr
eedom f
rom i
mpr
isonmentf
ordebt

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page102
  Fr
eedom ofmovementandchoi
ceofr
esi
dence

 Fr
eedom ofal
iensf
rom ar
bit
rar
yexpul
sion

 Ri
ghtt
oaf
airt
ri
al

 Pr
otect
ionagai
nstr
etr
oact
ivi
tyoft
hecr
imi
nall
aw

 Ri
ghtt
orecogni
ti
onasaper
sonbef
oret
hel
aw

 Ri
ghtt
opr
ivacy

 Fr
eedom oft
houghtorconsci
enceandr
eli
gion

 Fr
eedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
on

 Pr
ohi
bit
ion ofpr
opaganda f
orwarand ofi
nci
tementt
o nat
ional
,raci
alor
r
eli
gioushat
red

 Ri
ghtt
oassembl
y

 Fr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on

 Ri
ghtt
omar
ryandf
indaf
ami
ly

 Ri
ght
soft
heChi
ld

 Pol
it
icalr
ight
s

 Equal
it
ybef
oret
hel
aw

 Ri
ght
sofmi
nor
it
ies

OPTI
ONALPROTOCALS

An Opt
ionalPr
otocoli
s a pr
ovi
sion at
tached t
o an i
nter
nat
ionalhuman r
ight
s
i
nst
rumenti
nor
dert
oof
fermor
epr
otect
ion.TheI
CCPRhast
woopt
ionalpr
otocol
s
namel
y:

FI
RSTOPTI
ONALPROTOCOL(
1976)
:Thi
spr
ovi
sional
lowsi
ndi
vidual
stocompl
aint
o

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page103
t
heUni
tedNat
ionsHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
ononi
ssuesofhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions
cont
ained i
ntheI
CCPR pr
ovi
ded t
heyexhaustal
lchannel
sofcompl
aint
susual
ly
t
hrought
hecour
tsofl
aw.Zambi
aisast
atepar
ty(
member
)tot
hispr
otocol
.

SECONDOPTI
ONALPROTOCAL(
1990)
:

Thi
sai
msatt
heabol
it
ionoft
hedeat
hpenal
tyandZambi
aisnotast
atepar
tyt
othi
s.

SPECI
ALI
SEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCONVENTI
ONONTHEELI
MINATI
ONOFALLFORMSOFRACI
AL
DI
SCRI
MINATI
ON[
ICERD]
-1969.

 I
tcamei
ntof
orcei
n1969andi
twasdr
aft
edt
odr
aw at
tent
iont
omat
ter
sof
r
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ionwhi
chwer
est
il
lrampanti
nthewor
ld.

 Pr
inci
pleDef
ini
ti
on ofRaci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion:I
tisanydi
sti
nct
ion,excl
usi
on,
r
est
ri
cti
onorany per
for
mancebasedonr
ace,col
or,descentornat
ionalor
et
hni
cor
igi
nwhi
chhast
hepur
poseofi
mpai
ri
ngt
her
ecogni
ti
onorenj
oyment
onanequalf
oot
ing,ofhumanr
ight
sandf
undamentf
reedomsi
nthepol
it
ical
,
economi
c,soci
al,
cul
tur
aloranyot
herf
iel
dofpubl
icl
if
e.

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHEI
CERD

 Condemnr
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion,
segr
egat
ionandapar
thei
d.

 Pr
ohi
bitt
heactofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionbyi
ndi
vidual
soror
gani
zat
ions

 Assur
eever
yonewi
thi
nthepower
s,adequat
epr
otect
ionandr
emedi
es

 Condemn al
lpr
opaganda and or
gani
zat
ionsbased on i
deasort
heor
iesof
super
ior
it
yofoner
aceorgr
oup.

 Pr
ohi
bitandel
imi
nat
eraci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ionandequalenj
oymentofal
lther
ight
s

 Under
takei
mmedi
ateandef
fect
ivemeasur
esi
nteachi
ng,
educat
ion,
cul
tur
eand
i
nfor
mat
ion,wi
th a vi
ew ofcombat
ing pr
ejudi
ces whi
ch l
ead t
oraci
al

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page104
 di
scr
imi
nat
ion.

THECONVENTI
ONONTHEELI
MINATI
ONOFALLFORMSOF

DI
SCRI
MINATI
ONAGAI
NSTWOMEN[
CEDAW]
-1979

 Thi
s came aboutaf
tert
he f
ail
ure oft
he 1967 decl
arat
ion t
o el
imi
nat
e
di
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen.

 I
twasobser
vedt
hatf
emal
esst
il
lsuf
fert
hewor
stdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nthesoci
al
economi
caswel
last
hei
rci
vilandpol
it
icalr
ight
s.

 Thi
sinst
rumentwasputi
nfor
cei
n1979t
odi
rect
ly.

 Pr
inci
pledef
ini
ti
onofr
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion:t
hisi
sanydi
sti
nct
ion,excl
usi
on,
r
est
ri
cti
onoranyper
for
mancebasedonsexwhi
chhast
hepur
poseofi
mpai
ri
ng
t
her
ecogni
ti
onenj
oymentofanequalf
oot
ingofhumanr
ight
sandf
undament
al
f
reedom i
nthepol
it
icaleconomi
csoci
alot
herr
ighti
npubl
icl
if
e.

SUMMARYOFPROVI
SIONSI
NTHECEDAW

 El
imi
nat
eal
lfor
msofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen.

 Est
abl
ishl
egalpr
otect
ionoft
her
ight
sofwomenonanequalbasi
swi
thmen.

 Pr
omot
ethepr
inci
pleofequal
it
yofmenandwomeni
nthei
rdomest
icl
egi
slat
ion

 Modi
fyorabol
ishexi
sti
ngnat
ionall
egi
slat
ionandpr
act
iceswhi
chconst
it
ute
di
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen.

 El
imi
nat
edi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
ntheenj
oymentofal
lri
ght
sbet
weenmenandwomen

ACCORDWOMENEQUALI
TYWI
THMENBEFORETHELAW

 El
imi
nat
edi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomeni
nal
lmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
omar
ri
ageand
pr
oper
ty.

CEDAW hasanopt
ionalpr
otocoladopt
edi
n1999whi
chal
lowst
heUni
tedNat
ions

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page105
 Commi
tt
eeont
heEl
imi
nat
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstWoment
orecei
veandhear

Casesofvi
olat
ionsofwomen’
sri
ght
s

THE CONVENTI
ON AGAI
NST TOTURE AND OTHER CRUEL,I
NHUMAN OR
DEGRADI
NGTREATMENTORPUNI
SHMENT[
CAT]
-1984.

 Thi
sconvent
ioncamei
nt ngon10th December
obei 1984andZambi
abecamea
st
atepar
tyt
otheconvent
ioni
n1998.

 Theai
m oft
hei
nst
rumenti
stot
otal
lyf
orbi
dtor
tur
eandot
hercr
uel
,i
nhumanor
degr
adi
ngt
reat
mentorpuni
shment
.

 Pr
inci
ple def
ini
ti
on:Tor
tur
eis def
ined as an actbywhi
ch sever
e pai
n or
suf
fer
ing,whet
herphysi
calorment
al,i
sint
ent
ional
lyi
nfl
ict
edonaper
sonf
or
such pur
poses as obt
aini
ng f
rom hi
m ora t
hir
d per
son i
nfor
mat
ion or
conf
essi
on,puni
shi
nghi
mforanactheorat
hir
dper
sonhascommi
tt
edori
s
suspect
edofhavi
ngcommi
tt
ed.

SUMMARYOFPROVI
SIONSI
NCAT

 Pr
ohi
bitt
ort
ure

 Notr
efoul
er,whi
chmeanst
osendbackaper
sont
oacount
rywher
ehe/
shei
s
l
ikel
ytounder
got
ort
ure.

 Puni
sht
ort
urer
s.

 Rehabi
li
tat
evi
cti
msoft
ort
uret
hroughcounsel
ing

 Cont
rolt
hesyst
em ofi
nter
rogat
ionanddet
ent
ion

 Repor
ttot
hecommi
tt
ee.

 Educat
eci
ti
zensont
heevi
loft
ort
ure

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCONVENTI
ONONTHEPROTECTI
ONOFTHERI
GHTSOFALL
MI
GRANTWORKERSANDMEMBERSOFTHEI
RFAMI
LIES [
CMW]
-1990.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page106
  Thi
sismeantt
opr
otectt
her
ight
sofpeopl
ewor
kingi
nacount
rywhi
chi
s
nott
hei
rs.
[int
heDi
aspor
a]

 St
atepar
ti
esar
eobl
igedt
opr
otectandseekj
udi
cialr
emedyt
othosemi
grant
wor
ker
swhoser
ight
shavebeenvi
olat
ed.

Pr
inci
pledef
ini
ti
on:t
hisappl
iest
oal
lmi
grantwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
li
es
wi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ionofanyki
ndsuchassex,
race,
col
or,
language,
rel
igi
onorconvi
cti
on,
pol
it
icalorot
heropi
nion,nat
ional
,et
hni
corsoci
alor
igi
n,nat
ional
it
y,age,economi
c
posi
ti
on,
proper
ty,
mar
it
alst
atus,
bir
thorot
herst
atus.

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHECMW

 Non–di
scr
imi
nat
ionofmi
grantwor
ker
sandt
hei
rfami
li
eswi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ionof
anyki
nd.

 Mi
grantwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
li
esshal
lbef
reet
oleaveanyst
ate,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hei
rst
ateofor
igi
n.

 Theyhavet
her
ightt
oent
erandr
emai
nint
hei
rst
ateofor
igi
n.

 Ther
ightt
oli
feofmi
grantwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
li
esshal
lbe
pr
otect
edbyl
aw.

 Nomi
grantwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rfami
li
esshal
lbesubj
ect
edt
otor
tur
eor
cr
uel
,i
nhumanordegr
adi
ngt
reat
mentorpuni
shment
.

 Nomi
grantwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rfami
li
esshal
lbehel
dinsl
aver
yor
ser
vit
ude.

 Nomi
grantwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rfami
li
esshal
lber
equi
redt
oper
for
m
f
orcedorcompul
sor
ylabor
.

 Theyshal
lhavet
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion.

 Theyshal
lhavet
her
ightt
ohol
dopi
nionswi
thouti
nter
fer
ence.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page107
  Theyshal
lnotbesubj
ect
edt
oanyar
bit
rar
yorunl
awf
uli
nter
fer
enceoft
hei
r
pr
ivacy.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON.

1.Def
inei
nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sinst
rument

2.Descr
ibet
het
ypesofi
nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sinst
rument

3.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weent
hef
ir
stopt
ionalpr
otocolandt
hesecondopt
ional
pr
otocol

4.St
atet
heel
ement
soft
heI
nter
nat
ionalConvent
ionont
heel
imi
nat
ionof
al
lfor
msofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen

5.Expl
ain cl
ear
lyhow Zambi
aisi
mpl
ement
ing t
hei
nter
nat
ionalHuman
Ri
ght
s

6.St
atet
hei
mpor
tanceofi
nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
s

7.Wr
it
ebr
iefnot
esont
hef
oll
owi
ngHumanRi
ght
sinst
rument
s.

i
. Convent
ionAgai
nstTor
tur
eandot
hercr
uel
,i
nhumanordegr
adi
ng
orpuni
shment

i
i. Convent
ionont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
ld(
CRC)

i
ii
. I
nter
nat
ionalConvent
ionont
heEl
imi
nat
ionofal
lfor
msofRaci
al
Di
scr
imi
nat
ion(
ICERD)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page108
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOTHEZAMBI
ANLEGALSYSTEM

WHATI
SALAW?

 Lawi
sasetofr
uleswhi
chasoci
etydevel
opsf
ori
tsel
ftocont
rolt
hebehavi
ors
ofi
tsmember
stooneanot
her
.

 I
tincl
udest
hemeet
ingoutofpuni
shmentt
omember
sofsoci
etyt
hatdonot
abi
debyt
her
ulesandawar
dingofcompensat
iont
opeopl
ewhohavebeen
wr
onged.

 Forar
ulet
ober
ecogni
zedt
her
eshoul
dbeawayofcompel
li
ngpeopl
etoobeyi
t,
donebyi
mposi
ngpenal
ti
esorpuni
shmentt
olaw br
eaker
sandr
ewar
dst
othe
wr
ongedper
sons.

WHATI
SALEGALSYSTEM?

 I
tisasyst
em f
ori
nter
pret
ingandenf
orci
ngt
hel
aws.

 I
tal
sor
efer
stoapr
ocedur
eorpr
ocessf
ori
nter
pret
ingandenf
orci
ngt
hel
aw.

 Rul
eswhi
chmakel
aws,t
hei
nst
it
uti
onst
hatadmi
nist
ert
hel
aws,t
hepr
inci
ples,
i
deas,t
heor
ies,pr
act
ices,pr
ocedur
es,andt
echni
quest
hatdevel
opovert
he
year
sindeal
ingwi
thl
awmakeupal
egalsyst
em

Ther
ear
easmanyl
egalsyst
emsast
her
ear
esoci
eti
es.Forexampl
e:Zambi
anl
egal
syst
em,t
heZi
mbabweanl
egalsyst
em,t
heSout
hAf
ri
canl
egalsyst
em andt
heEngl
ish
l
egalsyst
em whi
chi
sal
soknownast
hecommonl
awsyst
em

ELEMENTSOFAGOODLEGALSYSTEM

A goodl
egalsyst
em i
sonet
hatser
vesmember
sofi
tssoci
etyf
air
lyandwi
thout
vi
olat
ingt
hei
rri
ght
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page109
ELEMENTSOFAGOODLEGALSYSTEM.

1.Si
mpl
e.Al
awhast
obewr
it
teni
nal
anguaget
hatcanbeunder
stoodbyal
arger
sect
ionofsoci
ety
2.Compr
ehensi
ve– I
tshoul
dnotl
eavegapsbutat
temptt
ocoveral
lpossi
ble
ar
easofdi
sput
e,concer
nordebat
eandant
ici
pat
efut
urepr
obl
ems.
3.Cer
tai
n-Ci
ti
zensoughtt
oknow cl
ear
lyofwhati
spr
ohi
bit
edbyl
aw.A l
aw
shoul
dnotbeambi
guoust
hati
tisonl
yful
lyunder
stoodandi
nter
pret
edbysmal
l
sect
ionoft
hesoci
ety.
4.Accessi
ble.Thel
awshoul
dbeavai
labl
etot
hemember
soft
hepubl
ic.I
tshoul
d
beaf
for
dabl
easci
ti
zensshoul
dbeabl
etohavel
egalr
epr
esent
ati
on.
5.Fl
exi
ble-Lawshavet
okeepupwi
thsoci
alchangeandt
her
efor
e,t
heyshoul
d
changewi
tht
ime.Al
awshoul
dal
wayschanget
otakecar
eofanewpr
obl
em.
6.Mor
alval
ues-
Thel
awshoul
dbebasedont
hemor
alval
uesofsoci
ety.I
flaws
donotr
efl
ectt
hesoci
ety’
scor
eval
ues,
cit
izensar
eunl
ikel
ytor
especti
t

SOURCESOFLAWSI
NZAMBI
A

Zambi
a has a duall
egalsyst
em and r
eli
es on t
he Engl
ish l
aw and t
he Af
ri
can
cust
omar
ylaw.

ENGLI
SHLAW SOURCES

Commonl
aw

Commonl
aw i
sthel
aw t
hatst
art
edascust
omst
hatwer
ecommont
oal
lpar
tsof
Engl
and.

 WhenKi
ngWi
ll
iam,t
heconquer
orofuni
tedEngl
andi
n1066AD,hesenthi
s
Judgest
ogor
oundEngl
andt
ohearcasesandcodi
fyt
hem byput
ti
ngt
hem i
nto
asyst
em ofr
ulesandpr
inci
ples.

Codi
fy-
Inl
egall
anguaget
hismeanst
owr
it
esomet
hingi
nfor
m ofadocument
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page110
LEGI
SLATI
ONORSTATUTES

Thesear
elawsenact
edbypar
li
ament
.Iti
sthel
argestsour
ceofl
awi
nZambi
a

Thr
eet
ypesofl
awsmadebypar
li
ament

THEZAMBI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON

I
tist
hesupr
emel
awoft
hel
and.Thi
smeanst
hati
fanyl
awdoesnotconf
orm wi
tht
he
const
it
uti
ont
hent
hatl
awbecomesvoi
dwhi
chmeansi
nval
id.

 Forexampl
ecust
omar
ylaw al
lowsgi
rl
swho haver
eached puber
tyt
o get
mar
ri
ed.Butt
heconst
it
uti
onst
atest
hatanyper
sonbel
ow t
heageof16i
sa
chi
ldandi
snotol
denought
ogetmar
ri
ed.

 A man who has mar

ri
ed herwi
llhave commi
tt
ed a cr
imi
nalof
fence of
Def
il
ementand herpar
ent
s wi
llbe char
ged wi
th Accessor
yto a cr
ime.
Accessor
ytoacr
ime.Thi
sisasi
tuat
ionwher
eaper
sonhel
psi
ntheactof
commi
tt
ingacr
imeoral
lowsacr
imet
obecommi
tt
edi
nhi
sorherpr
esence.

ACTSOFPARLI
AMENT

Thesear
elawsmadet
hroughbi
ll
sofpar
li
amentandasser
tedt
obyt
hepr
esi
dent
.

 Thepr
ocessst
art
swi
tht
hepr
esent
ati
on oft
hebi
llwhi
ch passest
hrough
di
ff
erentst
ages.Thepr
esi
dentcanei
therassentorvet
o.I
fnotassent
,thebi
lli
s
t
akent
onat
ionalassembl
yforf
urt
herdebat
eandbesentbackt
othepr
esi
dent
i
nit
sor
igi
nalf
orm.

 Pr
esi
denthas21daysi
nwhi
cht
oei
therassentordi
ssol
vepar
li
amentt
opave
wayf
orf
reshel
ect
ions.

DELEGATEDORSUBSI
DIARYLEGI
SLATI
ON

 Del
egat
edorsubsi
diar
ylegi
slat
ionar
elawsdel
egat
edt
otheexecut
ivewi
ngof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page111
 t
heGover
nmentt
omakel
awsaspr
ovi
dedi
nanactofpar
li
ament
.

 Gover
nment has al
lowed mi
nist
ri
es t
o make l
aws known as st
atut
ory
i
nst
rument
s.

CASELAW

 I
tist
hesecondl
argestsour
ceofl
awi
nZambi
a,al
soknownasLawRepor
tsor
j
udi
cialpr
ecedent
.

 Thi
sisdonewhendi
sposi
ngof
facase,t
hecour
tref
erst
ohow asi
mil
arcase
wasdeci
deduponbyasuper
iorcour
ts.

 Thet
hreecour
tshandl
eappealcaseshencet
heyar
eknownasAppel
lantcour
ts.
Deci
sionsofappel
lantcour
tsar
erepor
tedi
ntheZambi
anl
awRepor
ts.

 Theser
epor
tedcasesar
etheonesacour
tdi
sposesofundert
hepr
inci
pleofRes
Judi
cat
ameani
ngt
oresol
veacasesoast
hepar
ti
esi
nvol
veddonothavet
ogo
t
ocour
ttoseekf
urt
herr
esol
uti
on.

I
MPORTANCE

 Savet
imeast
her
eisnoneedf
orawhol
enewr
esear
ch.
 Shawr
espectt
ojudgeswhomadet
hepr
evi
ousdeci
sions
 Ensur
eequal
it
y,Uni
for
mit
yandst
abi
li
tyi
nthel
aw.

I
NTERNATI
ONALTREATI
ES

 Thesear
eint
ernat
ionalagr
eement
sorconvent
ionst
hatZambi
ahassi
gned.
Cont
ent
soft
heset
reat
iesar
eal
sosour
cesofl
awi
nZambi
a.

 However
,theset
reat
iesdo notaut
omat
ical
lybecomel
aw unl
essan actof
par
li
amentdomest
icat
est
hem.

CUSTOMARYLAW

 Thesear
elawsder
ivedf
rom cust
oms,
apr
act
iceofdoi
ngt
hingsi
nsoci
ety.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page112
  Theyar
edi
ff
erentf
rom st
atut
oryi
nst
rument
sbecauset
heyar
enotwr
it
tenand
codi
fi
edf
ori
ttober
ecogni
zedandenf
orcedbycour
tsofl
aw.

 Cust
omar
ylaw uses advi
sorwho ar
e cal
led assessor
sto gi
ve advi
ce on
par
ti
cul
armat
ter
s.Thesear
enotJust
icesbutpl
ayt
her
oleofconsul
tant
s

TYPESOFCOURTCASES

Cr
imi
nalcase

Ci
vilcase.

CRI
MINALCASE.

Thi
sisacour
tcasei
nwhi
cht
heaccusedi
str
iedf
orcommi
tt
ingacr
imeagai
nstt
he
gover
nmentorst
ate.I
tdeal
swi
thacr
ime.

Acr
imei
sanywr
ongf
ulactoromi
ssi
oni
nsoci
ety,whi
cht
hepar
ti
cul
arsoci
etyt
hinks
af
fect
sthei
nter
estofal
lit
smember
s.

ELEMENTSOFACRI
ME

Ever
ycr
imehast
woel
ement
s:

(
a) Thewr
ongf
ulactoromi
ssi
on.
 Thi
scr
eat
esof
fencessuchasr
ape,mur
der
,bur
glar
y,ordef
il
ement
,whi
chhas
anel
ementofphysi
calactt
aki
ngpl
ace.

 I
nat
hef
t,t
her
eist
het
aki
ngawayofsomet
hingandkeepi
ngi
t.I
namur
der
’
t
her
eist
heact
ionofki
ll
ing.Thi
sel
ementi
nLat
ini
sknownasAct
usReus,
meani
ngaphysi
calact
.

(
b) Thei
ntent
ionordesi
ret
ocausehar
m.
 Thei
ntent
ionordesi
ret
ocausehar
m,l
ossori
njur
yisknownast
heGui
lt
yst
ate

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page113
 orbl
amewor
thyst
ateofmi
ndont
hepar
toft
heof
fender
.

 TheLat
inphr
asef
ort
hisi
sMen’
sReawhi
chmeansagui
lt
ymi
ndorMal
ice
af
oret
hought
.

CLASSFI
CACATI
ONOFACRI
ME

Br
oadl
ycr
imesar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
nto:

(
a) Cr
imes ofspeci
fi
cint
ent
:Thesear
ecr
imest
hatar
ecommi
tt
ed wi
tha
speci
fi
cint
ent
ione.
g.t
hef
t,bur
glar
y,r
obber
y,andwoundi
ngsomeonet
o
causehar
m.
(
b) Cr
imesofBasi
cint
ent
-Thesear
ecr
imescommi
tt
edt
hroughr
eckl
essness
orasuddeni
mpul
sesuchasdr
ivi
ngpastr
edt
raf
fi
cli
ght
s(r
obot
s),not
st
oppi
ngatast
opsi
gn,
exceedi
ngt
hespeedl
imi
tormansl
aught
er.

BROADCLASSI
FICATI
ONOFCRI
MES:

 Mi
sdemeanor
s.Thesear
epet
tycr
imessuch ascommon assaul
t,i
ndecent
exposur
e,pi
ckpocket
ingorl
it
ter
ing.
 Fel
oni
es.Thesear
eser
iouscr
imessuchasmur
der
,tr
eason,
aggr
avat
edr
obber
y,
def
il
ementorr
ape.Thesear
eal
soknownascommonl
awcr
imes
 St
atut
orycr
ime.Thesear
ecr
imest
hatar
ecommi
tt
ed cont
rar
yto whati
s
cont
ainedi
nst
atut
oryi
nst
rument
ssuchasVot
ingt
wicei
nanel
ect
ion,r
iggi
ng
anel
ect
ionorf
ail
ingt
opayt
ax.

CI
VILCASE

Thi
sisawr
ongf
ulactt
hataf
fect
sonl
yindi
vidual
sorpar
ti
esi
nvol
ved.I
tisanycaset
hat
doesnothaveacr
imi
nalcont
ent
.E.
g.f
ail
ingt
oset
tl
eadebt
.

Ci
vill
aw

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page114
Sect
ionsofci
vill
aw

Fami
lyl
aw,
LawofCont
ract
,LawofTor
t,l
andLawandEmpl
oymentl
aw

LawofTor
t-

Thi
sispr
ivat
eorci
vilwr
ongf
orwhi
cht
hewr
ongedper
sonmaygetr
edr
essi
nacour
t
ofl
aw.

COMPARI
SONBETWEENACRI
MINALCASEANDACI
VILCASE

CRI
MINALCASE CI
VILCASE

Af
fect
sthewhol
ecommuni
tyhencei
t Af
fect
s i
ndi
vidual
s: I
tis r
ecor
ded
i
srecor
dedPeopl
eVsPhi
ri MwansaVsTembo

Ai
mist
opuni
shorr
efor
mtheof
fender Ai
m i
sto compensat
ethe wr
onged
per
son

Case i
nst
it
uted by t
he Di
rect
or of Casei
nst
it
utedbyt
hewr
ongedper
son
Publ
icPr
osecut
ions

Ser
iouswr
ongact Lessser
iouswr
ongf
ulact

Concer
ned wi
th t
he dut
ies t
hat a Concer
ned wi
thr
ight
s and dut
ies of
per
sonowet
othesoci
ety. ci
ti
zens

Caseendsi
nsent
enci
ngt
heof
fender Caseendsi
nawar
dingdamagest
othe
wr
ongedper
son

Case must be pr
oven beyond Bal
anceofpr
obabi
li
tyappl
ies
r
easonabl
edoubt

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page115
Bal
anceofpr
obabi
li
ty-

 Thi
smeanst
hatwhent
wopar
ti
est
alkaboutt
hesamet
hing(
inci
dent
)butar
e
sayi
ngdi
ff
erentt
hings,
thenoneoft
hem i
snott
ell
ingt
het
rut
h.

 Bal
anceofpr
obabi
li
tydet
ermi
neswhoi
stel
li
ngt
het
rut
h.

LEGALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONSANDTHEI
RFUNCTI
ONS

LEGI
SLATURE.

 Thi
sisoneoft
heor
gansoft
hegover
nmentt
hati
schar
gedwi
thmaki
ngofl
aws
f
ort
henat
ion.I
tist
hehi
ghestl
awmaki
ngbody.

 Lawsar
emadet
hroughmember
sofpar
li
amentwhor
epr
esentt
hepeopl
ein
const
it
uenci
es.

 Al
lthest
atut
es,
rul
eandr
egul
ati
onswhi
char
eenf
orcedbycour
ts,
pol
iceandt
he
execut
ivear
emadebyt
hel
egi
slat
ure.

THEZAMBI
APOLI
CESERVI
CE
 Thi
sist
hemosti
mpor
tanti
nst
it
uti
onoft
heZambi
anl
egalsyst
em.Thepol
ice
havet
het
askofmai
ntai
ningl
awandor
dert
opr
eser
vel
if
e,pr
otectpr
oper
tyand
mai
ntai
npubl
icpeace.
 Theyar
restl
awbr
eaker
sandpr
osecut
ethem andwor
kcl
osel
ywi
tht
hecour
tsof
l
aw.

THEEXECUTI
VE
 Thi
sist
hel
egali
nst
it
uti
ont
hati
schar
gedwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
it
yofenf
orcement
ofl
aws.

 I
tisal
egali
nst
it
uti
onbecauset
hepr
esi
dentheadsi
tandhaspower
stomake
l
awsbyvi
rt
ueofhi
spr
erogat
ivepower
s.Pr
erogat
ivepower
sar
especi
alpower
s
andpr
ivi
legesgi
vent
othepr
esi
dent
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page116
  Thi
sor
ganmakesl
awst
hroughcabi
netmi
nist
erswhoar
emember
soft
he
execut
ive t
hrough st
atut
oryi
nst
rument
s ordel
egat
ed subsi
diar
ylegi
slat
ive
power
s.

THECOURTSYSTEM.
 Cour
tsdealwi
th al
lar
east
o do wi
tht
hel
aw i
nthecount
ryand f
orm t
he
Judi
ciar
y.

 TheJudi
ciar
ywor
kswi
thot
herl
egali
nst
it
uti
onssuchast
hepol
ice,Pr
ison,
of
fi
ceoft
heDi
rect
orofpubl
icpr
osecut
ionsandt
heLegalpr
ofessi
on.

TYPESOFCOURTSI
NZAMBI
A

LOCALCOURTS
Theyar
eest
abl
ishedbyanactofpar
li
ament
,thel
ocalActcap29oft
hel
awsofZambi
a.
 Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofl
ocalcour
ts,
GradeAandGr
adeB.Gr
adi
ngi
sdonebyt
he
mi
nist
erofJust
iceandar
epr
esi
dedoverbyt
hepr
esi
ding.
 Localcour
ts onl
y hearci
vilcases t
hatoccuri
nthei
rgeogr
aphi
calar
eas
especi
all
ythoset
odowi
thAf
ri
cancust
omar
ylaw.
THEMAGI
STRATEORSUBORDI
NATECOURTS.
 They ar
efound ever
ywher
ein Zambi
a and wher
e est
abl
ished undert
he
subor
dinat
ecour
tsActcap23oft
hel
awsofZambi
a.

Cl
assofsubor
dinat
ecour
ts(
orderofseni
ori
ty.
)

Cl
assI
II
,Cl
assI
IandCl
assI
.

 Cl
ass Imagi
str
ates ar
efur
therdi
vided i
nto Resi
dent
,pr
inci
ple and Seni
or
Magi
str
ates.Thepr
inci
plemagi
str
atei
smor
eseni
orofal
l.

 Thepr
osecut
ionandt
hedef
ensear
esupposedt
ofol
lowst
ri
ctr
ulesofpr
ocedur
e
i
nthi
scour
t.

THEHI
GHCOURT.
 Theyar
efoundi
nal
lpr
ovi
nci
alcapi
tal
sofZambi
aandhaveor
igi
nalunl
imi
ted

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page117
 power
s(Jur
isdi
cti
ons)
.

 Theycan hearanycasesuch asdi

vor
ce,el
ect
ion pet
it
ions,Human r
ight
s
appl
icat
ion,
treasont
ri
alsorpr
oceedi
ngoft
heHabeascor
pus.

 Thi
scour
tisal
soknownast
hecour
tofFi
rstI
nst
anceorappel
lat
ecour
ts
becauset
heyhearappealcasesf
rom t
hesubor
dinat
ecour
ts.

 Thesear
ecour
tswhi
char
eusual
lypr
esi
dedbypusi
nej
udges(
juni
orj
udges)
who ar
e appoi
nted byt
he pr
esi
dentaf
terr
ecommendat
ion byt
he Judi
cial
Ser
viceCommi
ssi
on.

 Onceappoi
nted,t
heycanonl
yber
emovedbyf
ell
owJudgeswhosetupat
hree
mant
ri
bunal
.

 Thi
sisusual
l oundsofgr
yongr ossi
ndi
sci
pli
ne,ment
aldi
sor
derorPhysi
cali
ll
heal
th orf
ail
uret
o per
for
m f
unct
ion.I
nthi
s cour
titi
s advi
sabl
eto be
r
epr
esent
edbyal
awyer
.

 Ther
eisneedt
ohaveal
awyerwhoi
spr
ovi
dedbyt
hegover
nmenti
ncasewher
e
onecannotaf
for
dtohi
reone.Thi
sisknownasLegalAi
d.

THEI
NDUSTRI
ALRELATI
ONSCOURTS.

 Thi
sist
hecour
tthathandl
esonl
yindust
ri
almat
ter
swhi
chdealwi
thempl
oyee
andempl
oyerr
elat
ions.

 I
tisgui
dedbyempl
oymentActcap268oft
hel
awsofZambi
aandi
sont
he
samel
evelwi
tht
heHi
ghcour
tandappeal
sfr
om i
tgot
otheSupr
emeCour
t.

 Lawyer
sar
eal
lowedt
orepr
esentt
hei
rcl
ient
s.

THESUPREMECOURT.
 I
tist
hehi
ghestcour
tofappeali
nZambi
aest
abl
ishedbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tAct
andRepubl
icanConst
it
uti
on.

 I
tisheadedbychi
efJust
icewhoi
sassi
stedbyot
herni
nej
udges.I
tisnotat
ri
al

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page118
 cour
t,unl
esst
hecasei
sapr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ionpet
it
ion.

 I
thear
sappeal
sonquest
ionsofl
awot
hert
hanquest
ionsoff
act
s.I
tsi
tsmai
nly
i
nLusakabuthol
dssessi
onsi
nKi
twe,
Ndol
a,andKabwe.

 Forconveni
ence,i
tmeet
sinKabwet
ohearappeal
sofcondemnedpr
isoner
s
whoar
eatMukobekoMaxi
mum pr
ison.

THELEGALPROFFESSI
ON.
 Thi
sisabodyofl
egalpr
act
it
ioner
scommonl
ycal
ledl
awyer
swhor
ecei
ve
t
rai
ningf
rom t
heUni
ver
sit
yofZambi
aorot
herUni
ver
sit
iesout
sidet
hecount
ry.

 Lawyer
scanonl
ybeal
lowedt
opr
act
icewhent
heyhavebeenadmi
tt
edt
othe
Baraf
terpassi
ngt
heexami
nat
ions.Exami
nat
ionsar
esetbyZambi
aInst
it
uteof
AdvancedLegalEducat
ion

 Br
it
ain,
thel
egalpr
ofessi
oni
sdi
videdi
ntot
wobr
anches:Bar
ri
ster
swhoappear
i
nhi
ghercour
tsandsol
ici
tor
swhopr
act
icei
nlowercour
ts.

 I
n Zambi
a,t
he t
wo br
anches ar
efused i
nto one and l
awyer
s ar
e cal
led
Advocat
es

ORGANI
SATI
ONSTHATPROMOTEJUSTI
CE

LEGALRESOURCESFOUNDATI
ON.

 I
twasest
abl
ishedi
n1991andbecameoper
ati
onali
n1993.

 I
tisanon-
prof
itmaki
ngor
gani
zat
iont
hatwor
kst
opr
omot
eHumanr
ight
s
t
hroughpr
ovi
dingl
egalAdvi
ceandLi
ti
gat
ion.

I
tof
fer
sthef
oll
owi
ngser
vices:

 Fr
eel
egaladvi
cer
epr
esent
ati
ont
othoset
hatconsul
tthem
 Legalassi
stancet
othoset
hatar
eref
err
edt
othem.
 Legaladvi
cet
oal
lwhoseeki
t

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page119
NATI
ONALLEGALAI
DCLI
NICFORWOMEN.

 I
twasf
ormedasapr
ojectundert
hewomen’
scommi
tt
eeoft
heLawassoci
ati
on
ofZambi
a.

 I
twasest
abl
ished i
n 1990 t
o pr
ovi
deaf
for
dabl
eLegalAi
dto women and
chi
ldr
enf
rom mar
ginal
izedsoci
alsect
orI
tal
soof
fer
scounsel
ingandl
egal
educat
ion.

WOMENI
NLAW I
NSOUTHERNAFRI
CA.(
WILSA)

 I
twasest
abl
ishedi
n1989t
oimpr
ovet
hel
egalposi
ti
onofwomeni
nsout
her
n
Af
ri
canCount
ri
es.

 Theor
gani
zat
ional
sopr
ovi
desl
egaladvi
ceandl
it
igat
iont
ovul
ner
abl
epeopl
ein
soci
etyespeci
all
yinWomen.

CI
TIZENSADVI
CEBUREAU(
CAB)–LAW ASSOCI
ATI
ONOFZAMBI
A.

I
tisabr
anchoft
heLawassoci
ati
onofZambi
aandi
tof
fer
sfr
eeadvi
ceandl
it
igat
ion
onaPr
obonobasi
s

 Pr
obonoi
sfr
eeadvi
cet
hatever
ylawyerwhoi
samemberofLawAssoci
ati
on
Zambi
aisobl
igedt
oof
feraspar
toft
hel
egalpr
ofessi
onal
’sser
vicet
othe
communi
ty.

LEGALAI
DCLI
NIC,
SCHOOLOFLAW UNI
VERSI
TYOFZAMBI
A.

 TheSchoolofLaw oft
heUni
ver
sit
yofZambi
ahasi
tsownLegalAi
dCl
ini
c
whi
chof
fer
slegaladvi
ce.

 Four
thyearl
awst
udent
s,of
fer
slegaladvi
ce.Sessi
onsar
ehel
dint
heaf
ter
noon
whent
heUni
ver
sit
yisi
nsessi
on.

YOUNGWOMENCHRI
STI
ANASSOCI
ATI
ON(
YWCA)
.

 I
tisnon-pr
ofi
tmaki
ngChr
ist
ianor
gani
zat
iondedi
cat
edt
oempower
mentof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page120
 womenbymaki
ngt
hem knowst
hei
rri
ght
s,dut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
it
iesi
nsoci
ety.

 I
tof
fer
sfr
eel
egaladvi
ceoni
ssuest
odowi
thi
nher
it
ance,pr
oper
tygr
abbi
ng,
mai
ntenance,physi
calvi
olence,ment
alabuse,Sexualabuse,chi
ldabuseand
ot
herl
egalmat
ter
s.

ZAMBI
ACI
VICEDUCATI
ONASSOCI
ATI
ON(
ZCEA)

 I
tisanon-pr
ofi
tmaki
ngor
gani
zat
iont
hatwasest
abl
ishedi
n1993.

 I
tpr
omot
esandpr
otect
schi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
sthr
oughci
viceducat
ionandof
fer
s
f
reel
egaladvi
cet
ovul
ner
abl
egr
oupsi
nsoci
ety.

CARI
TASZAMBI
A

 I
trunsl
egaladvi
ceDesksunderi
tsJust
icePr
ogr
ams.

 I
tisf
oundi
nal
lCat
hol
icDi
oceseswi
thi
nthecount
ryandof
fer
slegaladvi
cet
o
vul
ner
abl
epeopl
e.

WOMENI
NLAW ANDDEVELOPMENTI
NAFRI
CA(
WILDAF)

 I
tisapanAf
ri
cannon-gover
nment
alor
gani
zat
ionwhi
cht
ri
est
opr
omot
ea
cul
tur
efort
heexer
ciseofandr
espectf
orwomen’
sri
ght
sinAf
ri
cancount
ri
es.

 I
tof
fer
slegaladvi
cet
ovul
ner
abl
emember
sofSoci
ety.

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOTHEPROCESSESOFTHEZAMBI
ANLEGALSYSTEM

RI
GHTSOFASUSPECTI
NAPRETRI
ALPROCEDURE

 Ther
ightt
oli
ber
tyi
sguar
ant
eedf
ori
nar
ti
cle13oft
heconst
it
uti
on.However
,
some oft
he r
ight
s can be t
aken awayf
rom a per
son who i
sreasonabl
y
suspect
edofhavi
ngcommi
tt
edanof
fence.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page121
  I
nthi
sinst
ance,t
hel
iber
tyofasuspectwi
llbet
akenawayt
hrought
heactof
Appr
ehensi
onorar
rest
.
 Appr
ehensi
on:Thi
siswhensomeonei
stakeni
ntocust
odywi
thoutawar
rant
 Ar
rest
:Thi
siswhensomeonei
stakeni
ntocust
odywi
thoutawar
rant
 Tr
ial
:Thi
sisexami
nat
ionofi
nvest
igat
ioni
n
 Der
ogat
ions:Thesear
eexcept
ions’t
other
uleespeci
all
ytot
heenj
oymentof
r
ight
sandf
reedomsoft
heper
son.

ARRESTWI
THOUTWARRANT
 Suspect
sshoul
donl
ybear
rest
eduponpol
iceof
fi
cer
spr
oduci
ngawar
rantof
ar
restunl
ess
Theaccusedwasseencommi
tt
ingacogni
zabl
eof
fence
 Cogni
zabl
eof
fencei
sanof
fencet
hatcanbeseenasacr
ime,f
orexampl
e,
unl
awf
ulassembl
y,bur
glar
y,mansl
aught
er.
 A per
son who i
s ar
rest
ed wi
thouta war
rantshoul
d be br
oughtbef
orea
compet
entcour
twi
thi
ntwent
y-f
ourhour
sorassoonasr
easonabl
ypr
act
icabl
e.
I
fnott
ri
edbef
orear
easonabl
eti
me,
heorsheshoul
dber
eleased.

ARRESTWI
THAWARRANT
Cr
imesunderwhi
chaper
soncanbear
rest
edwi
thawar
ranti
ncl
ude:
 Al
lowi
ngapr
isonerofwart
oescape
 Commonassaul
t
 Cor
rupt
ion
 Def
amat
ionofChar
act
er
 Deser
ti
onofchi
ldr
enbyapar
ent
 Fr
aud
DETENTI
ONFORQUESTI
ONI
NG
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hePol
icehavenopowert
odet
ainaper
sonf
orquest
ioni
ng
unl
essheorshei
sar
rest
edf
oracr
imi
nalof
fenceandi
nfor
medoft
her
easons
f
ordet
ent
ion..
 Rel
ati
vesoft
heaccusedcoul
dsecur
ehi
sorherf
reedom t
hroughHabeas

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page122
 Cor
pus.
 HabeasCor
pusi
sanor
derobt
ainedf
rom t
hecour
tsr
equi
ri
ngaper
sonwhoi
sin
det
ent
iont
obebr
oughtbef
oreaJudgeorCour
ts.

COMPENSATI
ONFORFALSEI
MPRI
SONMENT
 Thi
simpl
iest
hataper
sonwhoi
sunl
awf
ull
yar
rest
edordet
ainedcansuef
or
compensat
iont
hrought
hecour
tsofl
aw.
 I
fitt
hepol
icet
hatf
alsel
yimpr
isonedhi
m orher
,onecansuet
hest
atet
hrough
t
heAt
tor
neyGener
al,
whoi
sthegover
nment
sLegalAdvi
ser
.

I
NTERROGATI
ON
 Thi
sisasi
tuat
ionwhent
hePol
iceaskt
heaccusedper
sonsomequest
ionsona
par
ti
cul
arcaseonwhi
chonei
sal
legedt
ohavecommi
tt
ed.
 Thi
simpl
iest
hatt
hepol
icear
enotal
lowedt
oquest
ionaper
sonwhomaybe
suspect
edofwr
ongdoi
ngandsuchper
sonsar
eundernoobl
igat
iont
oanswer
.
 Thepol
icehavenor
ightt
ousef
orcet
odr
awoutst
atement
sfr
om suspect
sand
t
ort
ureofsuspect
sisnotal
lowedunderanyci
rcumst
ances.

JUDGES’RULE
 Thi
srul
erequi
rest
hepol
icet
oinf
ormt
heaccusedofhi
sorherr
ightt
oremai
n
si
lenti
ftheysowi
shasanyst
atementt
heymakecanbeusedasevi
dence
agai
nstt
hem dur
ingt
ri
al.
 Ther
uleal
sopr
ovi
dest
hatt
heaccusedbeal
lowedt
oconsul
twi
thl
awyer
sor
ot
herl
egalpr
act
it
ioner
sevenwhenpl
acedi
ncust
ody.

