Maths 12th Chapterwise Question Bank Nodia 2024

CBSE 2025
MATHEMATICS
Including Case Based Questions
CLASS 12
Chapter-wise Question Bank

Based on Previous 20 Years 63 Papers
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CBSE Mathematics Question Bank Class 12
Edition July 2024
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CONTENTS
CHAP 1. Relation and Function 5-35
CHAP 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 36-57
CHAP 3. Matrices 58-83
CHAP 4. Determinants 84-129
CHAP 5. Continuity and Differentiability 130-180
CHAP 6. Application of Derivatives 181-235
CHAP 7. Integration 236-298
CHAP 8. Application of Integrals 299-309
CHAP 9. Differential Equations 310-356
CHAP 10. Vector Algebra 357-397
CHAP 11. Three Dimensional Geometry 398-428
CHAP 12. Linear Programming 429-455
CHAP 13. Probability 456-505
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CHAPTER 1 Relation and Function Page 5
CHAPTER 1
RELATION AND FUNCTION
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Then,

(a) ^8, 7h d R (b) ^6, 8h d R
(c) ^3, 8h d R (d) ^8, 7h d R
1. A function f : R " R defined as f ^x h = x2 - 4x + 5 is
Sol : OD 2023
(a) injective but not surjective.
(b) surjective but not injective. We have R = $â, b h : a = b - 2, b > 6.
(c) both injective and surjective. Here b > 6 . so we substituting use b = 7 and 8.
(d) neither injective nor surjective.
When b = 7 , then a = 7 - 2 = 5
Sol : OD 2024
When b = 8 , then a = 8 - 2 = 6
We have f : R " R where f _x i = x2 - 4x + 5
So, ^5, 7h d R
One-One function :
Let x1 , x2 d R , such that and ^6, 8h d R
f (x1) = f (x2) Thus (b) is correct option.
Let A = "3, 5, . Then, number of reflexive relations on

2 2
x - 4x1 + 5 = x - 4x2 + 5
1 2
3.
2 2
x - x - 4x1 + 4x2 = 0
1 2
A is
(a) 2 (b) 4
^x1 - x2h^x1 + x2h - 4 ^x1 - x2h = 0
(c) 0 (d) 8
^x1 - x2h^x1 + x2 - 4h = 0 Sol : OD 2023
Thus x1 + x2 - 4 = 0 and x1 = x2 .
Here, n (A) = 2
Both are possible for real numbers.
The number of reflexive relations are 2n - n , where n is
2
Hence f ^x h is not one-one.

the number of elements in the set.
Onto function :
Thus number of reflexive relation are
Now y = x2 - 4x + 5
= 22 - 2 = 2 4 - 2 = 22 = 4
2
= ^x - 2h + 5 - 4
2
Thus (b) is correct option.

= ^x - 2h2 + 1
4. The relation R defined in the set A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ,
As ^x - 2h2 $ 0 by R = {â, b h : both a and b are either odd or even}.
y-1 $ 0 Then, R is
(a) symmetric
y $1
(b) transitive
Range ^ f h ! 61, 3@ and co-domain ! R (c) an equivalence relation
Since Range ! Co-domain f ^x h is not onto. (d) reflexive
Sol : Delhi 2017
2. Select the correct option out of the four given options
Let R be a relation in the set N given by Given, any element a in A, both a and a must be either
R = #â, b h : a = b - 2, b > 6- odd or even, so that â, a h d R . Further, â, b h d R &
both a and b must be either odd or even & ^b, a h d R.
Page 6 Relation and Function CHAPTER 1
Similarly, â, b h d R and ^b, c h d R & all elements 7. Let C be the set of complex numbers. The mapping
a, b, c must be either even or odd simultaneously & f C " R given by f ^z h = z , 6z d C , is
â, c h d R Hence, R is an equivalence relation. (a) one-one and onto
Thus (c) is correct option. (b) one-one but not onto
5. Let R be the relation defined in the set (c) not one-one but onto
A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , by R = {â, b h : both a and b are (d) neither one-one nor onto
either odd or even}.
Sol : Delhi 2015, OD 2011
Now, consider the following statements
I. All the elements of the subset "1, 3, 5, 7 , are Here, f ^z h = z 6z d C
related to each other.
II All the elements of the subset "2, 4, 6, are related f ^1 h = 1 = 1
to each other.
f ^- 1h = - 1 = 1
III Some elements of the subset "1, 3, 5, 7 , are related
to some elements of the subset "2, 4, 6, . f ^1 h = f ^- 1h
Choose the correct option
But 1 !- 1
(a) I and III are true
(b) I and II are true Therefore, it is not one-one.
Now, let f ^z h = z . Here, there is not pre-image of
(c) II and III are true
negative numbers. Hence, it is not onto.
(d) All the true Thus (d) is correct option.
Sol : Foreign 2010
8. Let R be the relation in the set Z of all integers
All the elements of the subset "1, 3, 5, 7 , are related to defined by R = "^x, y h: x - y is an integer, .Then R is
each other, as all the elements of this subset are odd.
(a) reflexive
Similarly, all the elements of the subset "2, 4, 6, are
related to each other, as all of them are even. Also, no (b) symmetric
element of the subset "1, 3, 5, 7 , can be related to any (c) transitive
element ot "2, 4, 6, as elements of "1, 3, 5, 7 , are odd, (d) an equivalence relation
while elements of "2, 4, 6, are even.
Sol : Comp 2017
Here, R ={ ^x, y h : x - y is an integer} is a relation in
6. Let f : I " I be defined by f ^x h = x + i where i is a the set of integers.
fixed integer, then f is Reflexive :
(a) one-one but not onto Putting y = x, x - x = 0 which is an integer for all
(b) onto but not one-one x d Z. So, R is reflexive in Z .
Symmetric :
(c) non-invertible
Let ^x, y h d R, then (x - y) is an integer l (say) and
(d) both one-one and onto also y - x = - l. ^l d Z & - l d Z h
Sol : SQP 2020
y - x is an integer & ^y, x h d R, So, R is symmetric.
Let f ^x1h = f ^y1h Transitive :
Let ^x, y h d R, and ^y, z h d R, , so x - y = integer
x1 + i = x2 + i and y - z = integers, then x - z is also an integer.
x1 = x2 ^x, z h d R, So, R is transitive.
Thus (d) is correct option.
and for any integer y , we have
y = x+i 9. The function f : R " R defined by f (x) = x2 + x is
(a) one-one (b) onto
x = y-i
(c) many-one (d) None of the above
ie, f ^y - i h = y Sol : Foreign 2011
Hence, f is both one-one and onto. The given function f : R " R defined by
f ^x h = x2 + x
Now, for x = 0 and - 1 we have 12. A function f : x " y is said to be one-one , if for every
x1, x2 d X ,
f ^0 h = 0
(a) f ^x1h = f ^x2h & x1 = x2
and f ^- 1h = 0 (b) f ^x1h = f ^x2h & x1 ! x2
Hence, f ^0 h = f ^- 1h (c) f ^x1h ! f ^x2h & x1 = x2
but 0 !- 1 (d) None of these

Sol : Foreign 2014, Delhi 2012
Thus f is not one-one. Function f is not many-one.
Thus (c) is correct option. A function f : x " y is defined to be one-one (or
injective), if the images of distinct elements of x under
10. If R is the relation defined in the set "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, as f are distinct, i.e., for every x1, x2 d x, f ^x1h = f ^x2h
R = $â, b h : b = a + 1., then R is implies x1 = x2 .
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric Otherwise, f is called many-one.
(c) transitive (d) None of these Thus (a) is correct option.
Sol : OD 2010, Comp 2007
13. The function f4 defined by
Let A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
Reflexive :
A relation R is defined on set A is
R = $â, b h: b = a + 1. .
Therefore, R = "^1, 2h, ^2, 3h, ^3, 4h, ^4, 5h, ^5, 6h,
Now, 6 d A but ^6, 6h z R.
Therefore, R is not reflexive.
Symmetric :
It can be observed that ^1, 2h d R but ^2, 1h z R . (a) one-one only (b) onto only
Therefore, R is not symmetric. (c) bijective (d) many-one
Transitive :
Sol : OD 2016
Now, ^1, 2h, ^2, 3h d R but ^1, 3h z R . Therefore, R is
not transitive. Since, distinct elements of x1 have distinct images in
Hence, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor x 4 and every element in x 4 has a unique pre image in
transitive. x1 , the function f4 is both one-one and onto. Thus f4
is bijective.
Thus (c) is correct option.
11. Let A = "1, 2, 3, and R = "^1, 2h, ^2, 3h, be a relation in
A. Then, the minimum number of ordered pairs may 14. The function f : N " N given by f ^x h = 2x is
be added, so that R becomes an equivalence relation, (a) surjective (b) bijective
is (c) injective (d) many-one
(a) 7 (b) 5 Sol : Delhi 2010
(c) 1 (d) 4
The function f is one-one, as
Sol : OD 2018
f ^x1h = f ^x2h
The given relation is R = "^1, 2h, ^2, 3h, in the set
A = "1, 2, 3, . 2x1 = 2x2
Now, R is reflexive, if ^1, 1h, ^2, 2h, ^3, 3h d R. x1 = x2 .
R is symmetric, if ^2, 1h, ^3, 2h d R.
Further, f is not onto, as for 1 d N , there does not
R is transitive, if ^1, 3h and ^3, 1h d R. exist any x in N such that f ^x h = 2x = 1.
Thus, the minimum number of ordered pairs which Thus (c) is correct option.
are to be added, so that R becomes an equivalence
relation, is 7. 15. The function f : X " Y defined by f (x) = sin x is one-
Thus (a) is correct option. one but not onto, if X and Y respectively equal to
(a) R and R Sol : Comp 2018
(b) [0, p]and [0, 1]

Since, 0 #x#p
(c) 60, @ and [- 1, 1]
p 2
2
(d) 6- p2 , p2 @ and 6- 1, 1@ 0#x #p

2 4
0 # sin x # 1
Since, f :x " y 2 2
1 1 0, 3h
f ^x h = sin x c 0, 6
2m
and
Now, take option (c). Hence, function is injective.
Domain = 90, p C, Thus (a) is correct option.
2
Range = [- 1, 1] 19. Let the function f R " R be defined by f ^x h = cos x
For every value of x , we get unique value of y. But , 6x d R . The function f is
the value of every y in [- 1, 0] does not have image (a) one-one and onto
on X . (b) one-one but not onto
Thus (a) is correct option. (c) not one-one but onto
16. Let A = "1, 2, 3, and B = "1, 2, 4, , then (d) neither one-one nor onto
f = "^1, 1h, ^1, 2h, ^2, 1h, ^3, 4h, is a Sol : SQP 2013
(a) one-one function from A to B

Here, f ^x h = cos x6x d R
(b) bijection from A to B
p p
9- 2 , 2 C d f ^x h
(c) surjection from A to B Let
(d) none of the above
Sol : OD 2014 f a- p k = cos a- p k = cos p = 0
2 2 2
Here, f is not a function from A to B as f ^1 h is not
unique. cos a p k = cos p = 0
2 2
Thus f a- p k = f a p k = 0
17. The function f defined by f ^x h = ^1 - x h 1/3
is 2 2
(a) one-one and onto But -p ! p
2 2
(b) many-one and onto Therefore, the given function is not one-one. Also it it
(c) one-one and into is not onto function as no pre-image of all real number
(d) many-one and into belongs to the range of cos x i.e., 6- 1, 1@ .
Sol : Delhi 2017
20. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in