THELAW OFBAI
L
 Thi
smeanst
hataper
sonar
rest
ed,det
ainedorappear
ingbef
oret
hecour
tmay,
whi
lei
ncust
ody,
oratanyst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngappl
yforbai
l.
 Bai
lisasum ofmoneypai
dbyaper
sonaccusedofwr
ongdoi
ngassecur
it
ythat
heorshewi
llappearbef
oret
hecour
tunt
ilt
hecasei
sdi
sposed
 Bai
lcanbesecur
edbypr
ovi
dingt
woSur
eti
es,whoar
eper
sonst
hatgobef
ore

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page123
 t
hecour
ttosweart
hatt
heywi
llmakesur
ethatt
heaccusedper
sondoesnotr
un
awayandt
hatheorshewi
llappeari
ncour
twheneverheorshei
srequi
redt
odo
so.
 I
ftheaccusedi
sar
espect
abl
ememberofsoci
ety,heorshei
snotr
equi
redt
o
pr
ovi
desur
eti
esandcanbeadmi
tt
edt
obai
linhi
sorhercogni
zance.
 Cogni
zance means bei
ng awar
e orhavi
ng consci
ous knowl
edge on t
he
i
mpl
icat
ionsofabscondi
ngf
rom j
ust
ice.

RI
GHTSOFASUSPECTATTHETRI
ALSTAGE
Ther
ear
ethr
eebasi
cpr
inci
plest
hatgui
det
hecr
imi
nalpr
ocedur
enamel
y:
 Thedef
endanti
spr
esumedi
nnocentunt
ilt
hecour
tpr
oveshi
m orhergui
lt
y.
 TheBur
denofpr
oof
,whi
chi
sthedut
ythatl
iesont
hepr
osecut
iont
opr
ovet
he
cr
imi
nalal
legat
ionagai
nstt
heaccused.
 I
tisbasedont
heaccept
edr
ule“
hewhoal
legesmustpr
ove”

 Thest
andar
dofpr
oof
,whi
chi
sthemeasur
eoft
hepr
oofbr
oughtagai
nstt
he
accusedbeyondr
easonabl
edoubt
.

 I
tist
hewei
ghtoft
heevi
dencet
hepr
osecut
ionmustpr
oducei
nor
dert
o
est
abl
isht
heal
legedcr
ime.

OTHERRI
GHTS
FAI
RTRI
ALANDANI
MPARTI
ALJUDGE
 Theconst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dest
hatanyper
sonchar
gedwi
thacr
imi
nalof
fenceshal
l
be af
for
ded a f
airhear
ing wi
thi
nar
easonabl
eti
me and an i
mpar
ti
aland
i
ndependentcour
t.
Pr
inci
pleofnat
uralJust
icest
atest
hat
:
 Nooneshoul
dbeaj
udgei
nhi
sorhercase

 I
nacase,
bot
hsi
desmustbehear
d

RI
GHTTOASPEEDANDPUBLI
CTRI
AL

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page124
  Thi
smeanst
hatanaccusedper
sondet
ainedi
npol
icecust
odymustbet
ri
edi
na
cour
tofl
awwi
thi
nfour
teendaysofhi
sorherar
rest
.
 Thi
sisbecauset
hej
ust
icesyst
em oper
ateson t
hepr
inci
plet
hat“
Just
ice
del
ayedi
sjustdeni
ed”whi
chmeansnotget
ti
ngaspeedyt
ri
ali
sasgoodasnot
get
ti
ngj
ust
ice.
 Thel
ongdel
ayi
ndi
sposi
ngof
fcasesi
sasar
esul
tofdel
aysi
nrecei
vingt
hef
iat
f
rom t
heDi
rect
orofpubl
icPr
osecut
ions(
DPP)
.
 Fi
ati
sacer
ti
fi
cat
eofi
nst
ruct
ionsf
rom t
heDi
rect
orofPubl
icPr
osecut
ionst
o
commenceTr
ialbecauset
hedel
aysi
ntr
ial
sunder
minet
heRul
eofl
aw as
peopl
eloseconf
idencei
nthej
ust
icesyst
em

THERI
GHTTOSI
LENCE
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
heaccusedhast
her
ightt
oremai
nsi
lentbynott
aki
ngt
he
st
andi
nthewi
tnessboxandgi
vingevi
denceonoat
h.
 Theaccusedmayal
sodeci
det
ogi
veunswor
nst
atementf
rom t
hedockwhi
ch
i
sthesi
tt
ingpl
acef
ort
heaccusedper
sonsi
nacr
imi
nalcour
tpr
oceedi
ng.

PROTECTI
ONAGAI
NSTDOUBLEJEOPARDY
 Thi
smeanst
hatanaccusedper
soncannotbet
ri
edagai
nforanof
fencewhi
ch
heorshehasbeenacqui
tt
ed.Forexampl
e,aper
sonacqui
tt
edofmur
dercannot
l
aterbet
ri
edonal
esserchar
geofmansl
aught
er.
 Thepr
osecut
ionshoul
ddeci
der
ightatt
hebegi
nni
ngwhet
hert
otr
ytheaccused
f
ormur
derormansl
aught
er.

PROTECTI
ONAGAI
NSTEX-POSTFACTOLAW.
 Thi
smeanst
hati
faper
soncommi
tsawr
ongf
ulactwhi
chatt
het
imedoesnot
const
it
uteacr
ime,
heorshecannotbet
ri
edatal
aterst
agewhenawr
ongf
ulact
becomesacr
ime.
 I
tal
someanst
hatal
aw cr
eat
ingacr
imi
nalof
fencecannotbebackdat
ed
expr
essedi
nLat
inasExPostFact
oLaw.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page125
THERI
GHTTOEXAMI
NEANDCROSSEXAMI
NEWI
TNESSES
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hedef
endanthast
her
ightt
oquest
iont
hewi
tnessespr
esent
ed
byt
hepr
osecut
ionandexami
nehi
sorherownwi
tnesses.
 I
tisdonebyquest
ionandanswermet
hod.

THERI
GHTTOATTORNEY
 Thi
sisar
ightwhi
chanaccusedper
sonhast
ober
epr
esent
edbyal
awyeri
fone
i
saccusedofof
fencest
hatar
esupposedt
obet
ri
edi
ntheappel
lantcour
ts.
 Thi
sisbecausei
nbot
htheCi
vilandCr
imi
nalt
ri
alsi
ntheZambi
anCour
tsar
e
basedont
headver
sar
ypr
ocedur
e.
 Thi
sis a syst
em wher
ethe pr
osecut
ion and def
ense t
reateach ot
heras
opponent
sbutnotasenemi
esorapr
ocessofopposi
ngsi
dest
ryi
ngt
owi
n
agai
nstt
heot
herbet
weent
hePr
osecut
ionandDef
enset
eams

RI
GHTTODEFENDONESELF
 Thi
sisaConst
it
uti
onalr
equi
rementt
hatt
heaccusedper
sonshoul
dbegi
ven
enought
imet
oconsul
tandpr
ovi
def
orhi
sorherdef
ense.
 I
nreal
it
y,t
hisr
arel
yhappensast
heaccusedi
susual
lyi
ncust
odyandnotgi
ven
achancet
ocol
lectevi
denceandasar
esul
tthedef
ensemer
elyr
eact
stot
he
pr
osecut
ion’
swi
tnesses.
 Ther
eisnoi
ndependentquest
ioni
ngofwi
tnesses,vi
sit
stot
hesceneoft
he
cr
ime,al
ibiwhi
chi
spr
ooft
hatt
heper
sonaccusedofacr
imewasi
nanot
her
pl
acef
rom wher
ethecr
imet
ookpl
aceandt
hatt
heper
soncoul
dnothave
commi
tt
edt
hecr
ime.

RI
GHTSOFACONVI
CTEDPERSONATPOSTTRI
ALSTAGE
RI
GHTTOAPPEAL
 Thi
smeanst
hataconvi
ctedper
sonhast
her
ightt
oappealt
ohi
ghercour
tsi
f
notsat
isf
iedwi
tht
hedeci
sionoft
hel
owercour
t.
 Thi
sist
omakesur
ethatanyer
rort
hatmayhavebeenmadei
nthel
owercour
t
canbecor
rect
edbyanappel
lantcour
tandaconvi
ctedper
soni
sinf
ormedof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page126
 hi
sorherr
ightt
oappealatt
heendoft
ri
al.
OTHERRI
GHTSOFTHEACCUSED
Theconst
it
uti
onofZambi
aguar
ant
eest
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ight
stot
heaccused:
 Ther
ightnott
obet
ri
edf
oracr
imi
nalof
fencef
orwhi
chonehasbeenpar
doned
byt
heHeadofSt
ate

 Ther
ightt
ohaveani
nter
pret
eri
fonedoesnotunder
standt
hel
anguagebei
ng
useddur
ingt
hepr
oceedi
ngs.

 Ther
ightt
obegi
venacopyoft
her
ecor
doft
hepr
oceedi
ngsmadebyt
hecour
t

Wi
thi
nar
easonabl
eti
meaf
terj
udgment

 Ther
ightnott
obeconvi
ctedofacr
imi
nalof
fenceunl
esst
hatof
fencei
sdef
ined
andt
hepenal
tywr
it
teni
nlaw.

PROCEDURESI
NTHECRI
MINALJUSTI
CEPROCESS
Thepr
ocedur
esi
nthecr
imi
nalj
ust
icepr
ocessr
efer
stot
hest
epsf
oll
owed i
na
cr
imi
nalpr
ocedur
easout
li
nedi
nthecr
imi
nalpr
ocedur
ecode,
whi
chi
sal
sor
efer
redt
o
ast
heC.
P.Ci
nlegalt
erms.
Ar
rest

 Thi
smeanswhent
heaccusedper
soni
stakeni
ntocust
odywi
thorwi
thouta
war
rant
.

 I
timpl
iest
hatanaccusedper
sonmaybear
rest
edwi
thawar
rantobt
ainedf
rom
acour
tofl
aw f
orof
fencesl
ikepoachi
ngf
rom r
est
ri
ctedar
easwhi
lecasesl
ike
t
hef
tal
lowsar
restwi
thoutawar
rant
.

Pl
ea

Thi
siswhent
hechar
geagai
nstt
heaccusedi
sreadandi
ftheaccusedadmi
ts
t
heof
fence,t
henheorshei
ssai
dtohavet
akenapl
eaofgui
lt
ybuti
fheorshe
deni
est
hechar
get
henapl
eaofdeni
ali
stakenwhi
chi
sal
socal
ledapl
eaofnot

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page127
 gui
lt
y.

Tr
ial

 Thi
shast
hepr
osecut
ionanddef
ensepar
tst
oit
.Thepr
osecut
ioncasei
swhen
t
hepr
osecut
ioncal
lst
hei
rwi
tnessesknownasExami
nat
ioni
nchi
ef,whi
chi
s
meantt
obui
ldt
hecaseagai
nstt
heaccused.

 Ont
heot
herhand,t
hedef
ensewi
llt
henbr
ingt
hei
rownwi
tnessesknownas
Def
ensewi
tnesseswhoseaccount
swi
llbet
hedef
ense’
sexami
nat
ioni
nchi
ef.

Fi
nalsubmi
ssi
ons

Thi
sref
erst
oasi
tuat
ionwhenbot
hthedef
enseandpr
osecut
ionaddr
essest
he
Magi
str
ateort
heJudgewi
tht
hei
rst
rongpoi
nts.

Judgment

Thi
smeanswhent
hemagi
str
ateorj
udgedel
iver
sthef
inalr
uli
ngorver
dictof
t
hecaseagai
nstt
heaccusedper
son.

Recor
dsofpr
evi
ousconvi
cti
ons

Thi
siswhent
hepr
osecut
orr
eadst
othecour
tanypr
evi
ousconvi
cti
onswhi
ch
t
hedef
endantcanei
theracceptorr
eject(
deny)
.

Mi
ti
gat
ion.

Thi
siswhent
hedef
endantgi
vesr
easonst
otheJudget
hatmaymaket
he
puni
shmentl
esssever
e(l
eni
encypuni
shment
).

Sent
enci
ng

 Thi
siswhent
hemagi
str
ateorj
udgesent
encest
heaccusedper
son,gui
dedby
t
het
hreepr
inci
plesofsent
enci
ngwhi
chi
ncl
udes:

 Ret
ri
but
ionwhi
chmeanspuni
shi
ngt
heof
fenderespeci
all
yinr
apecases.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page128
  Det
err
ent
,whi
chmeanspuni
shmentmeantt
opr
eventt
heof
fenderorot
her
,
woul
dbeof
fender
sfr
om commi
tt
ingt
hesameorsi
mil
arcr
ime.

 Ref
ormat
ion orRehabi
li
tat
ion,whi
ch i
s puni
shmentmeantt
oref
orm t
he
of
fenderi
nor
dert
oret
urnt
oadecentl
if
e,mai
nlyappl
iedt
oJuveni
leandf
ir
st
of
fender
s.

TYPESOFSENTENCES.

Concur
rentSent
ence

Thi
sisoneser
vedatt
hesamet
imeasanot
hersent
encei
mposedear
li
eroratt
he
samepr
oceedi
ng.

Consecut
iveorCumul
ati
veSent
encei
sonewhi
ch

Def
endanthas been convi
cted ofsever
alcount
s,each one const
it
uti
ng a
di
sti
nctof
fenceorcr
ime,orwhenadef
endanthasbeenconvi
ctedofsever
al
cr
imesatt
hesamet
ime.Li
feSent
ence

Thepr
isonerspendst
her
emai
nderoft
hei
rli
vesi
npr
ison.

Mandat
orySent
ence

Thi
sonei
scr
eat
edbyt
hest
atest
atut
eandr
epr
esent
sther
ender
ingofa
puni
shmentf
orwhi
chaj
udgehasnor
oom f
ordi
scr
eti
on.

Maxi
mum Sent
ence

I
trepr
esent
stheout
erl
imi
tofapuni
shment
,beyondwhi
chaconvi
ctedper
son
maynotbehel
dincust
ody.

Mi
nimum Sent
ence

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page129
 Thi
sonet
hatr
epr
esent
sthemi
nimum puni
shmentort
imeaconvi
ctedper
son
mustspendi
npr
isonbef
orebecomi
ngel
igi
blef
orr
elease.

SuspendedSent
ence

I
tmeanswi
thhol
ding orpost
poni
ng ofpr
onounci
ng asent
encef
oll
owi
ng a
convi
cti
on orpost
poni
ng oft
heexecut
ion ofa sent
enceaf
teri
thasbeen
pr
onounced.

PROCEDURESI
NACI
VILCASE
Ther
ear
efi
vet
ypesofcour
tsi
nZambi
athatconductci
vilpr
ocedur
enamel
y:
 LocalCour
ts

 Magi
str
ateorSubor
dinat
eCour
ts

 Hi
ghCour
ts

 I
ndust
ri
alRel
ati
onsCour
t

 Supr
emeCour
t

CI
VILPROCEDUREI
NALOCALCOURT
 Thepr
ocedur
eisgener
all
yinf
ormalbecauset
heai
m oft
hepr
oceedi
ngi
sto
admi
nist
ernecessar
yJust
ice.
 Thesecour
tshavenotadopt
edcompl
expr
ocedur
ebecausemostoft
hepeopl
e
who use t
hese cour
ts ar
e not educat
ed t
o under
stand compl
ex cour
t
pr
oceedi
ngs.
 Ci
vilpr
ocedur
esi
nlocalcour
tsst
artwi
thWr
itofSummonsObt
ainedf
rom t
he
cour
tCl
erkbyt
hePl
aint
if
f,aper
sonorper
sonswi
thacompl
aint
.
 Thecour
tcl
erksf
il
lint
hepar
ti
cul
arsoft
hepl
aint
if
fandt
hedef
endantort
he
accusedPer
son
 Thesummonsi
sser
vedt
othedef
endantathi
sorherr
esi
dent
ialaddr
essanda
copyi
slef
twi
tht
hedef
endant
.
CI
VILPROCEDUREI
NSUBORDI
NATECOURTS

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page130
  I
nthesecour
ts,t
hepar
ti
esi
nvol
ved ar
esupposed t
ofol
low st
ri
ctr
ulesof
pr
ocedur
e,whi
chbegi
nswi
tht
heser
vingoft
heWr
itofSummonsser
vedont
he
def
endant
,whoi
sexpect
edt
ofi
lli
ntheEnt
erofAppear
ance.
 Ent
erofappear
ancei
saf
ormf
il
ledbyt
heaccusedagr
eei
ngt
oappeari
ncour
t
att
heappoi
ntedt
imeanddat
e

CI
VILPROCEDUREI
NAHI
GHCOURT
 Thepr
ocedur
eisf
ormalandt
hepl
aint
if
fmustf
il
einast
atementofcl
aim,
whi
ch
i
snotr
equi
redi
nthesubor
dinat
ecour
t.St
atementofcl
aimi
sadecl
arat
ion
st
ati
ngt
hedemandoft
hepl
aint
if
ffr
om t
hedef
endant
.
 I
tisser
vedt
oget
herwi
thawr
itofsummonsandt
hedef
endantf
il
lsi
nthecent
er
ofappear
ancet
oget
herwi
tht
hedef
ense.
 Thi
sisar
esponset
othest
atementofcl
aim andt
heTr
ialwi
llt
hent
akepl
ace
l
eadi
ngupt
othef
inalsubmi
ssi
onandj
udgment
.
 I
fthecaseofacl
aimi
sknown,awar
rantofdi
str
esswi
llbeser
vedont
he
def
endantt
osealt
hej
udgment
.
 Ther
e ar
e cases t
hat come bef
oret
he hi
gh cour
tthat ar
e hear
d i
n
chamber
s,[
pri
vat
e]whi
chi
stheof
fi
ceoft
hej
udge.
Someoft
hecasest
hatar
ecl
assi
fi
edaschambermat
ter
sincl
ude:
 Uncont
est
edmar
ri
agedi
vor
ceact
ions
 Appl
icat
ionf
oranor
derofvacat
ioni
npr
oper
tyr
epossessi
on
 Appl
icat
ionf
oror
derofcompanydi
ssol
uti
onal
soknownasl
iqui
dat
ion
 Appl
icat
ionf
ormai
ntenancei
ncaseofadi
vor
cedspouseandchi
ldr
en
PROCEDUREI
NTHEI
NDUSTRI
ALRELATI
ONSCOURT
Thi
scour
thandl
esonl
yindust
ri
almat
ter
s,whi
chmat
ter
sar
eper
tai
ningt
oempl
oyee
andempl
oyerr
elat
ions.
CI
VILPROCEDUREI
NSUPREMECOURT
 Thepr
ocedur
eissi
mil
art
othatf
oundi
nthehi
ghcour
texceptt
hatt
hesupr
eme
Cour
tdoesnotconductt
ri
alsbecausei
thear
sappeal
s;hence.(
Cour
tofAppeal
).
 Theonl
ycaset
hatcan bet
ri
ed i
ntheSupr
emeCour
tist
hePr
esi
dent
ial
El
ect
ionspet
it
ion.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page131
CAPI
TALPUNI
SHMENT
 Capi
talPuni
shmenti
stheDeat
h Penal
tywhi
ch i
mpl
iest
het
aki
ng awayof
someone’
sli
feandaper
sonwhoi
ssent
encedt
odeat
hbecomesacondemned
per
son.
 Theyar
ecal
ledcondemnedbecauset
heypayf
ort
hecr
imet
heycommi
tt
edwi
th
t
hei
rli
veswhi
chi
stheul
ti
mat
epuni
shmentt
hatcanbemet
edoutonahuman
bei
ng.
 I
tisr
efer
redt
oasPuni
shmentbeyondpuni
shment
SOMEMETHODSOFEXECUTI
ONI
NCLUDE:
Hangi
ng:
Thenecki
sbr
okenanddeat
hcomesqui
ckl
yunl
esst
hef
ree-f
all.
Whi
chi
sadi
stance
cal
cul
ated accor
ding t
othe wei
ghtand hei
ghtoft
he condemned per
son,i
s not
accur
ate?
El
ect
ri
cchai
r
 Thi
sist
hechai
rwi
redupwi
thel
ect
rodesandacondemnedper
soni
sst
rapped
i
nwi
thel
ect
ri
ccabl
esar
oundt
heankl
es,
armsandhead.
 Thenanamountofel
ect
ri
calvol
tagei
srunt
hroughhi
sorherbodyenought
o
ki
llhi
m orher
.
Fi
ri
ngSquad:Thepr
isoneri
sshor
tthr
ought
hehear
tbymanyshoot
ersand
deat
hcomesqui
ckl
y.
Let
halI
nject
ion:Let
haldr
ugsar
einj
ect
edi
ntot
hecondemnedper
son’
sbody
whoi
sst
rappedt
oabed.
 Beheadi
ng/Gui
ll
oti
ne:Thi
siswhent
heheadi
scutof
fbyashar
pmet
alwhi
ch
sawst
hrought
heneckoft
hepr
isoner
.
 St
oni
ng:Thepr
isoneri
spel
tedwi
thr
ocksandbi
gst
onesunt
ilt
heyevent
ual
ly
di
eanddeat
hissl
owandpai
nful
.
 Cr
uci
fi
xion:Thi
smet
hodwasusedi
ntheki
ll
ingofJesusChr
ist
.Itwasamet
hod
f
avour
edbyt
heRomansandwasabol
ishedi
nthe4thCent
ury.
 Bei
ngf
edal
ivet
owi
ldani
mal
s
 Bei
ngr
ippedapar
tbyhor
sesr
unni
ngi
nopposi
tedi
rect
ions

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page132
  Bei
ngt
hrownf
rom apeakoft
hemount
ain
 Bei
ngdr
owned.
ARGUMENTSAGAI
NSTCAPI
TALPUNI
SHMENT
Peopl
ewhoadvocat
efort
heabol
it
ionoft
heDeat
hPenal
tyar
ecal
ledAbol
it
ioni
sts
 Thedeat
hpenal
typr
omot
est
heaccept
anceofvi
olencebysoci
etybecauset
he
gover
nmentwhi
chi
ssupposedt
ouphol
dthesanct
it
yanddi
gni
tyofl
if
eal
so
commi
tsavi
olentactagai
nstt
heper
sont
heyexecut
e
 Thedeat
hpenal
tyi
savi
olat
ionoft
heuni
tedNat
ionsHumanRi
ght
s,Ri
ghtt
oli
fe,
whi
chi
saf
undament
alhumanr
ight
 Despi
tet
he deat
h penal
ty bei
ng t
her
efr
om t
ime i
mmemor
ial
,ithas not
pr
event
edot
herpeopl
efr
om commi
tt
ingMur
derandot
herser
iouscr
imest
hat
ar
epuni
shabl
ebydeat
h.
 I
tisi
rr
evocabl
eandt
her
iskofexecut
ingani
nnocentper
soni
sal
wayst
her
e.
Hi
stor
yhaspr
ovedt
hatevent
hemostsophi
sti
cat
edLegalsyst
emsi
nthewor
ld
ar
enothundr
edper
centper
fectandst
udi
eshaveshownt
hati
nnocentpeopl
e
havebeenexecut
ed.
 Thedeat
hpenal
tyi
sasympt
om ofacul
tur
eofvi
olence,notasol
uti
ont
oitand
t
hatci
vil
izedsoci
ety’
staski
stomai
ntai
nasyst
em ofj
ust
icebasedonpur
ely
l
awsnotemot
ions.
 Thedeat
h penal
tyi
san especi
all
ybr
utaland col
d bl
ooded f
orm ofki
ll
ing
becauset
her
eisnopassi
onorhear
t,oft
hemomenti
nvol
vedi
nthepr
ocess.
 Thedeat
hpenal
tymaymaket
err
ori
stmar
tyr
sint
heeyesoft
hei
rsuppor
ter
s
 Rat
hert
hant
hedeat
hpenal
ty,soci
etyshoul
dbegi
nlooki
ngi
ntot
hemot
ivesof
t
heki
ll
ersandpr
essur
est
hati
tput
sthem t
hrough.Forexampl
e,t
her
easont
hat
i
nmostcasesofmur
der
,themur
der
eri
srel
atedt
othevi
cti
m.

ARGUMENTSFORCAPI
TALPUNI
SHMENT
Peopl
ewhosuppor
ttheDeat
hpenal
tyar
ecal
leddef
ender
s.
 Taki
nganof
fender
’sl
if
eisamor
esever
epuni
shmentt
hanapr
isonsent
ence
 Thedeat
hpenal
tywi
llpr
eventf
utur
ewoul
dbeof
fender
snott
ocommi
tthecr
ime
andt
heexecut
edper
sononbei
ngr
emovedf
rom soci
ety,wi
llnotcommi
tthe

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page133
 sameof
fenceorsi
mil
arof
fenceagai
n.
 Wi
thoutt
hedeat
hpenal
ty,
ther
eisnosuf
fi
cientpuni
shmentt
omet
eoutt
othose
ser
vingal
if
esent
encei
npr
isoni
ftheydeci
dedt
oki
llanot
herper
sonwhi
lei
n
pr
ison.
 Thedeat
hpenal
tyhasBi
bli
calor
igi
nsi
nGenesi
s9:
6whi
chr
eads:Whososheds
aman’
sbl
ood,
bymanshal
lhi
sbl
oodbeshed;mani
smadei
nthei
mageofGod.
 Puni
shmentshoul
dfi
tthecr
ime;t
her
efor
e,i
tfol
lowst
hati
faper
sonmur
der
s
anot
herper
son,
theyshoul
dal
sobeputt
odeat
h.
 Soci
etyhasadut
ytoki
lli
nsel
f-def
enseofi
tsmember
sandt
hatt
hedeat
h
penal
tyhasheal
ingef
fect
sont
her
elat
ivesoft
heof
fender
’svi
cti
m ast
heyget
t
hepeaceofmi
ndt
hroughdeat
h.
 I
tpr
otect
sci
vil
iansand pol
icef
rom bei
ng i
ndi
scr
imi
nat
elymur
der
ed and i
t
expr
essessoci
ety’
stot
alsur
renderofmur
der
 Revengei
sanat
uralhumanemot
iont
her
efor
e;t
hel
aw shoul
dbebasedonan
eyef
oreyeandt
oot
hfort
oot
h.
 Li
fei
mpr
isonmenti
snotpuni
shmentenough f
orki
ll
ersand besi
dessome
peopl
eser
vingl
if
esent
encesar
epar
donedandi
nnot
imear
ebackont
he
st
reet
swher
etheyki
llagai
n.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1. Def
inel
egalsyst
em.
2. Out
li
neel
ement
sofagoodl
egalsyst
em.
3. Ment
ionf
ive(
5)sour
cesofl
awi
nZambi
a.
4. Whatdoyouunder
standbycr
imi
nalcases?
5. Whati
sacr
ime?
6. Expl
aint
het
woel
ement
sofever
ycr
ime?
7. Whatar
ethet
wocl
assi
fi
cat
ionofacr
ime?
8. St
atesomeoft
hel
egali
nst
it
uti
oni
nZambi
aandt
hei
rfunct
ion.
9. Wr
it
edownt
hef
ourl
evel
sofcour
tsi
nZambi
a.
10. Descr
ibesomeor
gani
zat
ionst
hatpr
omot
ejust
ice.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page134
 11. Compar
eci
vilandcr
imi
nalcase.

GENDER,
EQUI
TYANDEQUALI
TY
GENDER

Genderi
sdef
inedassoci
all
yconst
ruct
edandvar
yingr
olest
hatmenandwomenpl
ay
i
nthei
rdai
lyl
ives.

EQUALI
TY

Thi
sisapr
inci
plet
hatconsi
der
ssamer
ight
sandoppor
tuni
ty.

GENDEREQUI
TY

I
tist
hePr
ocessbywhi
chwomenandmenar
etr
eat
edf
air
lyi
naccor
dancet
othei
r
r
espect
iveneedsi
nsoci
ety.

GENDEREQUALI
TY

Thi
sisaconceptst
atest
hatal
lhumanbei
ngst
hati
s,gi
rl
sandboys,
womenandmen
ar
efr
eet
odevel
opt
hei
rper
sonalabi
li
ti
eswi
thoutl
imi
tat
ionssetbysoci
ety

AFFI
RMATI
VEACTI
ON(
posi
ti
vedi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
)

I
tisapol
icywi
thspeci
almeasur
eswhi
char
eai
medatcr
eat
ingast
ateofequi
ty
bet
weenf
emal
esandmal
est
hrought
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofpol
ici
esandpr
ogr
ammes.

GENDEREQUALI
TY

Thi
sisaconceptwhi
chst
atest
hatal
lhumanbei
ngst
hati
s;womenandmenar
efr
ee
t
odevel
opt
hei
rper
sonalabi
li
ti
eswi
thoutl
imi
tat
ionssetbysoci
ety.

GENDERGAP

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page135
Thi
sisameasur
eofi
nequal
it
yinanypar
ti
cul
arsoci
al-
economi
cindi
cat
orandmay
bet
hedi
ff
erencei
nanyaspectofsoci
al-economi
cst
atusofmenandwomen.

STEREOTYPE

I
tmeanst
hatdi
ff
erentbehavi
ourandaspi
rat
ionsofal
lhumanbei
ngsar
econsi
der
ed,
val
uedandf
lavor
edequal
ly.

GENDERROLES

 GenderRol
esar
elear
ntbehavi
ouri
nthegi
vensoci
ety.Thesear
esubscr
ibed
f
unct
ionact
ivi
ti
eswhi
char
eper
cei
vedasmal
eorf
emal
e.
 Theyar
einf
luencedbycul
tur
epol
it
ical
,economi
candr
eli
gious,age,cl
assand
r
aci
alf
act
ors.Genderr
olesar
edynami
c;t
heychangef
rom t
imet
oti
me.
Genderr
oles:

 Busi
nessEnt
erpr
ise
 Wat
erResour
ceManagement
 Far
ming
 Gat
her
ing
 Tour
ism
 Cr
aft
swor
k
 Envi
ronmentManagement
Speci
fi
crol
esassi
gnedbysoci
ety:
-

MEN

 At
tendi
ngofsoci
alandpol
it
icalmeet
ings.
 Cat
tl
erear
ing
 Bushcl
ear
ingandf
ell
ingt
rees
 Hunt
ing
 Keydeci
sionmaker
sonf
armi
ngact
ivi
ti
es.
Women

 heal
thcar
epr
ovi
der
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page136
  Foodpr
epar
ati
on
 Pot
ter
ymaki
ng
 Matandbasketweavi
ng.
 Cr
ophar
vest
ing
 That
chi
nggr
asshar
vest
ing.

SEXROLES

Sex i
sthe bi
ologi
calt
erm whi
ch r
efer
stot
he excl
usi
ve physi
ologi
caldef
erence
bet
weenf
emal
esandmal
es.

Sexr
olesar
ether
efor
erol
eswhi
chf
emal
esandmal
esper
for
m ont
hebasi
soft
hei
r
r
epr
oduct
iveandbi
ologi
calmakeup.

SEXROLESSTEREOTYPE.

Thi
sisabel
ieft
hatmal
esandf
emal
esbyvi
rt
ueoft
hei
rsexper
for
m cer
tai
nrol
es.For
exampl
egi
rl
sar
elessi
ntel
li
gentt
hanboys.

SOCI
ALI
ZATI
ON

Thi
sisapr
ocesst
hroughwhi
chf
emal
esandmal
es,gi
rl
sandboys,womenandmen
ar
eassi
gnedcer
tai
nrol
esandr
esponsi
bil
it
iesbasedont
heval
uesofapar
ti
cul
ar
soci
ety.

AGENTSOFSOCI
ALI
SATI
ON

Thef
ami
ly

 Soci
ali
zat
ioni
sini
ti
all
ycar
ri
edoutbypar
ent
sandr
elat
ivesl
ivi
ngwi
tht
hef
ami
ly.

 Thesoci
alandcul
tur
alat
ti
tudest
endt
ofavor
stheboychi
ld.Hencet
hemal
e
chi
ldr
ecei
vesavai
labl
eresour
cesaswel
laspar
ent
alat
tent
ion,heal
thcar
eand
educat
ion.

 Agi
rlchi
ldper
for
msmor
ehousechor
est
hanaboychi
ldandt
her
ebyl
eavi
ng

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page137
 hersever
ely di
sadvant
aged i
nter
ms ofeducat
ion oppor
tuni
ti
es.Si
mil
arl
y,
Womenar
emadet
obel
ievet
hatt
heyi
nfer
iort
omen.

Deci
sionmaki
ngi
nthef
ami
ly

 Cont
rolofr
esour
ces.
 Sexualr
elat
ionshi
panduseofcont
racept
ives.
 Pol
ygamousmar
ri
ages.

TheSchool

 Ther
ear
eper
sist
entsexdi
ff
erencesi
neducat
ionalpr
ocesseswi
thi
ntheschool
.
Femal
eandmal
elear
ner
sar
esubj
ect
edt
odi
ff
erentsoci
ali
zat
ioni
ntheschool
syst
em.

 Thef
ormaleducat
ionpr
ovi
dedt
endst
oconf
inegi
rl
stodomi
nantandhouse
hol
dlevel
sseent
hrought
heki
ndofsubj
ect
stheyt
ake.Forexampl
e,mostgi
rl
s
t
endt
oavoi
dchal
lengi
ngsubj
ect
sandt
akepr
act
icalsubj
ect
s.

RELI
GIOUSI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

Theypl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
nsoci
ali
zat
ionpr
ocess.Al
lrel
igi
ont
eachest
hatwomen
shoul
dbesubmi
ssi
vet
omenandmenshoul
dber
ecogni
zedasl
eader
s.

Peergr
oup

Peopl
eoft
hesameagear
equi
tei
nfl
uencedt
hroughsoci
ali
zat
ionpr
ocesshencet
hey
copycer
tai
nbehavi
our
alt
rai
tsf
rom eachot
her
.

Themedi
a

Themedi
ainZambi
aisanot
heragentofsoci
ali
zat
ionandhadcont
inueddepi
cti
ngt
he
posi
ti
onofwomenasbei
ngsubor
dinat
etomen.Someoft
hesongspl
ayedonr
adi
o
andt
elevi
siondescr
ibet
hei
mmor
albehavi
ourofwomenwhi
leot
her
semphasi
zesi
n
t
hei
rtot
alsubmi
ssi
ont
omen.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page138
THEI
NTERSTATESUCCESSI
ONACT(
1989)

 Theactwasenact
edbyt
heZambi
anPar
li
amentonMay14,
1989.

 TheActi
sast
epr
elat
edgui
demeantt
ofaci
li
tat
ewaysofensur
ingadequat
e
f
inanci
alandpr
oper
tyshar
ingf
orsur
vivi
ngspouse(
s),chi
ldr
enpar
ent
soft
he
deceasedandanyot
herr
elat
ivesoft
hedeceasedper
son.

 Thi
sisi
nacasewher
eadeceasedper
sondi
dnotl
eaveawi
llast
ohow
pr
oper
ty,
legal
lyr
efer
redt
oasEst
ate

Wi
ll

Awi
lli
sadecl
arat
iont
hatout
li
neshow f
inancesandpr
oper
tyofadeceasedper
son
shoul
dbedi
str
ibut
edamongt
hebenef
ici
ari
es

Anadmi
nist
rat
ori
sal
egal
lyappoi
ntedper
sonwhoact
sonbehal
foft
hest
atei
n
handl
ingmat
ter
soft
hedeceasedper
son.He/
shei
snotpar
toft
hebenef
ici
ari
es.

Di
str
ibut
ionoft
heEst
ates.

 50%f
ort
hechi
ldr
ent
aki
ngi
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
hei
ragesandeducat
ionneeds.

 20%f
orsur
vivi
ngspouse(
s)wi
dow(
s)orwi
dower
.Thi
smeanst
hati
ncaseof
pol
ygamousmar
ri
agest
heper
cent
ageshal
lbedi
str
ibut
edamongal
lsur
vivi
ng
spouses.I
fther
eisnospouse,
the20%shal
lbegi
vent
ochi
ldr
en.

 20%f
ort
hedeceased,i
nacasewher
ether
ear
enopar
ent
sthe20%shoul
dbe
di
str
ibut
edamongt
hespouse,
chi
ldr
enanddependent
s.

 10%f
oral
lthedependent
sifany.

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
ethatt
hebr
other
s,si
ster
sandanyr
elat
ionsoft
hedeceasedar
e
notpar
toft
hebenef
ici
ari
es.

PERSONALCHATTELSANDHOUSE.

Per
sonalchat
tel
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page139
Thesei
ncl
udet
hingsl
ikehousehol
dgoods,agr
icul
tur
eandhut
ti
ngequi
pment
,books
andmanyot
her
s.Thesear
efort
hesur
vivi
ngspouseandchi
ldr
en.

Thehouse

Thehousei
sfort
hesur
vivi
ngspouse(
s)andt
hechi
ldr
en. However
,thesur
vivi
ng
spouseonl
yhasal
if
eint
eresti
nthehouse.He/Shecanonl
yremai
nint
hehouseas
he/
shel
ivesanddoesnotr
e-mar
ry.

Abr
eachofanypar
toft
heI
ntest
ateActconst
it
utesacr
imi
nalof
fence.Thi
smeans
t
hatpr
oper
tygr
abbi
ngi
sst
rongl
ypr
ohi
bit
edundert
hisact
.

PRACTI
CALPROBLEMSANDLI
MITATI
ONSOFTHEI
NTESTATEACT.

 Cust
omar
yLawofI
nher
it
ancei
spr
act
icei
nZambi
adoesnotpr
otectt
hewi
dows
andt
heor
phans.

 A chi
ldbor
noutofcohabi
tat
ionshoul
dful
lyenj
oyhi
s/herr
ight
s. However
,
cour
tssomet
imesr
eluct
ant
lyr
ecogni
zesuchuni
ons.

 Chi
ldr
enbor
noutof“
wedl
ock”i
fnotknownorr
ecogni
zedbyasur
vivi
ngspouse,
donotbenef
itf
rom t
hepr
oper
tyoft
hedeceasedpar
ent
.

 Sect
ion10oft
heI
ntest
ateActpr
ovi
desf
ort
hesur
vivi
ngspouset
ohavel
if
e
i
nter
esti
npr
oper
ty,
li
kehouseandt
hati
fhe/
sher
e-mar
ri
es.

 Er
ri
ngadmi
nist
rat
orsmustbepuni
shedundersect
ion29oft
hei
ntest
ateAct
.

 Sect
iont
wooft
heI
ntest
ateActdoesnotf
avourandpr
otectwomenovert
he
cont
roloft
radi
ti
onall
and.

 Thei
ntest
ateActsuppor
tst
hel
egal
it
yofpol
ygamousmar
ri
age.

 TheI
ntest
ateActdoesnothaveapr
ovi
sionf
orassi
stanceoft
hevul
ner
abl
e
chi
ldr
enespeci
all
ycompl
eteor
phanswhomayhavebeenaf
fect
edbyHI
V/AI
D

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page140
 pandemi
c.

GENDERI
SSUESI
NTRADI
TIONALANDMODERNSOCI
ETY

Compar
isons.

 Bot
hhavegener
almi
sconcept
iont
hatr
egar
dswomenasi
nfer
iort
omen.
 Tr
ibalwar
far
e,Mi
li
tar
yfor
ce and mal
e br
aver
y and st
rengt
h ar
e usual
ly
at
tr
ibut
edt
omenandnotwomen.
 Landi
spr
edomi
nant
lyownedbyt
hemenf
olkandt
hel
awswhi
chgover
nthe
Zambi
anl
egalsyst
em ar
esenderbi
ll
.
 I
nsuf
fi
cientdeci
sionmaki
ngpoweri
nahomei
sexper
iencedbymostmar
ri
ed
womenwhof
indt
hemsel
vesi
nunf
airsi
tuat
ions.
 At
radi
ti
onofmal
emonopol
yofcont
roloverf
emal
erepr
oduct
ionhast
obeown
ext
entcont
inuedeveni
nthemoder
nsoci
ety.I
tisbel
ievedt
hatt
hehusbandhas
ar
ightt
ocont
rolsexualr
elat
ionshi
p.
 Fami
lyofachi
ldl
essmar
ri
agewher
eawi
fei
sinf
ert
il
e,ahusbandmayeasi
ly
mar
ryanot
herwomanandnotvi
cever
sa.
 Womenandt
hei
rgi
rlchi
ldr
enspendmor
ehour
sofwor
kthant
hei
rcount
erpar
ts.

Cont
rast
s.

 Tr
adi
ti
onal
lywomenar
esoci
ali
zedt
obepassi
veandobedi
entwhi
lemenar
e
t
aughtt
obeaggr
essi
veanddomi
nant
.Toensur
egenderequal
it
ymenand
women can now mi
xand par
ti
cipat
etoget
heri
n al
lar
easofdevel
opment
.
Tr
adi
ti
onal
lyt
hesour
ceofpoweri
nsoci
etywassol
elyi
nthehandsofmen.
 Womensubor
dinat
ioni
namar
ri
ager
elat
ionshi
pduet
oBr
idepr
icei
mpl
iedt
hat
womenhadl
it
tl
echoi
cet
oabandonmar
ri
age. Howevergr
ievancesar
enow
bei
ngaddr
essedbyt
hecour
tsofl
aw.
 Tr
adi
ti
onal
ly,gi
rl
sandwomenwer
eexpect
edt
odot
hehousewor
k.Si
mil
arl
yat
school
.Toachi
evegenderbal
ance,
thet
rendhasnowchanged.
 Tocur
btheHI
V/AI
DSandot
herSTDsi
nsoci
ety,i
ssuesofsexualr
elat
ionshi
ps
bet
weengi
rl
sandboysar
etodayf
reel
ybei
ngdi
scussedatdi
ff
erentl
evel
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page141
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADVOCATEFORGENDEREQUI
TYANDEUALI
TY.

ZAMBI
ANATI
ONALWOMEN’
SLOBBYGROUP

ZNWLG -t
hisgr
oupwasf
ormedi
n1991bywomenf
rom Non-
gover
nment
al
Or
gani
zat
ionsandPol
it
icalpar
ti
esconcer
nedaboutdi
scr
imi
nat
iont
hatwomen
di
ff
erandt
hei
rpoorr
epr
esent
ati
oni
ngover
nmentandot
herpubl
icof
fi
ces.

I
thasof
fi
cesi
nthef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
nci
alcent
res:
-

 Copper
bel
t(Ki
twe)

 East
ern(
chi
pat
a)

 West
ern(
Mongu)

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heor
gani
sat
ion.

 Pr
omot
ionofequalpar
ti
cipat
ionandr
epr
esent
ati
onofwomanandmeni
n
deci
sionmaki
ng.
 Cul
ti
vat
ion and pr
omot
ion ofcul
tur
e ofgenderequi
tyand equal
it
yand
r
espectf
orwomen’
sri
ght
s.
 Undert
aki
ng t
rai
ning and managi
ng r
esour
ce mobi
li
zat
ion pr
ogr
ammes
meantf
orcapaci
tybui
ldi
ng.

PROGRAMMESTAKENBYTHEORGANI
SATI
ON.

 Capaci
tybui
ldi
ngf
orf
emal
easpi
ri
ngcandi
dat
esf
orel
ect
ions.
 Ci
viceducat
ionr
elat
ingt
oconst
it
uti
onalmat
ers.
 Moni
tor
ingandobser
vingel
ect
ions.
 Conduct
ingcommuni
tydebat
eont
opi
cali
ssues.
 I
nfor
mat
iondi
ssemi
nat
iont
hroughpubl
icat
ions.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page142
JUSTI
CEFORWI
DOWSANDORPHANSPROJECT(
JWOP)

I
twasest
abl
ishedi
n2001undert
hesuppor
toft
heembassyofFi
nland.