We have f ^x h = ^1 - x h1/3
a family and a relation R defined as a R b , if a is
1 brother of b . Then R is
f l^x h = - <0
3 ^1 - x h2/3 (a) symmetric but not transitive
Thus, function is decreasing from - 3 to 3. Also, (b) transitive but not symmetric
f is continuous everywhere. Hence, f is one-one and
onto. (c) neither symmetric nor transitive
Thus (a) is correct option. (d) both symmetric and transitive
Sol : Delhi 2017, Foreign 2013
18. If f : 60, p2 @" 60, 3@ be a function defined by y = sin ^ x2 h
, then f is Reflexive :
(a) injective (b) surjective Here, a R b & a is brother of b .
(c) bijective (d) none of these a R a & a is a brother of a which is not true.
So, R is not reflexive.
Symmetric : (a) reflexive but not symmetric

a R b & a is a brother of b . (b) reflexive but not transitive
b R a & which is not true because b may be sister of a (c) symmetric and transitive
. Thus a R b ! b R a . So, R is not symmetric. (d) neither symmetric nor transitive.
Transitive : Sol : OD 2012
Now, a R b , b R c & a R c We have

a is the brother of b and b is the brother of c . R = "^1, 1h, ^2, 2h, ^3, 3h, ^1, 2h, ^2, 3h, ^1, 3h,
a is also the brother of c . Here, ^1, 1h, ^2, 2h, ^3, 3h are element of so R is reflexive
So, R is transitive. Here (1, 2), (2, 3) and (1, 3) are element of R but (2,
Hence, correct answer is (b). 1), (3, 2) and (3, 1) are not element of R . Thus R is
not symmetric
21. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the Here (1, 2) and (2, 3) are element of R and (1, 3) is
set A = "1, 2, 3, are also element of R . Thus R is transitive.
(a) 1 (b) 2 Hence, the correct answer is (a).
(c) 3 (d) 5
24. Let f R " R be defined by f ^x h = x1 , 6x d R then
Sol : Comp 2018
f is
Here A = "1, 2, 3, (a) one-one (b) onto
The number of equivalence relations are as follows: (c) bijective (d) f is not defined
Sol :
R1 = "^1, 1h, ^1, 2h, ^2, 1h, ^2, 3h, ^1, 3h,
Delhi 2010
R2 = "^2, 2h, ^1, 3h, ^3, 1h, ^2, 3h, ^1, 2h, We have f ^x h = 1
x
R3 = "^3, 3h, ^1, 2h, ^2, 3h, ^1, 3h, ^3, 2h, At x = 0 f ^x h = 1 = 3
0
Hence, correct answer is (d) So, f ^x h is not defined.
22. Let us define a relation R in R as a R b if a $ b . Thus (d) is correct option.
Then R is 25. Which of the following functions from Z to Z are
(a) an equivalence relation bijective?
(b) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(a) f ^x h = x3 (b) f ^x h = x + 2
(c) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
(c) f ^x h = 2x + 1 (c) f ^x h = x2 + 1
(d) neither transitive nor reflexive but symmetric.
Sol : SQP 2017
Sol : OD 2013, Comp 2007
We have f Z"Z
Reflexive :
Here, aRb if a $ b Let x1 , x2 d f ^x h
a R b & a $ a which is true, so it is reflexive. f ^x1h = x1 + 2 ,
Symmetric :
f ^x2h = x2 + 2
Let a R a & a $ b , but b & a , so b R a
R is not symmetric. f ^x1h = f ^x2h
Transitive : x1 + 2 = x2 + 2
Now, a $ b, x1 = x2
b$c So, f ^x h is one-one function.
a $ c which is true. Now, let y = x+2
So, R is transitive. x = y - 2 d Z6y d Z
Hence, correct answer is (b). So, f ^x h is onto function.
23. Let A = "1, 2, 3, and consider the relation Thus f ^x h is bijective function.
R = "^1, 1h, ^2, 2h, ^3, 3h, ^1, 2h, ^2, 3h, ^1, 3h, , then R is Hence, the correct answer is (b).
26. A relation R in set A = "1, 2, 3, is defined as Onto Function :

R = $^1, 1h, ^1, 2h, ^2, 2h, ^3, 3h. .Which of the following
Range of f ^x h = ^- 3, 3h
ordered pair in R shall be removed to make it an
equivalence relation in A? Range = Co-domain
(a) (1,1) (b) (1,2) Thus f ^x h is also onto function.
(c) (2,2) (d) (3,3) Thus (d) is correct option.
Sol : SQP 2022-I
29. Let A = "1, 2, 3,, B = "4, 5, 6, 7 , and let
We have, S = "1, 2, 3, f = #^1, 4h, ^2, 5h, ^3, 6h- be a function from A to B .
Based on the given information f is best defined as
and R = "^1, 1h, ^1, 2h, ^2, 2h, ^3, 3h, (a) surjective function
Here we have (1, 2), so we need to have (2, 1) to make (b) injective function
it symmetric. But if we remove (1, 2), this relation will
be symmetric, reflexive and transitive i.e. equivalence (c) bijective function
relation. (d) None of the above
So, if we remove ^1, 2h then R becomes equivalence Sol : SQP 2022-I
relation.
We have, A = "1, 2, 3,,
27. Let the relation R in the set A = "x d Z : 0 # x # 12,, B = "4, 5, 6, 7 ,

given by R ={ â, b h : a - b is a multiple of 4 }.Then Function f = #^1, 4h, ^2, 5h, ^3, 6h-
[1], the equivalence class containing 1 is.
Clearly, f is injective function.
(a) "1, 5, 9, (b) "0, 1, 2, 5,
Now, range of f = "4, 5, 6,
(c) f (d) A
Co-domain = "4, 5, 6, 7 ,
Sol : SQP 2022-I
Here, Range ! Co-domain
A = "0, 1, 2, 3, .....12, Thus f is not surjective function.
R = $â, b h : a - b is multiple of 4. Thus (b) is correct option.
The equivalence class containing 1 is {1,5,9}. 30. If A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {6, 7, 8} and f : A " B is a
Thus (a) is correct option. function such that f (x) = x + 5 then what type of a
function is f ?
28. The function f : R " R defined as f ^x h = x3 is (a) into
(a) One-one but not onto
(b) one-one onto
(b) not one-one but onto
(c) many-one onto
(c) neither one-one nor onto
(d) Constant function
(d) both one-one and onto
Sol : OD 2010
Sol : SQP 2022-I
We have f :A " B
We have, f ^x h = x3
where f (x) = x + 5
One-one function :
A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {6, 7, 8}
Let x1, x2 d R , f ^x1h = f ^x2h
Hence, f (x) = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)}
x 13 = x 23
Since, each element of A has unique image in f , so
x 13 - x 23 = 0 f (x) is one-one.
^x1 - x2h^x 12 + x1 x2 + x 22h = 0 Also, co-domain = Range = {6, 7, 8} , thus f (x) is
onto.
x1 = x1 Hence, f (x) is one-one onto.
and x 12 + x1 x2 + x 22 ! 0 Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus f ^x h is one-one function.
31. If R is a relation on the set N , defined by Transitive :

{(x, y): 2x - y = 10} , then R is The relation R is transitive, since a < b and
(a) reflexive b<c&a<c i.e., (a, b) d R , (b, c) d R
(b) symmetric & (a, c) d R .
(c) transitive
(d) None of the above 34. What type of relation is R = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4),
Sol : Delhi 2007
(2, 3), (3, 1)} on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} ?
(a) Reflexive
Reflexive :
(b) Transitive
As 20 d N but (20, 20) d Y R . So, it is not reflexive.
Symmetric : (c) Symmetric
As (20, 30) d R but (30, 20) d Y R . So, it is not (d) None of these
symmetric. Sol : Delhi 2015, OD 2011
Transitive :
Reflexive :
As (20, 30) d R , (30, 50) d R but (20, 50) d YR .
Since, (a, a) f R . Hence R on set A is not reflexive.
So, it is not transitive.
Symmetric :
Since (2, 3) ! R but (3, 2) f R . Hence R on set A is
32. The function f (x) = x2 + bx + c , where b and c are not symmetric.
real constants, describes Transitive :
(a) one-one mapping Here, (1, 3) ! R and (3, 1) ! R but (1, 1) f R .
Hence, R on set A is not transitive relation.
(b) onto mapping
(c) not one-one but onto mapping
(d) neither one-one nor onto mapping 35. If R be a relation on A such that
Sol : Foreign 2009 R = { (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 1), (2, 1)} on the
set A = ^1, 2, 3h , then R is
We have f (x) = x2 + bx + c
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric
It is a quadratic equation in x .
So, we will get a parabola either downward or upward. (c) equivalence (d) transitive
Hence, it is many-one mapping and not onto mapping. Sol : Delhi 2017
Hence, it is neither one-one nor onto mapping.
We have,
R = {(2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 1), (2, 1)}
33. What type of a relation is “Less than” in the set of Reflexive :
real numbers?
Since (1, 1) ! R , therefore R is not reflexive
(a) only symmetric
Symmetric :
(b) only transitive Since (3, 1) ! R , but (1, 3) ! R , therefore R is not
(c) only reflexive symmetric.
(d) equivalence relation Transitive :
Sol : Comp 2010, Foreign 2007
Since, for every element (a , b ) ! R and (b , c ) ! R ,
(a, c) ! R , therefore R is transitive.
Let A be the set of all real numbers, and R be the Thus (d) is correct option.
relation ‘less than’ i.e., < on A , then R is
Reflexive : 36. If A and B are two equivalence relations defined on
The relation R is not reflective, since a is not less set C , then
than for any natural number a . (a) A k B is an equivalence relation
Symmetric : (b) A k B is not an equivalence relation
The relation R is not symmetric, since if â, b h d R (c) A k B is an equivalence relation
, then a is less than b but b is not less than a , i.e.,
^b, a hdR .
(d) A k B is not an equivalence relation
Sol : Comp 2012

(a) Surjective but not injective
If A and B are equivalence relations, then A k B is (b) Injective but not surjective
also an equivalence relation.
(c) Bijective
Thus (a) is correct option.
(d) neither injective nor surjective
37. If f (x1) = f (x2) & x1 = x2 6x1 , x2 ! A , then the Sol : Comp 2007
function f : A " B is
(a) one-one (b) constant n2, if n is odd.
We have f (n) = *
(c) onto (d) many one 2n + 1, if n is even
Sol : Delhi 2015 f (1) = 12 = 1
If f (x1) = f (x2) then f (2) = 2 (2) + 1 = 5
x1 = x2 6 x1 x2 ! A f (3) = 32 = 9
Since there exist a unique value of f (x) in set B f (4) = 2 (4) + 1 = 9
Therefore f: A " B is one-one.
f (3) = f (4)
So, f is not injective.
38. f : A " B will be an onto function if Also, f is not surjective as some element of N (co-
(a) f (A) 1 B (b) f (A) = B domain) is not the image of any element of N .
(c) f (A) 2 B (d) f (A) ! B Thus (d) is correct option.
Sol : Comp 2018
41. Assertion (A) : The relation f : "1, 2, 3, 4, " "x, y, z, p ,
If Range = Co-domain of function f then function defined by f = $^1, x h, ^2, x h, ^3, z h. is a bijective
will be onto. function.
Reason (R) : The function f : "1, 2, 3, " "x, y, z, p ,
f Âh = Range
such that f = $^1, x h, ^2, x h, ^3, z h. is one-one.
and B = Set of co-domain (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
f Âh = B
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A).
39. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} , then (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
the number of one-one function from A into B is (d) (A) is false but (R) is true
(a) 1340 (b) 1860
Sol : SQP 2023
(c) 1430 (d) 1680
Sol : Foreign 2016, OD 2014 We have f : "1, 2, 3, 4, " "x, y, z, p ,
and f = $^1, x h, ^2, y h, ^3, z h.
We have A = {1, 3, 5, 7}
Since, 4 has no image under f , so relation f is not a
and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} function.
Here, n (A) = 4 Assertion is false.
Now, f : "1, 2, 3, " "x, y, z, p ,
and n (B) = 8
Number of one-one function from A into B and f = $^1, x h, ^2, y h, ^3, z h.
8 P4 = 8 $ 7 $ 6 $ 5 = 1680 Since, every element "1, 2, 3, has different image in
"x, y, z, p , under f , so the given relation f is one-one.
40. A mapping f : n " N , where N is the set of natural Reason is true.
numbers is define as Thus (d) is correct option.
n2, for n odd
f (n) = * 42. Assertion (A) : Let F : N " Y be a function defined
2n + 1, for n even as f (x) = 9x + 3 , where Y = {y : y = 9x + 3, x ! N}
for n d N . Then, f is then f is one-one.
Reason (R) : For x1 , x2 ! N , f (x1) = f (x2) & x1 = x2 . 44. Assertion (A) : Let A and B be sets. Then, the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct function f : A # B " B " A such that f â, b h = ^b, a h
explanation of (A). is bijective.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the Reason (R) : A function f is said to be bijective, if it
correct explanation of (A). is both one-one and onto.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
explanation of (A).
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true
Sol : Comp 2013 correct explanation of (A).
We have f (x) = 9x + 3 (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
Let, f (x1) = f (x2)
Sol : OD 2018
9x1 + 3 = 9x2 + 3
Here, f : A # B " B # A is defined as
9x1 = 9x2 f â, b h = ^b, a h
x1 = x2 Let â1, b1h, â2, b2h d A # B such that
For any function to be one-one, if f (x1) = f (x2) f â1, b1h = f â2, b2h
x1 = x2
^b1, a1h = ^b2, a2h
Hence, f (x) is one-one function.
Thus both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct b1 = b2
explanation of (A). and a1 = a2
â1, b1h = â2, b2h
43. Assertion (A) : The function f : R " R given by Therefore, f is one-one.
f ^x h = x3 is injective. Now, let ^b, a h d B # A be any element.
Reason (R) : The function f : X " Y is injective, if Then, from definition of f there exists â, b h d A # B
f ^x h = f ^y h & x = y for all x, y d X. such that f â, b h = ^b, a h .
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Therefore, f is onto. Hence, f is bijective.
explanation of (A).
Thus both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). Thus (a) is correct option.
45. Assertion (A) : Let L be a set of lines in a plane. R is
a relation on L defined as R = {L1, L2} , L1 is parallel
Sol : Delhi 2014, OD 2010 to L2 . Then R is an equivalence relation.
Here, f : R " R is given as Reason (R) : R is not transitive relation.
f ^x h = x3
explanation of (A).
Suppose f ^x h = f ^y h where x, y d R (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
3 3 correct explanation of (A).
x =y ...(i)
Suppose x ! y , their cubes will also be not equal.
x3 ! y3 Sol : Delhi 2011, OD 2008
However, this will be a contradiction to Eq.(i).
Reflexive :
Therefore x = y and hence f is injective. Reflexive Relation on L is said to be reflexive if every
Thus both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct element of L is related to itself. Since every line is
explanation of (A). parallel to itself. Therefore, relation R is reflexive
Thus (a) is correct option. relation.
Symmetric : (b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a

A relation R on a set L is said to be symmetric relation correct explanation for Assertion.
iff â, b h ! R & ^b, a h ! R for all a, b ! L . If L1 L2 (c) Assertion is true; Reason is false.
& L2 L2 . Thus, given relation is also symmetric.
(d) Assertion is false; Reason is true.
Transitive :
Sol : Comp 2014
A relation R on a set L is said to be transitive relation
iff (a, b ) ! R , (b, c) ! R & (a, c) ! R for all a , b , Here, f (- 1) = 1, f (1) = 1,
c ! L. If L1 L2 and L2 L3 & L1 L3 .Therefore given
relation is transitive relation. f (2) = 4 , f (3) = 9
Relation which is reflexive, symmetric and transitive Two elements 1 and - 1 have the same image 1 d B .
is called equivalence relation. So, f is a many-one function .
Thus (A) is true but (R) is false. Assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
Thus (c) is correct option. explanation of assertion.
46. Assertion (A) : The relation R in A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Thus (a) is correct option.
defined as R = {^x, y h : y is divisible by x} is not an
equivalence relation. 48. Assertion: The relation R in a set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
defined by R = {(x, y): 3x - y = 0)} have the domain
Reason (R) : The relation R will be an equivalence
relation, if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. = {1, 2, 3, 4} and range = {3, 6, 9, 12}
Reason: Domain and range of the relation (R) is
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct
respectively the set of all first & second entries of the
explanation of (A).
distinct ordered pair of the relation.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the (a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is false. (b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a
(d) (A) is correct but (R) is true correct explanation for Assertion.
Sol : Foreign 2014 (c) Assertion is true; Reason is false.
Here, R ={ ^x, y h : y is divisible by x } is a relation in (d) Assertion is false; Reason is true.
the set A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . Sol : Delhi 2010
Reflexive :
We know that x is divisible by x , which is true for all R = {(x, y): y = 3x, x d A}
x d A . ^x, x h d R for all x d A . So, R is reflexive. R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
Symmetric :
Domain of the relation is {1, 2, 3, 4} and range of the
We observe that 6 is divisible by 2 . This means that relation is {3, 6, 9, 12}
^2, 6h d R but ^6, 2h z R So, R is not symmetric.
Transitive : Thus (a) is correct option.
Let ^x, y h d R and ^y, z h d R
Here y is divisible by x and z is divisible by y .
thus z is divisible by x . It means ^x, y h d R . For
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
example, 2 is divisible by l and 4 is divisible by 2.
So, 4 is divisible by 1. So, R is transitive 49. How many equivalence relations on the set "1, 2, 3,
Thus assertion is correct and reason is correct containing (1,2) and (2,1) are there in all? Justify
explanation. your answer.
Thus (a) is correct option. Sol : SQP 2017
47. Assertion: Let A = {- 1, 1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 4, 9} Equivalence relations on the set "1, 2, 3,
where f : A " B given by f (x) = x2 , then f is a many- containing ^1, 2h and ^2, 1h could be the
one function. following #^1, 1h, ^2, 2h, ^3, 3h, ^1, 2h, ^2, 1h- and
Reason: If x1 ! x2 & f (x1) ! f (x2), for every x1, x2d #^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h-
1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 2, 3 , 3 , 1 , 3 , 2
domain then f is one-one or else many 50. How many reflexive relations are possible in a set A
(a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a whose n Âh = 3 ?
correct explanation for Assertion.
Sol : SQP 2021 Sol : Foreign 2018
If a set has n elements, then number of reflexive Since, a is not defined for a d ^- 3, 0h thus R is
relation in the set is 2n^n - 1h . not a function.
Required number of reflexive relations that are
possible in the set 55. A function f : A " B defined as f ^x h = 2x is both
one-one and onto. If A = "1, 2, 3, 4, , then find the set
A = 23]3 - 1g B.
Sol : OD 2023
= 23 # 2
We have f : A " B .
= 26
Such that f ^x h = 2x is both one-one and onto
= 64
and A = "1, 2, 3, 4,
51. Check whether the function f : R " R defined as f ]1g = 2 # 1 = 2
f ^x h = x3 is one-one or not.
Sol : OD 2018 f ]2g = 2 # 2 = 4
f ]3g = 2 # 3 = 6
We have, f ^x h = x3
and f ]4g = 2 # 4 = 8
Let x1, x2 d R such that
Since, f ^x h is onto.
f ^x1h = f ^x2h
Co-domain of f = Range of f
x 13 = x 23 & x1 = x2
Thus f ^x h is one-one function. B = "2, 4, 6, 8,
52. A relation R in S = "a, b, c , is defined as 56. A relation in a set A is called ......... relation, if each
R = $â, a h, â, b h, ^b, b h, ^c, c h. . Which elements(s) of element of A is related to itself.
relation R be removed to make R an equivalence Sol : OD 2020
relation?
If R be any relation on set A and for all a d A
Sol : Comp 2012, Delhi 2010
(a, a) d R then R is known as reflexive relation.
We have, S = "a, b, c , 57. Check if the relation R is the set R of real number
and R = $â, a h, â, b h, ^b, b h, ^c, c h. defined as R = "â, b h : a < b , is (i) symmetric, (ii)
transitive.
Here we have â, bh , so we need to have ^b, a h to make Sol : OD 2020
it symmetric. But if we remove â, bh , this relation will
be symmetric, reflexive and transitive i.e. equivalence Given, A = set of real number and R = "â, b h : a < b ,
relation. Symmetric :
So, if we remove â, bh then R becomes equivalence Let â, b h ! R , then a < b or a = b
relation. If a = b , then b = a , but if we consider a < b , then
b # a . Thus ^b, a h g R e.g. 4 < 5 but 5 # 4
53. An equivalence relation R in A divides it into So, R is not symmetric.
equivalence classes A1, A2, A3 . What is the value of
A1 j A2 j A3 and A1 k A2 k A3 ?
Transitive :
Sol : Delhi 2007
Let â, b h , ^b, c h ! R , then
Equivalence relation R defined on a set A partitions â, b h ! R , a < b (i)

the set A into pairwise disjoint subsets and collection ^b, c h ! R , b < c (ii)
of all equivalence classes form set A.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get a < c , thus â, c h ! R .
A1 j A2 j A3 = A So, R is transitive.
and A1 k A2 k A3 = f 58. If R = {(a, a3): a is a prime number less than 5} be a
relation. Find the range of R .
54. A relation R in the set of real number R defined as Sol : Foreign 2014, OD 2011
R = $â, b h : a = b . is a function or not. Justify.
Given, R = {(a, a3): a is a prime number less than 5}
Since 2 and 3 are the prime numbers less than 5, a fog (x) = f [g (x)]
can take value 2 and 3.
= f { 5x - 2 }
Thus, R = {(2, 23), (3, 33)}
= 5x - 2
= {(2, 8), (3, 27)}
= 5x - 2 x = x
Therefore, the range of R is {8, 27} .
59. Let R is the equivalence relation in the set 63. State the reason for the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3}
A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b): 2 divides given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} not to be transitive.
(a - b)} . Write the equivalence class [0]. Sol : Delhi 2011
Sol : Delhi 2014 C For a relation to be transitive,

(x, y) d R and (y, z) d R (x, z) d R .
We have R = {(a, b): 2 divides (a - b)}
Here, (1, 2) d R and (2, 1) d R but (1, 1) d
Y R.
and A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Thus R is not transitive.
Clearly, [0] = {b d A : (0, b) d R} 64. What is the range of the function
= {b d A : 2 divides (0 - b)} x-1
f (x) = , x ! 1?
x-1
= {b d A: 2 divides (- b)} Sol : Delhi 2010
= {0, 2, 4} . x-1
We have f (x) = ,x ! 1
60. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and x-1
f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} is a function from A to B . The above function can be written as
State whether f is one-one or not. Z x-1
]] , if x > 1
Sol : Comp 2011 x-1
f (x) = [ (x - 1)
]- x - 1 , if x < 1
We have A = {1, 2, 3}
\
1, if x > 1
B = {4, 5, 6, 7} f (x) = *
- 1, if x < 1
Now f : A " B is defined as Hence, the range of f (x) is {- 1, 1} .
f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)}
i.e. f (1) = 4 , f (2) = 5 f (3) = 6
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
It may be seen that the images of distinct elements of
A under f are distinct. So, f is one-one.
65. A relation R is defined on a set or real number R as
61. If f : R " R is defined by f (x) = 3x + 2 , then define
R = $^x, y h : x $ y is an irrational number. .
f [f (x)].
Check whether R is reflexive, symmetric and
Sol : Foreign 2011, Delhi 2010f
transitive.
We have f (x) = 3x + 2 Sol : CBSE 2023
f [f (x)] = f (3x + 2) = 3 Relation R is defined on a set of real number R. such

that
= 3 (3x + 2) + 2
R = $^x, y h : x $ y is an irrational number.
= 9x + 6 + 2 Reflexive :
= 9x + 8 2 is a real number but 2$ 2 = 2 is not an
irrational number
62. Write fog, if f : R " R and g: R " R are given by ` 2, 2 j z R
f (x) = x and g (x) = 5x - 2 .
Thus R is not reflexive.
Sol : Foreign 2011
Symmetric :
We have f (x) = x g (x) = 5x - 2 Consider 3 and 5 are two real numbers
Clearly, 3$ 5 = 15 is an irrational number 1 1 Y S Thus, S is not reflexive.

b 2, 2 l d
Thus R is symmetric.
Symmetric :
Transitive : As - 2 # (3) 3 , where - 2, 3 d R , is true but
Consider three real number 2, 5 and 3. 3 # (- 2) 3 is not true,
i.e. (- 2, 3) d S but (3, - 2) d
Y S.
Clearly, 2$ 5 = 2 5 is an irrational number
Therefore, S is not symmetric.
5 $ 3 = 15 is an irrational number Transitive :
But 2 $ 3 is not and irrational number.
As 3 # b 3 l and 3 # b 4 l , where
3 3
2 2 3
Thus R is not transitive.
3, 3 , 4 d R , are true but 3 # b 4 l is not true.
3
2 3 3
66. Let f :N " R be a function defined as
f (x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15 Show that f :N " S , where S is
3
i.e. b 3, l d S and b , l d S but b 3, 4 l d
3 4 YS .
2 2 3 3
the range of f , is one - one and onto function. Therefore, S is not transitive.
Sol : Foreign 2015
Hence, S is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor
Function f : N " N is defined as transitive.
f (x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15 68. Prove that the function f is surjective,where
One-One function : f : N " N such that
Let x1 , x2 d N , such that Zn + 1
] 2 , if n is odd
f (x1) = f (x2) f ^n h = [
Then, 4x 12 + 12x1 + 15 = 4x 22 + 12x2 + 15 ] n , if n is even
\2
4x 12 + 12x1 = 4x 22 + 12x2 Is the function injective? Justify your answer.
Sol : SQP 2023
x 12 + 3x1 = x 22 + 3x2
Consider a natural number n in co-domain N.
(x 12 - x 22) + 3 (x1 - x2) = 0 Case I : When n is odd
(x1 - x2) (x1 + x2 + 3) = 0 Then n = 2r + 1 for some r d N.
Since x1, x2 d N , then There exists
(x1 + x2 + 3) ! 0 4r + 1 d N such that
Thus x1 - x2 = 0 f ^4r + 1h = 4r + 1 + 1
2
x1 = x2 = 2r + 1
Therefore, f is one-one function. Therefore, f is onto.
Onto function : Case II : When n is even
Obviously, f : N " S is an onto function, because S Then n = 2r for some r d N.
is the range of f .
There exists 4r d N such that
67. Thus, f : N " S is one-one and onto function. Show
that the relation S in the set R of real number f ^4r h = 4r = 2r
2
defined as S = {(a, b) : a, b d R and a # b3} is neither
reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. Hence, f is surjective.
Sol : Delhi 2010, OD 2007 Now, it can be observed that
Here, the result is disproved by using some specific f ^1 h = 1 + 1 = 2 = 1