Obj
ect
ives

 Todi
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
ionont
her
ight
sofwi
dowsandor
phans.
 Tohi
ghl
ightandpuni
shcasesofvi
olat
ionofhumanr
ight
s.
 To conductsensi
ti
zat
ion pr
ogr
ammes f
orcommuni
tyl
eader
s and t
he
gener
alpubl
ic.

YOUNGWOMENCHRI
STI
ANASSOCI
ATI
ON(
YWCA)

Theadvocacypr
ogr
ammewhi
chf
all
sundert
hewomen’
sri
ght
s(WHR)pr
ogr
amme
est
abl
ishmenti
n1993.

Ai
ms

 Ensur
ingt
hatwomenknowt
hei
rri
ght
sdut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
it
iesi
nsoci
ety.
 Hel
ping women r
eal
ise t
hei
rful
lpot
ent
ialas human bei
ngs and t
he
cont
ri
but
etot
hecommuni
ty.
ZAMBI
AASSOCI
ATI
ONFORRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT.(
ZARD)

ZARDwasf
ormedi
n1984.
Ai
ms

 To upl
if
tthe st
atus and posi
ti
on ofwomen t
hrough act
ion or
ient
ed
par
ti
cipat
oryandgendersensi
ti
ver
esear
ch.
 Tounder
takesr
esear
chact
ivi
ti
est
hatai
medpr
omot
egenderbal
ancei
n
soci
ety.

Zambi
aAssoci
ati
onf
ordi
sabl
edwomen(
1992)
.

Ai
m

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page143
Todevel
oppr
ogr
ammesf
orempower
ingdi
sabl
edwomensoast
oinf
luencel
ong
est
abl
ished associ
ati
on t
owar
ds an i
mpr
oved f
ocus on t
he speci
alpr
obl
ems of
di
sabl
edwomen.

ZAMBI
AALLI
ANCEOFWOMEN-(
ZAW)

ZAW wasf
ormedi
n1978butf
ormal
lyr
egi
ster
edi
n1982.

Ai
ms

 Advocacyf
orwomen’
sri
ght
sashuman r
ight
sgendersensi
ti
zat
ion and
popul
ari
zingCEDAW.
 Pr
omot
ionandenhancementofwomen’
sri
ght
sandi
nher
it
ance,
womenand
educat
ionandwomenanddevel
opmenti
ngener
al.
 Advocacyf
orgoodgover
nanceandpr
omot
ionofpeace.
 Er
adi
cat
ionofpover
tyt
hroughf
oodsecur
it
y.
 Resear
chanddocument
ati
oni
nsoci
aleconomi
cpr
ogr
ammesandi
nheal
th
andeducat
ionmat
ter
s.
ACHI
EVEMENTS

 Spearheadedt
heSADCRegi
onalRur
alI
ndust
ri
alst
udyt
opr
omot
eindust
ri
es,
suchasbasket
ry,
baki
ngandf
ishpr
ocessi
ng.
 Pr
omot
ehousehol
dfoodsecur
it
ythr
oughcr
opdi
ver
sif
icat
ionpr
oject
sat
vi
ll
agel
evel
.
 Devel
opagr
ofor
est
rypr
ogr
ammes.
 Render
edsuppor
ttomai
nlyr
uralsel
f-hel
ppr
e-school
sandhealcent
res.

VI
CTI
M SUPPORTUNI
T(VSU)(
ZAMBI
APOLI
CE)

TheVSUwasf
ormedi
n1994andst
art
edoper
ati
ngi
n1997.

Ai
ms

 Pr
eser
vat
ionofl
if
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page144
  Pr
otect
ionofpr
oper
ty
 Pr
event
ionofcr
imeand
 Mai
ntenanceofpeacei
nsoci
ety.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngconcept
s

i
. Gender
,

i
i. Genderequi
ty,

i
ii
. Genderequal
it
y,

i
v. Af
fi
rmat
iveact
ionandposi
ti
vedi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

1..
Stat
esomei
ssuest
hataf
fect
swomen’
ssoci
o-economi
cneeds.

2.Whatar
eGenderr
oles?

3.Whatdoyouunder
standbyt
het
erm‘
GenderGap?

4.Def
inesoci
ali
zat
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
ogenderr
oles.

5.St
atet
heagent
sofsoci
ali
zat
ion.

6.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms.

i
. Theact

i
i. Awi
ll

i
ii
. Est
ate

i
v. Admi
nist
rat
or

7.Undert
hei
ntest
atesSuccessi
onAct
,howshoul
dbet
heest
atedi
str
ibut
ed?

8.St
atesomegover
nment
ali
nst
it
uti
onst
hatadvocat
egenderequi
tyandequal
it
y.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page145
 9.Ment
ionsomeNon-
Gover
nmentOr
gani
zat
iont
hatadvocat
egenderequi
tyand
equal
it
y.

CULTUREOFPEACE

PEACE

Peacei
stheabsenceofwar
.Buti
nreal
it
yPeacemeansmor
ethant
heabsenceofwar
.
I
tal
someanst
hepr
esenceofj
ust
ice.

Sub-
divi
sionofPeace

Negat
ivePeacer
efer
stot
heabsenceofdi
rectphysi
calvi
olence,

Posi
ti
vePeacer
efer
stot
hepr
esenceofcondi
ti
onsofwel
l-
bei
ngandj
ustr
elat
ionshi
ps
i
nsof
arast
hesoci
al,
economi
c,pol
it
icalandecol
ogi
calwel
far
eisconcer
ned.

Vi
olencei
sthepr
esencewar
,tor
tur
e,pover
ty,
discr
imi
nat
ion,
andecol
ogi
calvi
olence.

PEACE

Negati
vePeace:Absenceof Posit
ivePeace:Presenceofcondit
ionsof
Di
rectPhysi
calVi
olence well
-beingandjustrel
ationshi
psi.
e.
economi c,
soci
al,
polit
icalandecol
ogical
.

Di
rectViol
ence;e.
g.
war,
tort
ure,et
c. Struct
ureVi ol
encei
.e.presenceof
povert
y,discri
minat
ion,ecologi
cal
viol
ence,etc.
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page146

VI
OLENCE
METHODSOFPROMOTI
NGPEACE

Peacei
sver
ycent
ralandi
mpor
tantt
ohumanaf
fai
rsanddevel
opment
.Wi
thoutpeace,
devel
opmentsuf
fer
s.

I
nter
mar
ri
ages– among di
ff
erentet
hni
cgr
oupi
ngs,i
nter
mar
ri
agesar
ea good
met
hodofpr
omot
ingpeace.

 Fr
iendshi
p-maki
ngf
ri
endswi
thpeopl
esecur
espeaceandt
her
ear
edi
ff
erent
degr
eeswhi
chcoul
dcr
eat
eamongpeopl
eofdi
ff
erentl
ocat
ionsandor
igi
ns.
 Reci
proci
ty:Thi
siswher
etwoormor
epeopl
eexchangegi
ft
sorf
avour
sina
mut
ualmanner
 Mut
ualAi
d:Thi
stypeofcr
eat
ingpeacepeopl
einvol
vesexchangi
nghel
p,
assi
stanceorai
dint
het
imeorpr
obl
ems.
 For
giveness:Whensomebodyhascommi
tt
edanof
fenceandpeopl
ebecome
ki
ndenought
ofor
givesuchaper
son,
peacecanbegener
ated.
 Tol
erance:Thi
sref
erst
oawayofl
ivi
ngandaccept
ingdi
ff
erentoropposi
ng
vi
ewpoi
nts.Thi
sexpr
essespeacei
nthesenset
hatpeopl
eexpr
essdi
ff
erent
oropposi
ngvi
ewpoi
nts.
 Respect
:Thi
sinvol
vesr
espect
ingot
herpeopl
escul
tur
es,opi
nions,i
deas,
bel
ief
s,l
anguagesandhumani
ngener
al.

CHALLENGESTOPEACE

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page147
  Peopl
e’sbel
ieft
hatwarandvi
olencear
eor
gani
cmeani
ngt
hatwarandvi
olence
ar
einevi
tabl
eandunavoi
dabl
efeat
uresofhumansoci
ety.
 PeaceandJust
icear
esomet
imesvi
ewedascont
radi
cti
onsi
npr
act
icalt
erms.I
f
onebel
ievest
hatt
heonl
ywayt
opr
eventi
njust
iceandcr
eat
ejust
icei
sbyf
orce,
t
hensuchaper
sonbel
ievest
hatj
ust
icer
equi
reshost
il
it
iesandwar
.
 Peopl
e’sdesi
ret
ohavepowerandt
obeatanadvant
agei
nrel
ati
ont
oot
her
s.
Suchasi
tuat
ionof
tenl
eadst
ocompet
it
ionwhi
chmayr
esul
tinvi
olenceandwar
.

Exampl
esofpeacef
ulCount
ri
esandCommuni
ti
es

 Ami
sh(
1693t
opr
esent
)
 Sweden(
1814t
oPr
esent
)
 Swi
tzer
land(
1848t
opr
esent
)
 Cost
aRi
ca(
1949t
opr
esent
)
 Zambi
a(1964t
opr
esent
)
Conf
li
ct.

Conf
li
cti
sthequar
rel
,st
ruggl
eorf
ightbet
weent
woi
ndi
vidual
s,communi
ti
es,
soci
eti
es
orcount
ri
es.Conf
li
ctsmaybephysi
calwhi
chmeansi
tleadst
obodi
lyhar
m.

Vi
olence

I
tisanext
remedest
ruct
ivef
orcewi
ll
ful
lyexer
tedagai
nstsomeone,
isal
waysnegat
ive
andbegi
nsi
nourhear
ts.

 Aconf
li
ctshowsi
tsel
fthr
oughanger
,hur
t,f
rust
rat
ion,di
sappoi
ntment
,quar
rel
,
physi
calf
ightorver
balf
ightusi
ngabusi
vel
anguage.
 Conf
li
ctcanoccurati
ndi
viduall
evel
,fami
lyl
evel
,communi
tyl
evel
,regi
onal
,
nat
ionalandi
nter
nat
ionall
evel
.

CAUSESOFCONFLI
CTS

Hi
stor
y

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page148
Resear
ch has r
eveal
ed t
hathi
stor
icalr
easons have cont
ri
but
ed t
o emer
gence of
conf
li
ctsi
nAf
ri
ca.Forexampl
e:t
heconf
li
ctbet
weenChr
ist
iansandMosl
emsi
nmost
par
tsofAf
ri
cahassomet
hingt
odowi
thl
ongst
andi
ngani
mosi
ti
esandmi
str
ust
.

Et
hni
cit
y
Deepnegat
ivef
eel
ingsagai
nstagr
oupofpeopl
ethatdonotbel
ongt
oyourownet
hni
c
gr
oupcanbr
ingaconf
li
ctbet
weent
woet
hni
cgr
oups.Forexampl
e:-

 I
nNi
ger
ia,1967–1970,Bi
afr
aapr
ovi
ncedomi
nat
edbyI
boet
hni
cgr
oup
t
empor
arybr
oke awayf
rom t
he count
ry. Theyaccused t
he f
eder
al
gover
nmentofdi
scr
imi
nat
ingagai
nstt
heI
bopeopl
e.
 Accusedt
heFeder
algover
nmentofdi
scr
imi
nat
ingagai
nstt
heI
bopeopl
e.
 Kat
angaShabaPr
ovi
nce/
regi
ont
empor
ari
lybr
okeof
ftheCongo(
DRC)
.
Justaf
teri
ndependencei
n1960.

I
mbal
anceofNat
uralResour
ces.
Thei
ncr
easedpopul
ati
onputt
oomuchpr
essur
eonl
andandNat
uralResour
ces.
Peopl
efi
ghtoverNat
uralResour
cessuchasmi
ner
al.Bur
undiandRwanda.

I
mmi
grat
ion
Massi
vef
orei
gni
mmi
grat
ioni
ncr
easesr
esent
ment
sbyt
hehostpeopl
e.Exampl
esar
e
f
oundi
nCent
ralandWest
ernCot
eDevoi
r(I
vor
yCost
)wher
eani
nfl
uxofi
mmi
grant
s
hascr
eat
edser
iousxenophobi
cconf
li
cts

Xenophobi
a-Ref
erst
oani
ntensef
earordi
sli
keoff
orei
gnpeopl
e,t
hei
rcust
omsand
cul
tur
e.

Economi
candExpor
tResour
ces.
Thest
atesf
ightoverapi
eceofl
andt
hati
ssuspect
edt
ohave(
orhasconf
ir
med)r
ich
deposi
tsofmi
ner
als.Forexampl
e;

 Chad-Li
byaconf
li
ctovert
heAouzouSt
ri
pin1973–1994.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page149
  Camer
oon–Ni
ger
iaconf
li
ctovert
heBakassiI
slandunt
il2004.
 Mal
i–Bur
kinaFasoconf
li
cti
n1986and
 Et
hiopi
a–Er
it
reaconf
li
cti
n2001.

Mi
smanagementofEconomi
cResour
ces.
Count
ri
eswher
ether
eispoorgover
nance,
cor
rupt
ionandwi
despr
eadpover
tyconf
li
cts
ar
eli
kel
ytoar
ise.

Ref
ugees.
Lar
ge number
s ofr
efuges i
ncr
ease pr
essur
e on t
he l
ocalr
esour
ces i
nthe host
count
ri
escommuni
ti
es.Somet
imes,t
her
efugesuset
hesear
easasspr
ingboar
dsf
or
at
tacki
ngt
hei
rgover
nmentf
orces.

Pover
ty,
Ill
it
eracyandunempl
oyment
.
I
nthi
rdWor
ldCount
ri
es,
inequal
it
yinaccessi
nggoodsandser
vicesl
eadi
ntoconf
li
cts
i
n ur
ban ar
eas. Unempl
oyed poorpeopl
ed al
so known as Lumpen Pr
olet
ari
at
commonl
ycal
led Kaponyas. Theyar
eeasyt
arget
sforwarr
ecr
uit
sand pol
it
ical
ext
remi
sts.

I
njust
ices
Wher
evert
her
eisi
njust
icepeacewi
llneverpr
evai
lbecausei
njust
icemani
fest
sit
sel
fin
manyways.I
susual
lyt
hesour
ceofanger
,fr
ust
rat
ion,andr
esent
mentt
otheexi
sti
ng
gover
nment
?

Conf
li
ctaboutI
nfor
mat
ion
I
nmanyi
nst
ances,t
hepar
ti
esi
nconf
li
ctdonothavesuf
fi
cient
,orevent
hesame
i
nfor
mat
ionaboutasi
tuat
ion.

Conf
li
ctoverResour
ces
Di
sput
es aboutmat
eri
alr
esour
ces such as l
and,moneyorobj
ect
s ar
e nor
mal
ly
obvi
oust
oident
if
yandof
tenl
endt
hemsel
veswel
ltost
rai
ghtf
orwar
dbar
gai
ning.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page150
Conf
li
ctsoverRel
ati
onshi
ps
Peopl
eint
hef
ami
lyr
elat
ionshi
psbusi
nesspar
tner
shi
psorcommuni
tyor
gani
zat
ions
commonl
yhavedi
sagr
eement
soveravar
iet
yofspeci
fi
cissues.

Conf
li
ctsoveri
nter
est
sorneeds

I
mpor
tantandpower
fulneedsf
orsucht
hingsasi
dent
if
y,r
espect
,par
ti
cipat
ion,abi
li
ty
t
oinf
luenceot
her
sandsuccessar
eof
tenatt
hehear
tconf
li
ctst
hatappear t
o be
acont
estovermat
eri
alt
hings.

Conf
li
ctsaboutst
ruct
ures

St
ruct
urescr
eat
edpeopl
esuchaspol
it
icalorr
eli
giousst
ruct
ures,usual
lydet
ermi
ne
whohasaccesst
opowerorr
esour
ceswhoi
saccor
dedr
espectandwhohasaut
hor
it
y
t
omakedeci
sions.

Conf
li
ctsi
nvol
vingval
ues

Val
uesandbel
ief
sar
esomet
imesf
ormedbyl
if
eexper
iencesandf
ait
hper
spect
ives.
Becauseachal
lenget
oaper
son’
sval
uei
sseenasat
hreatt
oone’
sident
it
y

NEGATI
VEI
MPACTSOFCONFLI
CTSI
NAFRI
CA

 I
nnocentpeopl
ear
eki
ll
edespeci
all
ychi
ldr
en,
womenandt
hedi
sabl
ed.Women
ar
eal
sosexual
lyhar
assed.
 Peopl
ear
efor
cedt
orunawayf
rom t
hei
rhomest
otaker
efugei
nar
easwher
e
t
her
eisnowar
.
 Theeconomyofacount
ryi
nconf
li
cti
snegat
ivel
yaf
fect
ed. Agr
icul
tur
eand
t
radedecl
ine.
 Damagest
othei
nfr
ast
ruct
ure;br
idges,bui
ldi
ngs,ai
rpor
tsandr
ail
wayl
inesar
e
dest
royed.
 Conf
li
ctsl
eadt
oenvi
ronment
aldegr
adat
ion.Envi
ronmentdegr
adat
ioni
smaki
ng
t
heenvi
ronmentl
essf
itf
orhuman,
ani
malandpl
antl
if
e.
 Publ
ic expendi
tur
eis pr
edomi
nant
lyf
ormi
li
tar
y ef
for
t. Such expendi
tur
e
nor
mal
lyi
ncr
easest
heNat
ionaldebtasacount
rybor
rowsf
ort
hewaref
for
t.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page151
  Conf
li
ctweakensgover
nancei
nst
it
uti
ons,ashasbeent
hecasei
nSomal
i.Asa
r
esul
t,cr
imer
isesast
her
eisnost
ronggover
nancei
nst
it
uti
on.
 Pr
ovi
sionofheal
thandeducat
ionalser
vicesi
sdi
srupt
edaspeopl
ear
eaf
rai
dto
r
epor
tforwor
k.
 Emer
genceofchi
ldsol
dier
swhoar
efor
cef
ull
yrecr
uit
edi
ntoar
medmi
li
ti
as.
 The i
n-f
low ofr
efugees cr
eat
es bur
dens and gr
ievances i
n nei
ghbor
ing
count
ri
esandpossi
bil
it
iesofspi
lloverconf
li
ctsbecomehi
gh.
 Cr
imel
evel
sescal
ateaspeopl
eeasi
lyacqui
resmal
lar
msandl
ightweapons.

POSI
TIVEI
MPACTS(
ECONOMI
CANDPOLI
TICALGAI
NS)

 Whenagr
oupcapt
urest
het
err
it
oryoft
heenemy,t
her
esour
ces ar
epl
under
ed
byt
hegr
oupt
hathascapt
uredi
t.Forexampl
etheUNI
TAgr
oupi
nAngol
a,RUF
i
nSi
err
aLeon.

 Compani
espr
oduci
ngar
ms(
guns)ammuni
ti
ons,uni
for
m,boot
s,f
ood,mi
li
tar
y
har
dwar
eli
ket
anksandpl
anesgai
neconomi
cal
ly.
 Whenonegr
oupi
sdef
eat
ed,suchadef
eatl
eadst
oter
ri
tor
ialexpansi
onbyt
he
vi
ctor
sint
heconf
li
ct.
 Thosewhowor
khar
dtobr
ingpeacei
nther
egi
onsofconf
li
ctsal
sobenef
itf
rom
t
heconf
li
ctsf
orexampl
e:t
heI
nter
nat
ionalCommuni
typr
ovi
dedmuchf
undt
o
br
ingaboutpeacei
nDRC.
 Conf
li
ctst
hati
nvol
vemor
egr
oupsornat
ionsal
li
ancesar
efor
medi
nor
dert
o
def
eatt
heot
her
.Suchal
li
ancescr
eat
epol
it
icaluni
ty.

CONFLI
CTRESOLUTI
ON

Conf
li
ctResol
uti
oni
stheset
tl
ementoravoi
danceofdi
sput
esbet
weeni
ndi
vidual
sor
gr
oupst
hroughsol
uti
onst
hatavoi
dvi
olenceandat
temptt
ore-
uni
tet
hepeopl
e.

METHODSOFRESOLVI
NGCONFLI
CT

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page152
Counsel
ing
Thi
smet
hodi
susednor
mal
lyi
nindi
vidualsi
tuat
ions. Thecounsel
ori
ssomeone
t
rust
edbybot
hpar
ti
es.

Negot
iat
ion
Thi
sisapr
ocessconduct
edbyar
eli
abl
eandski
ll
ednegot
iat
iondi
rect
lybet
weent
he
di
sput
ingpar
ti
es.

Medi
ati
on
Thi
sisamet
hodofconf
li
cthandl
ingbyaneut
ralt
hir
dpar
tyaccept
abl
etot
hedi
sput
e
par
ti
esorgr
oupst
oar
ri
veatanaccept
abl
esol
uti
ongener
atedbyt
hepar
ti
esorgr
oups
t
hemsel
ves.Lunda-
Luval
einZambi
a.

Ar
bit
rat
ion
Thi
sisaconf
li
cthandl
ingski
llunder
takenbyanar
bit
rat
orwhoi
sappoi
ntedbyt
he
di
sput
ingpar
ti
esorgr
oupst
oresol
vet
hei
rdi
ff
erences.

Li
ti
gat
ion
Thi
sisamet
hodt
hatal
lowst
hepar
ti
esconcer
nedt
opr
oceedt
othepubl
iccour
tsof
l
aw.Somet
imesdi
sput
esofconf
li
ctsbet
weencount
ri
esar
etakent
othei
nter
nat
ional
cour
tofj
ust
icet
ober
esol
ved

CREATI
NGACULTUREOFPEACE

Peacei
swhatshoul
dpr
evai
linanycount
ry.Butpeacecanonl
ybei
nourhear
tsi
fwe
r
espectot
herhumanbei
ngs.

 Weshoul
dcont
rolouranger
,thehur
twehavef
orot
herpeopl
eandcont
rolt
he
r
esent
mentt
hatwehar
bori
nourhear
tsf
orot
herpeopl
e
 Pr
omot
ionofgoodgover
nancei
sanot
heri
mpor
tantst
ept
owar
dst
hecr
eat
ionof
acul
tur
eofpeacei
nourcount
ry.
 Pr
omot
eposi
ti
vesoci
alandeconomi
cdevel
opmentf
ort
hebenef
itofal
lci
ti
zens.

ROLESOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONI
NPROMOTI
NGPEACE

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page153
  Sendi
ngpeacekeepi
ngt
roopst
ocount
ri
eswer
ethei
rconf
li
cts.
 Appl
ysanct
ionsonanycount
ryt
hreat
eni
ngpeace.
 Encour
agi
ngdi
alogueamongcount
ri
eswhi
char
einconf
li
ctt
hroughmedi
ati
on.
 Usemi
nimum f
orcei
fnecessar
yoncount
ri
eswhi
cht
hreat
enwor
ldpeacei
n
or
dert
omai
ntai
npeacef
ulco-
exi
stenceofst
ates.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Def
inepeace
2.Expl
ainsomemet
hodsofpr
omot
ingpeace.
3.Gi
vesomeexampl
esofpeacef
ulcount
ri
esandcommuni
ti
es.
4.Br
ief
lyout
li
nesomecausesofconf
li
cts?
5.Anal
yzet
heI
mpact
sofconf
li
ctsi
nAf
ri
ca.
6.Out
li
nesomemet
hodsofr
esol
vingconf
li
cts.
7.Whati
sther
oleofuni
tednat
ioni
npr
omot
ingpeace?
8.Assesst
hei
mpactofconf
li
ctonAf
ri
casoci
ety.
9.I
ll
ust
rat
ethef
ormsofconf
li
ctatvar
iousl
evel
sinsoci
ety.
10.I
fyouwantpeacewor
kforj
ust
ice,
expl
ainwaysofcr
eat
ingcul
tur
epeace.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page154
HI
V/AI
DS

HI
V

Acr
onym f
orHumanI
mmunodef
ici
encyVi
rus

I
tisat
inyvi
ruswhi
chcausesAI
DS.I
tdest
royst
hebody’
sImmuneSyst
em

AI
DS

Acqui
redI
mmuneDef
ici
encySyndr
ome

Thebodybecomesweaker
;itl
osesi
tspowerorabi
li
tyt
ofi
ghtdi
seases.

MODESOFTRANSMI
SSI
ONFORHI
V

Unpr
otect
edsexuali
nter
cour
se
 SexualI
nter
cour
sei
sthemai
nwayofHI
Vtr
ansmi
ssi
onwhi
chgr
adual
lyl
eadst
o
AI
DS.

 Unpr
otect
ed sexcan exposeyou t
o sexual
lyt
ransmi
tt
ed di
seasesi
nfect
ion

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page155
 STD/
STI
scommonSTI
sincl
ude

Syphi
li
s,Gonor
rhea,
Her
pes,
War
ts,
Cancr
oids,
Hepat
it
is“
B”andPubi
cLi
ce

Pr
egnancyandbr
eastf
eedi
ng

Thi
sisal
soknownasMot
hert
ochi
ldt
ransmi
ssi
on(
MTCT)
. MTCTofHI
V
meanst
hespr
eadoft
heHI
Vfr
om mot
hert
oherbaby.

I
nfect
edbl
ood

Thevi
ruscanbepassedf
rom ani
nfect
edper
sont
oani
nfect
edper
sont
hrough
bl
oodt
ransf
usi
on.

Unst
eri
li
zedi
nst
rument
s

HI
Vcanbet
ransmi
tt
edt
hroughshar
ingofunst
eri
li
zedshar
pinst
rument
ssuch
asneedl
esandr
azorbl
ades.

Pr
event
ionofHI
Vtr
ansmi
ssi
on

HI
Vcanbepr
event
edt
hrought
hef
oll
owi
ngways:
-

 Abst
inence–Compl
etel
yst
ayi
ngawayf
rom sex.
 Bei
ngf
ait
hful–Bybei
ngf
ait
hfulandst
icki
ngt
ooneuni
nfect
edsexual
par
tner
.
 Condom use–byusi
ngcondomsever
yti
meyouhavesex.
 Vol
unt
arycounsel
ingandt
est
ing–byknowi
ngonesst
atus.

I
MPACTOFHI
V/AI
DSI
NZAMBI
A

I
ndi
vidual
/Fami
lyl
evel

 Atf
ami
lyl
evel
,thedi
seaseshaveki
ll
edspouses,
eit
herbot
hatt
hesamet
imeor
oneatat
imewi
thi
nashor
tper
iodoft
ime.

 Suchsi
tuat
ionhascr
eat
edor
phanst
hathavet
obet
akencar
eofbymember
sof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page156
 t
hef
ami
lyt
hatar
esur
vivi
ng.

Nat
ional
it
ylevel

 Onnat
ionall
evelt
hegover
nmentl
osesmi
ll
ionsofhumanhour
sasar
esul
tof
t
hei
nfect
edandsi
ckwor
ker
sinvar
iousdepar
tment
sint
hewhol
ecount
ry.

 I
thasal
sobeent
aki
ngvi
brantyout
hs.

Bur
ialsi
tes

AsChr
ist
ianswebur
ryourdepar
tedl
ovedones.Thi
srequi
reshuget
ract
sof
l
andt
hebur
ythehundr
edst
hatdi
eever
ydayf
orexampl
einLusaka,t
her
eis
shor
tageofbur
ialsi
tes(
cemet
ery)

Sci
ent
if
icr
esear
ch

Thoughnotver
yact
ivei
nthi
scount
rybuti
not
hercount
ri
essci
ent
if
icr
esear
ch
hasbeeni
ntensi
fi
edwi
tht
hevi
ewoff
indi
ngst
hecur
efort
hedi
seases.

Cof
fi
ns

Manycompani
esAssoci
atedwi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionofcof
fi
nshavebeenest
abl
ishedi
n
or
dert
ohandl
etheAI
DScr
isi
sespeci
all
yinur
banar
eas.

STI
GMAANDDI
SCRI
MINATI
ON

St
igma

Thi
sist
he negat
ive at
ti
tude t
hatpeopl
e have t
owar
ds ot
herpeopl
e because of
pr
ejudi
ce.

PREJUDI
CE

 Thi
sisl
abel
ingofpeopl
ebecauset
heyar
edi
ff
erentorj
udgi
ngi
nadvance

 Peopl
eli
vingwi
thHI
V/AI
DSar
est
igmat
izedanddi
scr
imi
nat
edi
nal
lar
easofl
if
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page157
 –f
orexampl
e:-

HI
V/AI
DSi
sGod’
swr
ath.

Wr
ath–meansgr
eatanger
.Somepeopl
esaypeopl
eli
vingwi
thHI
V/AI
DSar
ebei
ng
puni
shedbygodf
ort
hei
rsi
ns.

Pr
omi
scuouspeopl
egetHI
V/AI
DS

Pr
omi
scuous–havi
ngsexuali
ntercour
sewi
thoutcar
efulchoi
ceandt
hought
.

Peopl
ewi
thAI
DSshoul
dbeI
sol
ated

Somebel
ievet
hatpeopl
eli
ving wi
th HI
V/AI
DS shoul
d bei
sol
ated t
o cont
aint
he
di
sease

DI
SCRI
MINATI
ON

Thi
siswher
eyout
reatpeopl
edi
ff
erent
lybecauseoft
hei
rst
atusandcol
our
.

Waysofsuf
fer
ingdi
scr
imi
nat
ion

 Pl
acesofwor
k

Atsomepl
acesofwor
k,PLWHAar
enotconsi
der
edf
orpr
omot
ion,
ther
ear
enot
speci
alar
rangement
sforwor
kingt
ime,speci
alequi
pmentandoppor
tuni
ti
esf
or
r
est
,beaksandf
lexi
blesi
ckl
eave.

 Mandat
oryHI
Vtest
ing

Mandat
ory–compul
sor
y.Someempl
oyer
srequi
remandat
oryHI
Vtest
ingasa
condi
ti
onf
orr
ecr
uit
ment
.

 I
nsur
ancecompani
es.

Somei
nsur
ancecompani
esr
equi
reHI
Vtest
ingbef
orel
if
e.Assur
anceasabase
f
orpr
emi
um payment
s.

 Pr
emi
um payment
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page158
 Annualpayment
s by t
he per
son i
nsur
ed t
othe i
nsur
ance company as
cont
ri
but
iont
otheamountofmoneyi
nsur
edf
or.

 Conf
ident
ial
it
yonVCT.

Heal
th wor
ker
sent
rust
ed wi
thi
nfor
mat
ion do notr
espectconf
ident
ial
it
yof
HI
V/AI
DSst
atus.

 Educat
ionalschol
arshi
p.

Peopl
eli
ving wi
th HI
V/AI
DS ar
e deni
ed Educat
ionalSchol
arshi
p by bot
h
i
nter
nat
ionalandnat
ionalor
gani
sat
ion

 Nat
ionaldocument
s/Vi
sa

Tr
aveli
srest
ri
ctedt
oPLWHAbecausesomecount
ri
esr
equi
rest
atusacondi
ti
on
f
orVi
saappl
icat
ion.

Vi
sa

St
amporsi
gnat
ureputonpasspor
ttoal
lowoneent
eraf
orei
gncount
ry.

RI
GHTSOFPEOPLELI
VINGWI
THHI
V/AI
DS

Theconst
it
uti
onpr
otect
sdi
scr
imi
nat
ionandguar
ant
eesf
reedomsandr
ight
sunder
Ar
ti
cle23.Al
lthepeopl
eshoul
denj
oyt
hei
rri
ghtr
egar
dlessoft
hei
rst
atus.

SOMEOFTHESERI
GHTSARE:
-

 Ri
ghtt
omakedeci
sionaboutmedi
calt
reat
mentandt
her
efor
ecannotbe
f
orcedt
otestHI
V.
 Ri
ghtt
oli
fe
 Ri
ghtt
oli
ber
ty.
 Ri
ghtt
opr
otect
ionf
orpr
ivacy.
 Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
on.
 Fr
eedom ofmovement
.
 Fr
eedom ofAssoci
ati
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page159
  Ri
ghtt
oheal
th
 Ri
ghtt
oconf
ident
ial
it
y(Conf
ident
ial
it
ymeanssecr
ecy)

MI
TIGATI
ONSTRATEGI
ES

Tr
eat
mentcar
eandcounsel
ing.

 Ant
i-r
etr
ovi
raldr
ugs(
ARVs)ar
enowavai
labl
einZambi
a.Theydonotcur
e
HI
V/AI
Dsbutpr
olongst
hel
ivesofPLWHA.
 Onecanl
iveposi
ti
vel
ywi
thHI
Vbyhavi
ngact
ive,soci
all
if
eeat
ingnut
ri
ti
ous
f
oods,avoi
ding al
coholand t
obacco,avoi
ding st
ress and sel
f-pi
ty and
devel
opi
ngast
rongspi
ri
tualcor
rect
ion.
STRATEGI
ES

 Est
abl
ishmentofHI
V/AI
Ds communi
ty car
e and suppor
tcent
res e.
g.
Hospi
ces.
 Test
ing(
VCT)cent
rese.
g.Kar
acounsel
ingcent
re.
 Conduct
ingadvocacycampai
gnse.
g.adver
ti
singmessagesaboutHI
V/AI
D
car
eandsuppor
t.
 I
ntegr
ati
onofHI
V/AI
DSi
ntheschoolcur
ri
cul
um.
 Devel
opmentofpol
ici
est
hati
ntegr
ateHI
V/AI
DSandhumanr
ight
s.
 I
nvol
vementofpeopl
einHI
V/AI
DSact
ivi
ti
es.

NATI
ONALHI
V/AI
DSPOLI
CY–COMPONENTSOFTHEDRAFTPOLI
CY.
Thepol
icypr
ovi
desaf
ramewor
kforaddr
essi
ngt
heHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
s/TB i
ssues. I
t
cont
ainst
hef
oll
owi
ngconcer
n.

 Causesandf
act
orsf
ort
het
ransmi
ssi
onoft
hedi
sease.
 Theef
fect
sont
heZambi
anpopul
ati
on.
 Responseandi
mpactmi
ti
gat
ion
 Vi
sion,measur
es,i
nst
it
uti
onal and l
egal f
ramewor
krequi
red f
or i
ts
i
mpl
ement
ati
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page160
 SI
TUATI
ONANALYSI
S
Tr
ansmi
ssi
onofHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
s/TB

HI
Vtr
ansmi
ssi
oni
smai
nlyt
hrough:
-

 Sexualcont
act(
bot
hheat
ersexualandHomosexual
)
 Mot
hert
ochi
ld
 Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
on
CAUSES

 Hi
ghpover
tyl
evel
s.
 Hi
ghsoci
almobi
li
ty
 Soci
alcul
tur
albel
ief
sandpr
act
ices
 St
igmaanddi
scr
imi
nat
ion
 I
nadequat
eori
mpr
opr
iat
iononeducat
ionandcommuni
cat
ion
 Genderdi
scr
imi
nat
ion
 Dr
ugandal
coholabuse.
PREVENTI
ONANDCONTROL

 Awar
enesspr
ogr
ammessoast
oinf
luencebehavi
our
alchange
 Vol
unt
arycounsel
ingandt
est
ing
 Pr
event
ionofmot
hert
ochi
ldt
ransmi
ssi
on.
 Pr
omot
ionofcondom use.
 Pr
ovi
sionofsaf
ebl
oodandbl
oodpr
oduct
s.
Vol
unt
arycounsel
ingandt
est
ing

VCTshal
lbeencour
aged,
str
engt
henedandexpandedi
nal
lli
nemi
nist
ri
esasawayof
pr
event
ing,
cont
rol
li
ngandcar
eofHI
V/AI
DS.

Condom Use.

Gover
nmentshal
lencour
age use off
emal
e and mal
e condoms maki
ng t
hem
accessi
bleandaf
for
dabl
etoal
lsexual
lyact
ivei
ndi
vidual
sthr
oughoutt
hecount
ry.

Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page161
Thebl
oodpr
oduct
sthatar
eusedar
escr
eenedf
orHI
Vandsyphi
li
sandHepat
it
is.

TRADI
TIONAL/
ALTERNATI
VEREMEDI
ES

Gover
nmentencour
ages t
he use oft
radi
ti
onalr
emedi
es t
ofi
ghtHI
V/AI
DS. I
t
encour
agescompet
encesoft
radi
ti
onalheal
ersi
nthei
rendeavor
sbypr
ovi
dingt
hem
wi
tht
echni
calsuppor
t.

TREATMENTCAREANDSUPPORT

Gover
nmentai
msatpr
ovi
dingef
fect
ivedi
agnosi
sandt
reat
mentser
vicesf
orHI
V/AI
DS
andr
elat
edoppor
tuni
sti
cinf
ect
ionsatal
llevel
sfort
heheal
thcar
eser
vicessyst
ems.

SUPPORTFORTHEI
NFECTEDANDAFFECTED

Suppor
tismai
nlygi
venbychur
ches,
fai
thbasedor
gani
zat
ionsandgover
nmentpubl
ic
wel
far
eassi
stanceDevel
opmentandSoci
alSer
vices.Ot
herpr
ogr
ammesar
e:-

 Dr
opi
ncent
res
 Smal
lscal
eagr
icul
tur
alschemes.
 Vi
ll
agePubl
icAssi
stancecommi
tt
eesandCommuni
tySchool
s.
Gover
nmentai
msatst
rengt
heni
ngt
reat
ment
,car
eandsuppor
tst
ruct
uresf
or
i
nfect
edandaf
fect
edpeopl
eby:

 Pr
omot
ingandst
rengt
heni
nghospi
ceser
vicesact
ivel
ysuppor
ti
nggr
oups
engagedi
nhomebasedcar
eofOVC’
s.
 Pr
ovi
dingpsycho-
soci
alcounsel
ingsuppor
t.
 Pr
ovi
ding home based car
e HBC t
hroughout l
eak and communi
ty
pr
ogr
ammes.
 Mai
nst
reami
ngPLWHAatal
llevel
sofnat
ionalheal
thcar
esyst
ems.
Peopl
eli
vingwi
thHI
VB/
AIDS(
PLWHA)

Gover
nmentshal
lsuppor
ttheNet
wor
kofZambi
anpeopl
eli
vingwi
thHI
V/AI
DS.

HUMANRI
GHTSANDHI
V?AI
DS
Thegover
nment
’sai
m atel
imi
nat
ingst
igmaanddi
scr
imi
nat
ion.Thi
sshal
lbedone

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page162
t
hrough:
-

 Encour
agi
ngvol
unt
arycounsel
ingt
est
ing.
 Ensur
ingandmai
ntenanceofconf
ident
ial
it
y.
 Legal
izi
ngmandat
oryt
est
ingi
ncaseswher
ecer
tai
nper
sonsar
eatr
iskof
HI
Vtr
ansmi
ssi
on(
e.g.
)bet
weencoupl
eifonei
sHI
Vposi
ti
ve)
.
 Di
scour
agemandat
oryt
est
ingf
orschol
arshi
psandempl
oyment
.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONALFRAMEWORK

Theai
m oft
heGover
nmenti
stost
rengt
hencoor
dinat
ionofHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
sandTB
r
esponsesatNat
ional
,Pr
ovi
nci
alandcommuni
tyl
evel
s.

COMPOSI
TIONOFTHEFRAMEWORK

 I
tcompr
isesal
ineofmi
nist
ri
esandt
hecommi
tt
eei
smandat
edt
opr
ovi
de
pol
icydi
rect
ionofpol
it
icall
eader
shi
pandadvocacy.

 TheNat
ionalHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
/Tbi
smandat
edt
ocoor
dinat
emoni
torandeval
uat
e
Mul
tisect
orant
i–HI
V/AI
DInt
ervent
ions.

 I
tal
soundert
akesr
esear
chandpr
ovi
det
echni
calgui
dancet
oHI
V/AI
DS
f
ocalper
sonsi
nal
lMi
nist
ri
es.
 I
tal
socoor
dinat
esNGOsdeal
ingsi
nHI
V/AI
DS.
MONI
TORI
NGANDEVALUATI
ON

Gover
nmenti
scommi
tt
edt
othet
askofpr
omot
ingr
esear
ch. Dat
awhi
chi
s
col
lect
edf
rom heal
thf
aci
li
ti
esi
susedt
opr
ovi
dequal
it
ycar
eheal
thser
vices.

CONSTRAI
NTS

 I
nadequat
e pr
otest
ati
on,coor
dinat
ion and appl
icat
ion ofr
esear
ch and
devel
opmentact
ivi
ti
es.
 I
nadequat
ehumanr
esour
ce
 Weaki
nst
it
uti
onall
inkages.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page163
VI
SION,
RATI
ONALEANDGUI
DINGPRI
NCI
PLES

Vi
sion-
Thevi
sionofnat
ionalHI
V/AI
DSpol
icyi
sanat
ionf
reeofHI
V/Ai
ds.
Goal
-Toat
tai
nasoci
etyi
nwhi
cht
her
ear
elessi
nci
dent
sandmanageabl
elevel
sof
HI
V/AI
Ds?
Rat
ional
e-TheNat
ionalpol
icyi
sint
endedt
opr
ovi
det
hef
ramewor
kfori
nfor
ming
var
iousst
akehol
der
s.
GUI
DINGPRI
NCI
PLES
 Addr
essi
ngofHI
V/AI
DS pandemi
casanat
ionali
ssueanddevel
opment
pr
ior
it
ywi
thal
lef
for
tsandcommi
tmentbyal
lst
akehol
der
s.
 Di
ssemi
nat
ionofi
nfor
mat
ionbyal
lli
neMi
nist
ri
es.
 Byuphol
dingandmai
ntenanceandr
espectofhumanr
ight
s.
 Pr
ovi
sionalofcar
eandcounsel
ing.
 Acknowl
edgementofgenderawar
eness
 Pr
ovi
sionofappr
opr
iat
enat
ionalcoor
dinat
ionandadvocacyf
ramewor
kfor
t
hef
ightst
rat
egi
es.
 Recogni
ti
onandi
mpl
ement
ati
onofHI
V/AI
DSi
nter
nat
ional
.
 Coor
dinat
ioncapaci
tybui
ldi
ngf
ort
hepr
event
ionofHI
V/AI
DS.
 Mai
ntai
ningofHI
V/AI
DSi
nter
vent
ionsi
npover
tyr
educt
ionst
rat
egypaper
.
 Publ
icser
vicer
efor
m pr
ogr
amme(
PSRP)Medi
um Ter
m Expendi
tur
efr
ame
wor
k(MTEF)
AI
M ULTI
MATEOBJECTI
VESANDOUTPUTS

Ai
m

Tor
educet
hebot
hinci
denceandi
mpactofHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
/TBi
nZambi
a

Obj
ect
ives

 Faci
li
tat
eamul
tiSect
or-sect
oral
landmul
ti
-di
mensi
onalnat
ionalr
esponset
o
t
heHI
V/AI
D/STI
s/TB.
 Pr
ovi
deandenabl
ingpol
icyf
ramewor
kforadvocacysoci
almobi
li
zat
ionand

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page164
 i
nfor
mat
iondi
ssemi
nat
ion.
 Pr
ovi
dewaysofr
esour
cemobi
li
zat
ion,
moni
tor
ingandeval
uat
ionpr
ogr
ammes.
Output
s

 I
mpr
oved HI
V/AI
DS/
STS/
TB awar
eness,posi
ti
ve at
ti
tudes and behavi
our
changes.
 ReducedHI
V/AI
DSt
ransmi
ssi
on.
 Pr
ior
it
y
 Reducednegat
iveonsoci
ety.
 El
imi
nat
ed st
igma and di
scr
imi
nat
ion agai
nst t
he i
nfect
ed and af
fect
ed
i
ndi
vidual
s’f
ami
li
es.

RESPONSI
BILI
TIESOFMI
NISTRI
ES

Fi
nanceandNat
ionalPl
anni
ng

I
tsr
olei
stopr
ovi
despeci
fi
cbudgetl
inesf
orHI
V/AI
DSpr
event
ion.

LabourandSoci
alsecur
it
y

 TheMi
nist
ryi
smandat
edt
oaddr
essHI
V/AI
DSandempl
oymenti
ssues.

 Theamendmentempl
oymenti
sai
medatmaki
ngi
sai
medatmaki
ngt
henon-
vol
unt
aryHI
Vpr
e-empl
oymentscr
eeni
ngi
ll
egal
.
 To col
lect
,coor
dinat
e and di
ssemi
nat
e HI
V/AI
Ds i
nfor
mat
ion r
elat
ed t
o
empl
oymentpr
act
ices
Educat
ion

 I
ncor
por
ateHI
V/AI
DSi
ssuesi
nthe cur
ri
cul
um.
 St
rengt
hent
her
oleoft
eacher
sinmobi
li
zingmat
ers.
 Revi
ew andputi
npr
act
icepenal
ti
es.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page165
 1.Whati
sVol
unt
aryCounsel
ingandTest
?

2.St
atet
wor
easonwhypeopl
eavoi
dgoi
ngf
orVol
unt
arycounsel
ing
andTest
ing(
VCT)

3.WhendoesHI
Vdevel
opi
ntoAI
DS?

4.Expl
aint
hei
mpactofHI
V/AI
DSont
heZambi
aneconomy.

5.Suggestwaysyoumayuset
osensi
ti
zepeopl
einyourcommuni
ty
aboutt
hedanger
sofHI
V/AI
DS

6.Ment
ion ways i
n whi
ch HI
V/AI
DS has af
fect
ed t
he qual
it
y of
educat
ioni
nyourcommuni
ty.

7.Ment
ionsomeadvant
agesanddi
sadvant
agesoft
aki
ngAnt
i-Ret
ro
Vi
ral(
ARVs)dr
ugs.

8.Showsomer
ight
sofaper
sonl
ivi
ngwi
thHI
V/AI
DSmaybevi
olat
ed
att
hepl
aceofwor
k.

9.Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weenHI
VandAI
DS.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page166
SOCI
ALCHALLENGES

Soci
alChal
lenges

Thesear
eissuesandpr
obl
emsf
aci
nghumanbei
ngst
oday.Forexampl
e,Chi
ldAbuse,
SexualAssaul
t,TeenagePr
egnanci
esandGenderVi
olence

CHI
LDABUSE

Chi
ldabusei
sanyf
orm ofi
llt
reat
mentofachi
ld.Thi
sil
ltr
eat
mentcoul
dbephysi
cal
,
ment
alorver
bal
.

 Physi
calabuseanyact
iont
hatcausephysi
cali
mpai
rmentsuchasBat
ter
y,
sl
appi
ng,
pinchi
ngoft
heski
n,pul
li
ngear
s,bur
ningoft
heski
n,bi
ti
ngt
hechi
ld.
 Ment
alabusecoul
dbel
ackofl
ove,negl
ect
,insul
ts,shout
ingatt
hechi
ld,name
cal
li
ngorr
idi
cul
e.
FORMSOFCHI
LDABUSE.

Chi
ldDef
il
ement
Def
il
ementi
stheactofhavi
ngunl
awf
ulsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thagi
rlundert
heageof
16year
s.I
tincl
udes:

 Touchi
ngpr
ivat
epar
tsofachi
ld.
 Maki
ngt
hechi
ldt
ouchorpl
aywi
thsexualor
gansofanol
derper
son.
 Showi
ngchi
ldr
enpi
ctur
esofnakedpeopl
eforpur
poseofexci
ti
ngt
hem
sexual
ly.Suchanacti
scal
ledI
ndecentassaul
t.
Chi
ldBat
ter
ing
Thi
sisaf
orm ofchi
ldabusewher
esomeonebeat
sachi
ldof
ten.

Chi
ldNegl
ect
Thi
sisasi
tuat
ionwher
echi
ldr
enar
enott
akencar
eofbyt
hei
rpar
ent
sorguar
dians.
Somet
imechi
ldr
enar
eabandoned

Chi
ldl
abour
Ref
erst
owor
kthati
sment
all
y,physi
cal
ly,
soci
all
yormor
all
ydanger
ousandhar
mfult
o

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page167
chi
ldr
en.

Chi
ldSexualAbuse
Sexualabusei
sanysexualacti
mposedonachi
ldoryoungper
sonbyacl
oser
elat
ive
andi
ncl
udesf
ondl
ingachi
ld’
sgeni
tal
s,maki
ngt
hechi
ldf
ondl
etheadul
t’
sgeni
tal
sand
havi
ngsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thachi
ld.

Sexualassaul
tiswhenast
rangercommi
tst
heabovet
otheChi
ld.

Chi
ldt
raf
fi
cki
ng
Thi
sist
hei
ll
egalt
ranspor
tat
ionandsel
li
ngofchi
ldr
enwi
thi
norout
sideacount
ry,f
or
pr
ost
it
uti
on,por
nogr
aphy,f
orcedl
abour
,cr
imeorbusi
nessi
nvol
vingsel
li
ngofbody
or
gans.

Chi
ldPr
ost
it
uti
on
Thi
sissexualexpl
oit
ati
onofchi
ldr
en.I
tcanbef
orcedorvol
unt
ary.

 For
cedchi
ldpr
ost
it
uti
oni
swhenchi
ldr
enar
ecompel
ledt
osel
lsexualser
vices
f
orexampl
einhot
els,
brot
hel
s,orst
reet
s.

 Vol
unt
arychi
ldpr
ost
it
uti
oni
sasi
tuat
ionwher
egi
rl
ssel
lsexualser
vicesf
ora
l
ivi
ng,
inor
dert
omeett
hei
rdai
lyneeds.

WAYSOFADDRESSI
NGCHI
LDABUSE.

 Legi
slat
iononchi
ldl
abour– t
hel
aw shoul
dpr
escr
ibepenal
ti
esorpr
act
ici
ng
andencour
agi
ngal
lfor
msofchi
ldl
abour
.
 Enact
ingst
if
fpuni
shmentf
orchi
lddef
il
ersi
ncl
udi
ngt
hosewhobat
terornegl
ect
t
hei
rchi
ldr
en.
 Sensi
ti
singt
hecommuni
tyaboutchi
ldabuse.
 Repor
ti
ngcaseofchi
ldpr
obl
em.
 Speaki
ngaboutt
hepr
obl
ems
 Encour
agi
ngvi
cti
mst
ogot
ovi
cti
m suppor
tuni
t.Dr
opi
ncent
resandNGO’
sfor
counsel
ingser
vicesandl
egaladvi
ce
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADDRESSCHI
LDABUSE.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page168
  Vi
cti
m suppor
tuni
t(Zambi
aPol
iceSer
vice)
 YoungWomen’
sChr
ist
iansAssoci
ati
on(
YWCA)
 YoungMenChr
ist
iansAssoci
ati
on(
YMCA)
 Zambi
aCi
vicEducat
ionAssoci
ati
on(
ZCEA)

PROTECTI
ONAGAI
NSTSEXUALASSAULT

 Tr
ytomakeyourhomeassecur
easpossi
ble.

 Donotl
etanyonei
ntoyourhomei
fyouf
eeli
nanywaydoubt
fulorsuspi
cious.
 Avoi
dsi
tuat
ionst
hatmakeyouf
eeluncomf
ort
abl
eorunsaf
e,eveni
fyoucansee
nor
easonf
oryourf
eel
ings.
 Tr
ytogethel
pfr
om someonenear
by,
butst
ayal
ertanduseyourj
udgment
.
 Hi
ck-
Hiki
ngi
sri
skyf
orgi
rl
sandwomen.
 Whenyout
ravelal
oneusi
ngpubl
ict
ranspor
ttr
ytosi
twi
thanot
herwoman.
 Remember
sthatmostoft
heabuser
sar
epeopl
ewhoknowyousuchasf
ri
ends
andr
elat
ives.
 Pr
act
icesel
f-def
enseski
ll
sregul
arl
y.
RAPE

Thi
sisanactoff
orci
ngaper
sont
ohavesexuali
nter
cour
seagai
nsthi
sorherownwi
ll
.
I
nZambi
a,accor
dingt
othepenalcode,r
apei
sdef
inedas:Anyper
sonwhohas
unl
awf
ulcar
nalknowl
edgeofawomanoragi
rlwi
thoutherorwi
thherconsentby
usi
ngf
orce,
thr
eat
sori
nti
midat
ion.

WAYSOFRESI
STI
NGRAPE

 At
tent
ionseeki
ngt
act
ics,shout
ing,scr
eami
ngort
ryi
ngt
ogetsomeonet
o
hel
p.
 Noncor
por
ati
ont
act
icsf
orexampl
eref
usi
ngt
otakeyourcl
othesof
f.
 Psychol
ogi
calt
act
ics;f
orexampl
ereasoni
ngwi
tht
her
api
st,
tryi
ngt
ofr
ight
en
hi
m,di
sgusthi
m orgai
nsympat
hy.
 Physi
calr
esi
stance;f
ight
ingbackorst
ruggl
ing.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page169
POSSI
BLEREACTI
ONSAFTERRAPE

 Shock
 Lossofcont
rol
,feel
ingsofpower
lessness.
 Un-
mat
urel
ycal
m
 Tr
yingt
oact
ingnor
mal
ly.
 Pr
obl
emswi
thsl
eepf
orexampl
eni
ght
mar
es.
 Fear
 Shame
 Feel
inggui
lt
y
 Avoi
dingphysi
calcont
act
 Depr
essi
on
 Anger
 Tr
auma
WHATTODOAFTERRAPE

 Repor
ttot
hepol
ice
 Getamedi
calr
epor
tfr
om t
henear
estheat
hcent
re.
 Vi
sitacounsel
or.
 Seekl
egaladvi
ce.

TEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES

FACTORSTHATCONTRI
BUTETOPREGNANCY

Peerpr
essur
e

Somet
imesboysandgi
rl
sengagei
nsexualact
ivi
ti
esduet
opeerpr
essur
eandwoul
d
l
iket
obel
ikeot
her
s.

Per
sonalDevel
opment

Aschi
ldr
engr
ow somet
imest
heydevel
opsexualf
eel
ingsandemot
ionswhi
cht
hey

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page170
don’
tunder
standasar
esul
ttheywantt
oful
fi
llt
heseal
leges

Lackofsexeducat
ion

Par
ent
sdonotdi
scusssexuali
ssueswi
tht
hei
rchi
ldr
en.

Soci
etyandmedi
ainf
luence.

I
nfl
uenceofcul
tur
esmoder
nsongst
elevi
sionandr
adi
opr
ogr
ammes.

Cul
tur
ali
ssues.

Gi
rl
sar
emar
ri
edof
fatanear
lyageandar
enotal
lowedt
ogot
oschoolonl
yboysar
e
al
lowed.

Economi
cissues.

Somegi
rl
sengagei
nsexualact
ivi
ti
esf
ormonet
arygai
ns.

EFFECTSOFTEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES

 Theheal
thoft
hemot
heri
saf
fect
edbecausehe/
shei
snotyetmat
uref
or
r
epr
oduct
ion.
 Themot
hermaynotknowhowt
otakecar
eoft
hebaby,
hencepoorheal
thf
or
t
hebaby.
 Thebur
deni
sshi
ft
edt
othepar
ent
sift
heyoungcoupl
ecannotcopewi
th
cost
s.
 Chancesoft
hegi
rlget
ti
ngmar
ri
edar
eatst
ake
 Chi
lddumpi
ng.
 Di
stur
bancei
ntheeducat
ionoft
hemot
her
.

PREVENTI
ONOFTEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES

 Abst
inence
 Avoi
dingbadcompany
 Set
ti
nggoal
sorpr
inci
pal
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page171
  Di
scussi
ngwi
thf
ri
ends
 Avoi
dingal
coholanddr
ugs.
 Resi
sti
ngpeerpr
essur
e
 Uphol
dinggoodmor
alsandval
ues
 Beoccupi
edwi
thact
ivi
ti
esl
ikej
oini
ngcl
ubs.
SEXUALHARASSMENT

Sexualhar
assmenti
swhensomeonekeepsonsayi
ngt
hingsordoi
ngt
hingsofsexual
ki
ndl
iket
ouchi
ngormaki
ngsexualr
emar
ks.

Peopl
ewhoar
esexual
lyhar
assedcandot
hef
oll
owi
ng

 Makei
tcl
eart
hatyoudonotwantt
hatki
ndofbehavi
ourf
rom t
heper
son.
 I
fhe/
shecont
inuest
ohar
assyou,keepar
ecor
doft
hei
nci
dent
sinanot
e
bookandt
ellaf
ri
endt
owi
tnesst
hem f
orsuppor
t.
 Di
scusst
hepr
obl
em openl
yandi
nthatwayyoucanmakepr
obl
em knownt
o
st
opt
hehar
asser
.

GENDERVI
OLENCE

Genderbasedvi
olencei
sphysi
caloremot
ionalf
orcei
nvol
vingmenandwomeni
n
whi
cht
hef
emal
ear
eusual
lyt
hevi
cti
m.

FORMSOFGENDERVI
OLENCE.

Physi
calVi
olence

Af
orm ofvi
olencedi
rect
edont
hebody.I
ttakest
hef
orm off
ondl
ing,
beat
ing,
slappi
ng,
punchi
ng,
shoot
ing,
kicki
ng,
stabbi
ng,
rapeandsexualassaul
t.

Psychol
ogi
calvi
olence

I
tisvi
olencet
owar
dthemi
nd.I
ttakest
hef
orm ofhumi
li
ati
on,
thr
eat
s,har
assmentand
at
tackonanot
herper
son’
ssur
fwor
th.

St
ruct
urevi
olence

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page172
I
tincl
udesvi
olencet
hatexi
stswi
thi
nthest
ruct
uresofi
nst
it
uti
ons. I
toccur
sin
economi
c,pol
it
ical
,soci
alandmi
li
tar
ysyst
ems.

Genderbased vi
olenceemanat
esl
argel
yfr
om t
hepat
ri
archalgendersyst
em t
hat
vi
olet
swomen’
sri
ght
satal
llevel
s.I
tincl
udespover
ty,l
andevi
cti
onofl
ackofaccess
t
oser
vices.

CausesofGenderBasedVi
olence.

 Soci
ali
zat
ion– Lear
nedbehavi
ourbasedoncul
tur
alpr
act
icesandbel
ief
s
t
hatdi
sadvant
agewomenandchi
ldr
enespeci
all
ygi
rlchi
ld.
 Lowsel
f-est
eem byper
pet
rat
or.
 I
nsecur
it
y,soci
alandf
inanci
aleconomi
cdependencebyt
heabused.
 Bel
ief
sthatwomenpr
ovokemenbyanswer
ingback.
 Suspect
edext
ramar
it
alaf
fai
rs.
 Ref
usalordel
ayt
oser
vef
ood.
 Per
cei
vedsadnessandl
ackofr
espectf
ort
hehusband.
 Bel
ieft
hatmenshowl
ovebybeat
ingwi
ves.
 Ref
usalt
ohavesex.
 Fai
lur
etosetper
missi
onf
rom mal
epar
tner
stodosomet
hing
 Genderr
olesst
ereot
ypi
ng-soci
etalbel
ief
s,myt
hsorat
ti
tudest
hatmenand
womenbyvi
rt
ueoft
hei
rsoci
ali
zat
ionshoul
dper
for
m cer
tai
ntasks.
 Dr
unkenness.
 Pet
tyj
eal
ousy.

Whoar
etheAbuser
s?

Abuser
smayi
ncl
udepeopl
ewi
thi
nthef
ami
lysuchashusbandandwi
feguar
dianand
t
hoseout
sidet
hef
ami
lyf
ri
endsandst
ranger
s.

COMMONFORMSOFVI
OLENCE

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page173
  Physi
cal(
spousebat
ter
y)
 Ver
balabusef
orexampl
einsul
ts)
 Rapeanddef
il
ement
 I
ncest
 Thr
eat
s
 Pr
oper
tygr
abbi
ng
 Cr
uel
tybyguar
dians
 Lackofchi
ldorspousesuppor
t.
EFFECTSOFGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE

 Oppr
essi
onoft
hespouse.
 Theabusedmaybef
ear
fulandangr
y
 Sexualvi
olencecont
ri
but
ionst
othespr
eadofHI
V/AI
DSandSTI
s.
 Physi
cal
,ment
ali
njur
yanddeat
h
 Per
manentdi
sabi
li
ty
 Unpl
annedpr
egnanci
es
 Sui
cide
 Depr
essi
onort
rauma
 Lossofsel
f-est
eem andconf
idence.
 Fami
lydi
srupt
ion,
forexampl
edi
vor
ce.

WAYSOFREDUCI
NGGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE

 Speaki
ngaboutt
hepr
obl
em.
 Sensi
ti
sing t
hecommuni
tyaboutgendervi
olenceand t
heneed t
o wor
k
t
oget
hert
ost
opt
hevi
ce.
 Assi
sti
ngcoupl
est
odi
scussandr
esol
vet
hei
rpr
obl
ems.
 Repor
ti
ngcasesofvi
olencet
othepol
icevi
cti
m suppor
tuni
tforl
egalact
ion
andcounsel
ing.
 Encour
agevi
cti
mst
ogof
orl
egaladvi
cet
oNGOsordr
opi
ncent
resdeal
ing
wi
thgenderbasedvi
olence.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page174
MEASURESTOCURBGENDERVI
OLENCEANDCHI
LDABUSE

 Lobbyandf
orchangesi
nlawsandenf
orcementl
awsr
egar
dinggender
vi
olence.
 Awar
enesscompani
esongendervi
olenceandchi
ldabuse.
 Est
abl
ishi
ngcounsel
ingcent
resf
orvi
cti
ms.
 Put
ti
ngpr
essur
eont
hecommuni
tyt
omakecondi
ti
onssaf
erf
orvul
ner
abl
e
peopl
esuchasi
mpr
ovi
ngst
reetl
ight
ingi
ncer
tai
nar
eas.
 Resear
chi
ngandkeepi
ngr
ecor
dsonchi
ldabuseandgendervi
olencef
or
soci
alact
ionandpol
icymaki
ng.
 For
mul
ati
onofcommuni
tybasedgendervi
olencecommi
tt
ees.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADDRESSGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE

 Vi
cti
m Suppor
tUni
t
 YoungWomenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on
 YoungMenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on
 LegalAi
dCl
ini
cforwomen
 Ot
herNGOs.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erm:

i
. Soci
alchal
lenges.

i
i. Chi
ldabuse.

i
ii
. Sexualhar
assment
.

i
v. Teenagepr
egnanci
es.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page175
 v. Gendervi
olence.

2. I
dent
if
yinst
it
uti
onst
hatdealwi
thgenderbasedvi
olence.

3.Whatar
etheef
fect
soft
eenagepr
egnanci
esonschoolgoi
ngchi
ldr
enand
gi
vewaysofaddr
essi
ngt
hisi
ssue?

4.I
dent
if
ypossi
ble ef
fectofr
ape on t
he vi
cti
m and descr
ibe ways of
pr
otect
ingr
ape.

5.Ther
ear
evar
iousf
ormsofabuse,suggestwaysofaddr
essi
ngdi
ff
erent
f
ormsofchi
ldabuse.

6.Di
ff
erent
iat
echi
ldl
abuorandchi
ldwor
k.Suggestwaysofi
nvest
igat
ing
genderbased-
viol
enceandhow youcanpr
esentt
hef
indi
ngst
ovi
cti
m
suppor
tuni
t.

7.Out
li
net
hei
nst
it
uti
ont
hataddr
essessoci
alchal
lengesi
nZambi
a.

8. Di
scussMeasur
est
ocur
bGenderVi
olenceandChi
ldAbuse.

9. I
dent
if
ythei
nst
it
uti
onst
hataddr
essgenderbasedvi
olence.

10.
Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofgenderbasedvi
olence.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page176
GRADETWELVE

THEZAMBI
ANBI
LLOFHUMANRI
GHTS

TheNat
ionalBi
llofRi
ght
s

 TheZambi
anBi
llofRi
ght
sisal
istoff
undament
alr
ight
sandf
reedomscover
ed
i
npar
tii
ioft
heZambi
anConst
it
uti
onwhi
chi
sthesupr
emel
awoft
hel
and.
 TheBi
llofRi
ght
sisent
renchedi
ntheconst
it
uti
onandhencecannotbeeasi
ly
amendedbecauseoft
hest
ri
ctamendmentr
equi
rement
s.
 I
tcanonl
ybeamendedaf
teranat
ionalr
efer
endum i
nwhi
chnotl
esst
hant
wo
t
hir
dsor50%oft
heel
igi
blevot
ersvot
einf
avouroft
heamendment
.

Theconst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
sionsi
nthebi
llofr
ight
slar
gel
yref
lectpr
ovi
sionscont
ainedi
n
t
hei
nter
nat
ionalbi
llofr
ight
ssuchas:

 TheUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s(UDHR)
 TheI
nter
nat
ionalconvent
iononEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s(I
CESR)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page177
  Thei
nter
nat
ionalConvent
iononCul
tur
alandPol
it
icalRi
ght
s(I
CCPR)
 Thet
woopt
ionalpr
otocol
sfi
rstandsecondopt
ionalpr
otocol

BRI
EFHI
STORYOFZAMBI
ASBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

Thehi
stor
yoft
heZambi
abi
llofRi
ght
sget
sbackt
o1964.

 The Bi
llofRi
ght
s was f
ir
sti
ncor
por
ated f
ort
he f
ir
stt
ime i
nthe nor
ther
n
Rhodesi
asel
f-gover
nmentconst
it
uti
onof1963.I
twasr
epr
oducedwi
thmi
nor
amendment
sin1964Mul
ti
-Par
tyDemocr
ati
c(i
ndependence)Const
it
uti
on.

 The1972Chonacommi
ssi
onr
ecommendedt
her
e-i
ntr
oduct
ionofonepar
ty
par
ti
cipat
orydemocr
acywhi
chwasaf
fect
edt
hef
oll
owi
ngyeari
n1973.Thi
s
amendmenti
ntheI
ndependenceconst
it
uti
onl
imi
tedt
heenj
oymentofr
ight
s
andf
reedomsofi
ndi
vidual
s.
 The1991Mvungacommi
ssi
onr
ecommendedt
her
e-i
ntr
oduct
ionofMul
ti
-Par
ty
Democr
acyi
nZambi
awi
thani
ncl
usi
onoft
hechi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
sfort
hef
ir
stt
ime.
 The1996Mwanakat
wecommi
ssi
onal
somadeaf
ewamendment
stot
he1991
const
it
uti
on.
 The1996Mwanakat
wecommi
ssi
on madeaf
ew amendment
stot
he1991
const
it
uti
on.However
,theBi
llofRi
ght
swasl
efti
ntact
.
 I
n2005,t
heMung’
ombacommi
ssi
oni
ncl
udedsoci
al,cul
tur
alandeconomi
c
r
ight
sini
tsdr
aftconst
it
uti
on.
 TheConst
it
uti
onalAmendmentActNo.I
IOF2016 hasal
soi
ncl
udesoci
al,
economi
candcul
tur
alr
ight
sbutt
hebi
llhasnotyetbeenamendedasi
tisst
il
l
wai
ti
ngf
ort
henat
ionalr
efer
endum

ELEMENTSOFTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

Thecur
rentBi
llofr
ight
sfor
mspar
tII
Ioft
heConst
it
uti
onwhi
chcover
sAr
ti
cles11t
o
32.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page178
Pr
eambl
eisani
ntr
oduct
ionorpr
eli
minar
yst
atementonal
egaldocument

Ext
radi
te:Tohandoveraf
orei
gncr
imi
nalt
othei
rownst
atef
orpr
osecut
ion

Pr
osecut
e:Tost
artl
egalpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstasuspect

Der
ogat
e:Tor
educeorl
essent
hest
rengt
horaut
hor
it
yofar
ight
.

Fr
ivol
ous:Ref
erst
oaver
yser
iouscaseorsi
tuat
ion.

Vexat
ious:Ref
erst
oacaset
hatpr
ovokest
roubl
eangerordi
str
ess

Enf
orce:Thi
smeanst
ogi
vef
ormt
oal
awort
omakel
awef
fect
ive.

FUNDAMENTALRI
GHTSANDFREEDOMSCOVEREDI
NTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

Ar
ti
cle11:Pr
eambl
eisgener
aldecl
arat
ionoft
her
ight
sever
yper
soni
n Zambi
ais
ent
it
ledt
oenj
oyt
hehumanr
ight
s.
Ar
ti
cle12:Pr
otect
ionoft
heRi
ghtt
oli
fe
I
tisdescr
ibedast
hesupr
emeHumanRi
ghtasi
tfor
mst
hebasi
sofot
herr
ight
s.I
teven
pr
otect
sthel
if
eofunbor
n.

Ar
ti
cle:13:Pr
otect
ionoft
her
ightt
oper
sonall
iber
ty.
Thi
sRi
ghtdeal
swi
tht
hepr
ocedur
eforar
restanddet
ent
ionwhi
chcur
tai
lst
hef
reedom
ofmovementofani
ndi
vidual
.

Ar
ti
cle14:t
her
ightt
opr
otect
ionandf
orcedl
abour
Sl
aver
yandf
orcedl
abourpr
event
sthel
iber
tyandf
reedom ofani
ndi
vidualasaper
son
hasl
it
tl
esayoveronesel
f.

Ar
ti
cle15:Pr
otect
ionf
rom t
ort
ure,
Inhumanordegr
adi
ngt
reat
mentorPuni
shment
Ther
ightt
ofr
eedom f
rom t
ort
ure,
inhumanordegr
adi
ngt
reat sabsol
menti ute.

Ar
ti
cle16:Pr
otect
ionf
rom depr
ivat
ionofpr
oper
ty
Thi
spr
otect
sthei
ndi
vidualf
rom bei
ngdepr
ivedoft
hei
rpr
oper
tyexcepti
ncases

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page179
per
mit
tedbyl
awsuchasf
ail
uret
opayt
ax.

Ar
ti
cle17:Pr
otect
ionf
orpr
ivacyofhomeandot
herpr
oper
ty
Thear
ti
clemakespr
ovi
sionf
orpr
otect
ionofpr
ivacyofhomeandot
herpr
oper
ty.

Ar
ti
cle18:Pr
ovi
siont
osecur
epr
otect
ionoft
hel
aw
Thear
ti
clegi
vespr
ovi
sionst
osecur
epr
otect
ionoft
hel
awf
oranyper
sonchar
gedwi
th
acr
imi
nalof
fence.I
tdeal
swi
thadmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
icer
elat
ingt
opr
etr
ialt
estand
det
ent
ion.

Ar
ti
cle19:Pr
otect
ionoft
hef
reedom ofconsci
ence
Thear
ti
cleguar
ant
eest
hef
reedom oft
houghtandf
reedom ofr
eli
gionwhi
chmay
al
soi
mpl
yfr
eedom t
ochanger
eli
gionorbel
ief
.

Ar
ti
cle20:Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofexpr
essi
on
Thi
sgi
vesf
reedom t
oindi
vidualt
ohol
dopi
nion,r
ecei
vei
deasandi
nfor
mat
ion,i
mpar
t
andcommuni
cat
eideasandi
nfor
mat
ioni
ndi
vidual
s.

Ar
ti
cle21Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on
Ever
yci
ti
zenhasar
ightt
oassembl
efr
eel
ythr
oughoutZambi
a

Ar
ti
cle22:Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofmovement

Thi
sar
ti
cleguar
ant
eesf
reedom t
omovef
reel
ythr
oughoutZambi
a

Ar
ti
cle23:Pr
otect
ionf
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ion
Thear
ti
clepr
ovi
desf
ort
hepr
otect
ionf
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofr
aceet
hni
c,
sex,
placeofor
igi
n,mar
it
alst
atuspol
it
icalopi
nion,
col
ourcr
eedandbel
ief
.

Ar
ti
cle24:Pr
otect
ionofyoungper
sonsf
rom expl
oit
ati
on
Pr
ohi
bit
sengagementofyoungper
sonsi
nanyoccupat
ionorEmpl
oymentwhi
chwoul
d
pr
ejudi
ce one’
s heal
th oreducat
ion orI
nter
fer
e wi
th physi
cal
,ment
alormor
al
devel
opment
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page180
Ar
ti
cle25:Der
ogat
ionf
rom f
undament
alr
ight
sanddet
ent
ion
Thear
ti
clepr
ovi
desf
order
ogat
ionf
rom f
undament
alr
ight
sanddet
ent
ioni
nti
mesof
warorpubl
icemer
gence.

Ar
ti
cle26:t
hisdeal
swi
thdet
ainedper
sons.
Onehast
her
ightt
obei
nfor
medi
nwr
it
ingi
nal
anguaget
hathe/
sheunder
stands
wi
thi
n14daysofdet
ent
ion.

Ar
ti
cle27:Speci
alTr
ibunalt
oRepor
tonLegi
slat
ion

Undert
hisar
ti
cle,
member
sofpar
li
amentcanar
rest(
stop)abi
llwhi
chI
nfr
ingesont
he
Bi
llofRi
ght
s.

Ar
ti
cle28:Enf
orcementofpr
otect
ivepr
ovi
sions.

Thear
ti
clemakesapr
ovi
sionf
ort
heenf
orcementoft
her
ight
spr
ovi
dedi
ntheBi
llof
r
ight
s.I
tpr
ovi
desar
emedyt
othedomest
iccour
twhi
chi
stheHi
ghCour
t.I
ntheHi
gh
Cour
t;t
hear
ti
clemakesapr
ovi
sionf
orappealt
otheSupr
emeCour
t.Pr
ovi
dedhi
scase
snotf
i ri
vol
ousorvexat
ious

Ar
ti
cle29-
31
Speci
alpower
soft
heRepubl
icanPr
esi
dentsuchast
heDecl
arat
ionoft
hest
ateof
emer
gency

WAYSOFENFORCI
NGTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

TheJudi
ciar
yar
m oft
hegover
nmenti
sthemai
nmechani
sm f
ort
hepr
otect
ionand
enf
orcementofr
ight
sandf
reedomsout
li
nedi
ntheBi
llofr
ight
s.Thi
siscont
ainedi
n
ar
ti
cle28oft
heconst
it
uti
on.

 Aper
sonwhoi
saggr
ievedduet
othevi
olat
ionofhi
sorherr
ight
s,canpet
it
ion
t
heHi
ghCour
tforr
edr
ess.
 TheJudi
cialRevi
ewunderOr
der53oft
heRul
esoft
heSupr
emeCour
tisanot
her
popul
arl
yusedmechani
sm.(HabeasCor
pusorWr
itofcer
ti
orar
i)
 Thel
atestmechani
sm i
ntr
oducedi
nar
ti
cle125oft
heconst
it
uti
oni
stheuseof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page181
 t
heper
manentHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
onwhi
chact
sasawat
chdogt
othe
cour
tsi
nenf
orci
nghumanr
ight
s.
 Theof
fi
ceoft
heI
nvest
igat
orGener
al(
Ombudsman)equal
lyenf
orceshuman
r
ight
scl
aims.Anyper
soni
sfr
eet
owr
it
etot
heI
nvest
igat
orGener
alt
olodgea
compl
aintabouthumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.
 Themedi
a,ci
vilsoci
ety,Par
li
ament
,theLaw Associ
ati
onofZambi
a(LAZ)and
t
heTr
adeUni
onsar
eal
soi
nvol
vedi
nmoni
tor
inghumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.

PROMOTI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTSI
NZAMBI
A.

TheJudi
ciar
y
TheJudi
cialsyst
em i
n Zambi
a consi
stoft
hesupr
emecour
tthehi
gh cour
tthe
i
ndust
ri
alr
elat
ionscour
t,subor
dinat
ecour
ts,
LocalCour
tsandanyot
hercour
tsasmay
bepr
escr
ibedbyanActofPar
li
ament
.TheJudgesofCour
tsar
eindependent
,impar
ti
al
andsubj
ectonl
ytot
heconst
it
uti
onandt
hel
aw.

Ant
i-cor
rupt
ioncommi
ssi
on
TheAnt
i-Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
oni
sanaut
onomousgover
nmenti
nst
it
uti
onwhi
ch
hel
ps t
o st
rengt
hen human r
ight
s t
hrough i
ts f
ight agai
nst cor
rupt
ion and
i
nvest
igat
ionsi
ntoanyr
epor
tedcor
rupt
ioncaseswhi
chmayal
sobecent
reonhuman
r
ight
svi
olat
ions.

Zambi
aPol
ice
Thr
ought
heVi
cti
m Suppor
tUni
t,Thepol
icepr
ovi
deser
vicet
othecommuni
tyby
pr
omot
ingandpr
otect
ingt
her
ight
soft
hevi
cti
msofabuseort
ort
ure.Lawbr
eaker
sar
e
appr
ehended,
arr
est
edandpr
osecut
edaccor
dingl
y.

Cat
hol
icCommi
ssi
onf
orJust
iceDevel
opmentandPeace(
CCJDP)
TheCCJDPi
saf
ait
hbasedor
gani
sat
ion(
FBO)i
nspi
redbyGospelval
uesandt
hesoci
al
t
eachi
ngoft
heCat
hol
icChur
ch.I
tpr
omot
esi
ntegr
alhumandevel
opment
,economi
c
j
ust
ice,
humandi
gni
ty,
andempower
mentoft
hel
esspr
ivi
legedi
nsoci
ety.

Just
icef
orwi
dowsandor
phanspr
oject(
CCJDP)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page182
Themai
nobj
ect
ivei
stof
ightagai
nstvar
iousf
ormsofi
njust
icewhi
chhaveaf
fect
edt
he
pl
ightoft
hewi
dowsandor
phansanddi
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
iononhumanr
ight
stot
he
gener
alpubl
ic

TheLawAssoci
ati
onofZambi
a(LAZ)
Thel
aw associ
ati
onofZambi
aisabodyofl
awyer
swhi
chi
smandat
edt
opr
omot
e
humanr
ight
sbydevel
opi
ng.Lawasani
nst
rumentofsoci
alj
ust
ice.

LegalResour
cesFoundat
ion
Theor
gani
zat
ionspr
omot
ehumanr
ight
sbypr
ovi
dingl
egaladvi
ceandl
it
igat
ionf
ort
he
vul
ner
abl
emember
sofsoci
ety.

Nat
ionalLegalAi
dCl
ini
c
Pr
ovi
desaf
for
dabl
elegalai
dtot
hevul
ner
abl
emember
sofsoci
etyespeci
all
ywomen
andchi
ldr
en.Thi
sisdonet
hroughl
it
igat
ionar
bit
rat
ionandi
nter
vent
ioni
ncaseswhi
ch
havei
mpact
ednegat
ivel
yont
hel
esspr
ivi
legedi
nsoci
ety.

Soci
etyf
orWomenandAi
dsi
nZambi
a(SWAAZ)
SWAZWasf
ormedt
oaddr
essi
ssuesofwomenandchi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
s.Theor
gani
sat
ion
hasembar
kedoneducat
iont
rai
ningandcounsel
ingpr
ogr
ammes.

YoungwomenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YWCA)
OFZambi
aisaf
ait
hbasedor
gani
sat
ion
(
FBO)whi
ch was dedi
cat
ed t
owar
ds upl
if
ti
ng t
he st
andar
ds ofl
if
e pr
omot
e and
advocat
ewomenandchi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
s
I
tal
so pr
ovi
desadvocacyand publ
iceducat
ion on mat
ter
sofhuman r
ight
sand
r
epr
oduct
iveheal
th.

Zambi
aCi
vicEducat
ionAssoci
ati
on(
ZCEA)
Theor
gani
sat
ionof
fer
slegaladvi
cet
ovul
ner
abl
egr
oupsi
nsoci
ety,especi
all
ythe
chi
ldr
en.I
tconduct
sci
viceducat
ionpr
ogr
ammesont
hepr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ionof
chi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
sthr
ought
hechi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
scl
ubs(
CRC)

Amnest
yInt
ernat
ional(
AI)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page183
 Amnest
yint
ernat
ionali
sawor
ldwi
desel
f-gover
ningmovementofpeopl
ewhose
ai
m i
sto campai
gn f
ori
nter
nat
ional
lyr
ecogni
zed human r
ight
s.Thevi
sion of
Amnest
yInt
ernat
ionali
sto ensur
ethatever
yper
son enj
oys al
loft
he r
ight
s
enshr
inedi
ntheUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
sandot
heri
nter
nat
ional
humanr
ight
sconvent
ions.

THEAFRI
CANCHARTERONHUMANANDPEOPLE’
SRI
GHTS

 Thi
swaspr
epar
edatanOr
gani
sat
ionofAf
ri
canUni
ty(
OAU)sessi
onhel
din
Monr
ovi
a,Li
ber
ia,
inJul
y1979.
 The char
teron human and peopl
e’sr
ight
s whi
ch was adopt
ed undert
he
auspi
cesoft
heOAUwassubsequent
lyest
abl
ishedi
n1981.
 I
tcamei
ntof
orcei
nOct
ober1986.
 Af
ri
can char
tersaf
e guar
ds i
ndi
vidual
sri
ght
s ,peopl
e’sr
ight
s orgr
oups
mi
nor
it
ies,r
efugees,handi
capped,or
phansandt
hosei
nfect
edandaf
fect
edby
t
heHI
V?AI
DSpandemi
c.

TheAf
ri
canChar
tert
her
efor
e:

 Pr
ocl
aimsbot
hri
ght
sanddut
ies
 Codi
fi
esandemphasi
zesoni
ndi
vidual
saswel
lpeopl
esorgr
oupr
ight
s
 Guar
ant
eesci
vilandpol
it
icalr
ight
saswel
laseconomi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
al
r
ight
sandgr
oupr
ight
s
 Per
mit
sthest
atepar
ti
est
oimposer
est
ri
cti
onsandl
imi
tat
ionsont
heexer
cise
ofguar
ant
eedr
ight
s.
Ri
ght
s

I
ndi
vidualRi
ght
s:Thesesar
eenshr
inedi
nwi
thi
ntheI
nter
nat
ionalConvent
ionon
Economi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s(I
CCPR)andt
hei
nter
nat
ionalConvent
ionon
Economi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s(I
CESR)

 Equal
it
y
 I
ntegr
it
y

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page184
  Ther
ightt
olegaldef
ace
 Fr
eedom ofbel
iefandr
eli
gion
 Fr
eedom ofmovement
,associ
ati
onorassembl
y
 Ri
ghtt
oseekasyl
um
 Pr
otect
ionofnon-
nat
ional
s
 Ri
ghtt
opr
oper
tyRi
ghtt
owor
k
 Ri
ghtt
ogoodHeal
th

Peopl
e’sRi
ght
s

Theyar
eal
socal
ledGr
oupRi
ght
sort
hir
dGener
ati
onRi
ght
s.

 Sel
fdet
ermi
nat
ion
 Economi
c,Soci
alandcul
tur
alDevel
opment
 Nat
ionalandI
nter
nat
ionalPeaceandsecur
it
y
 Envi
ronment
 Sover
eignt
yovert
heenvi
ronmentanti
tsr
esour
ces
Dut
ies

Thesei
ncl
udedut
iesofi
ndi
vidual
sorgr
oupst
owar
dsf
ami
lyandsoci
ety

TheChar
teri
sdut
yboundt
oensur
ethat
:

 Ther
ight
sandf
reedomsofi
ndi
vidual
sandgr
oupsshal
lbeexer
cisedwi
thdue
r
egar
dtot
her
ight
sofot
herpeopl
e
 Af
ri
canCul
tur
alval
uesar
epr
eser
vedandst
rengt
henedi
nel
ati
onwi
thot
her
member
sofsoci
ety.
St
ateObl
igat
ions

 Adoptl
egi
slat
iveandot
hermeasur
esf
ort
hei
ref
fect
iveness
 Ensur
eindependenceoft
hej
udi
ciar
y
 Est
abl
ishnat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onst
opr
omot
eandpr
otecthumanr
ight
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page185
  Recogni
zet
her
ight
senshr
inedi
nthechar
ter
 Submi
tst
ater
epor
tsonl
egi
slat
ureandot
hermeasur
es
 Under
takehumanr
ight
str
aini
ngandawar
enesspr
ogr
amme

TheAf
ri
cancommi
ssi
ononHumanandPeopl
esRi
ght
s(ACHPR)

 I
twasest
abl
ishedunderAr
ti
cle30oft
heChar
ter
.
 I
tiscomposedof11member
sel
ect
edbyt
heAUAssembl
yofHeadsofSt
ates
andGover
nmentf
rom al
istofnamespr
esent
edbyt
heSt
atePar
ti
es.
 Theysavet
hecommi
ssi
oni
nthei
rper
sonalcapaci
ty.
FUNCTI
ONSOFTHECOMMI
SSI
ON:

 Ensur
epr
otect
ionofhumanandpeopl
e’sr
ight
sundert
hecondi
ti
onsl
aiddown
byt
hepr
esentchar
ter
.
 Col
lectdocument
s,under
takest
udi
esandr
esear
chonhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions
i
nAf
ri
ca
 Di
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
iont
hroughsemi
nar
s,Symposi
aconf
erenceandt
omake
r
ecommendat
ionst
ogover
nment
s
 For
mul
ateandl
aydownpr
inci
plesandr
ulesai
medatsol
vingl
egalpr
obl
ems
r
elat
ingt
ohumanandpeopl
e’sr
ight
sandf
undament
alf
reedomswhi
char
ethe
basi
sofAf
ri
cangover
nmentl
egi
slat
ure.
 Net
wor
kwi
thot
herAf
ri
canandI
nter
nat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsconcer
nedwi
tht
he
pr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ionofhumananpeopl
e’sr
ight
s
 I
nter
prett
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hepr
esentchar
teratt
her
equestofast
atepar
tyan
Af
ri
canUni
on(
AU)i
nst
it
uti
onoranyAf
ri
canOr
gani
sat
ionr
ecogni
sedbyAf
ri
can
Uni
on.
 Per
for
m anyot
hert
askent
rust
edt
othecommi
ssi
onbyt
heAssembl
yoft
he
HeadsofSt
ateandGover
nment
PRI
NCI
PLES

 Thecommi
ssi
oni
sgui
dedbyt
heI
nter
nat
ionalLawonHumanRi
ght
snsPeopl
es
Ri
ght
sinr
elat
iont
othef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sions:

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page186
  Var
iousAf
ri
cani
nst
rument
sonHumanandpeopl
e’sr
ight
s
 Thechar
teroft
heUni
tedNat
ions
 TheUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionHumanRi
ght
s
 Ot
herI
nst
rument
sonHumanandpeopl
e’sRi
ght
sadopt
edbyt
heUni
tedNat
ions
andt
heAf
ri
canSt
ates.
 Thecommi
ssi
onshal
ldet
ermi
nepr
inci
plesofl
aw,set
ti
ngst
andar
dsofAf
ri
can
pr
act
icesconsi
stentwi
thi
nter
nat
ionalnor
msonhumanandpeopl
e’sr
ight
s
cust
omsgener
all
yaccept
edasl
awbyAf
ri
cansSt
ates
 EachSt
atepar
tyshal
lunder
taket
osubmi
tar
epor
tonl
egi
slat
ionorot
her
f
reedomsr
ecogni
zedandguar
ant
eedbyt
hechar
ter
.
 TheChar
tershal
lbeopent
osi
gnat
ure,
rat
if
icat
ionoradher
encebyt
hemember
st
atesoft
heAf
ri
canUni
on.