2 2
examples.
We have S = "(a, b),: a, b d R and a # b3} . and f ^2 h = 2 = 1
2
Reflexive : Here, f ]1g = f ]2g
As 1 # b 1 l , where 1 d R , is not true.
3
2 2 2 but 1!2
Hence, f is not injective. = ( y - 4) + 4

2
69. Prove that the function, f : N " N is defined by = y-4+4

f (x) = x2 + x + 1 is one-one but not onto.
Sol : Delhi 2019
=y
Therefore, f is onto function.
We have f :N " N
71. Let F : N " Y be a function defined as f (x) = 7x + 5
where f (x) = x2 + x + 1 , where Y = {y : y = 9x + 3, x ! N} then show that
f is one-one.
One-One function :
Sol : Delhi 2015
Let x , y dN such that
f (x) = f (y) We have f (x) = 7x + 5
x2 + x + 1 = y2 + y + 1 Let, f (x1) = f (x2)
(x - y) (x + y + 1) = 0 [x + y + 1 ! 0 ] 7x1 + 5 = 7x2 + 5
x =y 7x1 = 7x2
Therefore f : N " N is one-one. x1 = x2

Onto function : For any function to be one-one, if f (x1) = f (x2)
Function f is not onto because x2 + x + 1 $ 3 , x1 = x2
6x d N and so, 1, 2 does not have their pre images. Hence, f (x) is one-one function.
+ 2
70. Consider f : R " [4, 3) given by f (x) = x + 4 , Show
that f is one-one and onto.
Sol : Comp 2013, Foreign 2011 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
+
Function f : R " [4, 3) is given by
f (x) = x2 + 4 72. Check whether the relation R in the set Z of
One-One function : integers defined as R = $â, b h : a + b is divisible by 2.
Let x , y d R+ , such that is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Write the
equivalence class containing 0 i.e. 50? .
f (x) = f (y) Sol : OD 2018
x2 + 4 = y2 + 4 We have R = $â, b h : a + b is divisible by 2.

x2 = y2 Reflexive :
For any a =d Z, we have
x =y
Here we take only positive sign as x ,y d R+ a + a = 2a, which is divisible by 2.
Therefore, f is a one-one function. â, a h d R
Onto Function : Thus, â, a h d R for all a d Z
For y d [4, 3), such that So, R is reflexive.
y = x2 + 4 Symmetric :
x2 = y - 4 $ 0 [y $ 4 ] Let â, b h d R .
x = y-4 $ 0 Then, â, b h d R
[we take only positive sign, as x d R ] +
â + b h is divisible by 2 and ^b + a h is also divisible
Therefore, for any y d R+ (co-domain), there exists by 2.
x = y - 4 d R+ (co-domain), such that Thus ^b, a h d R

So R is symmetric.
f (x) = f ( y - 4)
Transitive : Then, y = f ^x h
Let â, b h d R y = 5x - 3
4
and ^b, c h d R . 4y = 5x - 3
Then, â, b h d R 5x = 4y + 3
and ^b, c h d R . 4y + 3
x =
â + b h is divisible by 2 and ^b + c h is divisible by 2. 5
a + b = 2l ...(i) Thus, for each y d R ,there exists
4y + 3
and b + c = 2m ...(ii) x = dR
5
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get 4y + 3
such that f ^x h = f c m
5
a + 2b + c = 2 ^l + mh
a + c = 2 ^l + m - b h 5 ` 4y5+ 3 j - 3
=
4
a + c = 2k, 4y + 3 - 3
= =y
4
where k = k+m-b Thus f is onto.
Thus a + c is divisible by 2.
74. Let f : R - #- 43 - " R be a function defined as
â, c h d R f ^x h = 3x4+x 4 . Show that f is a one-one function. Also,
So, R is transitive. check whether f is an onto function or not.
Since, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so R Sol : OD 2023
is equivalence relation.
We have f ^x h = 4x
Let bdZ 3x + 4
such that ^0, b h d R and f : R - '- 4 1 " R
3
0 + b is divisible by 2. One-One function :
b = "..., - 6, - 4, - 2, 0, 2, 4, 6....., Let f ^x1h = f ^x2h ,
Show that a function f : R " R defined as
x1, x2 d R - '- 4 1
73.
for some
3
f ^x h = 5x - 3 is both one-one and onto.
4 4x1 = 4x2
Sol : Now
OD 2023 3x1 + 4 3x2 + 4
We have f : R " R defined as ^ 1h^ 2
x 3 x + 4 h = ^x2h^3x1 + 4h
f ^x h = 5x - 3 3x1 x2 + 4x1 = 3x1 x2 + 4x2

4
One-One function : 4x1 = 4x2
Let x1, x2 d R x1 = x2
Thus f ^x h is one-one function.
such that f ^x1h = f ^x2h
Onto Function :
5x - 3 = 5x2 - 3
4 4 Let y = 4x
5x1 - 3 = 5x2 - 3 3x + 4
3xy + 4y = 4x
5x1 = 5x2
4x - 3xy = 4y
x1 = x2
x ^4 - 3y h = 4y
Thus f is one-one function.
4y
Onto Function : x =
4 - 3y
Let y d R (co-domain) be any arbitrary element.
Clearly, x will not define, if Such that f ^x h = y

4 - 3y = 0 Thus f ^x h is onto.
Also, given f â h = 7
y =4
3
16 - a2 = 7
Range of f ^x h = R - '- 4 1
3 16 - a2 = 7
Range of f ^x h ! Co-domain of f ^x h
a2 = 9
Therefore f ^x h is not an onto function.
a =! 3
75. A function f : 6- 4, 4@ " 60, 4@ is given by
f ^x h = 16 - x2 . Show that f is an onto function 76. If N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R
but not a one-one function. Further, find all possible be the relation on N # N defined by â, b h R ^c, d h , if
values of a for which f â h = 7 . ad ^b + c h = bc â + d h . Show that R is an equivalence
relation.
Sol : OD 2023
Sol : Delhi 2023, Delhi 2015
We have f : 6- 4, 4@ " 70, 4A We have, a relation R on N # N defined by

defined by f ^x h = 16 - x2 (a, b) R (c, d), if ad (b + c) = bc (a + d).
One-One function : Reflexive :
Let (a, b) d N # N be any arbitrary element.
Let x1, x2 d 6- 4, 4@ Since, (a, b) d N # N was arbitrary, therefore R is
such that f ^x1h = f ^x2h reflexive.
Symmetric :
16 - x 12 = 16 - x 22 Let (a, b), (c, d)d N # N such that (a, b) R (c, d), i.e.
16 - x 12 = 16 - x 22 ad (b + c) = bc (a + d)
2 2
x =x
1 2 ad (b + c) = bc (a + d)
^x - x h = 0
2 2
1 2 da (c + b) = cd (d + a)
^x1 - x2h ^x1 + x2h = 0 Natural numbers are commutative under usual
addition and multiplication
x1 - x2 = 0
cb (d + a) = da (c + b)
x1 + x2 = 0
Thus (c, d) R (a, b) and hence R is symmetric.
x1 = x2 Transitive :
x1 = - x2 Let (a, b), (c, d) and (e, f) d N # N such that
Thus f ^x h is not one-one function. (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f).
Now from (a, b) R (c, d) so we have
Onto Function :
ad (b + c) = bc (a + d)
Let y d 60, 4@ (co-domain) be any arbitrary element.
b+c =a+d
Then, y = f ^x h bc ad
y = 16 - x2 1+1 = 1+1 ...(1)
b c a d
2 2
y = 16 - x From (c, d) R (e, f) we have
x2 = 16 - y2 cf (d + e) = de (c + f)
x = 16 - y2 d+e =c+f
de cf
Thus, for each y d 60, 4@ , there exists
1+1 = 1+1 ...(2)
x= 16 - y2 d 6- 4, 4@ d e c f
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Relation R in N # N is defined as
bb + c l + bd + e l = ba + d l + cc + f m
â, b h R ^c, d h if ad = bc
1+1 = 1+1
b e a f Reflexive :
e+b = f+a For any â, b h d N # N

be af ab = ba
af (e + b) = be (f + a)
Since multiplication is commutative on N .
af (b + e) = be (a + f) Thus â, b h R â, b h
Thus (a, b) R (e, f) and hence R is transitive. Thus, R is reflexive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, hence Symmetric :
R is an equivalence relation. Let â, b h, ^c, d h be arbitrary elements of N # N
77. Given, a non-empty set X , define the relation R in â, b h R ^c, d h

P ^X h as follow ad = bc
For A, B d P ^X h , Â, B h d R iff A 1 B . Prove that
R is reflexive, transitive and not symmetric. bc = ad
Sol : Delhi 2023
cb = da
Given, a relation R in the set P ^X h , where X is a Since a, b, c, d d N and multiplication is commutative
non-empty set as Â, B h d R iff A 1 B . on N .
Let A d P ^X h Thus ^c, d h R â, b h R is symmetric.
Then, A 1A Transitive :
Let â, b h, ^c, d h, ê, f h be arbitrary elements of N # N
Â, Ah d R such that
Hence, R is reflexive.
â, b h R ^c, d h
Now, let f, A d P ^X h
and ^c, d h R ê, f h
Such that f 1A
Then, ad = bc
^f, Ah d R
and cf = de
But Y f
A 1
âd h^cf h = ^bc h^de h
Â, fh z R
af = be
Hence, R is not symmetric.
Let A, B, C d P ^X h â, b h R ê, f h
Such that Thus R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Â, B h, ^B, C h d R
Now 6^2, 6h@ = "^x, y h d N # N : ^x, y h R ^2, 6h,
A 1B
6x = 2y
and B 1C
3x = y
A 1 C & Â, C h d R
Hence, R is transitive. 6^2, 6h@ = "^x, y h d N # N : ^x, y h R ^2, 6h,
= "^x, 3x h : x d N ,
78. Let N be the set of all natural numbers and R
be a relation on N # N defined by â, b h R ^c, d h = "^1, 3h, ^2, 6h, ^3, 9h ...,
+ ad = bc for all â, b h, ^c, d h d N # N .Show that R
is an equivalence relation on N # N . Also, find the 79. Show that the function f : R ""x d R : - 1 < x < 1,
equivalence class of ^2, 6h i.e. 6^2, 6h@ . defined by f ^x h = x , x d R is one-one and onto
Sol : Foreign 2018 1+ x
function.

y
x =
Z x 1+y
]1 + x , x > 0 Here x is defined at 6y d ^- 1, 1h .
We have, f ^x h = [
Thus f ^x h is onto.
] x , x<0
\1 - x Hence, f ^x h is one-one and onto function.
Case I : When x $ 0 , we have
80. Show that the function f : R " R defined by
f ^x h = x f ^x h = x x+ 1 , is neither one-one nor onto.
2
1+x Sol : Foreign 2023; Delhi 2020, 2018

One-One function :
We have f : R " R , defined by
f ^x h = x , 6x d R
f ^x1h = f ^x2h x2 + 1
x1 = x2 One-One function :
1 + x1 1 + x2
x1 + x1 x2 = x2 + x1 x2
f ^x1h = f ^x2h
x1 = x2
Thus f ^x h is one-one. x1 = x2
x 12 + 1 x 22 + 1
Onto Function : x1 x 2 + x1 = x2 x 12 + x2
2
Let f ^x h = y, such that y d ^- 1, 1h .