THEHUMANRI
GHTSCOMMI
SSI
ON(
HRC)

 ThePer
manentHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
onwasest
abl
ishedbyanactof
par
li
amentNo.39of1996butcamei
ntof
orcei
nMay1997.
 Theai
m wast
opr
omot
eposi
ti
vehumanr
ight
scul
tur
eint
hecount
ry.
 The commi
ssi
on i
s made up oft
he Di
rect
or,Deput
y and f
ive ot
her
Commi
ssi
oner
swhoar
eappoi
ntedbyt
hepr
esi
dent
,subj
ectt
orat
if
icat
ionby
par
li
ament
.
 Thet
enur
eofof
fi
ceoft
heseposi
ti
onsi
sthr
eeyear
sthoughr
enewabl
e.

Funct
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
on

 I
nvest
igat
ehumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.
 I
nvest
igat
eanymal
admi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
ice
 Pr
oposeef
fect
ivemeasur
est
opr
eventhumanr
ight
sabuses
 Vi
sitpr
isonsandpl
acesofdet
ent
ionorr
elat
edf
aci
li
ti
eswi
thavi
ew t
o
assessi
ngandi
nspect
ingcondi
ti
onsoft
hepr
isoner
s.
 Est
abl
ish a cont
inuouspr
ogr
ammeofr
esear
ch educat
ion,ot
herr
elat
ed

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page187
 i
ssuest
ohumanr
ight
s.
Power
soft
hecommi
ssi
on

 I
nvest
igat
eanyhumanr
ight
sabuseori
tsi
nit
iat
iveornon-
recei
vingcompl
aint
s.
 Anaggr
ievedper
sonact
ingi
nthei
rowni
nter
est
.
 Aper
sonact
ingonbehal
fofanaggr
ievedper
son
 Aper
sonact
ingonbehal
fofandi
nthei
nter
estoft
hegr
oup.
 Associ
ati
onact
ingi
nthei
nter
estofi
tsmember
s.
 I
ssuesummonsoror
der
srequi
ri
ngat
tendanceofanyper
sonr
elevantt
oany
i
nvest
igat
ionsbyt
hecommi
ssi
on.
 Pr
oduceanydocument
srel
evantt
othecommi
ssi
on
 Quest
ionanyper
soni
nrespectofanysubj
ectmat
terunderi
nvest
igat
ionbef
ore
t
heCommi
ssi
on
 Recommend t
o Cour
ts ofl
aw pr
osecut
ion ofany per
son f
ound by t
he
Commi
ssi
ont
ohaveper
pet
uat
edabuseofhumanr
ight
s

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Par
t3oft
heconst
it
uti
onofZambi
acover
stheNat
ionalBi
llofRi
ght
s

a)Out
li
neanyf
ivepr
ovi
sionsi
ntheNat
ionalBi
llofRi
ght
s.

b)Anal
yzet
hel
imi
tat
ionsofZambi
a’sNat
ionalBi
llofRi
ght
s.

2.Descr
ibet
hei
nter
nat
ionalBi
llofRi
ght
sandt
heZambi
aBi
llofr
ight
s.

3.St
atet
heel
ement
soft
heBi
llofRi
ght
sint
heZambi
anConst
it
uti
on.

4.Descr
ibewaysofenf
orci
ngt
heZambi
aBi
llofRi
ght
s.

5.Di
scusst
her
oleoft
hei
nst
it
uti
ont
hatpr
omot
esHumanRi
ght
sZambi
a.

6.I
dent
if
ythei
nter
nat
ionalpr
ovi
siont
hatr
efl
ectt
hecont
entoft
heZambi
an
Bi
llofr
ight
s.Di
scussvar
iouswaysofenf
orci
ngt
hebi
llofr
ight
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page188
 7.Ment
iont
hei
nst
it
uti
onst
hatpr
omot
etheZambi
abi
llofr
ight
s.

8. Expl
aint
hef
unct
ionsoft
heHumanRi
ght
scommi
ssi
on.

9. Exampl
ehowt
heZambi
abi
llcanbeamended.

10.
Giveexampl
esofgr
oupsi
nsoci
etywhoser
ight
sar
esaf
eguar
dedand
expl
ainwhy?

RI
GHTSOFACHI
LD

HumanRi
ght
sar
euni
ver
saland,
ther
efor
e,ever
yet
hni
cit
yisent
it
ledt
othem asl
ongas
onei
shuman.

WHOI
SACHI
LD

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page189
  Theconvent
iondef
inesachi
ldasever
yhumanbei
ngbel
owt
heageof18year
s.

 Theconvent
ionr
ecogni
zest
hatchi
ldr
enr
equi
respeci
alcar
eandassi
stance.I
t
asser
tst
her
oleoft
hef
ami
lyi
nchi
ldr
en’
sli
ves.

 I
tident
if
iest
hechi
ld’
sexper
ienceofchi
ldhoodasbei
ngl
argel
ydet
ermi
nedby
t
hecar
eandpr
otect
iont
heyr
ecei
vef
rom adul
t,soci
etyandst
ate.

CHI
LDREN’
SRI
GHTSAREHUMANRI
GHTS

Asepar
atehumanr
ight
sinst
rumentf
orchi
ldr
endoesnotmeant
hatchi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
s
ar
edi
ff
erentf
rom HumanRi
ght
s.Chi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
sar
eH/
Randar
eder
ivedf
rom t
he
sameUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofH/
R(UDHR)exceptt
hatt
heconvent
ionsr
ight
shave
beendr
awnupspeci
fi
cal
lyt
oaddr
esst
hechi
ldr
en’
shumanr
ight
ssi
tuat
ions.Achi
ldi
s
ent
it
ledt
ospeci
alcar
eandpr
otect
ion.

REASONSFORASEPARATEHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTSFORCHI
LDREN

 Chi
ldr
enexper
iencedi
scr
imi
nat
ionandt
her
efor
eneedspeci
alpr
otect
ionunder
i
nter
nat
ional
.

 Chi
ldr
enar
eindi
vidual
swi
thequalst
atusasadul
ts.

 Thehi
ghestl
evelofdevel
opmentofanysoci
etycanonl
ybeat
tai
nedwi
thi
nthe
heal
thyandact
ivepar
ti
cipat
ionofchi
ldr
en

 Chi
ldr
enbecomedependentonl
ywi
tht
hehel
pofadul
tswhi
chmakest
hem
vul
ner
abl
east
heyar
emor
esensi
ti
vet
osoci
alcondi
ti
onsofsoci
ety.

 Chi
ldr
enar
emor
eaf
fect
edbyGover
nment
’sact
ionsandpol
ici
est
hananyot
her
gr
oup.

 Most
lychi
ldr
enhavel
imi
tedaccesst
ocompl
aint
smechani
smsofany l
egal
syst
ems.

 Chi
ldr
enar
emor
evul
ner
abl
etoexpl
oit
ati
onandabusebecauseoft
hei
rphysi
cal
,
emot
ional
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page190
  Chi
ldr
enar
easaf
eguar
doft
hehumanr
acewi
thoutwhom t
hehumanr
acewi
ll
becomeext
inct
.Consequent
ly,
whenchi
ldr
enar
enegl
ect
edi
tisatt
hecount
ry’
s
ownhar
m.

STEPSTAKENTOCOMEUPWI
THTHECONVENTI
ONONTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD

 Bef
orecomi
ngupwi
tht
heconvent
ionont
her
ight
soft
hechi
ldt
hatwasadopt
ed
byt
heUni
tedNat
ionson20thNovember1989.

 Sever
alat
tempt
swer
emadet
ocomeupwi
tht
hecompr
ehensi
vei
nst
rumentf
or
chi
ldr
en.Egl
ant
yneJebbanEngl
ishwomanwasaf
ounderofSavet
heChi
ldr
en
al
li
anceaf
terser
ving i
ntheBal
kan War
.Shedi
scover
ed t
hatChi
ldr
en need
speci
alpr
otect
swhi
ch l
ead t
otheat
tempt
sto comeup wi
th speci
fi
cH/
R
i
nst
rument
s.

YEAR EVENT

1924 The f
ive poi
nt decl
arat
ion of t
he r
ight
s of chi
ld.The
decl
arat
ion.Wasadopt
edbyt
heLeagueofNat
ions

1946 Theuni
tednat
ionsgener
alassembl
ycr
eat
edt
heUNI
CEFasa
uni
ver
salmovementf
orchi
ldr
en.

1959 TheTenpoi
ntDecl
arat
ionoft
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
ld.Thi
s
Decl
arat
ion byU.
N Gener
alAssembl
ycont
ained t
en mai
n
Poi
nts

1961 Ar
esol
uti
on byt
heUNGA based on t
he1959 Decl
arat
ion
br
oadensUNI
CEF’
sfi
eldofoper
ati
on

1965 Hague Convent

ion on Jur
isdi
cti
on, Appl
icabl
e Law,
Recogni
ti
on, Enf
orcementand cooper
ati
on i
nrespectof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page191
 Par
ent
al Responsi
bil
it
yandmeasur
es
f
ort
hepr
otect
ionofchi
ldr
en.

1979 The Uni

ted Nat
ions Gener
al Assembl
y pr
ocl
aims t
he
I
nter
nat
ional Year of t
he Chi
ld (
IYC) t
o cel
ebr
atet
he
20thAnni
ver
sar
yoft
hedecl
arat
ionoft
her
ight
soft
hechi
ld.
TheI
YC Wasi
ntendedt
oencour
age
t
he i
mpl
ement
ati
on of t
he 1959
Decl
arat
ion.

1980 Hague Convent

ion on ci
vilaspect
s ofi
nter
nat
ionalchi
ld
Adopt
ion

1986 Uni
ted Nat
ionsDecl
arat
ion on Soci
aland LegalPr
inci
ples
Rel
ati
ngt
othepr
otect
ionandwel
far
eofchi
ldr
enwi
thspeci
al
r
efer
encet
ofost
erpl
acementandNat
ionalandI
nter
nat
ional
adopt
ion.

1989 Adopt
ion byt
heUni
ted Nat
ionsGener
alAssembl
yin New
Yor
konConvent
ionont
her
ight
soft
hechi
ld.

1990 TheConvent
ionwhi
chi
sal
egali
nst
rumentent
ersi
ntof
orce
af
ter

THEFOURPRI
NCI
PLESONTHECONVENTI
ONONTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD

TheCRCi
sfoundedonf
ourgener
alpr
inci
plesandt
hesear
e:

Thebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
ld-

 Al
ladul
tsmustdowhati
sbestf
orchi
ldr
en.

 Thi
sent
ail
sthatwhenadul
tsmakedeci
sions,
theyshoul
dthi
nkabouthowt
hei
r

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page192
 deci
sionswi
llaf
fectchi
ldr
en.

Non-
discr
imi
nat
ion-

 Theconvent
ionappl
iest
oal
lchi
ldr
en,what
evert
hei
rrace,r
eli
gionorabi
li
ti
es,
what
evert
heyt
hinkorsay,
what
evert
ypeoff
ami
lyt
heycomef
rom.

 Nochi
ldshoul
dbet
reat
edunf
air
lyonanybasi
s.

Sur
vivalanddevel
opment
-

 Chi
ldr
enhavet
her
ightt
oli
fe.Ther
efor
eGover
nmentshoul
densur
ethatchi
ldr
en
sur
viveanddevel
opheal
thi
ly.

 Devel
opment
alr
ight
sincl
udepr
ovi
sionsf
oreducat
ion,accesst
oinf
ormat
ion,
pl
ayandl
eisur
e,cul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es.

Par
ti
cipat
ion

 Whenadul
tsar
emaki
ngdeci
sionst
hataf
fectchi
ldr
en.

 Chi
ldr
enhavet
her
ightt
osaywhatt
heyt
hinkshoul
dhappenandhavet
hei
r
opi
nionst
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
on.

PROVI
SIONSOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSCHI
LDRENSRI
GHTSCONVENTI
ON(
UNCRC)

1.Ci
vilRi
ght
sandFr
eedoms

Thesear
eri
ght
sthathavet
odowi
thbei
ngaci
ti
zenandi
ncl
udepol
it
ical
,soci
al,
l
egalr
ight
sandequal
it
y.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethepr
ovi
sions

 Nameandnat
ional
it
y:ever
ychi
ldi
sent
it
ledt
oaname,nat
ional
it
yand
hast
her
ightt
oknowhi
s/herpar
ent
sandt
obecar
edf
orbyt
hepar
ent
s.
Chi
ldr
enhavet
her
ightt
oident
it
ysuchasabi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
e.

 Pr
eser
vat
ionofi
dent
it
y:I
tist
hedut
yoft
hegover
nmentt
oassi
stany
chi
ldwhosei
dent
it
yhasbeenunl
awf
ull
ytakenawayt
ogeti
tback.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page193
  Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
onandi
nfor
mat
ion:t
hisr
ightpr
ovi
desf
ort
hechi
ld
t
ofr
eedom ofexpr
essi
onandt
oseeki
nfor
mat
ion.Ther
ighti
ncl
udes
f
reedom t
oseek,
recei
veandt
ogi
veouti
nfor
mat
ionandi
deasofal
lki
nds.

 Fr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion:t
hisr
ightal
lowsachi
ld
f
reedom oft
houghtorconsci
encei
nchoosi
ngt
odot
her
ightr
athert
han
t
hewr
ongt
hing.Chi
ldr
enhavet
her
ightt
othi
nkandbel
ievei
nwhatt
hey
wantandt
opr
act
icet
hei
rrel
igi
on.

 Fr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on:Thi
sri
ghtpr
ovi
desf
orgover
nment
stor
ecogni
se
t
her
ight
soft
hechi
ldt
ofr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on and t
ofr
eedom of
peacef
ulassembl
y.Associ
ati
oni
sbel
ongi
ngt
oagr
oupf
orachi
evi
nga
commonpur
pose.

 Access t
oinf
ormat
ion and medi
a:The pr
ovi
sion r
ecogni
ses t
he
i
mpor
tanceofmassmedi
aandhow i
tshoul
densur
ethatt
hechi
ldhas
accesst
oinf
ormat
ionf
orbot
hlocalandi
nter
nat
ionalsour
ces.

 Tor
tur
e,capi
talpuni
shment
,depr
ivat
ion of l
iber
ty:Thi
s pr
ovi
sion
pr
otect
schi
ldr
enf
rom t
ort
ure,cr
uelt
reat
mentorpuni
shment
,unl
awf
ul
ar
restordepr
ivat
ionofl
iber
ty.I
tfur
therpr
otect
sthechi
ldf
rom bei
ng
sent
encedt
odeat
h.

 Fami
lyenvi
ronmentandal
ter
nat
ivecar
e:Ther
ight
sundert
hiscl
ust
er
deal
swi
tht
hef
ami
lyenvi
ronmentandal
ter
nat
ivecar
efort
hosechi
ldr
en
who ar
eunabl
eto bel
ooked af
terbyt
hei
rown par
ent
sforvar
ious
r
easons.

 Par
ent
s,f
ami
ly,communi
tyr
ight
sand r
esponsi
bil
it
ies:t
hispr
ovi
sion
r
equi
rest
hegover
nmentt
orespectt
her
ight
sand r
esponsi
bil
it
iesof
par
ent
sandt
heext
endedf
ami
lyt
opr
ovi
degui
dancef
ort
hechi
ldwhi
chi
s
appr
opr
iat
eto hi
sorherevol
ving capaci
ty.Evol
ving capaci
tyi
sthe
mat
uri
ngpr
ocesst
hatchi
ldr
engot
hroughbef
orer
eachi
ngadul
thood.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page194
 2.FAMI
LYENVI
ROMENTANDALTERNATI
VECARE

 NON-
SEPERATI
ONFROM PARENTS

Thi
sisar
ightt
hatensur
est
hati
fachi
ldi
ssepar
atedf
rom hi
s/herpar
ent
s
he/
shehast
her
ightt
okeepcont
actwi
thhi
sorpar
ent
s.

 FAMI
LYREUNI
FICATI
ON

Request
sbyachi
ldt
oleaveorent
eracount
ryf
ort
hepur
poseoft
hechi
ld
r
euni
ti
ngwi
tht
hef
ami
lymember
sshal
lbedeal
twi
thi
nahumanemanner
.The
chi
ldhast
her
ightt
okeepcont
act
swi
tht
hepar
ent
sift
heyl
ivei
ndi
ff
erent
count
ri
esorpl
aces.

 I
LLI
CITTRANSFERANDNON-
RETURNOFCHI
LDREN

Thegover
nmentshal
ltakemeasur
est
ocombatt
hei
ll
ici
tori
ll
egalt
ransf
erand
non-
ret
urnofchi
ldr
enabr
oad.

 PARENTALRESPONSI
BILI
TY

Thi
srequi
respar
ent
stohavef
ullr
esponsi
bil
it
ytobr
ingupt
hei
rchi
ldr
enand
t
hatpar
ent
sshoul
dal
waysconsi
derwhati
sbestf
ort
hei
rchi
ldr
en.I
ncases
wher
ethepar
ent
sfai
ltog

 ABUSEANDNEGLECTWHI
LEI
NFAMI
LYORCARE

Gover
nmenthast
hedut
ytomakel
awsandpr
ovi
desoci
alandeducat
ional
measur
est
opr
otectt
hechi
ldf
rom al
lfor
msofphysi
calorment
alvi
olence.

 ALTERNATI
VECAREFORCHI
LDRENI
NTHEABSENSEOFPARENTS

Thi
sri
ghtpr
ovi
desf
orachi
ldwhoi
stempor
ari
lyorper
manent
lydepr
ivedofhi
s
orherf
ami
lywi
thspeci
alpr
otect
ionorassi
stancebyt
hegover
nment
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page195
  ADOPTI
ON

Thi
sri
ghtr
ecogni
zest
hatchi
ldr
enhavet
her
ightt
ocar
eandpr
otect
ion.Soi
f
adopt
edorundercar
e,t
heconcer
nwi
llbewhati
sbestf
ort
hechi
ldadopt
ed.

 REVI
EW OFTREATMENTI
NCARE

Chi
ldr
enwhoar
elookedaf
teri
ninst
it
uti
onsofcar
erat
hert
hant
hei
rpar
ent
s,
havet
her
ightt
hei
rli
vingar
rangement
srevi
ewedr
egul
arl
ytochecki
ftheyar
e
t
hemostappr
opr
iat
e.

 STANDARDOFLI
VING

Thi
sri
ghtpl
acesdut
yon t
hegover
nmentt
otakest
epst
orecoverunpai
d
mai
ntenancef
ort
hechi
ldf
rom par
ent
sorot
her
swhoar
erequi
redt
otakecar
eof
t
hechi
ldf
inanci
all
y.

 RECOVERYANDREI
NTEGRATI
ON

Gover
nmenthast
hedut
ytor
educeandr
euni
techi
ldvi
cti
msofexpl
oit
ati
on,
t
ort
ureoranyot
hermi
str
eat
mentbacki
ntot
hei
rcommuni
ti
es.

3.BASI
CHEALTHANDWELFARE

Her
e,t
her
ight
sar
emeantt
opr
omot
etheheal
thandwel
far
eoft
hechi
ld.

wel
far
eist
hesi
tuat
ionofhavi
nggoodheal
thandcomf
ort
abl
eli
ving.

 PARENTALRESPONSI
BILI
TY

Undert
hispr
ovi
sion,gover
nment
shaver
esponsi
bil
it
yoft
aki
ngal
lappr
opr
iat
e
measur
est
oensur
ethatchi
ldr
enofwor
kingpar
ent
shavet
her
ightt
obenef
it
f
rom chi
ldcar
eser
vicesandf
aci
li
ti
esf
orwhi
cht
heyar
eel
igi
ble.

 CHI
LDRENWI
THDI
SABI
LITI
ES

Ther
ightpr
ovi
dest
hatadi
sabl
edchi
ldhast
her
ightpr
ovi
dest
hatadi
sabl
ed
chi
ldhast
her
ightt
ospeci
alcar
e,educat
ionandt
rai
ningt
ohel
phi
m orher

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page196
 enj
oyaf
ullanddecentl
if
e.

 HEALTHANDHEALTHSERVI
CES

Chi
ldr
enhavet
her
ightt
othebestheal
thcar
esuchassaf
edr
inki
ngwat
er,
nut
ri
ti
ousf
ood,
acl
eanandsaf
eenvi
ronment
.

 SOCI
ALSECURI
TY

Gover
nmentshal
lrecogni
zef
orever
ychi
ldt
her
ightt
o benef
itf
rom soci
al
secur
it
y,i
ncl
udi
ng soci
ali
nsur
ance and shal
ltake necessar
y measur
es t
o
achi
evet
hisr
ighti
naccor
dancewi
tht
hei
rnat
ionall
aw.

 PARAGRAPHS:1AND3:STANDARDOFLI
VING

Gover
nmentaccept
sther
ightofever
ychi
ldt
oast
andar
dofl
ivi
ngsui
tabl
efor
t
hechi
ld’
sphysi
cal
,ment
al,spi
ri
tual
,mor
alandsoci
aldevel
opment
.Par
ent
sor
ot
herpeopl
eresponsi
blef
ort
hechi
ldhavet
hef
ir
str
esponsi
bil
it
ytopr
ovi
de
wi
thi
nthei
rabi
li
ti
es.

4.EDUCATI
ON,
LEI
SUREANDCULTURALACTI
VITI
ES

Ther
ight
sher
ehavet
odowi
theducat
ion,
recr
eat
ionandcul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es.

RI
GHTTOEDUCATI
ON

Al
lchi
ldr
enhavet
her
ightt
oapr
imar
yeducat
ion,
whi
chshoul
dbef
ree.

 Di
sci
pli
ne i
n school
s mustr
espectchi
ldr
en’
s di
gni
ty.Any f
orm of
di
sci
pli
neshoul
dtakei
ntoaccountt
hechi
ld’
shumandi
gni
ty.

 Schooladmi
nist
rat
orsshoul
dmakesur
ethatanydi
sci
pli
nepr
act
ices
i
nvol
vingphysi
calorment
alvi
olenceornegl
ecti
sel
imi
nat
ed.

 Secondar
y and vocat
ional educat
ion shoul
d be encour
aged by
Gover
nmentandmaket
hem avai
labl
etoever
ychi
ld.

 Measur
essuchast
hei
ntr
oduct
ionoff
reeeducat
ionandof
fer
ingf
inanci
al

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page197
 assi
stancei
ncaseofneedshoul
dbet
akenbygover
nment
.

 Gover
nmentshoul
dmakehi
ghereducat
ionaccessi
blet
oal
lont
hebasi
s
ofcapaci
ty.

AI
MSOFEDUCATI
ON

 Educat
ion oft
he chi
ld shoul
d be t
he devel
opmentoft
he chi
ld’
s
per
sonal
it
y,t
alent
s and ment
aland physi
calabi
li
ti
es t
othei
rful
lest
pot
ent
ial
.

 Devel
opmentofr
espectf
orhuman r
ight
sand f
undament
alf
reedoms
enshr
inedi
nthechar
teroft
heUni
tedNat
ions.

 Devel
opmentofr
espectf
ort
hechi
ld’
spar
ent
s,hi
sorherowncul
tur
al
i
dent
it
y,l
anguageandval
uesoft
hecount
ryi
nwhi
cht
hechi
ldi
sli
ving.

 Pr
epar
ati
onoft
hechi
ldf
ort
her
esponsi
blel
if
einaf
reesoci
ety.

PLAYANDRECREATI
ON

 The chi
ld has t
he r
ightt
orestand l
eisur
e,t
o engage i
n pl
ay and
r
ecr
eat
ionalact
ivi
ti
esequalt
othechi
ld’
sage.

 St
atepar
ti
esshal
lrespectandpr
omot
ether
ightoft
hechi
ldt
oful
ly
par
ti
cipat
eincul
tur
alandar
ti
sti
cli
fe.

5.SPECI
ALPROTECTI
ONMEASURES

Ther
ight
sher
epr
otectt
her
ight
sofchi
ldr
enwhocomei
ntoconf
li
ctwi
tht
hel
aw
andf
rom anyf
orm ofabuseandexpl
oit
ati
on.

Ref
ugeechi
ldr
enst
atesshal
lensur
ethatachi
ldwhoi
sseeki
ngr
efugeest
atus
ori
sconsi
der
edar
efugeebyl
aw.

Economi
cexpl
oit
ati
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page198
 St
atepar
ti
esr
ecogni
zet
her
ightoft
hechi
ldt
obepr
otect
edf
rom economi
c
expl
oit
ati
onandf
rom per
for
mingwor
kthati
shar
mfult
othechi
ldori
nter
fer
e
wi
tht
heeducat
ionoft
hechi
ld.

Nar
cot
icandpsychot
icsubst
ances

St
atepar
ti
esshal
ltakemeasur
est
opr
otectchi
ldr
enf
rom t
heuseofi
ll
ici
tof
nar
cot
icdr
ugsandot
heri
ll
ici
tpr
oduct
ionoft
raf
fi
cki
ngofsuchsubst
ances.

Sexualexpl
oit
ati
on:st
atepar
ti
est
opr
otectt
hechi
ldf
rom al
lfor
msofsexual
abuse.

St
atepar
ti
esshal
lal
soensur
epr
otect
ionofachi
ldf
rom bei
ngengagedi
nthe
i
ll
ici
tpr
oduct
ionofandt
raf
fi
cki
ngofsuchsubst
ances.

Abduct
ion,sal
eandt
raf
fi
cki
ngofchi
ldr
en-st
atepar
ti
esshal
ltakenat
ionaland
i
nter
nat
ionalst
epst
opr
eventt
heabduct
ionandsal
eofchi
ldr
enf
oranypur
pose.

Ot
herf
ormsofexpl
oit
ati
on:st
atepar
ti
esshal
lpr
otectt
hechi
ldagai
nstal
lot
her
f
ormsofexpl
oit
ati
onhar
mfult
othechi
ld’
swel
far
e.

Tor
tur
e,Capi
talpuni
shmentanddepr
ivat
ionofl
iber
ty

 Nochi
ldshal
lbemadet
oexper
iencesuf
fer
ingoft
ort
ureori
nhumane
t
reat
ment
.

 Deat
horl
if
eimpr
isonmentshoul
dnotbegi
vent
oaper
sonbel
owt
heage
of18year
s.

 Nochi
ldshal
lbedet
ainedi
npol
icest
ati
onanyhow.

 Ar
rest
,det
ent
ionandi
mpr
isonmentofachi
ldshal
lbewi
thi
nthepr
ovi
sion
oft
hel
awandshal
lbeusedast
hel
astr
esor
t.

 Ever
ychi
ldar
rest
edshal
lbesepar
atedf
rom t
headul
tsunl
essi
tisi
nthe
i
nter
estoft
hechi
ld.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page199
  Thechi
ldshal
lal
sohavet
her
ightt
okeepi
ntouchwi
thhi
sfami
ly.

 Ever
ychi
ldar
rest
edanddet
ainedshal
lhavet
her
ightt
oobt
ainqui
ckl
egal
hel
pandt
her
ightt
oquest
ionwhyhe/
shei
sdet
ained.

 Ar
med conf
li
ct– st
ate par
ti
es t
o ensur
erespectf
ort
he r
ules of
i
nter
nat
ionalhumani
tar
ianl
awi
nar
medconf
li
ctsuchas:

 Nochi
ldunder15year
sofageshoul
dtakepar
tinar
medconf
li
ct.

 Nochi
ldundert
heageof18year
sshoul
dber
ecr
uit
edi
nthecount
ri
es
ar
medf
orces.

JUVENI
LEJUSTI
CE

 Chi
ldr
enwhoar
eaccusedofcommi
tt
ingacr
imehavet
her
ightt
obe
t
reat
edwi
thr
espectanddi
gni
ty.

 They have t
he r
ightt
o be consi
der
ed i
nnocentunt
ilpr
oven gui
lt
y
accor
dingt
othel
aw.

 Chi
ldr
enhavet
her
ightt
ohavet
hemat
terdet
ermi
nedwi
thoutdel
aybya
compet
entcour
tofl
awandt
ohavef
reeassi
stanceofani
nter
pret
er

CRCOPTI
ONALPROTOCOLS:

 Theopt
ionalpr
otocolt
otheconvent
ionont
her
ightoft
hechi
ldont
he
sal
eofchi
ldr
en

 Chi
ldpr
ost
it
uti
onandchi
ldpor
nogr
aphyt
hatcamei
ntof
orceon18t
h
Januar
y 2002 was t
he r
esul
tofgr
eatconcer
n by t
he i
nter
nat
ional
communi
tyatt
hesi
gni
fi
cantandi
ncr
easi
ngi
nter
nat
ionalt
raf
fi
cki
ngi
n
chi
ldr
enf
ort
hepur
poseoft
hesal
eofchi
ldr
en.

Thepr
otocolpr
ohi
bit
s

 Thesal
eofchi
ldr
en,
chi
ldpr
ost
it
uti
onandchi
ldpor
nogr
aphy.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page200
  Theopt
ionalpr
otocolt
otheconvent
ionont
her
ight
soft
hechi
ldont
he
i
nvol
vementofchi
ldr
eni
nar
medconf
li
cts.

 Thepr
otocolensur
est
hatper
sonswhoar
enotyet18year
sofagear
enot
compul
sor
il
yrecr
uit
edi
ntot
hear
medf
orces.

ROLEOFTHEGOVERNMENTI
NFULFI
LLI
NGTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD

1.Obl
igat
iont
orespect
-Thi
sobl
igat
ionr
equi
resgover
nmentt
ost
opdoi
ng
anyt
hingt
hatwoul
dint
erf
erewi
thaper
son’
senj
oymentoft
hei
rri
ght
sorhi
nder
t
hei
rabi
li
tyt
osat
isf
ythoser
ight
sbyt
hei
ref
for
tinr
egar
dtochi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
s

2.Obl
igat
iont
opr
otect

Theobl
igat
iont
opr
otectr
equi
rest
hest
atet
opr
eventt
hevi
olat
ionofhuman
r
ight
sbyt
hepeopl
e.Thegover
nmentdoest
hisbyput
ti
ngi
npl
acel
awst
hat
pr
otectper
sons.

3.Obl
igat
iont
oful
fi
ll

Thi
stypeofobl
igat
ioni
ncl
udest
heobl
igat
iont
ofaci
li
tat
e,pr
omot
eandpr
ovi
de.
I
tpl
acesanobl
igat
ionont
hegover
nmentt
otakest
epst
oensur
ether
eal
izat
ion
ofhumanr
ight
sthr
ought
headopt
ionofl
awsandot
hermeasur
essuchas
pr
ovi
sionofeducat
ion.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS.

1. Whoi
sachi
ld?

2.Gi
ver
easonswhyt
hechi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
sinst
rumenti
simpor
tant
.

3.Chi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
sar
ehumanr
ight
s.Di
scuss.

4.Di
scusst
hepr
ovi
sionoft
heUni
tedNat
ionsconvent
ionont
he
r
ight
soft
hechi
ldr
enandt
heopt
ionalpr
otocol
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page201
 5.Out
li
net
heel
ement
soft
hechi
ldr
en’
sri
ghtconvent
ion.

6.I
dent
if
ycul
tur
alpr
act
iceswhi
chvi
olat
echi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
sinyour
communi
ty.

7.St
atet
her
olesoft
hegover
nmenti
nful
fi
ll
ingt
hechi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
s.

8. Besi
desenj
oyi
ngt
hei
rri
ght
s,chi
ldr
enal
sohaver
esponsi
bil
it
iest
o
t
hecommuni
ty.Li
stdowndut
iesoft
hechi
ld.

9.Di
scusst
hef
ourpr
inci
plesofUNDHonchi
ldr
en’
sri
ght
s.

FAMI
LYLAW

AFami
lyi
sal
egaluni
onofamanandwomanashusbandandwi
fe;t
hus,
iti
sa
cont
ractt
hatcr
eat
est
hesoci
alst
atusofhusbandandwi
fe,basedonr
ight
s,
obl
igat
ion,
capaci
ti
esandi
ncapaci
ti
es.

 Ri
ght
s:ar
e ent
it
lement
s a wi
fe orhusband enj
oys i
nthe mar
ri
age.I
na
t
radi
ti
onalsetup,
ahusbandhast
her
ightt
obel
ookedaf
terf
orwhi
leawi
fehas
t
her
ightt
obepr
ovi
dedf
orbyt
hehusband.However
,acoupl
ecanmaket
hei
r
ownr
ight
s.
 Obl
igat
ion:ar
edut
iest
hatawi
feorhusbandper
for
msi
ntheuni
onsuchas;
eachspousehast
hedut
ytot
akecar
eofandpr
otectt
heot
herspouse.
 Capaci
ti
es:ar
eabi
li
ti
esorcapabi
li
ti
eswhi
cht
hespousebr
ingst
otheuni
on.A
wi
febr
ingst
heabi
li
tyt
oconcei
veandbearchi
ldr
enf
ort
heuni
onwhi
let
he
husbandhast
heabi
li
tyt
opr
ovi
det
hemat
eri
alneedsf
ort
hef
ami
ly.
 I
ncapaci
ti
es:ar
ethei
nabi
li
ti
esori
ncapabi
li
ty’
sthateachspousebr
ingst
othe
uni
on.Forexampl
e,anuneducat
edandunski
ll
edwomanmaybeunabl
eto

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page202
 nei
therear
nal
ivi
ngnorpr
ovi
de.
 However
,ther
ight
sandobl
igat
ionsi
nmar
ri
agedonotdependont
hecoupl
e
al
ongbutdependont
hel
awoft
hecont
ract
.
 I
ntheeventofdeat
hofonespouse,
thet
ypeofmar
ri
ageent
eredi
ntowi
lldi
ctat
e
howt
hesur
vivi
ngspousewi
lli
nher
itt
hepr
oper
tyoft
hedeceased(
dead)
.

ELEMENTSOFFAMI
LYLAW
 Mar
ri
age
 Di
vor
ce
 Pr
oper
tyset
tl
ement(
shar
ing)
 Mai
ntenanceofspouseandchi
ldr
enwi
thi
nandaf
termar
ri
age.
 Cust
odyofchi
ldr
enaf
terdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age
 Adopt
ionofchi
ldr
en
 Legi
ti
macyofchi
ldr
en
 Successi
on.
 I
nher
it
anceofpr
oper
ty.

TYPESOFMARRI
AGESI
NZAMBI
A
 Ther
ear
eonl
ytwot
ypesofmar
ri
agei
nZambi
a,
Stat
utor
yandCust
omar
ythat
ar
erecogni
zedbyl
aw.

St
atut
orymar
ri
age
 I
tref
erst
ovol
unt
aryuni
onofonewi
feandonehusbandf
orl
if
eandexcl
udi
ngal
l
ot
her
s.
 I
tisal
sor
efer
redt
oasaCi
vilmar
ri
ageandi
tisamonogamousmar
ri one
age(
husbandandwi
feat
ime.
)
 ASt
atut
orymar
ri
agecannotbeconver
tedt
oaCust
omar
ymar
ri
agebecausei
tis
i
ll
egal
andi
nor
derf
oronet
oent
ert
heSt
atut
orymar
ri
age,onehast
otaket
he
f
oll
owi
ngi
ntoaccount
:

Takeoutanot
iceofmar
ri
age:

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page203
  Thi
sisanot
iceoft
hecoupl
e’si
ntent
iont
omar
rymadeonapr
escr
ibedf
ormt
o
t
heRegi
str
arofMar
ri
agesatt
heLocalCounci
lOf
fi
ces.
 Thenot
icewi
llbepubl
ishedout
sidet
heRegi
str
ar’
sof
fi
cef
or21days.
 Atl
eastoneoft
hepar
ti
esi
ntendi
ngt
omar
ryshoul
dbear
esi
dentwi
thi
nthe
di
str
ictr
egi
ster
edunderf
oratl
east15daysbef
oret
hemar
ri
agecer
emoni
es.
 Af
ter21days,t
hemar
ri
agewi
llbesol
emni
zed(
cel
ebr
ated)byaPast
oror
Li
censedPr
iestorMar
ri
ageRegi
str
ar.
 Dur
ingt
heper
iodofnot
ice,
anyper
soncanst
opt
hemar
ri
agei
fther
eisagood
r
easonf
ort
hecoupl
enott
omar
rybywr
it
ingt
hewor
d,f
orbi
ddenandgi
ving
r
easons,
int
hemar
ri
agenot
icebook.
Mar
ri
agepayment
s:
 Ther
ear
enomar
ri
agepayment
srequi
redi
naCust
omar
ymar
ri
ageunl
esst
he
i
ndi
vidual
sconcer
nedwantt
oobser
vet
hecust
omar
yri
tualofpayment
s.
 The Mar
ri
age Actdoes notst
ipul
ate any paymentofany ki
nd butmost
Zambi
ansi
ntendi
ngt
omar
ryobser
vet
het
radi
ti
onalr
it
ualofmar
ri
agepayment
commonl
yknownasLobol
a.
Age
 Thepar
ti
esi
ntendi
ngt
omar
ryshoul
dbe21year
sofageundert
heMar
ri
ageAct
,
buti
fanyoft
hepar
ti
esi
sbel
ow 21year
sbutmor
ethan16year
s,heorshe
needsal
ett
erof
consent
.
 Thi
sisawr
it
tenper
missi
onandbl
essi
ngoft
hepar
ent
sorguar
dians,f
il
ed
t
oget
herwi
thaswor
naf
fi
davi
tatt
heHi
ghCour
t.

Rel
ati
onshi
p:
 Thet
woi
ntendi
ngt
omar
ryshoul
dnotber
elat
edei
therbymar
ri
ageorbl
ood.
 Theser
elat
ionshi
pswhi
ch ar
epr
ohi
bit
ed byl
aw t
o ent
eri
nto mar
ri
agear
e
knownaspr
ohi
bit
eddecr
ees.

Sol
emni
zat
ionofmar
ri
age:
 Thi
siswhent
heact
ualweddi
ngi
sper
for
medf
oll
owi
ngt
hel
aiddownr
it
ual
s
suchast
aki
ngvows,
exchangi
ngof
ri
ngsandsi
gni
ngt
heRegi
ster
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page204
  Thi
sshoul
doccuri
nar
oom wi
thopendoor
sbet
ween08:
00hr
sand18:
00hour
s
andt
her
eshoul
dbeatl
eastt
wowi
tnessest
osi
gnt
heRegi
sterandcer
ti
fi
cat
e,
t
oget
herwi
tht
heof
fi
cialper
for
mingt
hecer
emonyandt
hecoupl
e.

Mar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e:
 Thi
sist
heevi
denceofmar
ri
ageandcopyofwhi
chi
skeptbyt
heRegi
str
arand
anot
herbyt
hecoupl
e.
 Themar
ri
agei
sregi
ster
edi
ntheMar
ri
ageRegi
sterkeptatt
hecounci
lwhi
ch
canbei
nspect
edbyanyoneuponpayi
ngasear
chf
ee.

CUSTOMARYMARRI
AGE:
 Thi
sisauni
onofonemanandonewomanorwomenashusbandandwi
feor
wi
ves.
 Thi
sisamar
ri
agecont
ract
edundercust
omar
ypr
act
icesandauni
onmaynotbe
vol
unt
aryasi
naci
vilmar
ri
agebecauseonemaybecompel
ledt
omar
rya
per
sonchosenbyr
elat
ives.
 Cust
omar
ymar
ri
agei
sgover
nedbycust
omsandt
radi
ti
ons,
whi
char
eusual
lya
pr
ocesswi
thaser
iesofcer
emoni
esl
eadi
ngt
omar
ri
age.
 Thel
ocalCour
tRegi
str
arcanr
egi
sterandi
ssueamar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
easl
ong
ast
her
eist
hewoman’
sguar
dianorpar
entt
owi
tnesst
her
egi
str
ati
on.

REQUI
REMENTSFORACUSTOMARYMARRI
AGE
Consent
:
 Thi
sis when par
ent
s orguar
dians oft
he woman get
ti
ng mar
ri
ed gi
ve
per
missi
onf
orhert
omar
ryandal
sowhent
heper
sonsget
ti
ngmar
ri
edagr
ee
t
omar
ry.
Mar
ri
agepayment
 Thi
sisanyt
hingval
uabl
epai
dtot
heguar
diansorpar
ent
soft
hewoman[
bri
de
t
obe]asr
ecogni
ti
onoft
hemar
ri
age.
 Thi
scanbeat
okensum orasubst
ant
ialamountdependi
ngont
heet
hni
c
gr
oup.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page205
 Spouse
 Thepar
ti
est
othemar
ri
ageshoul
dbemal
eandf
emal
e,andt
hef
emal
e
dbesi
shoul ngl
e,di
vor
cedorwi
dowedbutt
hemal
emayal
readyhaveoneor
mor
ewi
ves.
 Themanshoul
dhavet
heabi
li
tyt
opr
ovi
def
ort
hef
ami
ly.

Rel
ati
onshi
p
 Theper
sonsi
ntendi
ng t
o getmar
ri
ed shoul
d notber
elat
ed bybl
ood or
mar
ri
age,
alt
houghi
nsomeet
hni
cgr
oupscousi
nscanmar
ry.

OTHERTYPESOFMARRI
AGE
Al
thought
hesear
econsi
der
edmar
ri
ages,
theyar
enotr
ecogni
zedbyt
hel
aw:

RELI
GIOUSMARRI
AGE:
 Thi
sisamar
ri
aget
hati
ssol
emni
zedi
nachur
ch,
whi
chshoul
dbef
oll
owedup
byr
egi
str
ati
onatei
thert
heCi
vicCent
reorCounci
lOf
fi
cesundert
hemar
ri
age
ActorataLocalCour
tundert
heLocalCour
tAct
.
 However
,somechur
chandcl
ergymenhavebeengi
venl
icenseundert
he
mar
ri
ageactt
oper
for
m ci
vilmar
ri
ages.
 I
facoupl
ewant
sthei
rmar
ri
aget
obeataChur
ch,not
icei
sgi
venoft
he
i
mpendi
ngmar
ri
aget
hroughmar
ri
agebanns.
 Mar
ri
agebannsar
eannouncement
sthatar
emadei
nachur
choft
hecoupl
e’s
i
ntent
iont
omar
ry.
 However
,chur
chmember
sar
easkedt
oinf
ormt
hepr
iesti
nconf
idencef
ort
he
coupl
enott
omar
ry.Forexampl
e,i
ntheSDAchur
ch,
thenot
iceofi
ntent
iont
o
mar
ryl
ast
sforaper
iodofatl
eastf
ourt
osi
xmont
hs.
 Assuch,
ift
hecoupl
ewant
sthei
rmar
ri
aget
ober
egi
ster
edundert
hel
aw,
they
shoul
dmakesur
etheyar
emar
ri
edbyt
heMar
ri
ageActl
icensedPast
oror
t
heyshoul
dregi
sterei
therwi
tht
heHi
gh Cour
t(ci
vilmar
ri
age)orLocal
Cour
t(Cust
omar
yMar
ri
age)
.
 Acopyoft
hemar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
eshoul
dbesentt
other
egi
str
arofmar
ri
ages

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page206
 oft
hedi
str
ictt
ober
ecor
dedi
nthemar
ri
ager
egi
ster
.