x1 x 22 - x2 x 12 + x1 - x2 = 0
y = x x1 x2 ^x2 - x1h - 1 ^x2 - x1h = 0
1+x
y + xy = x
^x2 - x1h - 1 ^x1 x2 - 1h = 0
x - xy = y
x2 = x1 or x1 x2 = 1
x ^1 - y h = y
Thus x1 = x2
y
x =
1-y or x1 = 1
x2
Here x is defined at 6y d ^- 1, 1h . Here f is not one-one, as if we take x1 = 3 and x2 = 13 ,
Thus f ^x h is onto.
Case II : When x < 0 ,we have f (3) = 3 = f b 1 l ,
10 3
x 1
f ^x h = but 3 =!
3
1-x
One-One function : Onto Function :
Let x1, x2 d R such that Now, let k d R be any arbitrary element and let
f ^x1h = f ^x2h
f ^x h = k
x1 = x2
x =k
1 - x1 1 - x2
x2 + 1
x1 - x2 x1 = x2 - x2 x1
kx2 + k = x
x1 = x2
kx2 - x + k = 0
Thus f ^x h is one-one.
2
Onto Function : x = 1 ! 1 - 4k z R ,
2k
Let y = f ^x h If 1 - 4k2 < 0
such that y d ^- 1, 1h or ^1 - 2k h^1 + 2k h < 0 i.e. k > 12 or k < - 12
Thus f is not onto.
y = x
1-x Hence, f is neither one-one nor onto.
y - yx = x
81. If A = R - {3} and B = R - {1} . Consider the 3y - 2

x = dA
function f : A " B defined by f (x) = xx -- 32 , for all y-1
x d A . Then, show that f is bijective. 3y - 2
f (x) = f c
y-1 m
Sol : Delhi 2014, 2012 Such that
3y - 2
We have a function f : A " B , defined by c y - 1 m- 2
=
f (x) = x - 2 3y - 2
x-3 -3
y-1
where A = R - {3} and B = R - {1} , 3y - 2 - 2y + 2
= =y
One-One function : 3y - 2 - 3y + 3
Let x1 , x2 d A such that Hence, f (x) is an onto function.
f (x1) = f (x2) Since function f (x) is one-one and onto, therefore,
f (x) is a bijective function.
Then, x1 - 2 = x2 - 2
x1 - 3 x2 - 3 82. If A = R - {2} , B = R - {1} and f ;A " B is a
(x1 - 2) (x2 - 3) = (x2 - 2) (x1 - 3) function define by f (x) = xx -- 21 ,then show that f is
bijective.
x1 x2 - 3x1 - 2x2 + 6 = x1 x2 - 3x2 - 2x1 + 6 Sol : Delhi 2013
- 3x1 - 2x2 = - 3x2 - 2x1 We have a function f : A " B defined by

- 3 (x1 - x2) + 2 (x1 - x2) = 0 f (x) = x - 1
x-2
- (x1 - x2) = 0 where A = R - {3} and B = R - {1}
One-One function :
x1 - x2 = 0
Let x1 , x2 d A such that
x1 = x2
f (x1) = f (x2)
Thus for f (x1) = f (x2), x1 = x2 , 6x1, x2 d A x1 - 1 = x2 - 1
Then,
Therefore f (x) is a one-one function. x1 - 2 x2 - 2
Onto Function : (x1 - 1) (x2 - 2) = (x2 - 1) (x1 - 2)
Let y d B be any arbitrary element. x1 x2 - 2x1 - x2 + 2 = x1 x2 - 2x2 - x1 + 2
Then, f (x) = y - 2x1 - x2 = - 2x2 - x1
x-2 = y - x1 = - x2
x-3
x - 2 = xy - 3y - (x1 - x2) = 0
x - xy = 2 - 3y x1 - x2 = 0
x (1 - y) = 2 - 3y x1 = x2
2 - 3y Thus for f (x1) = f (x2), x1 = x2 , 6x1, x2 d A
x =
1-y Therefore f (x) is a one-one function.
3y - 2 Onto Function :
or x = ...(i)
y-1
Clearly x is a real number for all y ! 1. Let y d B be any arbitrary element.
3y - 2 Then, f (x) = y
Now let =3
y-1
x-1 = y
3y - 2 = 3y - 3 x-2
2 =3 which is absurd x - 1 = xy - 2y
3y - 2 x - xy = 1 - 2y
Thus !3
y-1
x (1 - y) = 1 - 2y
Thus, for each y d B , there exists
1 - 2y 4x + 3 = y
x = 6x - 4
1-y
2y - 1 4x + 3 = 6xy - 4y
or x = ...(i)
y-1 4x - 6xy = - 4y - 3
Clearly x is a real number for all y ! 1.
x (4 - 6y) = - (4y + 3)
2y - 1
Now let =2 - (4y + 3)
y-1 x =
2y - 1 = 2y - 2 4 - 6y
4y + 3
x =
-1 =- 2 which is absurd 6y - 4
4y + 3
2y - 1 Clearly, x = is a real number for all
Thus !2 6y - 4
y-1 Now let y = 3 , then we have
2
Thus, for each y d B , there exists

4y + 3
2y - 1 =2
x = dA 6y - 4 3
y-1 12y + 9 = 12y - 8
2y - 1
f (x) = f c
y-1 m
Such that 9 =- 8 which is absurd.
2y - 1 Thus y ! 23 .
c y - 1 m- 1
= Thus, for each y d A (co-domain) there exist
2y - 1
-2 4y + 3
y-1 x= d A such that
6y - 4
2y - 1 - y + 1
= =y 4y + 3
f (x) = f c
6y - 4 m
2y - 1 - 2y + 2
Hence, f (x) is an onto function.
4 ` 64yy -+ 43 j + 3
Since function f (x) is one-one and onto, therefore, = 4y + 3
f (x) is a bijective function. 6 ` 6y - 4 j - 4
16y + 12 + 18y - 12
=
83. Show that the function f in A = R - " 23 , defined as 24y + 18 - 24 + 16
f (x) = 64xx -+ 43 , is one-one and onto. 34y
=
Sol : Delhi 2013 34
=y
We have f (x) = 4x + 3 Hence, f is onto function.
6x - 4
where, x d A = R - &20 84. Show that the function f :R " R defined by
3
One-One function : f (x) = 2 x ,6x d R is neither one-one nor onto.
x +1
Let x1, x2 d A such Sol : OD 2018
f (x1) = f (x2) We have, a function f : R " R defined as

4x1 + 3 = 4x2 + 3 f (x) = x 6x d R
Then,
6x1 - 4 6x2 - 4 x2 + 1
One-One function :
(4x1 + 3) (6x2 - 4) = (4x2 + 3) (6x1 - 4)
Let x1 , x2 dR such that
24x1 x2 - 16x1 + 18x2 - 12 = 24x1 x2 - 16x2 + 18x1 - 12
f (x1) = f (x2)
- 34x1 = - 34x2
x1 = x2
x1 = x2 x 12 + 1 x 22 + 1
So, f is one-one function. x1 (x 22 + 1) = x2 (x 12 + 1) [1]
Onto Function :
x1 x 22 + x1 = x2 x 12 + x2
Let y be an arbitrary element of A (co-domain).
x1 x2 (x2 - x1) = (x2 - x1)
Then f (x) = y
(x2 - x1) (x1 - x2 - 1) = 0 Since x1, x2 d R+ , then

x2 = x1 or x1 x2 = 1 (3x1 + 3x2 + 2) ! 0
x1 = x2 or x1 = 1 Thus x1 - x2 = 0
x2
x1 = x2, 6x1, x2 d R+
If we take x1 = 2 and x2 = 1 , we get Therefore, f (x) is one-one function.
2
f (2) = 2 =2 Onto function :
4+1 5 Let y be any arbitrary element of [- 5, 3).
1
and fb 1 l = 2
=2 Then, y = f (x)
2 1
4 +1 5
y = 9x2 + 6x - 5
Here f (2) = f b 1 l but 2 ! 1
2 2 y = (3x + 1) 2 - 1 - 5
Thus f is not one-one.
Onto function : y = (3x + 1) 2 - 6
Let y d R (co-domain) be any arbitrary element. y + 6 = (3x + 1) 2
Consider, y = f (x)
(3x + 1) 2 = y + 6
y = x
x2 + 1 3x + 1 = y+6
x2 y + y = x As y $- 5 , y+6 $ 0
2
x y-x+y = 0 y+6-1
x =
2 3
1 ! 1 - 4y
x = Therefore f is onto and range of f is [- 5, 3).
2y
which does not exist for 1 - 4y2 < 0 , i.e. for y > 1
and
2 86. Consider f :R - "- 43 , " R - " 43 , given by
y < - 12 .
In particular for y = 1 d R (co-domain), there does f (x) = 4x + 3
3x + 4
not exist any x dR (domain) such that Show that f is bijective.
Sol : Comp 2017
f (x) = y
Function f :R - "- 43 , " R - " 43 , is defined as
Therefore f is not onto.
Hence, f is neither one-one nor onto. f (x) = 4x + 3
3x + 4
85. Show that the function f :R+ " [- 5, 3) given by One-One function :
f (x) = 9x2 + 6x - 5 is one - one and onto function. Let, x1 , x2 d R - "- 43 , such that
where R+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers.
Sol : Delhi 2017, Foreign 2010 f (x1) = f (x2)
4x1 + 3 = 4x2 + 3
Function f : R+ " [- 5, 3) is given as 3x1 + 4 3x2 + 4
f (x) = 9x2 + 6x - 5 (4x1 + 3) (3x2 + 4) = (3x1 + 4) (4x2 + 3)
One-One function : 12x1 x2 + 16x1 + 9x2 + 12 = 12x1 x2 + 9x1 + 16x2 + 12
Let x1 , x2 d R+ such that 7x1 = 7x2
f (x1) = f (x2) Thus for f (x1) = f (x2),
2 2
Then, 9x + 6x1 - 5 = 9x + 6x2 - 5
1 2 x1 = x2 ,
2 2
9 (x - x ) + 6 (x1 - x2) = 0
1 2 Therefore f is one-one function.
Onto function :
3 (x1 + x2) (x1 - x2) + 2 (x1 - x2) = 0
Let,y d R - " 43 , , then y ! 4
(x1 - x2) (3x1 + 3x2 + 2) = 0 3
The function f is onto if there exist x d R - "- 43 , , 88. Consider f :R+ " [- 9, 3) given by f (x) = 5x2 + 6x - 9
such that f (x) = y . Prove that f is one - one and onto function
Now, f (x) = y Sol : Comp 2015, OD 2010
4x + 3 = y Function f :R+ " [- 9, 3) is given as