CO-
HABI
TATI
ON:
 Thi
sisamar
ri
agewher
ethepar
ti
esconcer
neddeci
dedt
oli
vet
oget
heron
t
hei
rownwi
thoutt
heconsentoft
hei
rpar
ent
s,guar
diansandf
oll
owi
nganyof
t
her
it
ual
sper
for
medei
theri
nacust
omar
yorci
vilmar
ri
age.
 Af
tersomet
ime,soci
eti
esacceptandr
ecogni
zet
hecoupl
eashusbandand
wi
feandt
heymayevenhavechi
ldr
ent
oget
herandgr
andchi
ld.
 Themar
ri
agewi
llnotber
ecogni
zedundert
hel
awandwi
llber
efer
redt
oasa
voi
dmar
ri
ageandt
hecoupl
enomat
terhowl
ongt
heyl
ivet
oget
herwi
llj
ustbe
cohabi
ti
ng.

VOI
DANDVOI
DABLEMARRI
AGE
VOI
DMARRI
AGE:
 Thi
sisamar
ri
agewi
thoutal
egalst
andi
ngr
ightf
rom t
hebegi
nni
ngbecausei
tis
nul
landvoi
d
 .Anypar
tyt
oaavoi
dmar
ri
agemaynotbegui
lt
yofbi
gamyi
fheorshemar
ri
es
bef
oredi
vor
cingt
heso–cal
ledf
ir
stwi
feorhusbandbecauset
hemar
ri
agewas
notr
ightf
rom t
hest
art
.
 Bi
gamyi
smar
ryi
nganot
herper
sonwhi
lest
il
llegal
lymar
ri
edt
osomeoneel
se,
whi
chmaybeduet
o:
 Lackofpar
ent
alconsent

 non–publ
icat
ionoft
hebannsi
nchur
ch,
Ift
hemani
sunder21year
sol
d,i
fthe
f
emal
eisunder21year
sandabove16year
swi
thoutt
heconsentofherpar
ent
s
orguar
dians;

 I
fonepar
tyi
sal
readymar
ri
edundert
hemar
ri
ageActatt
het
imeofcont
ract
ing
t
he“
mar
ri
age”
,

 Pr
ohi
bit
eddecr
eesofmar
ri
agewhi
char
erel
ati
onshi
psbybl
oodi
nlegalt
erms
knownasconsangui
nit
yorbymar
ri
agewhi
chbyl
awi
scal
ledaf
fi
nit
y.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page207
VOI
DABLEMARRI
AGE
 Thi
sisamar
ri
agewhi
chi
sini
ti
all
yval
id,
butl
ateri
nval
idat
edbyt
hecour
tofl
aw
becauseoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:
 I
fthechi
ldbor
nisnott
hehusband’
schi
ld

 I
faspousehascont
ract
edasexual
lyt
ransmi
tt
edi
nfect
ionf
rom el
sewher
enot
f
rom t
hespouse

 I
ft
he mar
ri
age i
s notconsummat
ed due t
oimpot
ence.Consummat
ion i
n
mar
ri
agemeansmaki
ngmar
ri
ageval
idbyhavi
ng sexuali
nter
cour
seandi
s
appl
icabl
etobot
hci
vilandcust
omar
ymar
ri
age:

 Wi
ll
fulr
efusalt
oconsummat
ethemar
ri
agebyanypar
ti
es

 Ment
aldi
sor
derofanyoft
hepar
ti
es.

DI
VORCE
Undert
hel
aw,mar
ri
agecannotbeconsi
der
edf
ordi
vor
ceunt
ilt
hecour
thandl
ingt
he
casei
ssat
isf
ied,
that
amar
ri
agehadact
ual
lyexi
sted.

DI
VORCEI
NCUSTOMARYMARRI
AGE
 Accor
dingt
otheMat
ri
moni
alCausesActof1973,di
vor
ceunderacust
omar
y
l
awwi
llt
akepl
acedependi
ngont
heCust
om t
hecoupl
ewasmar
ri
ageunder
.
 Some oft
he payment
s maybe r
etur
ned t
othe husband’
sfami
lyandi
tis
expect
edundert
hecust
omar
ylawt
hati
tist
hemanwhodi
vor
cest
hewi
feand
notvi
cever
sa.
 I
nacust
omar
ylaw,
divor
cecanbedonebyt
het
wof
ami
li
esmeet
ingt
oget
herand
mar
kingt
hedeci
sionorei
therpar
tycansuet
hespousef
ordi
vor
cei
ntheLocal
cour
t.
Causesaccept
abl
easgr
oundsf
ordi
vor
cei
nacust
omar
ymar
ri
age.

 Adul
ter
yoft
hewi
fe(
whi
chdoesnotneedt
obepr
oved)
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page208
  Cr
uel
ty

 Lazi
nessont
hepar
toft
hewi
fe

 Badr
elat
ionswi
tht
hei
n–l
aws

 I
nfer
ti
li
ty

 Lackofmai
ntenancebyt
heman.

 Deser
ti
on.

DI
VORCEUNDERSTATUTORYMARRI
AGE

 TheMat
ri
moni
alCausesActof1973,
ther
eisonl
yonegr
oundf
ordi
vor
ce,
whi
ch
i
sthat
,‘t
hemar
ri
agehasbr
okendowni
rr
etr
ievabl
y.’

 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hemar
ri
agecannotbesavedorr
edeemedusi
nganyot
her
means,
whi
chcanar
iseoutoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:

 Adul
ter
ywhi
chshoul
dbepr
ovedwi
tht
het
hir
dper
sonknownandnamed.

 One orbot
h oft
he mar
ri
ed per
sons conductt
hemsel
ves i
n unr
easonabl
e
behavi
or,
Cruel
tyorvi
olencet
hatmakesi
timpossi
blef
ort
heot
herpar
tnert
oli
ve
saf
ely.

 I
fonepar
tnerdi
sser
tsanot
herf
oraper
iodoft
woyear
s,t
hent
her
eissuf
fi
cient
gr
oundf
ordi
vor
ce.

 Separ
ati
onwi
thconsentoft
hecoupl
efort
woyear
s.

 Li
vingapar
tforacont
inuousper
iodoff
iveyear
s.

Not
e:apet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cecanonl
ybef
il
ledi
nthehi
ghcour
taf
teroneyearofmar
ri
age.
Bef
oreoneyear
,itwi
llnotbeadi
vor
cebutanannul
ment
.
Thel
awyer
shandl
ingt
hecaseshoul
dver
if
ywhet
hert
heyt
ri
edt
oreconci
let
hecoupl
e
dur
ingt
heper
iodofsepar
ati
on.
ADecr
eeni
ssi
isat
empor
arydi
vor
cecer
ti
fi
cat
egi
vent
oacoupl
eandaf
tersi
xweeks,
a

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page209
Decr
ee absol
ut per
e( manentdi
vor
cecer
ti
fi
cat
e)i
sgr
ant
ed pr
ovi
ded t
hecour
tis
sat
isf
iedwi
tht
hear
rangement
smadef
ort
hechi
ldr
en.

PROPERTYSETTLEMENT(
SHARI
NG)
.
 Af
teradi
vor
cei
nacust
omar
ymar
ri
age,t
hewomanusual
lyget
ssomef
ormof
compensat
iont
oal
low hert
ost
artl
if
eaf
reshexcepti
ncaseswher
eshehas
commi
tt
edadul
ter
y.
 However
,thesedaysi
tisr
ecogni
zedt
hatwhoeveri
satf
aul
tcompensat
est
he
ot
her
,t
her
efor
e,whoeverhasmor
emoneywi
llpaycompensat
iont
otheot
her
.
 I
n Ci
vilmar
ri
age,pr
oper
tyi
sshar
ed by t
he cour
t’
s Deput
y Regi
str
ar.I
na
si
tuat
ionwher
eoneper
sonwor
kedandbr
oughti
nal
ltheear
nings,t
heper
son
whost
ayedathomeandl
ookedaf
tert
hehomeandf
ami
lyget
sat
hir
d[1/
3]of
t
het
otalweal
thoft
hecoupl
e.I
fbot
hwor
kedandear
nedal
ivi
ng,t
heywi
llshar
e
t
hei
rpr
oper
tyhal
f–hal
forf
if
ty–f
if
tybasi
s.
 Somet
imesi
naCi
vilmar
ri
age,acoupl
emaychooset
omar
r nCommuni
yi ty
of
Proper
tywhi
chmeanst
hatever
ythi
ng t
heyownedandt
hei
rdebt
s,f
rom
bef
oret
hei
rmar
ri
agei
sputt
oget naJoi
heri ntEst
ate.

MAI
NTENANCEOFSPOUSEANDCHI
LDREN
 Dur
ingmar
ri
ageunderst
atut
oryl
aw,t
hespousehasadut
ytomai
ntai
nhi
sor
herpar
tner
.
 Af
terdi
vor
ce,
aspousest
il
lhast
her
esponsi
bil
it
yofmai
ntai
ninghi
sorher
spouseunt
ilheorshedemandorbecomesf
inanci
all
yindependent
.
 Mai
ntenancemaybepai
dper
iodi
cal
lyasagr
eementuponbyt
hepar
ti
esori
t
maybepai
dasbepai
dasal
umpsum.
 Theamountdependsont
hei
ncomeear
nedandt
hef
inanci
alst
atusoft
he
par
ti
esi
nvol
ved.
undert
hecust
omar
ylaw,
 Thecour
tcanawar
d anyamountf
orei
therper
iodorl
umpsum mai
ntenance
ast
heyseei
tfi
t.
 I
fei
theri
snotsat
isf
ied wi
tht
heamountawar
ded,t
heycan appeali
nthe
subor
dinat
e(Magi
str
ate)Cour
t.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page210
  Themai
ntenanceofchi
ldr
eni
spr
ovi
dedi
ntheAFFI
LIATI
ON andmai
ntenance
pr
ovi
sionsAct
,CAP64oft
her
evi
sedl
awsofZambi
a.
 Thi
s Actper
mit
schi
ldr
enbor
noutofwedl
ockt
obeaf
fi
li
atedt
othei
rmal
e
par
entandt
her
eby,
clai
m mai
ntenance:
 Achi
ld;f
rom i
tsaf
fi
li
atedf
atherorl
egalpar
ent
s.
 Aguar
dian;f
orexampl
e,agr
andpar
entoranuncl
ecancl
aim mai
ntenanceon
behal
foft
hechi
ld.
 Asi
ngl
ewomanf
rom t
heaf
fi
li
atedf
atherorherchi
ld
 Aspousehi
sorherpar
tnerwher
edi
vor
cedornot
.
 Not
e:anyonewi
shi
ng t
o cl
aim mai
ntenancecan appr
oach t
hecl
erkatt
he
near
estl
ocalcour
torl
awyer
.
Cust
odyofchi
ldr
en
 Thel
awst
atest
hatt
her
eshoul
dbeal
waysanadul
ttol
ookaf
tert
hechi
ldr
en.
 I
fthechi
ldr
enar
eyoungt
hecour
tusual
lygi
vescust
odyt
othemot
her
.
 I
famot
herdoesnotmanaget
opr
ovi
def
ort
hechi
ldr
en,t
hef
atherst
il
lhasa
mai
ntai
ningf
ort
hemot
herandchi
ldr
en.

Adopt
ionofchi
ldr
en
 Thel
awsofZambi
a,under Adopt
ionofchi
ldr
enAct
,chapt
er136of1948,t
he
cour
tshavebeengi
vingpowert
ogr
antanor
dert
oadul
tsr
equest
ingt
oadopta
chi
ld
Cat
egor
iesofadopt
ion
 Acoupl
ecanj
oint
lyadoptani
nfanti
sachi
ldl
ess7year
sol
d.
 Thest
epmot
herorf
atheroft
hei
nfantal
soi
sel
igi
ble.
 Bot
hthei
nfantandt
heper
sonappl
yingf
oradopt
ionshoul
dli
vei
nZambi
a.
 Thei
nfancyhasbeenl
ookedaf
terbyt
heappl
icantcont
inuousl
yforatl
east
t
hreemont
hsbef
oret
hedat
eofadopt
ion.
 Theper
soni
ntendi
ngt
oadoptnot
if
iest
hecommi
ssi
ont
hreemont
hsbef
ore.
However
,thel
awf
orbi
dsadopt
ioni
f:
 Adopt
ionofaf
emal
einf
antbyamal
eappl
icantonhi
sownunl
esst
her
ear
e
speci
alr
easonsf
ordoi
ngso.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page211
  Adopt
ion ofan i
nfantwho al
readyhaspar
ent(
s)orguar
dian oranybody
pr
ovi
dingmai
ntenance.
 Whengr
ant
edt
headopt
ionshoul
dber
egi
ster
edwi
tht
heRegi
sterwhor
ecor
ds
t
hedet
ail
sint
heAdopt
ionChi
ldr
en’
sRegi
ster
.
ADOPTI
ONSOCI
ETI
ES
Thei
ror
gani
sat
iont
hatexi
stf
oradopt
ionofi
nfancyandt
heywi
llnotber
egi
ster
edi
fit
appeart
hat
;
 Theact
ivi
ti
esoft
hesoci
etyar
enotcont
rolt
hemember
soft
hesoci
ety
 Anymemberwor
kingf
orsuchasoci
etyi
snotf
itt
owor
kforanor
gani
sat
ion
 Thenumberofcompet
entper
sonsempl
oyedi
snotsuf
fi
cientt
ocopewi
thwor
k

LEGI
TIMACYOFCHI
LDREN
Thel
egi
ti
macyactof1927oft
hel
awsofZambi
apr
ovi
dest
hatachi
ldbor
noutofwed
l
ockshoul
dbel
egi
ti
mat
ebutt
hisacthasbeent
akenbyUNCRCof1989at
tempt
sto
equal
izechi
ldr
enf
rom out
sidemar
ri
ageandt
hosebor
nofawedl
ock

I
NHERI
TANCEOFPROPERTY
I
n Zambi
a,t
hei
nher
it
anceofpr
oper
tyi
spr
ovi
ded f
ori
nthet
est
ateand i
ntest
ate
successi
onAct
.
TESTATESUCCESSI
ON
I
tdeal
swi
tht
hei
nher
it
anceofpr
oper
tyofadeadper
sonwhol
eftawi
ll
.
 Thewi
lli
sadecl
arat
ion nor
mal
lyi
nwr
it
ing st
ati
ng howaper
sonwant
shi
sor
herpr
oper
tydi
str
ibut
ioni
ntheeventofhi
sorherdeat
h

KEYTERMSI
NTHETESTATESUCCESSI
ONACT
 Test
ator(
mal
e)t
heper
sonwhomadet
hewi
llandTest
atr
ix(
femal
e).
 Anor
alwi
llcanal
sobeval
idi
fiti
smadei
nthepr
esenceoft
wowi
tnessesnot
benef
ici
ari
est
otheest
ate.
 I
ntest
atesuccessi
oni
swhensomedi
eswi
thoutl
ivi
ngawi
lll
ivi
ngawi
ll
behi
ndorsomeonewhohasl
eftawi
llbuti
snul
li
fi
edbyt
hecour
t.
Pr
oper
tyi
sdef
inedasaper
son’
sit
emsofcl
othi
ng,ar
ti
clesofper
sonaluse

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page212
 such as vehi
cles bi
cycl
es,f
urni
tur
e,appl
iances,
utensi
ls,boat
,li
vest
ock,
agr
icul
tur
eequi
pment
,booksandmoney.

THEI
NTESTATESUCCESSI
ONACTSTATES
 20%oft
heest
ategoest
othesur
vivi
ngspouse.
 I
fnosur
vivi
ng20%wi
llbedi
str
ibut
edt
othechi
ldr
enaccor
dingt
othepr
opor
ti
on
ofagesandneeds
 I
fther
ear
enochi
ldr
en,
20%wi
llbegi
vent
opar
entt
oshar
e10%each
 I
fther
ear
enopar
ent
s,t
he20%goest
odependent
sinequalshar
es.
 Whenal
lthement
ionedr
elat
ivesar
enotal
ive,t
henhi
sorherest
atewi
llgot
o
r
elat
ivessuchasbr
other
s,si
ster
s,gr
andpar
ent
s,cousi
nsi
nequalshar
es.
 When none oft
he r
elat
ives ment
ioned do notexi
st,t
he est
ate goes t
o
gover
nment
.
 Whenamandi
esi
napol
ygamousmar
ri
age,20% wi
llbeshar
edamongt
he
sur
vivi
ngdependi
ngont
henumberofyear
sinmar
ri
age.
 50%oft
heest
ategoest
othechi
ldr
enbot
hinandout
sidewedl
ockaccor
dingt
o
ageandneedsofeachchi
ld.
 I
fther
ear
enochi
ldr
en,t
he50% goest
osur
vivi
ngspousedependentandt
he
par
ent
s.
 I
fther
ear
enopar
ent
s,t
he50% goest
othespouseanddependent
sshar
ed
equal
ly.
 20%goest
othepar
ent
sor
guar
dians.
 Wher
ether
ear
enopar
ent
s,20% wi
ll
begi
vent
othechi
ldr
enandt
hespouse
equal
ly.
 10%goest
odependent
sinequalpr
opor
ti
ons.I
nthi
scase,t
hedependent
sar
e
t
hosel
ivi
ngwi
tht
hedeceasedpr
iort
ohi
sorherdeat
h,orl
ivi
ngout
sidet
he
homebutdependentont
hedeceased.Wher
ether
ear
enodependent
s10%goes
t
opar
ent
s
 I
fther
ear
enopar
ent
s,i
tisshar
edbet
weent
hesur
vivi
ngspouseandchi
ldr
en
equal
ly.
VI
CTI
M SUPPORTUNI
T

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page213
  I
twascr
eat
edt
opr
osecut
e,i
nvest
igat
esensi
ti
set
hepubl
icandof
fercounsel
ing
ser
vicet
ofami
li
eswhi
char
eaf
fect
ed.I
tdeal
swi
thf
ami
lyof
fencessuchas;
 Domest
icvi
olence.
 Ar
son.
 Occasi
oni
ngbodi
lyhar
m.
 Causi
nggr
ievousbodi
lyhar
m.
 Mal
ici
ousdamage
 Sodomy
 I
ndecentassaul
t
 Chi
ldpr
otect
ion
 Humant
raf
fi
cki
ng
Cr
imi
nalI
nvest
igat
ionsDepar
tmentwi
lldealwi
thpeopl
ewhohavecommi
tt
edsuch
cr
imes.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms
i
. Fami
ly
i
i. Mar
ri
age
2.Cust
omar
yandst
atut
orymar
ri
agesar
esomeoft
het
ypesofmar
ri
agesi
nZambi
a.
Whi
ch oneoft
het
wo t
ypesi
sbet
tert
han ot
heri
nrel
ati
on t
o di
vor
ce,deat
h and
separ
ati
on?Gi
ver
easons.
3.Descr
ibe t
he f
unct
ion ofi
nter
stat
e successi
on actof1989.Undert
he i
ntest
ate
successi
onact(
1989)t
hepr
oper
tyoft
hedeceasedwoul
dbedi
str
ibut
edamongt
he
benef
ici
ari
es.Whoget
s
i
. 50%
i
i. 20%
i
ii
. 10%
4. Howhasdi
sint
egr
ati
onofl
edt
oincr
easeofst
reetki
dsi
nZambi
a
5..
descr
ibet
hecauseofdi
vor
cei
nast
atut
orymar
ri
age.
6.Out
li
net
heci
rcumst
anceswer
eadopt
ionofchi
ldr
eni
snotal
lowed.
7. Desi
gnasampl
eofawi
ll
.
8. Compar
eandcont
rastcust
omar
yandst
atut
orymar
ri
ages.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page214
 9. Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenshar
ingofpr
oper
tyi
nast
atut
orycust
omar
ymar
ri
age.
10.Di
scusst
heel
ement
soff
ami
lyl
aw.

DEVELOPMENTPLANNI
NG

Pl
ans-ar
eint
ent
ionsorsetsuggest
ionsai
medatachi
evi
ngcer
tai
nsetgoal
sinf
utur
e.

Devel
opmentpl
anni
ngr
efer
stot
hedel
iber
ateef
for
tbyt
hest
ateai
medatachi
evi
ng
cer
tai
nsetgoal
s.

GOALS

 Gi
vingbet
terser
vicest
othepeopl
e
 El
imi
nat
ionofdi
spar
it
iesbet
weenur
banandr
uralar
eas
 Ri
singt
hest
andar
dofl
ivi
ngoft
hepeopl
ethr
oughi
ncr
easedi
ncomer
etur
ns

PURPOSEOFPLANNI
NG

 Ast
atementofgener
alobj
ect
ivesofeconomyandsoci
alpol
icy
 Aneval
uat
ionofpr
ogr
essachi
evedundert
hepr
ecedi
ngpl
an.
Cur
renteconomi
ccondi
ti
onsespeci
all
ynat
ionali
ncome,pr
oduct
iveandf
orei
gn
t
rade

 Cur
rentsoci
alsi
tuat
ionespeci
all
ypopul
ati
onchanges,educat
ion,heal
thhousi
ng
andsoci
alsecur
it
y
 Est
imat
esoft
hegr
owt
h,orsoci
alcomponentdur
ingt
heper
iodcover
edbyt
hepl
an.
 Measur
esdesi
gnedt
orai
set
her
ateofeconomi
cgr
owt
hforexampl
e:-t
ost
imul
ate
savi
ngandi
nvest
mentandt
oincr
easepr
oduct
ivi
tywhi
char
eimpossi
blet
oachi
eve.
 Tomovet
owar
dsasust
ainabl
egr
owt
h

LEVELSOFPLANNI
NG

I
ndi
vidualPl
anni
ng
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page215
Ani
ndi
vidualhast
odr
awapl
anandabudgetf
orapar
ti
cul
aract
ivi
ty.

Abudgeti
sapl
anofact
ionf
oraspeci
fi
cper
iodoft
imei
ndi
cat
ingest
imat
edi
ncomeand
expendi
tur
eont
hepr
oject
.

Communi
tyLevel

Agr
oupofpeopl
eident
if
iesr
esour
cest
obeusedi
napar
ti
cul
arpr
oject
.Thent
heydr
awa
pl
anandabudgetf
ort
hepr
ojectwhi
chshoul
dshowsour
cesoff
unds

Nat
ionalLevel

Atnat
ionall
evelt
hegover
nmentmaydeci
det
obui
ldbr
idgesacr
osst
hecount
ry,school
s
and hospi
tal
s.The gover
nmentwi
lladver
ti
se t
he pr
ojectt
hrough t
ender t
oinvi
te
i
ndi
vidual
sorcompani
est
ocar
ryoutpr
oject
s.

I
nter
nat
ionall
evel

Thi
stakespl
aceatpl
acei
nter
nat
ional
.Forexampl
e,t
heUni
tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ionhas
setupi
nter
nat
ionaldevel
opmentt
arget
sknownasTheMi
ll
enni
um devel
opmentGoal
sto
beachi
evedbyi
ndi
vidualst
ates

Nb.I
sPl
anni
ngatdi
str
ictl
eveli
sspear
headedbyDi
str
ictDevel
opmentcoor
dinat
ing
commi
tt
ee(
DDCC)

AtPr
ovi
nci
all
eveli
tisdonebyPDCC

BUDGET

 Thi
sis an est
imat
e ofi
ncome and expendi
tur
e.I
tist
he bal
ance bet
ween
gover
nment
’si
ncomeandexpendi
tur
e.

 Thebudgetpl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
ndet
ermi
ningt
heper
for
manceoft
heeconomy.

 I
nZambi
atheconst
it
uti
onmandat
est
hemi
nist
eroff
inanceandNat
ionalPl
anni
ng
t
opr
esentt
hebudgetf
orappr
ovalt
othenat
ionalassembl
y.Thi
smustbedone
undert
hreemont
hs(
90)daysofeachf
inanci
alyear
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page216
  Thebudgeti
spr
esent
edever
yOct
oberandi
mpl
ement
edi
nJanuar
ythef
oll
owi
ng
year

Medi
um t
erm expendi
tur
eFr
amewor
k

 Thi
sisa t
hreeyearf
ramewor
kwi
thi
n whi
ch avai
labl
eresour
cesar
edi
vided
bet
weensect
orsont
hebasi
sofachi
evi
nggover
nmentobj
ect
ives.

 MTEFal
lowsf
ort
hebudget
ingpr
epar
ati
onpr
ocesst
ocommenceear
ly.

 TheMTEFwasi
ntr
oducedasameasur
etoaddr
essweaknessesi
nthebudget
ing
andpl
anni
ngpr
ocess.

BUDGETPROCESS

St
age1

Dr
aft
ingoft
hegr
eenpaperbycompi
li
ngr
equi
rement
sfr
om var
iousmi
nist
ri
esandot
her
depar
tment
s

St
age2

Thedr
aft
edgr
eenpaperi
sconsol
idat
edandf
orwar
dedt
ocabi
netf
orappr
ovalaf
terwhi
ch
t
hegr
eenpaperi
spr
int
edf
orci
rcul
ati
on.

St
age3

Cei
li
ngsar
esentoutt
oal
lli
nemi
nist
ri
es,pr
ovi
nci
alandspendi
ngagenci
est
oget
herwi
th
t
he t
ime t
abl
efordi
scur
sion.Thi
s enabl
es di
ff
erentsect
orst
o cont
ri
but
e ormake
suggest
ionsf
ori
ncl
usi
on.

St
age4

 Al
lissueswhi
char
etof
orm par
toft
hebudgetr
equi
reCabi
netappr
oval
.The
Cabi
netmeet
smor
ethanoncet
ochar
tthecour
seoft
hebudget
.

 Thef
ir
stcabi
netmeet
ingi
shel
dbet
weent
het
hir
dandf
our
thquar
ter
soft
he
f
inanci
alyear
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page217
  TheNextmeet
ingt
akespl
aceaf
tert
hebudgethasbeencompl
eted.

 Themeet
ingensur
est
hatal
lobser
vat
ionsmadedur
ingt
hef
ir
stmeet
inghavebeen
i
ncor
por
atedont
her
esour
cessi
de.

St
age5

Satt
hisst
age,t
hebudgeti
sconsol
idat
edandpr
esent
edbyt
hemi
nist
err
esponsi
blef
or
Fi
nanceandnat
ionalpl
anni
ngf
orappr
ovalbyt
heNat
ionalAssembl
y.

BudgetExecut
ion

TheMi
nist
ryFi
nanceandNat
ionalPl
anni
ngi
nfor
m mi
nist
ri
es,Pr
ovi
ncesandspendi
ng
agenci
es(
MPSAs)onquar
ter
lyr
eleasesoff
unds.

Legi
slat
ion

Af
tert
hebudgethasbeenpr
esent
edf
orappr
ovalbyt
heNat
ionalassembl
y,t
wobi
ll
sar
e
pr
epar
ed and pr
esent
ed i
nthe nat
ionalassembl
y.The Bi
ll
s ar
ethe Suppl
ement
ary
Appr
opr
iat
ionBi
llandExcessExpendi
tur
eAppr
opr
iat
ionBi
ll
.Thi
sisai
medatnor
mal
izi
ng
measur
escont
ainedi
nthebudget
.

Gener
alwar
rant

Af
tert
heappr
opr
iat
ionBi
lli
spassedi
ntoanact
,thegener
alWar
ranti
spr
epar
edf
ort
he
pr
esi
dentt
osi
gn.TheGener
alWar
rantgi
vesaut
hor
it
ytot
hesecr
etar
ytot
heTr
easur
yto
r
elease f
unds f
or al
lpr
ogr
ammes.The Gener
alWar
rant r
epl
aces t
he Pr
ovi
nci
al
War
rant
.(
PW)

Moni
tor
ingandEval
uat
ion

Moni
tor
ingandeval
uat
ionoft
hebudgeti
sther
esponsi
bil
it
yofal
lthekeypl
ayer
swho
shoul
dadmi
nist
erandeval
uat
etheuseofpubl
icf
unds.Thesei
ncl
ude.

Budget
-andFi
scalDi
sci
pli
ne

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page218
FI
SCALDI
SCI
PLI
NE:-Meansst
ri
ctcont
rolofpubl
icr
esour
ces

Thegover
nmentt
akesmeasur
est
oensur
ecompl
iancei
ntaxat
ionandpubl
icexpendi
tur
e.
Gover
nmentshoul
dcuti
tsexpendi
tur
eanddi
recti
tsr
esour
cesonl
ytoessent
ialar
eas.As
Muchaspossi
ble,
ext
ernalbor
rowi
ngi
savoi
dedunl
esssuchbor
rowi
ngt
arget
seconomi
c
gr
owt
hthr
oughpr
oduct
ivei
nvest
ment
.

ZAMBI
A’SDEVELOPMENTPLANS

1.Emer
gencyDevel
opmentPl
an(
EDP)
 Thepl
anwasl
aunchedi
mmedi
atel
yaf
teri
ndependenceast
hef
ir
stst
ept
o
r
est
ruct
uret
hei
nher
it
edcol
oni
alCapi
tal
isteconomy.

 I
tpr
ovi
dedaf
ramewor
kformor
ecompr
ehensi
vepr
ogr
amsofeconomi
cand
soci
aldevel
opment

2.Tr
ansi
ti
onDevel
opmentpl
an(
TDP)1965-1966
 Money was spenton ext
ensi
on oft
ranspor
tpowerand communi
cat
ions
ser
vices

 I
tal
sof
ocusedont
hei
mpr
ovementofagr
icul
tur
eandeducat
ion.

3.Fi
rstDevel
opmentPl
an(
FNDP)1966-1970
Ai
ms

 Todi
ver
sif
ytheeconomyf
rom coppermi
ningt
oagr
icul
tur
eandmanuf
act
uri
ng
 Todevel
opt
her
uralar
eas
 Toexpandwel
far
eser
vicessuchashousi
ngandbui
ldi
ngmor
ehospi
tal
s
 Toi
mpr
ovepowerandt
ranspor
tandcommuni
cat
ionser
vices
 Tocr
eat
e100,
000newbyt
heendof1970

4.SecondDevel
opmentPl
an(
SNDP)1972-1976
I
tsgoal
swer
etoi
ncr
easeandexpandt
hedi
ver
sif
icat
ionpr
ocessi
nit
iat
edunderFNDP.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page219
  At
tai
ningsel
f-suf
fi
ciencyi
nfoodsuppl
iesandi
mpr
ovementi
nincome
 Expandi
nganddi
ver
sif
yingi
ndust
ryandmi
ningt
hroughi
mpor
tsubst
it
uti
onby
usi
ngLocalmat
eri
als
 I
nit
iat
ingmeasur
esf
orr
egi
onaldevel
opment
 Li
nki
ngeducat
ionalpr
ogr
amst
othecount
ri
esmanpowerr
equi
rement
s
 I
mpr
ovet
heexi
sti
ngi
nfr
ast
ruct
uresuchaspower
,tr
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
ion

5.Thi
rdNat
ionalDevel
opmentPl
an(
TNDP)1980–1983
I
thadt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sions:
-

 Al
locat
ing i
nvest
mentf
unds and cr
eat
ing a base f
ort
he t
ransf
ormat
ion of
soci
etyt
hroughsoci
ali
sm andHumani
sm
 I
nvol
vingt
hepr
ivat
esect
ori
neconomi
candsoci
aldevel
opmentwhi
let
aki
ng
i
ntoaccountSoci
ali
standHumani
sti
deas.
 Bal
anceddevel
opmentwi
thr
egar
dtol
inkagesbet
weeni
ndust
ryandagr
icul
tur
e
 I
ncr
easi
ngt
hepr
oduct
ionofconsumerandcapi
talgoods
 Fai
rincomedi
str
ibut
ionandcr
eat
ingandegal
it
ari
an(
CommunalSoci
ety)
 Di
ver
sif
icat
ionoft
heeconomyandr
uraldevel
opment
 Expandi
ngeducat
iont
rai
ningf
aci
li
ti
est
ospeedupZambi
anasat
ion.

6.Four
thDevel
opmentPl
an(
FNDP)1989-1993
Thi
s pl
an was f
oll
owed byt
he New Economi
c Recover
yPr
ogr
am,(
Jul
y1987 t
o
December1993)

TheFNDPf
ocusedon:
-

 Per
iodi
crevi
ewoft
heexchanger
ateandi
nter
estr
ates
 Ther
educt
ionofbudgetdef
ici
ttobel
ow2%ofGr
ossDomest
icPr
oduct(
GDP)by
1993
 Agr
adualr
educt
ionofsubsi
diessoast
oreducepr
essur
eont
hebudget
.
 Reduct
ioni
ntheannualgr
owt
hofmoneysuppl
ytobel
ow40%by1993

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page220
  Reduct
ioni
nther
ateofi
nfl
ati
ont
obel
ow20%i
n1993
 I
ncr
easecapaci
tyut
il
izat
iont
oabove70%ofi
ndust
ri
alaver
agesby1993
 Reduci
ngt
henumberofpr
icecont
rol
ledi
temst
ooneby1993

7.Tr
ansi
ti
onalNat
ionalDevel
opmentPl
an
I
n2002,
thegover
nmentr
e-i
ntr
oducedNat
ionalDevel
opmentPl
anwhi
chwasexpect
ed
t
orunf
rom 2002t
o2005andt
her
eaf
ter
,thef
if
thNat
ionaldevel
opmentpl
an.Themaj
or
pr
ogr
ammeundert
heTNDP waspover
tyr
educt
ionst
rat
egypr
ogr
ammePRSP t
he
mai
nfocusofwhi
chwasr
educi
ngpover
tyandt
hedebtbur
den.

8.TheVi
sion2030
Toenhancepl
anni
ng,
thegover
nmentcameupwi
thal
ongt
erm nat
ionalpl
anknown
asvi
sion2030whi
chai
medatt
urni
ngZambi
aint
oapr
osper
ousmi
ddl
e-I
ncomenat
ion
by2030.
Itwasexcept
edt
hatby2030,woul
dli
vei
nst
rongdynami
cmi
ddl
e–i
ncome
i
ndust
ri
aleconomyt
opr
ovi
deoppor
tuni
ti
esf
ori
mpr
ovi
ngt
hewel
lbei
ngofal
l.

9.Fi
ft
hNat
ionaldevel
opmentpl
an(
FNDP)
Thef
if
thNat
ionaldevel
opmentwasbasedont
heVi
sion2030andcover
edt
heper
iod
2006–2010.Someoft
hegoal
sincl
ude:
-
 Devel
opandr
ehabi
li
tat
einf
rast
ruct
ure
 Devel
opandbui
ldhumanr
esour
ceandcapaci
tyr
espect
ivel
y
 Mai
nst
ream cr
oss cut
ti
ngi
ssuessuchasHI
VAI
DS,gender
,democr
acy,good
gover
nance,
humanr
ight
sandenvi
ronment
 Devel
opi
rr
igat
ioni
nbot
hpr
ivat
eandpubl
icsect
ors.

10.
Sixt
hNat
ionalDevel
opment
 I
tcover
saper
iodf
rom 2011-2015
 I
tal
socover
sthepr
ovi
sionof2030
TYPESOFDEVELOPMENTPLANNI
NG

1.Shor
tTer
m Pl
an

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page221
  Thi
scover
sashor
tper
iodf
rom si
xmont
hst
ooneyear
,Forexampl
etheAnnual
Nat
ionalPl
an.TheAnnualPl
an i
sthecont
rolpl
an whi
ch checksdi
ff
erent
mi
nist
ri
est
omakesur
ethatwhatwaspl
annedandbudget
edf
orhasbeen
i
mpl
ement
ed.
 Themaj
orchal
lengeaboutshor
tter
m pl
ani
sunderest
imat
ion.

2.Medi
um Ter
m Pl
an
 I
trangesbet
weent
hreeandsever
alyear
swi
thf
iveyear
sast
hemostpopul
ar
choi
ce.
 Thepur
poseofmedi
um Ter
m Pl
ani
stomovet
owar
dssel
f-sust
aini
nggr
owt
h,
gr
owt
h,f
orexampl
e:-af
teri
ndependenceZambi
ahadt
heEmer
gence
 Nat
ionalDevel
opmentPl
an whi
ch wasdesi
gned t
o movet
hecount
ryf
rom
col
oni
alMono-Economyt
odi
ver
sif
iedeconomy.

Themai
nobj
ect
ivesoft
heMedi
um Ter
m Pl
anmaybe:
-

 Di
ver
sif
ytheeconomyt
oel
imi
nat
eoverdependenceononeort
wopr
oduct
s
 I
ncr
easet
heval
ueoft
heNat
ionsowni
nput
 Mai
ntai
nreasonabl
epr
icest
abi
li
ty
 El
imi
nat
edi
spar
it
iesbet
ween ur
banandr
uralpopul
ati
on i
nint
ernsofweal
th
andj
oboppor
tuni
ti
es
 Rai
set
hel
evelofgener
aleducat
ion
 Pr
ovi
det
rai
ningt
oequi
pmor
epeopl
eforadmi
nist
rat
iveandt
echni
calj
obs
 Devel
opt
henecessar
ysoci
ali
nfr
ast
ruct
uresuchasschool
shospi
tal
sandr
oads
 Devel
opt
ranspor
tandcommuni
cat
ions
 At
tai
nsel
f-suf
fi
ciencyi
nfoodsuppl
yandsecur
it
yandnewsour
cesener
gy
 Bal
ancedevel
opmentbet
weenmanuf
act
uri
ngi
ndust
ryandAgr
icul
tur
e
 St
abi
li
zet
heeconomybycont
rol
li
ngi
nfl
ati
on
 Per
iodi
cal
lyr
evi
ewt
heexchangeandi
nter
estr
ate.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page222
 3.LongTer
m Pl
an
Thi
sissomet
imesr
efer
redt
oast
heLongRangeDevel
opmentPl
an.I
tcover
sa
per
iod oft
en t
otwent
y year
s and above.The Pl
an i
s most
ly needed f
or
i
mpl
ement
ati
onofhugepr
oject
s

 Ref
orest
ati
on
 Openi
ngnewmi
nes.
 const
ruct
ionofhydr
ost
ati
on
 Const
ruct
ion ofnew r
oadsand r
ail
wayl
inessuch pr
oject
s.I
tal
so enabl
es
gover
nmentt
ospr
eaddevel
opmentt
oal
lar
easpar
ti
cul
arl
yinr
uralar
eas.
 Al
ongt
erm pl
ant
akescar
eoft
heshor
tcomi
ngofshor
tandmedi
um t
erm pl
an
suchaspl
anni
ngf
ort
oomanyt
hingsi
nonebudget
METHODSOFPLANNI
NG
Cent
ral
izedPl
anni
ng
Thi
spl
anni
ngi
sdonebyt
hecent
ralgover
nmentwi
thoutt
hei
nvol
vementoft
he
l
ocalcommuni
ti
es.
 I
nthepastcent
ral
izedpl
anni
ngandadmi
nist
rat
ionwer
econsi
der
ednecessar
y
t
ogui
deandcont
rolt
heeconomi
csofcount
ri
es.
 Thi
stypeofpl
anni
ngwascommoni
ncommuni
stcount
ri
es.Zambi
ausedt
his
t
ypeofpl
anni
ngi
nthef
ir
standsecondRepubl
ics.
 Lack of par
ti
cipat
ion of t
he l
ocal communi
tyi
n t
he f
ormul
ati
on and
i
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hepl
an.
 I
twasar
guedt
hatpl
answer
ebei
ngi
mposedi
ntopdownf
ashi
ononl
ocal
communi
ti
eswhi
chshoul
dtheent
husi
asm att
hecr
uci
ali
mpl
ement
ati
onst
age.
 Pl
anor
gani
zat
ionswer
edomi
nat
edbyexpat
ri
ateadvi
ser
swhoknow ver
yli
tt
le
aboutl
ocalf
armi
ngcommuni
ti
es.
 Ther
ewasdel
ayoft
heappr
ovaloft
hepl
anssi
ncet
heywer
eref
err
edt
othehead
quar
ter
sbef
orei
mpl
ement
ati
on

Decent
ral
izedPl
anni
ng
 Thi
stype ofpl
anni
ng i
s done by i
nvol
ving t
he l
ocalcommuni
ty.A l
ocal

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page223
 communi
tyi
dent
if
iespr
oject
stobeundert
akenatcommuni
tyl
evelbyt
aki
ng
i
ntoconsi
der
ati
oni
tsact
ualneeds.
 Forexampl
e:-School
s,hospi
tal
s,br
idges,pi
pedwat
erandhousi
nguni
ts.The
communi
tymaydr
awabudgetf
ori
ttobesubmi
tt
edt
othecent
ralGover
nment
f
orf
undi
ng
 TheZambi
angover
nmentt
ri
edt
hist
ypeofpl
anni
ngi
nthe1980sbutt
her
ewas
l
ess success.Much oft
he r
esour
ces wer
e spenton wor
ker
sthan on
devel
opmentpr
oject
s.
 Si
ncet
heyear2000,Decent
ral
izedpl
anni
nghasbeenr
e-i
ntr
oducedi
nZambi
a
t
hroughAct
ivi
tyBasedBudget
ingPl
ansi
nthecommuni
ty.
MI
CROANDMACROI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

Mi
cro-I
saGr
eekwor
dmeani
ng“
smal
l’’AMi
croFi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
oni
sonet
hat
gi
vesf
inanci
alassi
stancet
osmal
lscal
epr
oducer
sorent
repr
eneur
sforsmal
lscal
e
pr
oject
s.Forexampl
e:-f
armi
ng,r
epai
rofacl
assr
oom bl
ocksandi
mpr
ovi
ngwat
er
suppl
y.

 Zambi
aSoci
alI
nvest
mentFund(
ZAMSI
F)
 WomenFi
nanceCooper
ati
veofZambi
a
 BayPor
tFi
nanceSer
vice
 Uni
tyFi
nance
 Bl
ueFi
nanci
alser
vices
 I
zwel
oans
 Mi
crof
in

MACRO-FI
NANCI
ALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

Macr
o-i
saGr
eekwor
dmeani
ngl
arge.

Macr
oFi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
onsar
einst
it
uti
onswhi
chf
undl
argescal
epr
oject
ssuch
asconst
ruct
ionofschool
s,br
idges,
roadsandr
ail
wayl
ine.