3x + 4
f (x) = 5x2 + 6x - 9
4x + 3 = y (3x + 4)
One-One function :
4x + 3 = 3xy + 4y
Let x1 , x2 d R+ such that
4x - 3xy = 4y - 3
f (x1) = f (x2)
x (4 - 3y) = 4y - 3
Then, 5x 12 + 6x1 - 9 = 5x 22 + 6x2 - 9
4y - 3
x = d R - &- 4 0 4
by ! 3 l 5x 12 + 6x1 = 5x 22 + 6x2
4 - 3y 3
Thus, for any y d R - " 3 , , there exist
4
5 (x 12 - x 22) + 6 (x1 - x2) = 0
4y - 3
d R - &- 4 0 (x1 - x2) (5x1 + 5x2 + 6) = 0
4 - 3y 3
Thus f is onto function. Since x1, x2 d R+ , then
Therefore, f (x) is a bijective function.
(5x1 + 5x2 + 6) ! 0
87. Let f :N " N be a function defined as Thus x1 - x2 = 0
f (x) = 9x2 + 6x - 5 Show that f :N " S , where S is
the range of f , is invertible. Find the inverse of f and x1 = x2, 6x1, x2 d R+
hence find f-1 (43) and f-1 (163) Therefore, f (x) is one-one function.
Sol : Delhi 2016
Onto function :
Function f : N " N is defined as Let y be any arbitrary element of [- 9, 3).
f (x) = 9x2 + 6x - 5 Then, y = f (x)
One-One function : y = 5x2 + 6x - 9
Let x1 , x2 d N , such that
0 = 5x2 + 6x - 9 - y
f (x1) = f (x2)
5x2 + 6x - (9 + y) = 0
Then, 9x 12 + 6x1 - 5 = 9x 22 + 6x2 - 5
- 6 ! 36 + 4 # 5 (9 + y)
9x 12 + 6x1 = 9x 22 + 6x2 x =
10
9 (x 12 - x 22) + 6 (x1 - x2) = 0 - 6 ! 216 + 20y
=
10
3 (x1 - x2) (x1 + x2) + 2 (x1 - x2) = 0
- 3 ! 54 + 5y
=
(x1 - x2) (3x1 + 3x2 + 2) = 0 5
54 + 5y - 3
Since x1, x2 d N , then =!
5
(3x1 + 3x2 + 2) ! 0 54 + 5y - 3
= x ! R+
5
Thus x1 - x2 = 0 Obviously x ! R+ for all y ! [- 9, 3).
x1 = x2 Therefore f is onto function. Hence, f is one - one
Therefore, f is one-one function. and onto function.
Onto function : If f : W " W is defined as f (x) = x - 1, if x is odd
and f (x) = x + 1, if x is even. Show that f is bijective.
Obviously, f : N " S is an onto function, because S
Sol : Foreign 2014, AI 2011
is the range of f .
Thus, f : N " S is one-one and onto function. Function f : W " W is defined as
x - 1, if x is odd
f (x) = *
x + 1, if x is even
One-One function : Sol : Comp 2014
Let x1 , x2 d W be any two numbers such that We have R = {(x, y): x d N, y d N and 2x + y = 24}
f (x1) = f (x2) Now 2x + y = 24
Case I : When x1 and x2 are odd.
y = 24 - 2x
In this case f (x1) = f (x2)
If x = 1, then y = 22
x1 - 1 = x2 - 1
If x = 2 then y = 20
x1 = x2
If x = 3 , then y = 18
Case II : When x1 and x2 are even.
In this case f (x1) = f (x2) If x = 4 then y = 16
x1 + 1 = x2 + 1 If x = 5 , then y = 14
x1 = x2 If x = 6 , then y = 12
Thus, in both cases, If x = 7 , then y = 10
f (x1) = f (x2) If x = 8 , then y =8
x1 = x2 If x = 9 , then y =6
Case III : When x1 is odd and x2 is even.
If x = 10 , then y =4
In this case x1 ! x2
If x = 11, then y =2
Also, f (x1) is even and f (x2) is odd.
If x = 12 , then y =0 bN
So, f (x1) ! f (x2)
If x = 13 , then y =- 2 b N
Thus, x1 ! x2
If x > 11, y b N
f (x1) ! f (x2)
Case IV : When x1 is even and x2 is odd. So, domain of R is {1, 2, 3, ..., 11}
In this case x1 ! x2 Range of R is {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22} and
Also, f (x1) is odd and f (x2) is even. R = {(1, 22), (2, 20), (3, 18), (4, 16), (5, 14), (6, 12)
So, f (x1) ! f (x2) (7, 10), (8, 8), (9, 6), (10, 4), (11, 2)}
Reflexive :
Thus, x1 ! x2
Since, for 1 d domain of R , (1, 1) d Y R , thus R is not
f (x1) ! f (x2) reflexive.
Hence, from case I, II, III and IV we can see that, f (x) Symmetric :
is a one-one function. Since (1, 22) dR but (22, 1) d Y R , thus R is not
Onto function : symmetric.
Clearly, any odd number 2y + 1 in the co-domain W , Thus, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric. So, R is
is the image of 2y in the domain W . not an equivalence relation. We do not need to check
transitivity.
Also, any even number 2y in the co-domain W , is the
image of 2y + 1 in the domain W . 90. If A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 9} and R is the relation in A # A
Thus, every element in W (domain). So, f is onto. defined by (a, b) R (c, d), if a + d = b + c for (a, b)
Therefore, f is bijective. , (c, d) in A # A . Prove that R is an equivalence
relation. Also, obtain the equivalence classes [(2, 5)].
89. If R is a relation defined on the set of natural numbers Sol : Delhi 2014
N as follows:
R = {(x, y): x d N, y d N and 2x + y = 24} , then Relation R in A # A is defined as
find the domain and range of the relation R . Also, (a, b) R (c, d), if a + d = b + c .
find whether R is an equivalence relation or not.
where A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 9} ,
Reflexive : One-One function :

Let (a, b) be any arbitrary element of A # A i.e. Let x1 , x2 d N be any two numbers such that
(a, b) d A # A , where a , b d A .
f (x1) = f (x2)
Now a+b = b+a [addition is commutative] Case I : When x1 and x2 are odd.
Hence (a, b) R (a, b), and R is reflexive.
In this case f (x1) = f (x2)
Symmetric :
Let (a, b), (c, d) dA # A , such that (a, b) R (c, d). x1 + 1 = x2 + 1
Then,
x1 = x2
a+d = b+c Case II : When x1 and x2 are even.
b+c = a+d In this case f (x1) = f (x2)
c+b = d+a [addition is commutative] x1 - 1 = x2 - 1
Thus (c, d) R (a, b) and hence R is symmetric.
x1 = x2
Transitive :
Thus, in both cases,
Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) d A # A such that
(a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f) f (x1) = f (x2)
Then, a+d = b+c x1 = x2
and c+f = d+e Case III : When x1 is odd and x2 is even.
Adding the above equations, we get In this case x1 ! x2
a+d+c+f = b+c+d+e Also, f (x1) is even and f (x2) is odd.
a + f = b + e (a, b) R (e, f) So, f (x1) ! f (x2)
Thus R is transitive. Thus, x1 ! x2

Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, hence,
f (x1) ! f (x2)
R is an equivalence relation.
Case IV : When x1 is even and x2 is odd.
Now, for [(2, 5)], we will find (c, d) d A # A such that
2 + d = 5 + c or d - c = 3 In this case x1 ! x2
Clearly, (2, 5) R (1, 4) as 4 - 1 = 3 Also, f (x1) is odd and f (x2) is even.
So, f (x1) ! f (x2)
(2, 5) R (2, 5) as 5 - 2 = 3
Thus, x1 ! x2
(2, 5) R (3, 6) as 6 - 3 = 3
f (x1) ! f (x2)
(2, 5) R (4, 7) as 7 - 4 = 3
Hence, from case I, II, III and IV we can see that, f (x)
(2, 5) R (5, 8) as 8 - 5 = 3 is a one-one function.
and (2, 5) R (6, 9) as 9 - 6 = 3 Onto Function :
Hence, equivalence class [(2, 5)] Let y d N (co-domain) be any arbitrary number.
If y is odd, then there exists an even number
= {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 9)} . y + 1 d N (domain) such that.
91. Show that f :N " N , given by f (y + 1) = (y + 1) + 1
x + 1 if x is odd =y
f (x) = *
x - 1 if x is even
If y is even, then there exists an odd number
is bijective (both one-one and onto). y - 1 d N (domain) such that.
f (y - 1) = (y - 1) + 1
Function f :N " N is defined as
=y
x + 1, if x is odd
f (x) = *
x - 1, if x is even
Thus, every element in N (co-domain) has a pre- 93. If Z is the set of all integers and R is the relation on Z
image in N (domain) defined as R = {(a, b) : a, b d Z and a - b is divisible
Therefore, f (x) is onto function. by 5} . Prove that R is an equivalence relation.
Hence, the function f (x) is bijective. Sol : Delhi 2010
92. If f :R " R is the function defined by f (x) = 4x3 + 7 , We have

then show that f is a bijective. R = {a, b} : a, b d Z and a - b is divisible by 5} .
Sol : Comp 2011 Reflexive :
As for any x d Z we have x - x = 0 , which is divisible
We have function f :R " R defined as by 5.
f (x) = 4x3 + 7 Thus (x - x) is divisible by 5.
Thus (x, x) dR , 6x d Z and R is reflexive.
One-One function :
Symmetric :
Let (x, y) d R , where x , y d Z
f (x1) = f (x2)
By definition of R , (x - y) is divisible by 5.
4x 13 + 7 = 4x 23 + 7
x - y = 5A for some A d Z .
3 3
4x = 4x
1 2
y - x = 5 (- A)
3 3
x -x = 0
1 2 Thus (y - x) is divisible by 5 where (y, x) d R
Using a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2) we obtain Therefore, R is symmetric.
(x1 - x2) (x 12 + x1 x2 + x 22) = 0 Transitive :
x1 - x2 = 0 Let (x, y) d R , where x , y d Z

Since (x - y) is divisible by 5, we have
x1 = x2
x - y = 5A for some A d Z
Thus for f (x1) = f (x2),
Again, let (y, z) d R , where x , y d Z
x1 = x2 , 6x1, x2 d R
Since (x - y) is divisible by 5,
Therefore, f (x) is a one-one function.
y - z = 5B for some B d Z.
Onto Function :
Now,(x - y) + (y - z) = 5A + 5B
Let y d R (co-domain)be any arbitrary number.
Then, f (x) = y x - z = 5 (A + B)
Thus (x - z) is divisible by 5 for some (A + B) d Z .
4x3 + 7 = y
Thus (x, z) d R
4x3 = y - 7
Therefore, R is transitive.
y-7 Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, it is an
x3 = b
4 l equivalence relation.
1
y-7 3
x =b
4 l
Thus d R such that 94. Show that the relation S defined on set N # N
1 by (a, b) S (c, d) & a + d = b + c is an equivalence
y-7 3
f (x) = f =b G
4 l
relation.
1 3
y-7 3
= 4 =b G +7
4 l Relation S in N # N is defined as
y-7 (a, b) S (c, d), if a + d = b + c
= 4b
4 l
+7
Reflexive :
= y-7+7 = y
Let (a, b) be any arbitrary element of N # N i.e.
Thus f (x) is an onto function. (a, b) d N # N , where a , b d N .
Since, f (x) is both one-one and onto, so it is a bijective.
Now a+b = b+a [addition is commutative]
Hence (a, b) S (a, b), and S is reflexive.
Symmetric : Thus, (x, y) d R and (y, z) d R

Let (a, b), (c, d) d N # N , such that (a, b) S (c, d). Thus (x, z)dR , 6 x, y, z d X , hence R is transitive.
Then,
Since, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is
a+d = b+c an equivalence relation.
b+c = a+d 96. Show that a function f :R " R given by
c+b = d+a [addition is commutative] f (x) = ax + b, a, b d R a ! 0 is a bijective.
Sol : Comp 2008
Thus (c, d) S (a, b) and hence S is symmetric.
Transitive : We have function f :R " R defined as
Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) d A # A such that (a, b) S (c, d) f (x) = ax + b ; b d R , a ! 0 .
and (c, d) R (e, f)
One-One function :
Then, a+d = b+c Let x1 , x2 d R such that
and c+f = d+e f (x1) = f (x2)
Adding the above equations, we get Then, ax1 + b = ax2 + b
a+d+c+f = b+c+d+e
ax1 = ax2
a + f = b + e (a, b) S (e, f)
x1 = x2 [a ! 0 ]
Thus S is transitive.
Since S is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, hence, Thus for f (x1) = f (x2) we get
S is an equivalence relation. x1 = x2 , 6x1, x2 dR
95. If f :X " Y is a function, define a relation R on X Therefore, f (x) is a one-one function.
given by R = {(a, b) : f (a) = f (b)} . Show that R is an Onto function :
equivalence relation on X . Let y dR (co-domain) be any arbitrary element.
Sol : Comp 2010
Then, f (x) = y
The given function is f : X " Y and relation on X is
R = {(a, b): f (a) = f (b)} ax + b = y
Reflexive : y-b
x = [y dR ]
Since, for every x dX , we have a
Clearly, x is a real number.
f (x) = f (x) (x, x) d R, 6x d X
Thus, for each y d R (co-domain), there exists
Therefore, R is reflexive.
y-b
Symmetric : x = d R (domain) such that
a
Let (x, y) d R , then we have
y-b
f (x) = f b
f (x) = f (y) a l
y-b
= ab
a l
f (y) = f (x) (x, y) d R +b
Thus, (x, y) d R (y, x) d R, 6x, y dX = y-b+b = y

Therefore, f (x) is an onto function.
Therefore, R is symmetric.
As f (x) is both one-one and onto, so it is a bijective
Transitive : function.
Let x, y, z d X such that
97. Let A = {x d Z : 0 # x # 12} . Show that
(x, y) d R and (y, z) dR
R = {(a, b) : a, b d A, | a - b | is divisible by 4}
Then, f (x) = f (y) ...(i) is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements
related to 1. Also , write the equivalence class.
and f (y) = f (z) ...(ii)
Sol : OD 2018, Delhi 2015
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
We have
f (x) = f (z) (x, z) d R R = {(a, b): a - b is divisible by 4 and a , b dA }
and A = {x : x d Z and 0 # x # 12} . Thus (x, x) dR , 6x d Z and R is reflexive.

Now, A can be written as Symmetric :
A = {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 12} Let (x, y) d R , where x , y d Z
Reflexive : By definition of R , (x - y) is divisible by 3.
For any x d A , we get x - x = 0 , which is divisible x - y = 3A for some A d Z .
by 4. Thus (x, x) d R , 6x d A
Therefore, R is reflexive. y - x = 3 (- A)
Symmetric : Thus (y - x) is divisible by 3 where (y, x) d R
Using definition of given relation, for any (x, y) d R , Therefore, R is symmetric.
we get x - y is divisible by 4. Transitive :
x - y = 4l , for some l d Z Let (x, y) d R , where x , y d Z
y - x = 4l , for some l d Z , (y, x) d R Since (x - y) is divisible by 3, we have
Thus, (x, y) d R (y, x) d R , 6x, y d A x - y = 3A for some A d Z
Therefore, R is symmetric. Again, let (y, z) d R , where x , y d z

Transitive : Since (x - y) is divisible by 3,
Using definition of given relation, for any (x, y) d R y - z = 3B for some B d Z.
and (y, z) d R , we get x - y is divisible by 4 and
y - z is divisible by 4. Now,(x - y) + (y - z) = 3A + 3B
x - y = 4l For some l d Z . x - z = 3 (A + B)
and y - z = 4m For some m d Z . Thus (x - z) is divisible by 3 for some (A + B) d Z .
Now, x - z = (x - y) + (y - z) Thus (x, z) d R

Therefore, R is transitive.
= ! 4l ! 4m Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, it is an
= ! 4 (l + m) equivalence relation.
Thus x - z is divisible by 4 and (x, z) d R . 99. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
So we get (x, y) d R , (y, z) d R and (x, z) d R , given by R = {(a, b): | a - b | is divisible by 2} is an
6x, y, z dA . equivalence relation. Write all the equivalence classes
Therefore, R is transitive. of R .
Since, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is
an equivalence relation. Relation
Set of all elements related to {1} is {1, 5, 9} . R = {(a, b): a - b is divisible by 2 and a , b dA }
Thus set of all elements related to {2} is
and A A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {a d A : 2 - a is divisible by 4}
Reflexive :
= {2, 6, 10} For any x d A , we get x - x = 0 , which is divisible
by 4. Thus (x, x) d S , 6x d A
98. Show that the relation R on the set Z of all integers Therefore, S is reflexive.
defined by (x, y) d R + (x - y) is divisible by 3 is an
equivalence relation.
Symmetric :
Sol : Comp 2018
Using definition of given relation, for any (x, y) d R ,
we get x - y is divisible by 2.
We have
x - y = 2l , for some l d Z
R = {a, b} : a, b d Z and a - b is divisible by 3} .
Reflexive : y - x = 2l , for some l d Z (y, x) d R
As for any x d Z we have x - x = 0 , which is divisible Thus, (x, y) d R (y, x) d R , 6x, y d A
by 3.
Therefore, R is symmetric.
Thus (x - x) is divisible by 3.
Transitive : R = {^l1, l2h : l1 is parallel to l2}

Using definition of given relation, for any (x, y) d R On the basis of the above information, answer the
and (y, z) d R , we get x - y is divisible by 2 and following questions :
y - z is divisible by 2. (i) Find whether the relation R is symmetric or not.
x - y = 2l For some l d Z . (ii) Find whether the relation R is transitive or not.
(iii) If one of the rail lines on the railway track is
and y - z = 2m For some m d Z . represented by the equation y = 3x + 2 , then find
Now, x - z = (x - y) + (y - z) the set of rail lines in R related to it.
(iv) Let S be the relation defined by S = {^l1, l2h : l1 is
= ! 2l ! 2m perpendicular to l2} check whether the relation S
= ! 2 (l + m) is symmetric and transitive.
Sol : OD 2024
Thus x - z is divisible by 2 and (x, z) d R .
So we get (x, y) d R , (y, z) d R and (x, z) d R , We have R = $^l1, l2h : l1 is parallel to l2.
6x, y, z dA .
(i) If l1 is parallel to l2 , then l2 is parallel to l1 . Thus
Therefore, R is transitive. if (l1, l2) d R then (l2, l1) d R . Thus R is symmetric.
Since, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is (ii) If l1 is parallel to l2 and l2 is parallel to l3 , then l1
an equivalence relation. is parallel to l3 . So, if (l1, l2) d R and (l2, l3) d R then
(l1, l3) d R . Thus R is transitive.
Clearly [1] = {1, 3, 5}
(iii) R = $^l1, l2h : l1 is parallel to l2.
[2] = {2, 4}
Set of all lines related to y = 3x + 2 is set of all lines
[3] = {1, 3, 5} that are parallel to y = 3x + 2 . Let equation of line
parallel to y = 3x + 2 be y = mx + c where m is slope
[4] = {2, 4} of line.
and [5] = {1, 3, 5} Since y = 3x + 2 and y = mx + c are parallel, slope
of both the lines will be equal. Thus m = 3 . Hence
Thus [1] = [3] = [5] = {1, 3, 5} required line is y = 3x + c where c d R .
[2] = [3] = {2, 4} (iv) S = $^l1, l2h : l1 is perpendicular to l2.
If l1 is perpendicular to l2 , then l2 is perpendicular to l1
. So (l1, l2) d S then (l2, l1) d S . Thus S is symmetric.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS If l1 is perpendicular to l2 and l2 is perpendicular to l3
, then l1 is not perpendicular to l3 . It is parallel to l3 .
So, if (l1, l2) d S , and (l2, l3) d S then (l1, l3) z S . Thus
100. Students of a school are taken to a railway museum to S is not transitive.
learn about railways heritage and its history.
101. A function f: 6- 4, 4@ " 60, 4@ is given by
f ^x h = 16 - x . Show that f is an onto function
2
but not a one-one function. Further, find all possible

values of a for which f â h = 7 .
Sol : OD 2023
Let y d 6 0, 4 @ such that

f ^x h = y
0# 16 - x2 # 4
0 # 16 - x2 # 16
An exhibit in the museum depicted many rail lines 0 # x2 # 16

on the track near the railway station. Let L be the -4 # x # 4
set of all rail lines on the railway track and R be the
relation on L defined by which is the domain of the function i.e. the function
f is onto.
Let f ^x h = 1 d 6 0, 4 @ f ^SwD h = PB ,
16 - x2 = 1 f ^ShD h = SwD .
x2 = 15 Answer the questions based on the given information.

(i) List all the elements of R .
x = ! 15 (ii) Is the relation R symmetric? Give a valid reason.
As an element in the co-domain has two pre-images (iii) Is the relation R transitive? Give a valid reason.
in its domain, hence the function f is not one-one (iv) Check whether the function f is one-one and
function. onto. Give valid reasons.
Given, f (a) = 7 Sol :
16 - a2 = 7 (i) List all the elements of R

List all the elements of R is given below
16 - a2 = 7 R = {^C, PB h, ^PB, C h, ^V, PB h, ^PB, V h, ^PB, SwD h,
a2 = 9 ^SwD, PB h, ^PB, ShD h, ^ShD, PB h, ^SwD, ShD h,
a =! 3
^ShD, SwD h}
(ii) Is the relation R symmetric?
102. Port Blair, the capital city of Andaman and Nicobar Yes. For example, for every ^x1, x2h d R, ^x2, x1h d R
Islands is directly connected to Chennai and as every direct ship/direct ferry runs in both the
Vishakapatnam via ship route. The ships sailfrom directions.
Chennai/Vishakapatnam to Port Blair and vice versa. (iii) Is the relation R transitive? No. For example,
Swaraj Dweep and Shaheed Dweep are two popular ^C, PB h d R as there is a direct ship from Chennai
tourist tourist islands in Andaman Islands. One has to Port Blair. ^PB, SwD h d R as there is a direct ferry
to take a ferry from Port Blair to reach these islands. from Port Blair to Swaraj Dweep. But ^C, SwD h z R
There are ferries that sail frequently between the as there is no direct ship/ferry from Chennai to
three islands - Port Blair (PB), Swaraj Dweep (SwD) Swaraj Dweep.
and Shaheed Dweep (ShD). (iv) Whether the function f is one-one and onto.
Shown below is a schematic representation of the ship Function f is one-one. For example, no two elements
routes and ferry routes. of set Y are mapped to a common element in set X .
Function f is not onto. For example, C d X (co -
domain of f ) but it has no pre-image in Y .
103. Sherlin and Danju are playing Ludo at home during

Covid-19. While rolling the dice, Sherlin’s sister Raji
observed and noted the possible outcomes of the
throw every time belongs to set "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . Let A
be the set of players while B be the set of all possible
outcomes.
X is the set of all 5 places and Y is the set of 3 places

in Andaman Islands. That is ,
X = "C, V, PB, SwD ,
and Y = "PB, SwD, ShD ,
A relation R defined on the set X which is given by,
R R = "^x1, x2h, : there is a direct ship or direct ferry
from x1 to x2 }.
A function f : Y " X is defined by, We have A = "S, D , and B = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
f ^PB h = V ,
(i) Let R : B $ B be defined by

R = {(x, y) : y is divisible by x}
Show that above relation is reflexive and transitive
but not symmetric.
(ii) Raji wants to know the number of functions
from A to B . How many number of functions are
possible?
(iii) Let R be a relation on B defined by R = {(1,2),
(2,2), (1,3), (3,4), (3,1), (4,3), (5,5)}. Show that R
is not reflexive, not transitive and not symmetric.
(iv) Raji wants to know the number of relations
possible from A to B. How many numbers of Ravi decides to explore these sets for various types of
relations are possible? relations and functions
(v) Let R : B $ B be a relation defined by R = (i). Ravi wishes to form all the relations possible from
{(1,1),(1,2), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5),(6,6)}. Show B to G . How many such relations are possible?
that R is an equivalence relation . (ii). Let R : B " B be defined by R ={ ^x, y h : x and y
Sol : are students of same sex}, Show that this relation
R is equivalence relation.
(i) Since every number x is divisible by itself x . Thus (iii) Ravi wants to know among those relations, how
R is reflexive. many functions can be formed from B to G?
Since ^1, 2h d R but ^2, 1h z R . Thus R is not (iv) Let R :B " G be defined by
symmetric. R = "^b1, g1h, ^b2, g2h, ^b3, g1h, , then R is
_________
Since ^1, 2h, ^2, 4h d R and ^1, 4h d R , thus R is
(v) Ravi wants to find the number of injective func-
transitive.
tions from B to G. How many numbers of injec-
(ii) Since n (A) = 2 and n (B) = 6 , total possible tive functions are possible?
function 62 Sol :
(iii) R = "^1, 2h, ^2, 2h, ^1, 3h, ^3, 4h, ^3, 1h, ^4, 3h, ^5, 5h,
(i) Since n (B) = 3 and n (G) = 2 , total possible
Since ^3, 3h z R , R is not reflexive . relations are from B to G are 23 # 2 = 26
(ii) We have R : B " B be defined by
^1, 2h d R but ^2, 1h z R. Thus R is not symmetric. R ={ ^x, y h : x and y are students of same sex }
Since for all element of B there does not exist,
Since ^x, x h d R , R is reflexive.
â, b h^b, c h d R and â, c h d R. Thus R is not
transitive. Since ^x, y h d R and ^y, x h d R , Thus R is symmetric.
(iv) Since n (A) = 2 and n (B) = 6 , total possible
relations are from A to B are 22 # 6 = 212 Since a, b, c d B , â, b h^b, c h d R , â, c h d R. Thus R
(v) Here ^1, 2h d R but ^2, 1h z R . Thus R is not is transitive.
symmetric. Therefore R is equivalence relation.
For all values of a, b and c , â, b h^b, c h d R and (iii) Since n (B) = 3 and n (G) = 2 , number of function
â, c h d R. Thus R is transitive. from B to G are 23 .
(v) If A and B are finite sets having m and n elements
For example (1, 1), ^1, 2h d R and ^1, 2h d R . respectively then the number of injective function
from A to B is
104. An organization conducted bike race under 2 different
n
categories - boys and girls. Totally there were 250 Pm, n H m
participants. Among all of them finally three from * 0 n<m
Category 1 and two from Category 2 were selected Here n (B) = 3 and n (G) = 2 , total number of injective
for the final race. Ravi forms two set B and G relation from B to G is 0.
with these participants for his college project. Let
B = "b1, b2, b3, G = "g1, g2, where B represents the 105. Students of Grade 9 planned to plant saplings along
set of boys selected and G the set of girls who were straight lines, parallel to each other to one side of the
selected for the final race. playground ensuring that they had enough play area.
Let us assume that they planted one of the rows of
the saplings along the line y = x - 4.Let L be the set (v) Since, L1 z L2 then slope of both the lines should
of all lines which are parallel on the ground and R be be same.
a relation on L .
Slope of L1 is 1, and slope of 2x - 2y + 5 is also 1.
Thus 2x - 2y + 5 can be taken as L2 .
************
(i). Let relation R be defined by