(
i)
Int
ernat
ionalMonet
aryFund(
IMF)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page224
 TheI
MFi
saspeci
ali
zedagencyoft
heUni
tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ionwhi
ch
wassetupi
n1944.Some oft
heObj
ect
ivesoft
hef
undar
eto:
-

 Pr
omot
eint
ernat
ionalMonet
aryCooper
ati
on.
 Pr
omot
est
abl
eexchanger
atesandmai
ntai
nor
der
lyexchangear
rangement
s
 Faci
li
tat
etheexpansi
onandbal
ancedgr
owt
hofi
nter
nat
ionalt
rade.
 Encour
agef
ullconver
ti
bil
it
ybet
weencur
renci
esandcanendt
oexchanger
ates
cont
rol
s
 Toshor
tenper
iodsofbal
anceofpayment
sofmembercount
ri
es
 However
,the economi
c adj
ust
ment
s pol
ici
es pr
escr
ibed by t
he I
MF ar
e
consi
der
edbymanyt
ohi
nderdevel
opment
.
Themeasur
essuggest
edbyt
heI
MFt
oover
comet
hebal
anceofpayment
s

 Pr
obl
emsi
ncl
ude:
-

 Rel
axi
ngexchangecont
rol
s

 Removalofi
mpor
trest
ri
cti
ons,
pri
cecont
rol
sandt
heendofsubsi
dies

 Removalofcont
rol
s overf
orei
gn exchange and i
mpor
tsi
n or
dert
o get
assi
stance.

 TheI
MF’
smai
nfi
nanci
alr
olei
sto pr
ovi
det
empor
arycr
edi
tst
o member
s
exper
ienci
ngbal
ancepayment
s’di
ff
icul
ti
es.

(
ii
)Int
ernat
ionalBankf
orReconst
ruct
ionandDevel
opment(
IBRD)

 TheI
BRDi
scommonl
yknownast
heWor
ldBank.I
tbegani
tsoper
ati
onsi
n1946.
 TheBankencour
agescapi
tali
nvest
mentf
oral
lmemberst
ates.
 I
tgi
vesl
oanst
ospeci
fi
cpr
oject
sthatar
epr
oduct
iveandpr
ovi
desFi
nancef
or
f
orei
gnexchanger
equi
rement
sforsuchpr
oject
sLoansar
eusual
lyf
oraper
iod
of20year
s wi
thgr
aceper
iodoff
iveyear
s.

(
ii
)Af
ri
canDevel
opmentBank(
ADB)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page225
  TheADBwasest
abl
ishedi
nAugust1963andbegani
tsoper
ati
onsi
nJul
y
1966.
 I
tgi
vesconcessi
onar
y l
oanst
omemberst
ates.
 Concessi
onar
yLoani
smoneygi
vent
oacount
rywi
thnocondi
ti
onsat
tached.
 I
tgi
vesLoanst
ospeci
fi
cpr
ojectt
hatar
epr
oduct
iveandpr
ovi
desf
inancef
or
f
orei
gnexchanger
equi
rement
s f
orsuchpr
oject
s.Thel
oansgi
venar
epai
d
backwi
thal
owi
nter
estr
atel
esst
han10%
 TheBankal
sogi
vesgr
ant
stomemberst
atest
ofi
nanceessent
ialpr
oject
sin
educat
ionandheal
th.Theheadquar
ter
sofADBi
sinAddi
sAbaba,
Ethi
opi
a.


(
ii
)Ar
abBankf
orEconomi
cDevel
opmenti
nAf
ri
ca(
ABEDA)

 TheBankwassetupbyt
heAr
abLeaguei
n1973andbegunoper
at5i
onsi
n
1975.
 TheHeadOf
fi
cei
sinKhar
toum,Sudan.I
tgi
vesl
oanst
ospeci
fi
cpr
oject
sthat
ar
epr
oduct
iveandpr
ovi
def
inancef
orf
orei
gnexchange.
 Gener
all
y,Pr
oject
sar
efi
nancedj
oint
lywi
thi
nter
nat
ionall
endi
ngi
nst
it
uti
ons
suchast
heWor
ldBankandAf
ri
canDevel
opmentBank.Zambi
aobt
ainedl
oans
f
rom ABEDAf
orcapi
talpr
oject
ssuchasr
oadconst
ruct
ion.

I
NDI
CATORSOFDEVELOPMENT

 I
ndi
cat
ors ofdevel
opmentar
e si
gns t
hatshow whet
herornott
her
eis
i
mpr
ovementi
nthecount
ry’
seconomyandpeopl
e’sbasi
cneedssuchasf
ood,
saf
eandcl
eandr
inki
ngwat
erhousi
ngeducat
ionandheal
th.
 I
tisnoteasyt
omeasur
edevel
opment
.Ther
efor
evar
iousi
ndi
cat
orshavet
ouse.
 These ar
e measur
abl
e var
iabl
es whi
ch ar
e assumed di
rect
lyr
elat
ed t
o
devel
opmentsuchas:
-
1.Gr
ossNat
ionalPr
oduct(
GNP)orTheNat
ionalI
ncome
 Thi
sismeasur
eofpr
oduct
ioni
nmonet
aryt
ermsdur
ingper
iodoft
ime.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page226
  I
tist
heamountofgoodsandser
vicespr
oducedwi
thi
nacount
ryand
account
edf
ori
napar
ti
cul
aryear
.
 I
tal
soi
ncl
udesi
ncomef
rom abr
oad.

2.Gr
ossDomest
icPr
oduct(
GDP)
 GDPi
sthet
otalout
putofaneconomyandconsi
stsofal
laccount
edf
or
goodsandser
vicest
hathavebeenpr
oducedi
nthecour
seoft
heyear
.
 Al
lpr
oduct
sandser
vicespr
oducedwi
thi
nthecount
ryar
eaddedup
cal
cul
atedi
nmonet
aryf
orm.
3.HumanDevel
opmentI
ndex(
HDI
)
 Thi
sist
hemeasur
eofhumandevel
opmentusi
ngf
our

 Li
feexpect
ancyatbi
rt
h

 Adul
tli
ter
acy

 Aver
ageyear
sofschool
ing

 Pur
chasi
ngpowerofper
sonsaged25andaboveexpr
essedi
ndol
lar
s

I
fthecount
ryhasal
if
eexpect
ancyatbi
rt
h,ahi
ghadul
tli
ter
acyl
evel
sandahi
gh
aver
ageyear
sofschool
ingandpur
chasi
ngpowerperper
son.I
tissai
dtohaveahi
gh
l
evelofdevel
opment

4.PerCapi
taI
ncome
 I
tist
heGNPoft
hecount
rydi
videdbyt
het
otalpopul
ati
on.
 Thi
sdoesnott
akei
ntoaccounti
ncomedi
str
ibut
iondi
spar
it
ies
 PerCapi
talI
ncome= GNP
Tot
alpopul
ati
on

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Anal
yzet
hef
act
orst
hatl
edt
oZambi
a’sdebtcr
isi
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page227
 2.St
udyt
hechar
tbel
owr
epr
esent
ingvar
iousst
agesi
npl
anni
ng.

DECENTRALI
SED

(
i)

LONG TERM

SHORTTERM
Fi
lli
nthemi
ssi
ngst
agesbandd
(
ii
)Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenshor
tter
m andl
ongt
erm
pl
anni
ng.
(
ii
i)
Whati
stheef
fectofpooreconomi
cpl
anni
ngi
nanat
ion?
3.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenl
ongt
erm andshor
tter
m pl
anni
ng.
4.HowcanZambi
apl
anf
ori
tsf
ueli
nlongt
erm
5..
Whyi
spl
anni
ngi
mpor
tant
?
6.Gi
ve t
he advant
ages and di
sadvant
ages of cent
ral
ized and
decent
ral
izedpl
anni
ng.
7. Whatar
ethei
ndi
cat
orsofdevel
opmentpl
anni
ng?
8. Expl
aint
hecont
ri
but
ionoff
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
ont
oeconomi
cand
soci
aldevel
opment
9.St
atet
he measur
es ofhuman devel
opmentusi
ng t
he Human
Devel
opmentI
ndex.
10.Compar
eandcont
rastmi
croandmacr
ofi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page228
POVERTYI
NZAMBI
A

Pover
tyi
sacondi
ti
onofbei
ngpoor
.Pover
tyi
sassoci
atedwi
tht
henegat
iveaspectof
humandevel
opment
.

HumanDevel
opmenti
sthepr
ocessofenl
argi
ngpeopl
es’choi
cest
othei
rper
sonal
advancement
.Forexampl
epover
tymaybedef
inedasi
nsuf
fi
cientaccesst
obasi
c
needs.Thi
ski
ndofpover
tyi
sknownasabsol
utepover
ty.

Absol
utepover
tyi
sacondi
ti
onofl
if
esol
imi
tedbymal
nut
ri
ti
on,i
ll
it
eracydi
sease
squal
id sur
roundi
ngs,hi
gh i
nfantmor
tal
it
yrat
eand l
ow l
if
eexpect
ancyast
o be
beneat
hanyr
easonabl
edef
ini
ti
onofhumandecency.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page229
MEASURI
NGPOVERTY

Pover
tyi
sdi
ff
icul
tyt
omeasur
e.Thoughdi
ff
icul
tyt
omeasur
eitcanbemeasur
edusi
ng
t
hreeper
spect
ives

1.I
ncomeper
spect
ive:A per
soni
spoori
fhehi
sorheri
ncomef
all
sbel
ow a
def
inedmoneyormet
ri
cpover
tyl
ine.E.
g.aper
sonl
ivi
ngononedol
larperday.
2.Basi
cneedsper
spect
ive:Aper
soni
spoori
fhi
s/herr
equi
rement
sforami
nimal
accept
abl
eful
fi
ll
mentofhumanneedsar
enotmet
3.Capabi
li
typer
spect
ive:Aper
soni
spoori
fhe/
shel
ackcer
tai
ncapabi
li
ti
est
o
f
unct
ionsuchasadequat
efood,cl
othi
ng,shel
terandabi
li
tyt
opar
ti
cipat
ein
communi
ty.

HUMANPOVERTYI
NDEX.(
HPI
)

HPIwasdevel
opedbyt
heUni
tedNat
ionsDevel
opmentPr
ogr
amme,
measur
espover
ty
i
nter
msofdepr
ivat
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ngar
eas:

 Sur
vival(
li
feexpect
ancy)depr
ivat
ionofal
ongl
if
eandheal
thyl
if
emeasur
edby
l
if
eexpect
ancyofabout40year
s
 Knowl
edgedepr
ivat
ionofknowl
edgemeasur
edbyi
ll
it
eracy.
 Adecentst
andar
dofl
ivi
ngdepr
ivat
ioni
neconomi
cpr
ovi
sionmeasur
edbyt
he
per
cent
ageoft
hepopul
ati
onl
acki
ngaccesst
oheal
thser
vicesandsaf
edr
inki
ng
wat
erandadequat
enut
ri
ti
on.
DI
MENSI
ONOFPOVERTY

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page230
Cent
ralSt
ati
sti
calOf
fi
ce(
CSO)
.Measur
es pover
tyl
ine as t
he amountofmont
hly
i
ncomer
equi
redt
opur
chasebasi
cfoodt
omeett
hemi
nimum cal
ori
crequi
rementf
ora
f
ami
lyofsi
x.(
Foodbasket
).

Over
allandext
remepover
tyi
nZambi
ainr
uralandur
banar
eas,
1998

Locat
ion Over
allpover
ty% Ext
remepover
ty%

Rur
alar
eas 83 70

Ur
banar
eas 56 36

Cent
ralpr
ovi
nce 77 63

Copperbel
tpr
ovi
nce 65 47

East
ernpr
ovi
nce 80 66

Luapul
apr
ovi
nce 81 69

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page231
Lusakapr
ovi
nce 52 34

Nor
ther
npr
ovi
nce 81 67

Nor
th–west
ernpr
ovi
nce 76 63

Sout
her
npr
ovi
nce 76 60

West
ernpr
ovi
nce 89 78

Thepoor
estpr
ovi
ncei
nZambi
aisWest
ernPr
ovi
ncewi
th89%f
oll
owedbyLuapul
aand
Nor
ther
nPr
ovi
nceswi
th81%.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFPOVERTY

1.Per
sonalandPhysi
calSt
atus
 Hasnof
oodordoesnoteatwel
l
 Lackaccesst
oeducat
ion
 Lackaccesst
oadequat
eshel
ter
 Lackofaccesst
oheal
thcar
e
 Poorcl
othi
ng
2.Economi
cSt
atus
 Lackofmoneyoradequat
eincome.Ur
banar
eas
 Lackofpr
oduct
iveasset
ssuchaspl
oughs,hoes,oxen,f
ishi
ngnet
s,canoes.
Rur
alar
eas

3.Soci
alSt
atus
 I
nequal
it
y
 Lowsel
fest
eem
 Landl
essness/noaccesst
oland

4.Pol
it
icalPar
ti
cipat
ion
 Power
lessness

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page232
  Lackofpol
it
icalvoi
ce
 Lackofaccesst
olegali
nst
it
uti
onst
hati
scour
tsofl
aw.

CAUSESOFPOVERTYI
NZAMBI
A

Thecausesofpooreconomi
cper
for
mancecanbebr
oadl
ydi
videdi
ntoi
nter
naland
ext
ernalf
act
ors:

I
nter
nalFact
ors
Zambi
a’s pol
ici
es f
ocused on t
he st
atet
aki
ng overpr
ivat
e busi
ness,and heavy
i
nvol
vementi
nthepr
oduct
ivesect
orsoft
heEconomy.TheEconomi
cref
ormst
hatwer
e
adopt
edl
eftt
hemaj
ori
tyofpeopl
einsecur
eint
ermsofempl
oyment
,incomeandheal
th.

Ext
ernalFact
ors
Copperexpor
tsaccount
edf
or90%oft
hecount
ry’
sexpor
tear
ningsandabout50%of
t
otall
ocalpr
oduct
ionofgoodandser
vicesorGr
ossDomest
icPr
oduct
.(GDP)
.Thef
all
i
ncopperpr
icesf
rom mi
d-1970’
ssever
elyaf
fect
edt
hegover
nment
’scapaci
tyt
oinvest
i
ntheEconomyandpr
ovi
dedadequat
esoci
alser
vice.

Changesi
nAgr
icul
tur
ePol
ici
es

Ther
ewer
enegat
iveagr
icul
tur
alpol
ici
esbet
ween1992and2001.Someoft
henegat
ive
pol
icychangesi
ncl
udedt
her
emovaloft
hesyst
em i
nwhi
chf
armer
swer
eof
fer
ed
f
ert
il
izeronapaybackbasi
sandt
hel
iber
ali
zat
ionoft
hemar
ket
sfort
heagr
icul
tur
al
pr
oduce.

Agr
icul
tur
alsect
oroft
heeconomyi
schar
act
eri
zedby

 I
nconsi
stentagr
icul
tur
alpol
ici
es

 Lat
ear
ri
valofagr
icul
tur
ali
nput
s
 Expensi
veagr
icul
tur
ali
nput
sandi
mpl
ement
s
 I
nadequat
est
oragef
aci
li
ti
es
 I
nsuf
fi
cientext
ensi
onser
vicesandmar
keti
nfor
mat
ion.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page233
  Endemi
cli
vest
ockdi
seases
 Poorr
oadi
nfr
ast
ruct
ureespeci
all
yinr
uralar
eas.

Debtbur
den

Overt
heyear
s,t
hepaymentoft
hedebt
sonaver
ageaccount
edf
or10per
centoft
he
Gr
ossDomest
icPr
oductGDP.Thi
smeanst
hatmor
emoneyi
sspentonser
vici
ngt
he
debtatt
heexpenseofi
nvest
ingi
nsoci
alandeconomi
cdevel
opment
.

Ext
ernalDependence

Zambi
ahascont
inued t
o bor
row f
rom par
tner
stoi
nvesti
n soci
aland economi
c
devel
opmentf
orexampl
e,i
ntheeducat
ionandheal
th.

Cl
imat
icVar
iat
ion

Rai
nfal
lpat
ter
nsar
eincr
easi
ngl
yer
rat
icanddr
ought
sar
eacommonf
eat
ureandt
his
hasl
edt
olowf
oodpr
oduct
ion,
hencef
oodi
nsecur
it
y,

Mor
bidi
tyandmor
tal
it
y

Mor
bidi
tymeansi
ncr
easei
nil
lnesses.AtNat
ionalLeveleconomi
cgr
owt
hisaf
fect
ed
byt
hehi
ghi
nci
denceofHI
V/AI
DSwhi
chhasl
edt
olossofhumanr
esour
cet
hrough
deat
handl
ossofmanpowerduet
osi
ckness.

Or
phans

Thei
ncr
easei
nthenumberofor
phansr
equi
ri
ngcar
eandsuppor
tfr
om r
elat
ives
causesast
rai
nont
hef
ami
li
es.

Si
ngl
epar
enthousehol
ds:Manysi
ngl
epar
entorchi
ldheadedhousehol
dshavef
ail
ed
t
omeett
hebasi
cneedsoft
hef
ami
li
es.

I
nequal
it
y

I
thasbeen obser
ved t
hatt
hegap bet
ween t
her
ich and poori
swi
deni
ng.Thi
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page234
i
nequal
it
yint
ermsofi
ncome,educat
ion,weal
thandaccesst
oasset
shasl
edt
ohi
gh
pover
tyl
evel
s.

LowpayLowpayi
sact
ual
lyamaj
orcauseofpover
ty.

Conf
li
ct

Whent
her
eisconf
li
cti
nasoci
ety,l
esst
imei
sspentoneconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.Hence
t
her
eisnot
imet
ocr
eat
eweal
th.

Genderi
nequal
it
yineconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

Thepar
ti
cipat
ionofwomeni
neconomi
cdevel
opmenti
sver
ylow.Mostwomenhave
noaccesst
oloansandl
and,
andot
hermeansofpr
oduct
ion.

PoorWor
kcul
tur
e

Whenpeopl
ehaveanegat
iveat
ti
tudet
owar
dswor
kandl
acki
nit
iat
ivet
hiscanl
eadt
o
pover
ty

I
ndi
vidualWeakness

Lazi
nessandl
ackofr
esponsi
bil
it
ycanl
eadt
opover
tyanddependencysyndr
ome

EFFECTSOFPOVERTY

 Hunger/f
oodi
nsecur
it
y
 Hi
ghunempl
oymentl
evel
s
 I
ncr
easei
ncr
ime
 Conf
li
ctsi
nsoci
ety
 I
ncr
easei
ncor
rupt
ionandvandal
ism
 I
ncr
easei
ndependencysyndr
ome
 Lowl
if
eexpect
ancyduet
olowst
andar
dofl
ivi
ngandot
herf
act
ors
 I
ncr
easei
npr
ost
it
uti
on{
commer
cialsex}
 Lackofaccesst
obasi
cneedsl
ikef
ood,shel
ter
,cl
eanwat
er,educat
ionand
heal
thf
aci
li
ti
es

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page235
  Br
eakdownoft
heext
endedf
ami
lysyst
em
 Depl
eti
on ofnat
uralr
esour
ces due t
o mor
e peopl
e expl
oit
ing t
he same
i
nadequat
eresour
ces
 I
ncr
easei
nchi
ldl
abour

POVERTYALLEVI
ATI
ON

Pover
tyal
levi
ati
oni
sthepr
ocessofl
esseni
ngt
hesuf
fer
ingoft
hepoorbymeet
ing
t
hei
rimmedi
atepr
essi
ngneeds

Someoft
hewayt
hroughwhi
chpover
tyZambi
acanbeal
levi
ated:

 I
mpr
ovet
hepr
ovi
sionofeducat
ionaseducat
ioni
saver
ypower
fult
oolf
or
pover
tyr
educt
ion
 I
ncr
easef
oodpr
oduct
ionandempowersmal
lscal
efar
mer
s
 I
mpr
ovet
heheal
thst
atusofpeopl
einZambi
aespeci
all
ythepoor
.
 Reducet
hei
nci
dence,
inf
ect
ionandsoci
oeconomi
cimpactofHI
V/AI
DS
 I
ncr
easeaccesst
osaf
ewat
erandsani
tat
ion
 Pr
omot
e a sel
f-sust
aini
ng expor
tled agr
icul
tur
alsect
orensur
eincr
eased
househol
dincomeandf
oodsecur
it
y
 I
ncr
easeaccesst
oski
ll
sdevel
opmentandvocat
ionalt
rai
ning
 Pr
omot
erur
alel
ect
ri
fi
cat
iont
oat
tr
acti
nvest
ment
sandr
educeunempl
oyment
.
I
nrur
alar
eas
 I
ncr
easeaccesst
omeansofpr
oduct
ionsuchasl
andandf
armi
ngi
mpl
ement
s

POVERTYREDUCTI
ONSTRATEGYPAPER

Pover
ty Reduct
ion St
rat
egy Paper(
PRSP)i
sthe over
allf
ramewor
kfornat
ional
pl
anni
nganddevel
opmentf
ocusi
ngoni
nter
vent
ionf
orpover
tyr
educt
ion.

Ar
easaddr
essedbyt
hePRSP:

 Macr
oeconomi
cs-t
oachi
eveahi
ghandsust
ainedr
ealGDP gr
owt
hgr
eat
er

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page236
 equi
tyofoppor
tuni
ty,
incomeandaccesst
oresour
ces
 Agr
icul
tur
e-t
opr
omot
easel
f-sust
aini
ngexpor
tledagr
icul
tur
alsect
orwhi
ch
ensur
esi
ncr
easedhousehol
dincomeandf
oodsecur
it
y.
 Tour
ism-t
oenhancet
het
our
ism sect
or’
scont
ri
but
iont
oeconomi
cgr
owt
hand
pover
tyr
educt
ion
 Mi
ning- t
o pr
omot
einvest
menti
nthe mi
ning i
ndust
ry and ensur
ethe
devel
opmentofsel
f-sust
aini
ngmi
ner
albasedi
ndust
ry.
 I
ndust
ry-t
opr
omot
egr
owt
hofanexpor
tledi
ndust
ryl
eadi
ngt
oempl
oyment
cr
eat
ionandpover
tyr
educt
ion.
 Heal
th-t
oimpr
ovet
heheal
thst
atusoft
hepeopl
eofZambi
a
Educat
ion–t
opr
ovi
der
elevant
,equi
tabl
e,ef
fi
cientandqual
it
yeducat
ionf
orForal
l

 HI
V/AI
DS-t
oreducet
hei
nci
dence,i
nfect
ionandsoci
o-economi
cimpactof
HI
V/AI
DS.
 Gender–t
opr
omot
egenderbal
ancet
oeaset
hebur
denofpover
tyespeci
all
yof
womenatt
hehousehol
d,communi
tyandnat
ionall
evel
s.
 Envi
ronment– t
ofor
mul
ate appr
opr
iat
e pol
ici
es on t
he pr
otect
ion oft
he
envi
ronment
,managementanddevel
opmentofnat
uralr
esour
cesandensur
e
t
hei
ref
fi
cientandef
fect
ivedel
iver
y
 Ener
gy–t
oensur
eopt
imum suppl
yandut
il
izat
ionofener
gy
 Wat
erand sani
tat
ion-t
o cont
ri
but
eto pover
tyr
educt
ion t
hrough i
ncr
eased
accesst
osaf
ewat
erandsani
tat
ion,i
ncr
easedf
oodpr
oduct
ionandi
ncr
eased
f
oodpr
oduct
ionandf
oodsecur
it
y.
 Tr
anspor
t and Communi
cat
ion- t
o cr
eat
e an ef
fi
cient t
ranspor
t and
communi
cat
ion syst
em t
hatwi
llpr
omot
e economi
c gr
owt
h and pover
ty
r
educt
ion
 Roads-t
oexpandr
ehabi
li
tat
eandi
nvesti
nther
oadsect
orsoast
oimpr
ove
accessi
bil
it
yandmobi
li
ty.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Whati
spover
ty?

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page237
 2.Showhowt
hef
oll
owi
ngcont
ri
but
etopover
tyi
nZambi
a.
i
. Debi
tbur
den
i
i. Cl
imat
evar
iat
ion
i
ii
. Lowwagesandsal
ari
es
3. Di
scusst
heef
fect
sofpover
ty.
4.Ment
ionsomeoft
hecausesofpover
tyi
nZambi
a.
5.Di
scusswi
thexampl
ehow t
hegover
nmentcanal
levi
atepover
tyamong
t
hepeopl
einr
uralar
eas.
6.Pover
tyi
sthei
nsuf
fi
cientaccesst
obasi
cneeds.Di
scuss
7.Di
scuss Zambi
a’s ef
for
ttowar
ds t
he at
tai
nmentoft
he Mi
ll
enni
um
Devel
opmentGoal
s.
8.Desi
gnanant
i-pover
tyst
rat
egyt
oaddr
esspover
tyi
ssuesf
aci
ngyour
communi
ty.
9.Out
li
net
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofpover
ty

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page238
 ENVI
RONMENTALEDUCATI
ON

Envi
ronment
:-r
efer
stosur
roundi
ngsandt
het
hingsf
oundi
nthem bot
hphysi
caland
cul
tur
alwhi
chdi
ff
erf
rom pl
acet
opl
ace.

COMPONENTSOFTHEENVI
RONMENT

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
et s:l
hecomponent ivi
ngandnon-
li
vingcomponent
s

I
fhumanact
ivi
ti
esar
econsi
der
edcent
ralt
hent
heenvi
ronmenti
sdi
videdi
ntoNat
ural
andcul
tur
alcomponent
s.Her
ear
ethecomponent
sindet
ail
s:

Nat
uralEnvi
ronment
Physi
calandl
ivi
ngenvi
ronment
,
At
mospher
e,Hydr
ospher
e,
Li
thospher
eAni
malandPl
ant
Li
fe.

Pol
it
icalEnvi
ronment Economi
cEnvi
ronment
Pol
it
icalI
nst
it
uti
onsmaki
ng Economi
cSyst
em
choi
cesDeci
sionmaki
ng Economi
cinst
it
uti
ons
Rur
alandUr
banl
andscapes

Soci
al/
Cul
tur
alEnvi
ronment
.Cul
tur
e andsoci
al
i
nst
it
uti
onsBel
ief
s,Cust
omsandt
radi
ti
ons

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page239
ENVI
RONMENTALDEGRADATI
ON

 I
tref
erst
oanyact
ionorpr
ocesst
hatmakest
heenvi
ronmentl
essf
itf
orhuman,
pl
antorani
mall
if
e.

 I
tisal
soassoci
atedwi
tht
hel
ower
ingorr
educt
ionofenvi
ronment
alqual
it
y

Causesofenvi
ronment
alDegr
adat
ion

1. Over
popul
ati
on;t
hisi
sthepr
esencei
nagi
venar
eaofmor
epeopl
ethancanbe
suppor
tedadequat
elybyt
her
esour
cesavai
labl
eint
hear
ea.

2. Pol
lut
ion:pol
lut
ionr
efer
stot
hepr
esenceofmat
ter
sorener
gywhosenat
ure,
l
ocat
ion,
orqual
it
ypr
oducesundesi
rabl
eenvi
ronment
alef
fect
s.

Pol
lut
iont
akesi
nthef
orms:

Nat
uralWast
es:Nat
uralwast
esmaybeor
gani
cori
nor
gani
c.

 I
nor
gani
cwast
esi
ncl
udeel
ement
sofcomponent
ssuchasl
ead,copper
,and
sul
phur
.

 Theseel
ement
sar
efoundi
nrocksandar
epr
esenti
nsmal
lconcent
rat
ioni
nour
bodi
es.

 Thesesubst
ancesar
eemi
tt
eddur
ingmi
ningandsmel
ti
ngoper
ati
ons.

 Whenmi
nedt
heycont
ami
nat
est
reams,st
reams,r
iver
s,l
akesgr
oundwat
er
suppl
ies,
soi
landt
heat
mospher
e.

Synt
het
icchemi
cal
s:Thesear
echemi
calcompoundswhi
char
eMan-
made.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page240
 Thesesynt
het
icchemi
cal
sar
epr
esenti
npl
ant
s,dyes,f
oodaddi
ti
ves,dr
ugs,
pest
ici
de,f
ert
il
izer
s,cl
othes,cl
eani
ng mat
eri
als,pl
ast
ics,cosmet
ics and bui
ldi
ng
mat
eri
als.

Bi
odegr
adabl
e:t
hesedecomposeasar
esul
tbi
ologi
calact
ion.

Non-
Biodegr
adabl
e:t
hesear
eamat
eri
alt
hatdoesnotdecomposei
ntheenvi
ronment
.

3. Depl
eti
onofResour
ces

 Ar
esour
cei
sanysour
ceofr
awmat
eri
alsorobj
ectt
hathumanbei
ngsar
eabl
e
t
ouset
osust
ainl
if
eorpr
oduceweal
th.Forexampl
e,wat
er,f
ish,mi
ner
als,soi
lsand
t
rees.

 Ar
esour
cei
sdepl
eted orused up when i
tbecomesl
essavai
labl
efori
ts
i
ntendedf
unct
ionoruse

Resour
cesgetdepl
etedi
nthr
eedi
ff
erentways.Thesear
e:

1. Byconver
ti
ngt
hosei
ntoanot
hersubst
ance,
coaloroi
lar
edest
royedwhent
hey
ar
ebur
ntt
opr
oduceener
gy.

2. By been di
spl
aced t
o same l
ocat
ion f
rom whi
ch t
he mat
eri
alcannotbe
r
ecover
ed.Forexampl
e,whencopperi
smi
nedi
tcannotber
epl
acedi
nthegr
ound.

3. Bybei
ngpol
lut
ed,
asubst
ancei
srender
edusel
essf
oruse.

EXAMPLESOFRESOURCEDEPLETI
ON

Soi
l-soi
ler
osi
oni
sest
imat
edt
obeexceedi
ngsoi
lfor
mat
ionbyabout35

For
est
-Thehi
ghdemandf
ort
imberf
ori
ndust
ri
esuseanddomest
icusehasl
eadt
o
depl
eti
onoff
orest
s.

Fi
sher
ies–Rapi
dincr
easei
ngl
obalf
ishhar
vesthasl
edt
odepl
eti
onoff
ish

Maj
orEnvi
ronment
alI
ssuesi
nZambi
a

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page241
TheNat
ionalEnvi
ronment
alAct
ionPl
an(
NEAP)
,hasi
dent
if
iedt
hef
oll
owi
ngmaj
or
envi
ronmentconcer
nsi
nZambi
a.

 Def
orest
ati
on

 Wi
ldl
if
edepl
eti
on

 Landdegr
adat
ion

 I
nadequat
esani
tat
ion

Def
orest
ati
on-i
sther
emovaloft
reecoverf
rom anar
ea.

Re-
Aff
orest
ati
on-i
stopl
antt
reesi
nar
east
hathavebeendef
orest
ed.

Af
for
est
ati
on-r
efer
stopl
ant
ingoft
reesi
nar
east
hatdi
dnothavet
reecoverbef
ore

Benef
it
sofRe-
aff
orest
ati
onandaf
for
est
ati
on

 Assur
edsuppl
yofchar
coalandf
uelwood

 Col
lect
ionofMushr
ooms,
cat
erpi
ll
ars,
nut
sandmoney

 Pl
antl
eavescanbeusedasf
olderbyl
ivest
ock

 Pr
otect
ionofsoi
lfr
om agent
sofer
osi
on

 Somepl
ant
sfi
xni
tr
ogeni
nthesoi
l

 Somepl
ant
spr
ovi
def
rui
tsandher
bsf
ormedi
cinaluse

WI
LDLI
FEDEPLETI
ON

 Mostoft
heGamemanagementar
easar
eal
mostf
ini
shi
ngoft
hegame.

 Thi
sisbecausehumanset
tl
ement
sandot
herl
anduseswer
eper
mit
ted,t
hus
exposi
ngt
hem t
odegr
adat
ioni
ntheabsenceofcompr
ehensi
vemanagementpl
an.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ether
eser
vedar
easf
orwi
ldl
if
e:

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page242
Nat
ionalpar
k-i
sanar
eat
hati
spr
otect
edbyl
awf
ort
heconser
vat
ionofwi
ldl
if
e.

Gamemanagementar
ea-i
sapr
otect
edar
eaf
orwi
ldl
if
einwhi
chl
egal
izedhunt
ingi
s
per
mit
ted

 Themai
ncauseoft
hedecl
inei
nthenumberofbi
ggamesuchasel
ephant
sand
ar
hinoi
sessent
ial
lypoachi
ngf
ort
rophi
es.

Tr
ophy-
issomet
hingofval
uet
hati
skeptt
orememberorshow ot
herpeopl
eones
achi
evement
.Forexampl
e:r
hinohor
ns,
leopar
d’sski
nsandel
ephantt
asks

Thet
abl
eshowssomeoft
heendanger
ed,vul
ner
abl
ebi
rd and ani
malspeci
esi
n
Zambi
a:

Speci
es St
atus

Shoebi
ll Vul
ner
abl
e

Wat
tl
edCr
ane Vul
ner
abl
e

Sl
ateyEgr
et Vul
ner
abl
e

Tai
taFal
con Vul
ner
abl
e

LesserKest
rel Vul
ner
abl
e

Bl
ackCheekedLovebi
rd Vul
ner
abl
e

Bl
ackLechwe Vul
ner
abl
e

Kaf
ueLechewe Vul
ner
abl
e

Bl
ackRhi
no Endanger
ed

El
ephant Endanger
ed

Li
on Vul
ner
abl
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page243
Cheet
ah Vul
ner
abl
e

Wi
lddog Endanger
ed

El
ephant Vul
ner
abl
e

Endanger
edspeci
es-ar
especi
est
hatar
eli
kel
ytobeext
incti
fmeasur
esar
enott
aken
t
opr
otectt
hem.

Vul
ner
abl
especi
es-ar
especi
est
hatar
eli
kel
yto beendanger
ed i
fconser
vat
ion
measur
esar
enott
akeni
ntopr
otectt
hem.

POLLUTI
ON

 Thi
sist
her
api
dincr
easei
nthegener
ati
onofwast
es

Themi
nespol
lut
etheenvi
ronmenti
nthef
oll
owi
ngways:

Wat
erpol
lut
ion:t
hrought
her
eleaseofdi
ssol
vedchemi
cal
sincl
udi
ngheavymet
als
suchasl
eadandcopper

Pest
ici
de i
s def
ined as a subst
ance ormi
xtur
e oft
he subst
ances oror
gani
sms
pr
oducedt
othi
sal
socont
rol
,repelormi
ti
gat
eanypesti
ncl
uded’subst
ancest
hatar
e
usedaspl
antr
egul
ator
,ordef
oli
ant
.

Def
oli
ant
:isachemi
calt
hatcausesl
eavest
odr
opofpl
ant
s,f
orexampl
e‘agentor
ange’
wasusedbyt
heUni
tedSt
ates

Wast
e:i
sal
sor
efer
redt
oasgar
bage,
ref
useorl
it
ter

Envi
ronment
alManagement

 Thi
sref
erst
omeasur
esandcont
rol
sdi
rect
edatenvi
ronment
alconser
vat
ion
andsust
ainabl
eut
il
izat
ionofr
esour
ces.

I
nst
it
uti
onst
hatPr
omot
eEnvi
ronment
alManagementi
nZambi
a

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page244
I
nst
it
uti
on Mai
nRol
es

Envi
ronmentcounci
lofZambi
aECZ  Envi
ronmentPr
otect
ion

 Pol
lut
ioncont
rol

 Nat
uralr
esour
ceManagement

Mi
nist
ryofEducat
ion  I
mpl
ement
ati
on of
Envi
ronment
alEducat
ion i
nlear
ning
i
nst
it
uti
ons

Mini
str
y of local Gover
nment and  Formati
on of pol i
cy on
housi
ng(Counci
ls) i
nfr
ast
ruct
uredevel
opment

 Devel
opment of human
set
tl
ements

Ministr
yofEnvi r
onmentTour
ism and  Formulat
ion of poli
cy on
NaturalResour
ce i
nfr
ast
ruct
uredevel
opment

 Devel
opment of human
set
tl
ements

Mi
nist
ryofLands  For
mul
ati
onofpol
ici
esonLand

For
estCommi
ssi
on  Management of t
he count
ry’
s
f
orest
s

Depar
tmentofWat
erAf
fai
rs  Managementofwat
erResour
ces

Nat
ional Her
it
age Conser
vat
ion  Ident
if
icat
ion and management
Commi
ssi
on. ofobj
ectsofaesthet
icval
ue.

Zambi
aWi
ldl
if
eAut
hor
it
y(ZAWA)  ManagementofWi
ldl
if
eest
ates

 Ensuri
ng equi
tabl
e shar
ing of
benefi
tsofWi l
dli
femanagementand
conservati
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page245
Fi
sher
iesDepar
tment  Implement
ati
onoflegi
slat
ionon
t
hedevel
opmentoft
hefi
shingsector

 Regulate Fi
shi
ng Met hods and
rei
nfor
cing fi
sh ban peri
od bet ween
DecemberandMar ch(br
eedingPeriod)

TheEnvi
ronment
alCounci
lofZambi
a

 TheEnvi
ronmentPr
otect
ion and Pol
lut
ion Cont
rolActof1990 cr
eat
ed t
he
Envi
ronment
alCounci
lofZambi
a(ECZ)
.

 TheEnvi
ronmentCounci
lofZambi
aisal
sor
esponsi
blef
orco-
coor
dinat
ing
act
ivi
ti
esofal
lact
ivi
ti
esofal
lmi
nist
ri
esandor
gani
zat
ionst
hatar
einvol
vedi
n
t
hepr
otect
ionoft
heenvi
ronmenti
nZambi
aandt
hesub-
regi
on.

Zambi
aWi
ldl
if
eAut
hor
it
y

 I
tZAWAwasest
abl
ishedbyanactofpar
li
amentof1988.

 ZAWAi
sresponsi
blef
ort
heest
abl
ishmentandmanagementofNat
ionalpar
ks,
gamemanagementar
easandpr
otect
ionofal
lwi
ldl
if
e.

TheZambi
aFor
est
ryCommi
ssi
on

I
tsr
esponsi
bil
it
iesi
ncl
ude:

 For
mul
ati
onoff
orestpol
ices;

 I
mpl
ement
ati
onoff
orestpl
ans;

 Managementandcont
roloff
orestr
esour
ces

 Car
ryi
ngoutr
esear
chf
orest
s;

 Pr
ovi
sionofext
ensi
onser
vices;

 Af
for
est
ati
on(
planni
ngofbot
hexot
icandi
ndi
genoust
reesi
nar
easwher
ether
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page246
 wer
enof
orest
sbef
ore)

 Managementoff
orestpl
ant
ati
ons

Wayst
oimpr
oveEnvi
ronment
alManagement
.

 Thegover
nmentshoul
ddevel
opacl
earpol
iceont
heenvi
ronment
.The
pol
icyshoul
densur
ebr
oaderpar
ti
cipat
ionbyal
lst
akehol
der
sint
he
sect
or

 Theenvi
ronment
alCounci
lofZambi
a shoul
d cont
inuet
o ef
fect
ivel
y
coor
dinat
etheexi
sti
ngpi
ecesl
egi
slat
ionont
heenvi
ronmentbyvar
ious
i
nst
it
uti
ons.

 Someoft
hepi
ecesofLegi
slat
ionofl
egi
slat
ionneedt
ober
epeal
edas
t
heynol
ongercont
ri
but
etosust
ainabl
edevel
opment
.

Suggest
edLegalAct
ionst
oPr
eventPol
lut
ion

 Expl
osi
ons,acci
dent
s,andacci
dent
alr
eleaseofpoi
sonoussubst
ancesof
ten
r
esul
tini
njur
y.Cer
tai
nlegalact
ionsshoul
dbeputi
npl
acet
opuni
sht
hose
r
esponsi
blef
orsuchcat
ast
rophes.

 The gover
nment shoul
d r
egul
ate pol
lut
ion and pr
event or mi
nimi
ze
envi
ronment
alcat
ast
rophes.

 Some r
ecommendat
ions on t
he l
egalact
ions t
hatcan be t
aken agai
nst
envi
ronmentpol
lut
ant
s:

Rest
ri
cti
ons:Gover
nmentcanr
est
ri
ctorabol
ishpr
oduct
ionofhar
mfulsubst
ance

Qual
if
iedRest
ri
cti
ons:Somepol
lut
ant
sar
enotacut
epoi
sonssuchassul
phurdi
oxi
de
emi
tt
edbysmel
ter
sont
heCopper
bel
t.

Subsi
dies:Cor
por
ati
onsorcompani
est
hatdonotpol
lut
etheenvi
ronment
.

Resi
dualChar
ges:I
ndust
ri
esandi
ndi
vidual
swhopol
lut
etheenvi
ronmentcanal
sobe

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page247
char
gedamount
spr
opor
ti
onalt
othequant
it
yoft
hepol
lut
antemi
tt
ed.

 I
nthi
swayt
hepol
lut
ercanei
therdumpt
hewast
eandpayt
hef
ineordealwi
th
t
hewast
einsomeot
herwaysuchast
reat
ing,
recycl
ing,
stor
ingi
tinasaf
epl
ace
ormi
nimi
zei
tsemi
ssi
oni
ntheenvi
ronment
.

Ot
herMeasur
es

 Composi
ti
ngofor
gani
cwast
ewhi
chcanbeusedasf
ert
il
izer
.

 Document
ati
on ofsour
ces and composi
ti
on ofvar
ious wast
es as wel
las
vi
gor
ouspubl
icawar
enesscampai
gnsi
nwast
emanagementpr
act
ices;

 Encour
agei
ndust
ri
esi
nthecount
ryt
ousecl
eanerpr
oduct
iont
echni
quesand
pr
act
ices.

 Est
abl
ishmentofr
ecycl
ingpl
ant
sbyal
llocalaut
hor
it
ies.
.

Pr
inci
plesofEnvi
ronment
all
yFr
iendl
yPol
icy

 Anydi
schar
georemi
ssi
onshoul
dber
egar
dedashar
mfulunt
ilpr
ovenhar
mless

 Est
abl
ishl
imi
tsofpol
lut
iont
hatt
henat
uralenvi
ronmentcanwi
thst
andwi
thout
per
manent
lydamaged.Thi
scr
it
icall
oadshoul
dnotbeexceeded.

 Al
lst
agesoft
hepr
oduct
ionpr
ocessshoul
dexami
net
hor
oughl
ywi
thr
egar
dto
pol
lut
ionmanagementandcont
rol
.

 Thenat
uralenvi
ronmenti
snotf
reeofchar
ge.I
ndust
ri
esmustbest
imul
atedt
o
t
aket
heenvi
ronmenti
ntoconsi
der
ati
oni
nal
lthei
roper
ati
onssoast
oreduce
pol
lut
ion.

 Poort
echni
calsol
uti
onsshoul
dnotbeusedasanexcusef
orpol
lut
ioneven
whenbet
tert
echnol
ogyi
savai
labl
e.

I
nter
nat
ionalConvent
ionsandAgr
eement
sont
heEnvi
ronment

Zambi
aisal
soapar
tyt
osever
ali
nter
nat
ionalconvent
ionsandagr
eement
sont
he

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page248
envi
ronment
.

Asasi
gnat
oryt
otheseconvent
ionsandagr
eement
s,t
hecount
ryhashadaccesst
o
i
nter
nat
ionalf
undi
ngandcapaci
tybui
ldi
ngi
ntheenvi
ronment
almanagementsect
or.
Someoft
heconvent
ionsar
e:

 BaselConvent
ionont
hecont
roloft
heTr
ansboundar
ymovementofhazar
dous
wast
e

 Convent
ionsont
heConser
vat
ionofmi
grat
oryspeci
esofwi
ldani
mal
s

 Convent
iononwetl
ands(
Ramsarconvent
ion)

 Convent
ionont
hepr
otect
ionofWor
ldCul
tur
alandNat
ionalHer
it
age

 Conser
vat
ionont
hepr
otect
ionoft
heozonel
ayer
.

Bi
odi
ver
sit
y

Bi
odi
ver
sit
yorbi
ologi
caldi
ver
sit
yisat
erm used t
o descr
ibeal
argevar
iet
yand
var
iabi
li
tyofl
ivi
ngt
hingsandt
heecol
ogi
calenvi
ronmenti
nwhi
cht
heyoccur
.

Level
sofBi
odi
ver
sit
yincl
ude:

Genet
icdi
ver
sit
y:t
hisi
sthemeasur
eoft
hevar
iabi
li
tywi
thi
nandbet
weenspeci
es.

Speci
esdi
ver
sit
y:Ref
erst
othet
otalnumberofspeci
esi
nagi
venar
ea

Ecosyst
em di
ver
sit
y:Thi
sref
erst
othevar
iet
yofhabi
tat
swi
thi
nwhi
chspeci
esoccur
.

Si
gni
fi
canceofbi
odi
ver
sit
y

Ther
uralpopul
ati
ont
oal
argeext
entdependsonavar
iet
yofl
ocalr
esour
cesavai
labl
e
i
nthei
rar
eas.

 Pl
ant
sandani
mal
sar
enotonl
yusedi
nconst
ruct
ionorasr
awmat
eri
alsi
nthe
pr
ocessi
ngandmanuf
act
uri
ngi
ndust
ri
es.

 Var
ious bi
ologi
calr
esour
ces such as mi
cro-
organi
sms ar
e used i
nthe

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page249
 pr
epar
ati
onofmedi
cineswhi
lesomepl
ant
sar
ewi
del
yusedasher
balmedi
cine.

 Bi
odi
ver
sit
yisal
soi
mpor
tantt
omai
ntai
necol
ogi
calbal
ances.Thepr
eser
vat
ion
oft
heecosyst
em di
ver
sit
yensur
escont
inuat
ionofpr
ocessest
hatmai
ntai
nal
l
f
ormsofl
if
eint
heenvi
ronmentsuchaswat
erandnut
ri
entcycl
es.

Ecosyst
em:i
sagr
oupofpl
ant
sandani
mal
soccur
ri
ngt
oget
herwi
tht
hephysi
cal
envi
ronmenti
nwhi
cht
heyi
nter
act

Aest
het
ic-i
sanyobj
ectorwor
kofar
tthatdi
spl
aysgr
eatbeaut
y.

Thr
eat
stobi
odi
ver
sit
y

 Landuse,
conf
li
ctbet
weenhumansandani
mal
s.

 Devel
opmentofset
tl
ement
sandr
elat
edact
ivi
ti
es.

 Pol
lut
ion

 Def
orest
ati
on

 Overexpl
orat
ionofr
esour
cessuchasoverf
ishi
ngandgamepoachi
ng.

 Cl
imat
icchangesuchoccur
renceoff
requentdr
ought
s

 Lackofbi
odi
ver
sit
yknowl
edgebyt
hepubl
ic.

Managementofbi
odi
ver
sit
y

 I
n Zambi
an soci
ety,conser
vat
ion met
hods ofr
esour
ces wer
e cent
ered on
cust
omar
ylaws.

 I
ndi
genouscal
endaroff
oodpr
oduct
ionwasseasonal
.Forexampl
e;f
ishi
ng,
col
lect
ion,
off
orest
spr
oduct
ssuchascat
erpi
ll
ars,
honeyandmushr
ooms.

 Thecul
tur
eoft
otemsal
sopr
event
edi
ndi
scr
imi
nat
ehunt
ingofcer
tai
nwi
ld
speci
es,whi
le some ot
herwi
ldl
if
e wer
e accor
ded speci
alst
atus such t
hat
expr
essper
missi
onoft
hechi
efwasneededt
ohuntt
hem.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page250
Cul
tur
eofTot
ems-r
efer
stoasyst
em ofbel
ief
sassoci
ati
ngcl
answi
thnamesof
ani
mal
sandpl
ant
s.Forexampl heBemba’
eamongt s;benang’
andu-cr
ocodi
lecl
an,
benabowa-mushr
oom cl
an.

Bi
odi
ver
sit
ySt
rat
egi
cPl
an

TheZambi
anpl
ani
sbasedont
hef
oll
owi
nggoal
s:

 Ensur
econser
vat
ionoft
henat
uralecosyst
em t
hrough net
wor
kofpr
otect
ed
ar
eas

 Conser
vat
ionofgenet
icdi
ver
sit
yofcr
opsandl
ivest
ock

 I
mpr
ovementofl
egalandi
nst
it
uti
onalf
ramewor
kaswel
lashumanr
esour
ce
devel
opmentt
oimpl
ementst
rat
egi
esf
orSconser
vat
ion,
uti
li
zat
ionaswel
las
equi
tabl
eshar
ingofbenef
it
sfr
om di
ver
sit
ymanagement
;

 Devel
opmentofanappr
opr
iat
elegalf
ramewor
kont
her
isksi
nvol
vedi
nthe
useofGenet
ical
lyModi
fi
edOr
gani
sms(
GMOs)
.Thi
sisbecausesi
deef
fect
sof
GMOsar
enotyetknown

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Def
inebi
odi
ver
sit
y

2.Whatar
ethet
hreat
stobi
odi
ver
sit
y?

3.Whati
senvi
ronment
aldegr
adat
ion?

4.Di
scusst
hecausesofenvi
ronment
aldegr
adat
ion?

5.ForZambi
atoachi
evesust
ainabl
eeconomi
cdevel
opmentf
ort
hepr
esent
andf
utur
egener
ati
ont
her
eisneedf
ort
hecount
ryt
omanagei
tswast
e.

i
. Whati
swast
emanagement

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page251
 i
i. Whatar
ethehar
mfulef
fect
sofwast
eont
heenvi
ronment

i
ii
. Expl
ainf
ivepoi
ntswhi
chwoul
dhel
pthecommuni
tysol
vet
hispr
obl
em

6.Compar
e and Cont
rastt
he f
unct
ion oft
he l
ocalCounci
lwi
tht
he
Envi
ronment
al Counci
l of Zambi
a i
n addr
essi
ng envi
ronment
al
degr
adat
ioni
nZambi
a.

7.Di
scusshowenvi
ronment
ali
ssuescanbecr
oss-
cut
ti
ngbynat
ure

8.I
dent
if
y measur
es t
hatt
he l
ocalaut
hor
it
y can under
take t
oreduce
pol
lut
ionbysol
idwast
eint
hei
rar
eas.

9.Out
li
net
hecausesofenvi
ronment
aldegr
adat
ioni
nsub-
Sahar
aregi
on
wi
th speci
alr
efer
ence t
o Zambi
a and suggestt
he sol
uti
on t
othe
pr
obl
ems.

GLOBALI
SSUES.

 Gl
obali
ssuesmeanal
lthedevel
opment
sandpr
obl
emswhi
chaf
fectt
hewel
far
e
ofpeopl
einal
lnat
ions.

 Theyi
ncl
udei
ssuessuchasHumanRi
ght
sandGoodGover
nance,Warand

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page252
 Peace,t
heWor
ldRef
ugeecr
isi
s,t
heWor
ldDebtcr
isi
s,t
heWor
ldEner
gycr
isi
s,
I
nter
nat
ionalTr
ade,Gl
obalwar
ming,HI
V/AI
DS,t
he Bi
rd Fl
u out
break and
Ter
ror
ism.

GLOBALI
NTERDEPENDENCE

 Gl
obali
nterdependence-meanst
hateachnat
ion’
swel
far
emaydependont
he
deci
sionsandpol
ici
esofanot
hernat
ionandvi
ce-
ver
sa.

 I
nter
dependenceal
someanst
hateachnat
ion’
swel
far
edependsongoodsand
ser
vicesof
fer
edbyot
hercount
ri
es.

 Forexampl
e,t
hedevel
opedcount
ri
esofNor
thAmer
icaandWest
ernEur
ope
dependonsomeoft
hei
ndust
ri
almat
eri
alsf
rom t
het
hir
dwor
ldcount
ri
es.

 Ont
heot
herhand,Thi
rdwor
ldcount
ri
esdependonsomeoft
hedevel
oped
count
ri
es f
ormar
ket
ing oft
hei
rraw mat
eri
als and f
orpr
oduct
s such as
i
ndust
ri
almachi
ner
y,mot
orvehi
cles,
comput
ersandel
ect
ri
calappl
iances.

FOREI
GNAI
D

For
eignAi
dref
erst
othei
nter
nat
ionalt
ransf
eroff
unds,
goodsandser
vicesi
nthef
orm
ofl
oansandgr
ant
sfr
om onecount
ryt
oanot
her
.

TYPESOFFOREI
GNAI
D

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesoff
orei
gnai
d:Bi
lat
eralandmul
ti
lat
eral
.

BI
LATERALAI
D

I
tisassi
stancef
rom onecount
ryt
oanot
herandabi
lat
eralagencyi
sanagency
f
ormedbyt
wocount
ri
est
opr
ovi
debi
lat
eralai
d.Forexampl
e,Zambi
arecei
vesai
dfr
om
t
hef
oll
owi
ngbi
lat
eralagenci
es:

 Fi
nishi
nter
nat
ionalDevel
opmentAgency(
FINNI
DA)

 I
ri
shAi
d

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page253
  JapanI
nter
nat
ionalDevel
opmentAgency(
JICA)

 Swedi
shI
nter
nat
ionalDevel
opmentAgency(
SIDA)

 Uni
tedSt
atesAgencyf
ori
nter
nat
ionalDevel
opment(
USAI
D)

MULTI
LATERALAI
D

I
tis assi
stance f
rom i
nter
nat
ionalagenci
es f
ormed by sever
alcount
ri
es and a
mul
ti
lat
eralagency i
s an agency t
hati
sfor
med by sever
alcount
ri
es t
o of
fer
mul
ti
lat
eralai
dandexampl
esofsuchagenci
esi
ncl
ude;

 Af
ri
canDevel
opmentBank(
ADB)
 Ar
abBankf
orEconomi
cDevel
opmenti
nAf
ri
ca(
ABEDA)
 I
nter
nat
ionalMonet
aryFund(
IMF)
 Wor
ld Bank,al
so known as t
he I
nter
nat
ionalBank f
orReconst
ruct
ion and
Devel
opment(
IBRD)
.

 Bi
lat
eralandMul
ti
lat
eralai
dusual
lycomesi
nfor
m ofgr
ant
sandl
oans,
recei
ved
i
nfor
m off
inanci
alassi
stance,capi
talgoodsl
ikemachi
ner
y,r
eli
eff
ood,or
t
echni
calexper
ti
se(
ski
ll
edl
abour
)

 Gr
ant
s-ar
egi
ft
sfr
om I
nter
nat
ionalagenci
est
oagover
nmentorf
rom one
gover
nmentt
oanot
herwhi
char
enott
obepai
dback.
 Loans-r
efert
othet
ransf
eroff
unds,goodsandser
vicesf
rom onef
inanci
al
ent
it
ytoanot
herwhi
chmustber
epai
dusual
lywi
thi
nter
est
.Al
oancanbehar
d
orsof
tdependi
ngont
hecondi
ti
onsat
tachedt
oit
.
 Har
dloan-r
efer
stoal
oangi
venwi
thcondi
ti
onsofuseat
tachedandatahi
gh
r
ateofi
nter easaSof
estwher tloan-i
sal
oangi
venatal
owr
ateofi
nter
estori
s
r
epai
dwi
thouti
nter
estatal
l.
 Ti
edAi
d:r
efer
stol
oansandgr
ant
swhi
chhavest
ipul
atedcondi
ti
onsofuse.For
i
nst
ance,t
her
eci
pientcount
rymayber
equi
redt
ospendal
oanonspeci
fi
ed
pr
ojectsuchasonpover
tyr
educt
ion,
wat
erandsani
tat
ion,
yout
hempower
ment

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page254
 et
c.

THEWORLDBANK.

TheWor
ldBanki
sal
soknownast
heI
nter
nat
ionalBankf
orReconst
ruct
ion and
Devel
opment(
IBRD)andi
tsheadquar
ter
sar
einWashi
ngt
on.DC.(
Uni
tedSt
ates)
 I
tconsi
stsoff
ouraf
fi
li
atei
nst
it
uti
onsnamel
y:
 I
nter
nat
ionalDevel
opmentAssoci
ati
on(
IDA)

 I
nter
nat
ionalFi
nanceCor
por
ati
on(
IFC)

 Mul
ti
lat
eralI
nvest
mentGuar
ant
eeAgency(
MIGA)

 I
nter
nat
ionalCent
erf
orSet
tl
ementofI
nvest
mentDi
sput
es(
ICSI
D)

 TheWor
ldBankof
fer
stwot
ypesofl
oans:
Loansf
ordevel
opi
ngcount
ri
eswi
thhi
gheri
ncomegi
vent
ober
epai
dwi
thmor
eti
me.
Fori
nst
ance,
15t
o20year
swi
that
hreet
ofi
veyeargr
aceper
iodbef
oret
her
epayment
ofpr
inci
plebegi
ns.

Loansf
orpoorcount
ri
esusual
lynotcr
edi
twor
thyi
nthei
nter
nat
ionalf
inanci
almar
ket
andcannotaf
for
dtopaymar
keti
nter
est
srat
esonl
oans.Thesel
oansar
epr
ovi
dedwi
th
a10yeargr
aceper
iodandt
heyar
erepayabl
ein35t
o40year
s.

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALMONETARYFUND(
IMF)

 I
tisaspeci
ali
zedagencyoft
heUni
tedNat
ionswhi
chcont
rol
sfl
uct
uat
ionsi
nthe
exchange r
ates ofwor
ld cur
renci
es and l
ends money t
o count
ri
es f
aci
ng
bal
anceofpayment
sdef
ici
ts.
FOREI
GNAI
DANDTHEDEVELOPMENTDEBATE

ARGUMENTSFORBI
LATERALANDMULTI
LATERALFOREI
GNAI
D

 I
tpr
ovi
desf
orei
gncapi
talneededbyt
her
eci
pientcount
ryt
osuppl
ementl
ocal
ly
avai
labl
einvest
mentr
esour
ces.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page255
  I
tpr
ovi
demor
efor
eignexchangei
fthel
oanort
hegr
anti
sinvest
edi
napr
oject
whi
chpr
oducesexpor
tpr
oduct
s.
 I
tpr
ovi
desnewt
echnol
ogyandski
ll
swhi
cht
hel
ocalpeopl
ecanl
ateracqui
reby
meansoft
rai
ning,
assumedt
obebot
hdesi
rabl
eandpr
oduct
ivet
other
eci
pient
nat
ion.
 Ther
eci
pientgover
nmentear
nsmor
erevenuebyt
axi
ngent
erpr
isesest
abl
ished
wi
tht
hehel
poff
orei
gnai
dandbypar
ti
cipat
ingf
inanci
all
yint
heoper
ati
onsof
t
heseent
erpr
ises.
 Foodai
dal
levi
atesf
ami
nei
ncaseofnat
uraldi
sast
erssuchasf
loods,dr
ought
s
and ear
thquakes.I
tal
so pr
ovi
desf
reeorcheaperf
ood t
o count
ri
esf
aci
ng
chr
oni
cfoodsuppl
ypr
obl
ems,andhence,i
tal
levi
atesf
ami
neanddeat
hfr
om
mal
nut
ri
ti
on.
 For
eignai
dpr
omot
esi
nter
nat
ionalco-
oper
ati
onbet
weent
hedonorandt
he
r
eci
pientcount
ri
es.

Ar
gument
sagai
nst
:

 Loansandgr
ant
s“t
iedt
othedonor
”havet
obespentonbuyi
nggoodsand
ser
vicesf
rom t
hedonorcount
ry,whi
ch ar
eof
tenmor
eexpensi
veandofl
ower
qual
it
ythant
hosef
rom ot
hersour
ces,
hence,
noneedt
o“t
ie”t
heai
d.
 LoansandGr
ant
s“t
iedt
opr
oject
s”canonl
ybespentbyt
her
eci
pientcount
ryon
pr
oject
sagr
eeduponwi
tht
hedonorcount
ry.
 Pr
ofi
tsf
rom f
orei
gni
nvest
mentar
eusual
lyext
ernal
ized,
andr
arel
yrei
nvest
edi
n
t
her
eci
pientnat
ion.
 Loansmustbepai
dwi
thi
nter
estandt
hel
agert
hel
oan,t
hel
agert
hedebt
ser
vicebur
den.Ther
efor
e,“
for
eignai
d”t
endst
omaket
her
ichcount
ri
esr
icher
,
andt
hepooronespoor
er.
 Foodai
dmaywor
senf
oodshor
tagesasi
ttendst
oreducef
oodpr
ice,hence,
ki
ll
ingt
hef
oodmar
ketf
orf
armer
sint
her
eci
pientcount
ry,whi
chmayi
ntur
n
causer
educt
ioni
ndomest
icf
oodpr
oduct
ion.
 Food-ai
disal
soof
tengi
venast
ied– ai
dandt
hef
oodai
dcont
ract
smay

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page256
 r
equi
ret
her
ecei
vingcount
ryt
opur
chasecer
tai
ngoodsf
rom t
hedonorcount
ry,
ort
osuppor
tthedonorcount
ryi
nfor
eignpol
icy.
 Technol
ogi
cal assi
stance gi
ven by donor
sis notal
ways appr
opr
iat
e or
benef
ici
alt
othe needs oft
he r
eci
pientcount
ry,and i
tmay r
equi
ret
he
i
mpor
tat
ionofexpensi
vemachi
ner
yandspar
epar
tsf
rom t
hedonorcount
ry
Hence,i
tisar
gued t
hatt
echni
calassi
stanceact
ual
lybenef
it
sthedonor
count
rymor
ethant
her
eci
pientcount
ryi
nthati
t:

[
i]Ear
nsmor
emoneyi
nfor
m ofi
nter
estonl
oanpayment
s.

[
ii
]Cr
eat
esamar
ketf
ori
tsmachi
ner
yandspar
epar
tsi
nreci
pientcount
ry.

[
ii
i]Cr
eat
esover
seasempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
esi
nfor
m oft
echni
cal

Exper
ti
sef
ori
tsci
ti
zensi
nther
eci
pientcount
ry.

[
iv]Gai
nsaspher
eofpol
it
icalandeconomi
cinf
luencei
nther
eci
pient

Count
ry

I
NTERNATI
ONALTRADE:

 Tr
adei
sthesel
li
ngandbuyi
ngofgoodsandser
vicest
oear
nsomepr
ofi
t,whi
ch
canbei
nter
nalorext
ernal
.

 I
nter
nalTr
adei
sknownasHomeordomest
ict
rade,whi
chi
sthebuyi
ngand
sel
li
ngofgoodsandser
viceswi
thi
nthecount
ry.

 Ext
ernalt
radei
sal
soknownasf
orei
gnt
radeori
nter
nat
ionalt
rade,
whi
chr
efer
s
t
othesel
li
ngandbuyi
ngofgoodsandser
vicesbet
weent
woormor
ecount
ri
es.

I
MPORTANCEOFI
NTERNATI
ONALTRADE

UnevenDi
str
ibut
ionofr
esour
ces:

Thi
smeanst
hatnonat
ionhasal
lthenat
uralr
esour
cesessent
ialf
ort
he
f
unct
ioni
ngofamoder
nindust
ri
aleconomy.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page257
 Cl
imat
icDi
ff
erences:

 Thi
smeanst
hatsomecl
imat
iccondi
ti
onsi
ntemper
atecount
ri
esl
ikeCanada
ar
enotf
avor
abl
etot
hepr
oduct
ionofcer
tai
nfoodcr
opsneededbyt
hat
count
ry.
Speci
ali
zat
ion:

 Thi
smeanst
hatno count
rycan pr
oduceal
lthegoodsand ser
vicesi
t
r
equi
resaseachcount
ryspeci
ali
zesi
nagi
venl
ineofi
ndust
ri
eswher
eiti
s
mostef
fi
cient
.
Technol
ogi
calDi
ff
erences:
 Thi
smeanst
hatsomecount
ri
esdonotpossesst
het
echnol
ogi
calcapaci
tyt
o
pr
oducecer
tai
npr
oduct
swhi
chmakesi
tnecessar
yfort
hem t
obuysuch
pr
oduct
sfr
om ot
hernat
ions.
Suppl
ementDomest
icpr
oduct
ion:

 Thi
smeanst
hatanat
ionwi
thvastdemandsori
nadequat
elocalsuppl
iesof
cer
tai
npr
oduct
smayi
mpor
tcer
tai
ngoodst
osuppl
ementi
tsowndomest
ic
pr
oduct
ion.
Ear
nfor
eignexchange:

 Thi
simpl
iest
hatt
radei
sonewayofi
ncr
easi
ngone’
sownweal
tht
hrough
pr
ofi
tmaki
ng.
Pr
omot
eint
ernat
ionalco-
oper
ati
on:

 Thi
smeanst
hatTr
adepr
omot
esi
nter
nat
ionalpeace,co-oper
ati
on and
pol
it
icalf
ri
endshi
pamongcount
ri
esast
radi
ngpar
tner
s.

TERMSOFTRADE

 Ter
msoft
rademeanst
her
ateatwhi
chanat
ion’
sexpor
tsar
eexchangedf
or

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page258
 i
mpor
tsf
rom anot
hernat
ion.Theydependont
hepr
icesofcommodi
ti
eson
t
hei
nter
nat
ionalmar
ket
.
 Favour
abl
eTer
msofTr
ade-Meanst
hepr
icesf
orone’
scount
ry’
sexpor
tsar
e
r
elat
ivel
yhi
ghert
hant
hepr
icesf
ori
tsi
mpor
ts.
 Unf
avour
abl
eTer
msofTr
ade-meanst
hepr
icesf
orone’
scount
ry’
sexpor
ts
ar
erel
ati
vel
ylowert
hant
hepr
icesf
ori
mpor
ts
BALANCEOFTRADE

 Bal
anceofTr
adei
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weent
heval
ueofvi
sibl
eimpor
tsand
expor
tsoverapar
ti
cul
arper
iod.
 Bal
ancedTr
adei
swhent
heval
ueofvi
sibl
eexpor
tsi
sequalt
othatofvi
sibl
e
i
mpor
ts
 Favour
abl
eBal
anceofTr
ade-i
swhent
heval
ueof a count
ry’
svi
sibl
eexpor
ts
exceedsori
smor
ethant
heval
ueofi
tsvi
sibl
eimpor
ts.Thi
sisknownasTr
ade
sur
plus.
 Unf
avour
abl
eBal
anceofTr
ade-occur
swhent
heval
ueofgoodsi
mpor
ted
exceedst
heval
ueofgoodsexpor
ted,
alsor
efer
redt
oasTr
adedef
ici
t.

BALANCEOFPAYMENTS

 Bal
anceofpayment
s-meanst
hedi
ff
erencei
nacount
ry’
sspendi
ng(
payment
s)
andear
ningsf
rom i
mpor
tsandexpor
tsr
espect
ivel
y

 I
tincl
udespayment
sandear
ningsf
rom bot
hvi
sibl
eandi
nvi
sibl
eimpor
tsand
expor
ts

 I
nvi
sibl
eimpor
ts ar
e ser
vices such as I
nsur
ance,t
ranspor
t,t
our
ism,and
Expat
ri
atel
abour
.

Unf
avor
abl
eBal
anceofpayment
s

Thi
siswhenacount
ryr
ecei
vesl
essf
orei
gncur
rencyf
rom i
tsexpor
ts,butpays
mor
efor
eigncur
rencyoni
tsi
mpor
ts,
alsoknownasBal
anceof
paymentdef
ici
t

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page259
 Favor
abl
ebal
anceofpayment
s

Thi
siswhenacount
ryr
ecei
vesmor
efor
eigncur
rencyf
rom expor
ts,butspendsl
ess
f
orei
gncur
rencyoni
mpor
ts,
alsoknownasBal
anceofPayment
ssur
plus.

THEWORLDTRADEORGANI
ZATI
ON(
WTO)

 Thi
sist
he or
gani
zat
ion t
hatr
egul
ates t
rade bet
ween count
ri
es and an
i
nter
nat
ionalbodydeal
ingwi
tht
hegl
obalr
ulesofTr
adebet
weennat
ions

 I
twas est
abl
ished i
n 1995 t
orepl
ace t
he Gener
alAgr
eementon Tar
if
fs
andTr
ade[
GATT]of1947.

 I
tis nota speci
ali
zed or
gan oft
he Uni
ted Nat
ions buthas cooper
ati
on
ar
rangement
sandwor
kscl
osel
ywi
tht
heUni
tedNat
ions.

Funct
ionsoft
heWTO

 Tohel
ptr
adef
low asf
reel
yaspossi
blebyr
educi
ngandevent
ual
lyel
imi
nat
ing
(
tradet
axes)andot
herbar
ri
ersi
mposedbyvar
iousnat
ions
 Tosetoutr
ulesf
orr
egul
ati
ngi
nter
nat
ionalt
rade
 Toi
nter
prett
radeagr
eement
sandi
mpar
ti
all
yset
tl
etr
adedi
sput
esbet
ween
nat
ions
 Toor
gani
zet
radenegot
iat
ionsamongi
tsmember
s

PRI
NCI
PLESOFTHEWTO

Non-
discr
imi
nat
ion:

Thi
smeanst
hatacount
ryshoul
dnotdi
scr
imi
nat
ebet
weeni
tst
radi
ngpar
tner
s,al
l
gr
ant
edt
hewhoar
egr
ant
edt
hemostf
avor
ednat
ion(
MFN)st
atus.

Fr
eeTr
ade:

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page260
Thi
simpl
iest
hatt
her
eshoul
dbef
reet
radeandal
ltr
adebar
ri
ersshoul
dber
educed
t
hroughnegot
iat
ions

Pr
edi
ctabi
li
ty:

Thi
smeanst
hatf
orei
gncompani
es,i
nvest
orsandgover
nment
sshoul
dbeconf
ident
t
hatt
ari
ff
sandot
hert
radebar
ri
erswi
llnotber
aisedar
bit
rar
il
y.

Compet
it
ion:

Thi
smeanst
hatt
her
eshoul
dbemor
efr
eecompet
it
ioni
nint
ernat
ionalt
radeasunf
air
pr
act
icesar
enotal
lowed.

Speci
alpr
ivi
legesf
orl
essdevel
opedcount
ri
es(
LDCs)
,donebygi
vingt
hem mor
eti
me
t
oadj
ustt
oint
ernat
ionalr
ulesoft
rade.

STRUCTUREOFTHEWTO

 I
thas146membercount
ri
esandi
tsHeadquar
ter
sar
einGeneva,
Swi
tzer
land.

 TheWTO or
gansi
ncl
udet
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ers(
ofCommer
ce)who meet
ever
ytwoyear
s:t
heGener
alCounci
l;whi
chmeet
ssi
xti
mesayear
;Sect
or
Counci
lsandsever
alcommi
tt
ees.

WEAKNESSESOFTHEWTO

 Deci
sionsmadebyt
heWTO ar
est
il
lst
rongl
yinf
luencedandgui
dedbyt
he
i
nter
est
sofdevel
opedcount
ri
essuchast
heUni
tedSt
atesandt
heEur
opean
Uni
oncount
ri
es.
 The WTO bel
ieves t
hatdeci
sions shoul
d be made democr
ati
cal
ly and by
consensus,
buti
npr
act
icel
essdevel
opedcount
ri
esar
eof
tennotgi
venanequal
pl
atf
ormt
onegot
iat
eanddef
endt
hei
rtr
adei
nter
est
s.

THEDEBTCRI
SIS

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page261
  Debtcr
isi
smeansani
ncr
easei
nindebt
ednesst
oal
evelwher
ethedebt
ori
s
unabl
etor
epayt
hedebtwi
thoutdef
aul
ti
ngorasi
tuat
ionwher
eacount
ryf
ail
sto
paybackdebt[
money]owedt
oot
hercount
ri
es.

REASONSFORDEBTCRI
SIS

Unf
airI
nter
nat
ionalt
rade:

 Thi
rdWor
ldcount
ri
esar
eof
tenf
orcedt
osel
lrawmat
eri
als(
li
kecopper
)cheapl
y
t
oint
ernat
ionalf
ir
ms,
whi
chi
ntur
nuser
awmat
eri
alst
opr
oducef
ini
shedgoods
andmakehugepr
ofi
ts.

 Thi
sresul
tsi
nabal
anceofpayment
sdef
ici
tandani
ncr
easei
ndebtbur
den.

Debtser
vici
ng:

 Debtser
vici
ngi
sthepr
ocessofpayi
ngi
nter
estonout
standi
ngl
oans.Ther
ear
e
t
oaspect
stoal
oan;

 I
nter
esthast
obepai
doni
t
 Thel
oanhast
ober
epai
d
Spendi
ngl
oansonconsumpt
ion:

 SomeThi
rdWor
ldcount
ri
esusel
oanst
ofi
nancepur
econsumerpr
oduct
sand
hencet
hef
ail
uret
orepayt
hebor
rowedmoneyduet
olackofpr
oduct
ivi
ty.

I
ncaseofZambi
athedebtcr
isi
swaswor
senedbyt
woot
herf
act
ors:

 Thef
alli
ncopperpr
icesi
nthe1970sandt
he1980s.Ear
ningsoncopperexpor
ts
wer
efal
li
ng,
yetspendi
ngonoi
l,
machi
ner
yandot
heri
mpor
tswer
eincr
easi
ng.
 Zambi
ahadt
ospendal
otofmoneyonherdef
ensef
orces,r
epai
ri
ngdest
royed
i
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,host
ingr
efugeesandf
reedom f
ight
ersandf
indi
ngal
ter
nat
ive
r
out
esf
orherexpor
tsandi
mpor
ts.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page262
DEBTRELI
EFANDTHEHEAVI
LYI
NDEBTEDPOORCOUNTRI
ES

[
HIPC]I
NITI
ATI
VE

I
twasi
ntr
oducedbyt
hei
nter
nat
ionaldonor(
credi
tor
)communi
tyi
n1996andwas
r
evi
sedi
n1999andt
heWor
ldBankandt
heI
MFwer
egi
vent
her
esponsi
bil
it
yto
over
seei
tsi
mpl
ement
ati
on.

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heHI
PCI
nit
iat
ive:

 Reducet
hehugedebtbur
denoft
heWor
ld’
sHeavi
lyI
ndebt
edCount
ri
est
olevel
s
wer
ecount
ri
eswoul
dbeabl
etomanaget
ocont
inuer
epayi
ngt
hedebt
swi
thout
def
aul
ti
ngi
npayment
s(Sust
ainabl
elevel
s)

 Pr
ovi
def
undsf
orpover
tyr
educt
ioni
nfor
m ofdebtr
eli
ef.Thi
smeansf
unds
savedasar
esul
tofr
educt
ionsi
ndebtser
vicepayment
swoul
dbeusedt
o
f
inancepover
tyReduct
ionPr
ogr
ammes(
PRP)

HI
PCQUALI
FICATI
ONANDSTRUCTURALADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMES(
SAPS)

 ACount
rymustsuccessf
ull
yimpl
ementanumberofI
MFandWor
ldBankl
ed
monet
aryr
efor
msandst
ruct
uralAdj
ust
mentpr
ogr
ammes(
SAPs)t
oqual
if
yto
t
hisi
nit
iat
ive

Al
thoughcondi
ti
onsvar
y,SAPsusual
lyr
equi
ret
hatacount
rymust
:

 Pr
ivat
izest
ateownedcompani
es’
,whi
chi
sthet
ransf
erofpar
ast
atalcompani
es
andot
hergover
nmentasset
stot
hepr
ivat
esect
or,
incl
udi
ngf
orei
gnent
erpr
ises.

 Li
ftr
est
ri
cti
onsonf
orei
gni
nvest
mentsot
hatpr
ofi
tscaneasi
lybeExt
ernal
ize
–t
akeoutoft
hecount
ry

Reducet
het
ari
ffbar
ri
ers(
cust
om dut
iest
oencour
agei
mpor
ts.

 Fl
oati
tsexchanger
atessot
hatt
heyar
efr
eel
ydet
ermi
nedbyt
hemar
ket
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page263
  I
mposer
est
ri
cti
vef
iscal(
fi
nanci
al)andmonet
arypol
ici
es
 Remove cont
rol
s on pr
ices and wi
thdr
aw subsi
dies,even on essent
ial
commodi
ti
es.
 Rel
axl
aborl
awspr
otect
ingwor
ker
sandempl
oyer
s.

HI
PCCOMPLETI
ONPOI
NTBENCHMARKS

Pover
tyReduct
ion

 adoptt
hepover
tyReduct
ionSt
rat
egypaper(
PRSP)
 Pr he1stPRSPpr
esentt ogr
essr
epor
t
 I
mpr
ovepover
tyDat
abase

Educat
ionSect
or

 I
ncr
easeshar
eofeducat
ioni
nthebudgett
o23%
 Ref
orm t
he Basi
c Educat
ion Cur
ri
cul
um t
oimpr
ove l
it
eracy,numer
acyand
communi
cat
ionski
ll
s.

Heal
thSect
or

 Adoptast
rat
egi
cfr
amewor
kforHI
V/AI
DS
 I
mpl
ementt
hest
rat
egi
cfr
amewor
kforHI
V/AI
DS
 I
mpl
ementandscal
eupt
heAct
ionpl
anf
ort
heMal
ari
aCont
rol
 I
mpl
ementHeal
thSect
orRef
orm.
Mi
cro-
economi
c

 Fi
nal
izet
hepr
ivat
izat
ionoft
heZambi
aEl
ect
ri
cit
ySuppl
y

 Cooper
ati
on(
ZESCO)
,TheZambi
aNat
ionalcommer
cialBank(
ZANACO)and

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page264
 ot
herst
ateownedent
erpr
ises.

Wat
ersub-
sect
or

Rehabi
li
tat
eur
banwat
ersuppl
ysyst
em

BENEFI
TSOFTHEHI
PCI
NITI
ATI
VE

DebtRel
iefFunds:

 Zambi
ast
art
edget
ti
ngdebtr
eli
efi
nJanuar
y2001andt
he r
eli
efbet
weent
he
Deci
sionpoi
ntandt
hecompl
eti
onpoi
ntar
eknownas“
Int
eri
mrel
ief
”

ReducedExt
ernalDebtPaymentLevel
s:

 TheHI
PCi
nit
iat
ivehasr
educedt
he bur
dent
oanaver
ageof100mi
ll
iont
o150
mi
ll
ionUSdol
lar
speryear
,whi
chgi
vesani
ndebt
edcount
ryenought
imet
opay
t
hedebt

Reduct
ioni
ntheTot
alDebtst
ock:

 Af
terr
eachi
ng t
he HI
PC Compl
eti
on poi
nt,i
tis expect
ed t
hatt
he t
otal
out
standi
ngdebtst
ockwi
llgr
adual
lybeext
ingui
shed.

CONCERNSABOUTTHEHI
PCI
NITI
ATI
VE

Reduct
ionsi
nDebtSt
ockmaynotoccur

Thi
smayhappeni
fthecostofi
mpor
tscont
inuest
ori
seascompar
edt
oexpor
t
ear
nings.

Possi
blemi
suseofDebtRel
iefResour
ces:

Ther
eisgener
alconcer
nthatt
hedebtr
eli
efr
esour
cesmi
ghtbemi
susedbysome
gover
nmentof
fi
cial
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page265
LossofNat
ionalSover
eignt
y:

Thei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heHI
PCI
nit
iat
ivehasmeantt
hatt
hegover
nmenti
sact
ual
ly
i
mpl
ement
ing economi
c pol
ici
es and r
efor
ms i
mposed byt
he i
nter
nat
ionaldonor
communi
ty,
whi
chunder
minest
hecount
ry’
snat
ionalsover
eignt
y.

MI
LLENNI
UM DEVELOPMENTGOALS(
MDGS)

TheMi
ll
enni
um Devel
opmentGoal
s(MDGs)ar
eei
ghtgl
obaldevel
opmentt
arget
s
agr
eeduponbyt
heWor
ldl
eader
satt
heUni
tedNat
ionsMi
ll
enni
um Summi
tin2000.
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
etheei
ghtMDGs

1.Er
adi
cat
eExt
remePover
tyandHunger
:Thi
smeantt
hatby2015,
thepr
opor
ti
on
ofpeopl
eli
vingononeUSdol
laradayandt
hosewhosuf
ferf
rom hungerwast
o
ber
educedbyhal
f
2.Achi
eveUni
ver
salPr
imar
yEducat
ion:Thi
smeantt
hatby2015,al
lboysand
gi
rl
swer
etobeabl
etocompl
etepr
imar
yschooleducat
ion
3.Pr
omot
eGenderEqual
it
yandEmpowerWomen:Thi
smeantt
hatt
he Gender
gap i
n pr
imar
y and secondar
y schoolenr
oll
mentwas t
o be el
imi
nat
ed
pr
efer
abl
yby2005andatal
llevel
sby2015
4.ReduceChi
ldMor
tal
it
y:Thi
smeantt
hatt
hemor
tal
it
yrat
eamongchi
ldr
enunder
f
iveyear
swast
ober
educedbyt
wot
hir
dsby2015.
5.I
mpr
oveMat
ernalHeal
th:Thi
smeantt
hatt
her
ati
oofwomendyi
ngi
nChi
ld
bi
rt
hwast
ober
educedbyt
hreequar
ter
sby2015
6.CombatHI
V/AI
DS,Mal
ari
aandOt
herDi
seases:Thi
smeantt
hatt
hespr
eadof
HI
V/AI
DSandt
hei
nci
denceofmal
ari
aandot
hermaj
ordi
seaseswer
etobe
st
oppedandr
ever
sedby2015.
7.Ensur
eEnvi
ronment
alSust
ainabi
li
ty:I
tmeantt
hatt
hepr
inci
plesofsust
ainabl
e
devel
opmentwer
etobei
ntegr
atedi
ntocount
rypol
ici
esandPr
ogr
ammesand
r
ever
set
hel
ossofenvi
ronment
alr
esour
cesby2015,e.
g.Reducebyhal
fthe
pr
opor
ti
onofpeopl
ewi
thoutaccesst
osaf
edr
inki
ngwat
erby2015.
8.Devel
op a Gl
obalPar
tner
shi
pforDevel
opment
:Itmeantt
hatby2015,al
l
count
ri
eswoul
dhavef
urt
herdevel
opedanopent
radi
ngandf
inanci
alsyst
em

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page266
 t
hatwi
lli
ncl
udeacommi
tmentt
ogoodgover
nance,devel
opmentandpover
ty
r
educt
ionnat
ional
lyandi
nter
nat
ional
ly.

I
MPLEMENTATI
ONOFTHEMDGSI
NZAMBI
A

Pover
tyReduct
ion

 I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
hePover
tyReduct
ionSt
rat
egyPaper(
PRSP)
 Cr
eat
ionoft
heCi
ti
zenEconomi
cEmpower
mentCommi
ssi
on(
CEEC)
 Pr
ovi
sionofsubsi
dizedf
ert
il
izert
osubsi
stencef
armer
s.
 At
tr
act
ionoff
orei
gni
nvest
mentandr
eopeni
ngofmi
nes.
 Cr
eat
ionofeconomi
czones.
Educat
ionSect
or

 I
ntr
oduct
ionoff
reebasi
ceducat
ionf
rom gr
adeonet
oseven
 I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
heschoolr
e-ent
rypol
icyt
oper
mitpr
egnantgi
rl
stogobackt
o
school
.
 Const
ruct
ionofmor
eschool
sandexpansi
onofschoolenr
olment
 Tr
aini
nganddepl
oymentofmor
eteacher
sinbasi
cschool
s.
GenderEqual
it
yandWomenEmpower
ment

 Cr
eat
ionofMi
nist
ryofGender
 I
mpl
ement
ati
on ofAf
fi
rmat
iveAct
ion Pol
icyi
nthesel
ect
ion ofst
udent
sin
col
legesanduni
ver
sit
ies.
Chi
ldMor
tal
it
y

 Uni
ver
salvacci
nat
ionofchi
ldr
enunderf
iveyear
s(ki
ckoutpol
ioandchi
ldheal
th
weekpr
ogr
ammes)
.
 I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
her
ollbackmal
ari
apr
ogr
amme.
Mat
ernalheal
th

 I
mpl
ement
ati
onofcompul
sor
yAnt
e-nat
alandPost
-nat
al(
Under
-Fi
veCl
ini
cs)
heal
thpr
ogr
ammes.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page267
  I
mpl
ement
ati
onofFami
lyPl
anni
ngandChi
ldSpaci
ngpr
ogr
ammes.
Combat
ingHI
V/AI
DS,
Mal
ari
aandot
herdi
seases.

 Encour
agementandI
mpl
ement
ati
onoff
reeVol
unt
aryCounsel
ingandTest
ing.
 I
ntr
oduct
ionofHI
V/AI
DSpr
ogr
ammesatpl
acesofwor
k.
 Fr
eeI
ndoorResi
dual(
House)Spr
ayi
ng(
IRS)t
ocont
rolmal
ari
a.
 Pr
ovi
sionofmosqui
tonet
stopr
egnantandnur
singmot
her
s.
Envi
ronment
alSust
ainabi
li
ty

 Enf
orcementofAnnualFi
shBan.
 I
mpl
ement
ati
onofAnnualTr
eePl
ant
ingPr
ogr
ammes.
 St
rengt
heni
ng t
he capaci
ty and oper
ati
on oft
he Envi
ronment
alCounci
lof
Zambi
a(ECZ)
.
Gl
obalPar
tner
shi
pforDevel
opment

 I
mpl
ement
ati
onofAnt
i-Cor
rupt
ionpol
ici
es.
 St
rengt
heni
ngoft
heHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on.
 St
rengt
heni
ng of par
tner
shi
ps wi
th r
egi
onaland i
nter
nat
ionaleconomi
c
or
gani
zat
ionssuchasSADC,
COMESAandEur
opeanUni
on(
EU)
.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Whatar
eGl
obali
ssues?

2.Whati
smeantbyt
heThi
rdWor
ldCount
ri
es?Suppor
tyouranswerwi
thexampl
es.

3.Br
ief
lyexpl
ainwhyt
heUS,Japanandot
herdevel
opedcount
ri
esar
esai
dtobe
dependentont
heThi
rdWor
ldCount
ri
es

4.I
nwhatwayar
etheThi
rdWor
ldcount
ri
esl
ikeZambi
a,dependentont
heUSand
t
heot
herdevel
opmentcount
ri
es?

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page268
 5.How ar
etheThi
rdWor
ldcount
iesdependentonot
herThi
rdWor
ldNat
ions?
Expl
ainyouranswerwi
thr
efer
encet
oZambi
aandhernei
ghbor
s.

6.Cl
ear
lydi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenBi
lat
eralAi
dandMul
ti
lat
eralAi
d.

7.Anal
yzet
hef
act
orst
hatl
edt
oZambi
a’sdebi
tcr
isi
s

8.Whatr
easonmaycompelacount
ryt
ocont
inuebor
rowi
ngmoneyaf
teri
tsheavy
debtbur
denhasbeenpar
don.

9.Whatr
easonsmaymakeacount
rynotacceptt
iedai
d?

10.
Whatar
ethebenef
it
sandt
hedemer
it
sofdebtr
eschedul
ing?

11.
AssessZambi
a’sef
for
tinat
tai
ningt
heMDGssof
ar.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page269