R = "^L1, L2h : L1 z L2 where L1, L2 d L , then Show
that R is an equivalence relation.
(ii). Let relation R be defined by
R = "^L1, L2h : L1 = L2 where L1, L2 d L , then
show that R is symmetric but neither reflexive
nor transitive relation.
(iii) Show that the function f : R " R defined by
f ^x h = x - 4 is bijective.
(iv) Let f : R " R defined by f ^x h = x - 4 , then find
the range of f (x).
(v) Let R = "^L1, L2h : L1 z L2 and L1 : y = x - 4, then
show that 2x - 2y + 5 can be taken as L2 .
Sol :
(i) If L1 is always parallel to itself L2 . Thus (l2, l1)
(L1, L1) d R . Thus R is reflexive.
If L1 is parallel to L2 , then L2 is parallel to L1 . Thus if
(L1, L2) d R then (L2, L1) d R . Thus R is symmetric.
If L1 is parallel to L2 and L2 is parallel to L3 , then L1
is parallel to L3 . So, if (L1, L2) d R and (L2, L3) d R
then (L1, L3) d R . Thus R is an equivalence relation.
(ii) If L1 is always parallel to itself L2 but not
perpendicular to itself. (L1, L1) b R . Thus R is not
reflexive.
If L1 is perpendicular to L2 , then L2 is perpendicular
to L1 . So (L1, L2) ! R then (L2, L1) ! R . Thus R is
symmetric.
If L1 is perpendicular to L2 and L2 is perpendicular
to L3 , then L1 is not perpendicular to L3 . It is parallel
to L3 . So, if (L1, L2) ! R , and (L2, L3) ! R then
(L1, L3) b R . Thus R is not transitive.
(iii) A liner function defined from R to R is always
one-one and onto. Thus f (x) is bijective.
(iv) We have f (x) = x - 4 . For all real value of x we
can get a real number f (x). Thus range of f (x) is R .
Page 36 Inverse Trigonometric Functions CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Let sin-1 b- 1 l = q

2
- 1 = sin q
2
8sin 3 + sin ^ 2 hB is equal to
-1 p -1 1
1.
p
sin a- k = sin q
6
(a) 1 (b) 1
2
q =- p
6
(c) 1 (d) 1
3 4 Now x = sin ; p - sin-1 b- 1 lE
3 2
p
= sin 9 - a- kCp
Sol : OD 2023
3 6
We have = sin p
2
1 p p
sin ;x + sin-1 b 2 lE = sin : 3 + 6 D =1
2
= sin 3p Thus (d) is correct option.
6
= sin p 4. sin ^tan-1 x h , where x < 1 is equal to
2 x 1
(a) (b)
=1 1 - x2 1 - x2
(c) 1 (d) x
Thus (a) is correct option. 2
1+x 1 + x2
Sol : SQP 2022 Term i
2. If tan-1 x = y, then
(a) - 1 < y < 1 (b) - p # y # p We have, sin ^tan-1 x h , where x < 1.
2 2
Let tan-1 x = q
(c) - p < y < p (d) y d (- p , p 2
2 2 2 2 tan q = x
Sol : OD 2022 Term i
Now sin q = x
If tan-1 x = a , then the principle range of a is
1 + x2
- p2 < a < p2 .
q = sin-1 b x
Here, tan-1 x = y 1 + x2 l
So, the range of y will be - p2 < a < p2 , where x d R . sin ^tan-1 x h = sin ;sin-1 b x
1 + x2 lE
Thus (c) is correct option. x
=
1 + x2
3. sin 8 p3 - sin-1 ^- 12 hB is equal to Thus (d) is correct option.
(a) 1 (b) 1
2 3 5. If cos-1 x 2 sin-1 x , then
(c) - 1 (d) 1 (a) 12 1 x # 1 (b) 0 # x 1 1
2
Sol : SQP 2022 Term i (c) - 1 # x 1 1
(d) x 2 0
2
Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression. Sol : Comp 2018
Thus x = sin ; p - sin-1 b- 1 lE From sin-1 x + cos-1 x = p

2 we have
3 2
CHAPTER 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Page 37
cos-1 x = p2 - sin-1 x = - sin-1 y

Since cos-1 x 2 sin-1 x , we get = - cos-1 1 - y2
p
2 - sin-1 x 2 sin-1 x = - cos-1 1 - x2
p
2 2 sin-1 x Thus (a) is correct option.
2
sin-1 x 1 p
4 9. If - p2 1 sin-1 x 1 p2 , then tan (sin-1 x) is equal to
1 (a) x (b) x
x 1 2 1 - x2 1 + x2
-1 # x 1 1
(c) x (d) 1
2 2
1-x 1 - x2
Thus (c) is correct option. Sol : Foreign 2014
6. The value of sin (2 sin-1 0.8) is x

tan (sin-1 x) = tan b tan-1
(a) 0.48 (b) sin 1.2c 1 - x2 l
(c) sin 1.6c (d) 0.96 = x
1 - x2
Sol : Delhi 2010, Foreign 2008 Thus (c) is correct option.
Let sin-1 0.8 = q 10. If sin-1 x + sin-1 y = p2 , then cos-1 x + cos-1 y is equal to
sin q = 0.8 (a) p (b) p
2 4
then cos q = 0.6 (c) p (d) 3p
4
-1 Sol : Comp 2012
Now sin (2 sin 0.8) = sin (2q)
= 2 sin q cos q We have sin-1 x + sin-1 y = p
2
= 2 # 0.8 # 0.6 p - cos-1 x + p - cos-1 y = p
2 2 2
= 0.96
cos-1 x + cos-1 y = p
Thus (d) is correct option. 2
7. The principal value of sin-1 :sin 2p D is
3 11. If sin-1 x - cos-1 x = p6 , then x is equal to
(a) - 2p (b) 2p (a) 1 (b) 3
3 3 2 2
(c) 4p (d) None of these
3 (c) - 1 (d) None of these
Sol : OD 2015 2
sin-1 :sin 2p D = sin-1 9sin a p - p kC
3 3
We have sin-1 x - cos-1 x = p
p 6
= sin a sin k
-1
3 p - cos-1 x - cos-1 x = p
p a2 k 6
=
3 p - 2 cos-1 x = p
Thus (d) is correct option. 2 6
p - p = 2 cos-1 x
8. If x takes negative permissible value, then sin-1 x is 2 6
equal to 2p = 2 cos-1 x
6
(a) - cos-1 1 - x2 (b) cos-1 x2 - 1 p
cos x = 6
-1
(c) p - cos-1 1 - x2 (d) cos-1 1 - x2

Sol : SQP 2018 x = cos p
6
Let x =- y , y 2 0 = 3
2
sin-1 x = sin-1 (- y) Thus (b) is correct option.
12. The value of tan $cos-1 ^- 72 h - p2 . is 16. tan (cos-1 x) =

(a) 2 (b) 2 (a) 1 + x2 (b) 1 - x2
3 5 3
(c) 1 (d) 4 1 - x2 x
5 5 (c) (d)
x 1 - x2
Sol : SQP 2019
Sol : Comp 2012, OD 2010
tan 'cos-1 b- 2 l - p 1 = tan &p - cos-1 2 - p 0 1 - x2

7 2 7 2 tan (cos-1 x) = tan ;tan-1 E
x
p
= tan & - cos -1 2
2 70 1 - x2
=
= tan &sin-1 2 0 x
7
= tan ' tan 2
3 51
-1
= 2
3 5
13. The domain of sin-1 x is

(a) (- p, p) (b) [- 1, 1]
(c) (0, 2p) (d) (- 3, 3)
Sol : OD 2017 Thus (c) is correct option.
Since - 1 # sin x # 1 17. If 4 sin-1 x + cos-1 x = p then x =
Hence domain of sin-1 x is [- 1, 1]. (a) 1 (b) 1

5 4
Thus (b) is correct option. 1 1
(c) (d)
3 2
14. cos-1 12 + 2 sin-1 12 = Sol : OD 2015
(a) p (b) p 4 sin-1 x + cos-1 x = p

2 4
2p 5p 3 sin-1 x + sin-1 x + cos-1 x = p
(c) (d)
3 6
Sol : Delhi 2015 3 sin-1 x + p = p
2
cos-1 1 + 2 sin-1 1 = cos-1 1 + sin-1 1 + sin-1 1 3 sin x = p
-1
2 2 2 2 2 2
p p x = 1
= + 2
2 6
2p Thus (d) is correct option.
=
3
Thus (c) is correct option. 18. 2 cos-1 12 + sin-1 12 =
15. sin 6sin-1 12 + cos-1 12 @ = (a) p (b) p

2 4
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2p (d) 5p
3 6
(c) 1 (d) 1 Sol : Delhi 2007
2 4
Sol : Foreign 2008
2 cos-1 1 + sin-1 1 = cos-1 1 + cos-1 1 + sin-1 1
2 2 2 2 2
sin :sin-1 1 + cos-1 1 D = sin p p
= + p
2 2 2 3 2
=1 = 5p
3
Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.
19. If sin ^sin-1 15 + cos-1 x h = 1, then x = Sol : Delhi 2009
(a) 1 (b) 0 cos-1 b cos 5p l + sin-1 b cos 5p l = p

3 3 2
(c) 4 (d) 1 Thus (a) is correct option.
5 5
23. If sin-1 x5 + cosec-1 54 = p2 , then x is
sin b sin-1 1 + cos-1 x l =1 (a) 1 (b) 3
5
-1 1 (c) 5 (d) 9
sin + cos-1 x = sin-1 1
5 Sol : OD 2012, Comp 2007
sin-1 1 + cos-1 x =p
5 2
sin-1 x + cosec-1 5 =p
5 4 2
sin-1 1 = p - cos-1 x
5 2 -1 x -1 3 p
sin + cos =
-1 1 5 5 2
sin = sin-1 x
5 -1 x p
sin = - cos-1 3
5 2 5
x =1
5
Thus (d) is correct option. sin-1 x = sin-1 3
5 5
x =3
The principal value of sin-1 c- 3 is
2 m
20. Thus (b) is correct option.
(a) - 2p (b) - p 24. The value of sin-1 3
- sin-1 12 is
3 3 2
(c) 4p (d) 5p (a) 45c (b) 90c

3 3
Sol : Comp 2015 (c) 15c (d) 30c
Sol : Comp 2011
sin-1 c - 3 m = - sin-1 c 3 m
2 2
sin-1 c 3 - sin-1 1 = 60c - 30c
= - sin-1 a sin p k 2 m b2l
3
= 30c
=- p
3 Thus (d) is correct option.
25. If sin-1 x + sin-1 y = 2p
3 , then cos-1 x + cos-1 y =
21. The value of cos-1 ^cos 53p h + sin-1 ^sin 53p h is (a) p (b) p
2 3
(a) 0 (b) p (c) p (d) 2p
2 4 3
(c) 2p (d) 10p Sol :
3 3 Delhi 2013
Sol : SQP 2016
sin-1 x + sin-1 y = 2p
3
x = cos b cos 5p l + sin-1 b sin 5p l
-1
3 3
= p- p
3
= cos %cos a2p - k/ + sin %sin a2p - p k/
-1 p -1
3 3
sin x + sin y = + p - p
-1 -1 p
p p 2 2 3
= -
3 3 p = p - sin-1 x + p - sin-1 y
=0 3 2 2
p = cos-1 x + cos-1 y
Thus (a) is correct option. 3
cos x + cos y = p
-1 -1
22. The value of cos-1 b cos 5p l + sin-1 b cos 5p l is 3

3 3 Thus (b) is correct option.
(a) p (b) 5p
2 3 26. If x # 1, which of the following four is different from
(c) 10p (d) 0 the other three?
3
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(a) sin ^cos-1 x h (b) cos ^sin-1 x h 30. The number of solutions of the equation
(c) 1 - x2 (d) 1-x 2

sin-1 x - cos-1 x = sin-1 ^ 12 h is
x
Sol : Foreign 2014 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) infinite
sin ^cos-1 x h = cos ^sin-1 x h
Sol : Comp 2013
= 1 - x2
Thus option (d) is different from the other three. We have sin-1 x - cos-1 x = sin-1 b 1 l
2
Thus (d) is correct option. -1 -1 p
sin x - cos x =
6
27. cos-1 6cos ^- p3 h@ is equal to
sin-1 x - a p - sin-1 x k = p
2 6
(a) - p (b) p
3 3
2 sin-1 x = 2p
(c) 2p (d) 5p 3
3 3
Sol : Comp 2012, Delhi 2011 x = sin p = 3
3 2
cos-1 9cos a- p kC = cos-1 a cos p k
3 3
31. The value of sec2 ^tan-1 2h + cosec2 ^cot-1 3h is
= p
3 (a) 15 (b) 5
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) 13 (d) 14
28. The value of sin 82 cos-1 ^- 35 hB is Sol : OD 2008
(a) 24 (b) - 24 x = sec2 ^tan-1 2h + cosec2 ^cot-1 3h

25 25
= $1 + tan2 ^tan-1 2h. + $1 + cot2 ^cot-1 3h.
(c) 7 (d) none of these
25
= 1 + $ tan ^tan-1 2h. + 1 + $cot ^cot-1 3h.
2 2
Sol : OD 2008
= 1 + 22 + 1 + 32
x = sin :2 cos a- 5 kD
-1 3
= 15
= 2 sin ;cos-1 b- 3 lE cos ;cos-1 b- 3 lE Thus (a) is correct option.
5 5
=2 1 - b- 3 l b- 3 l
2
32. cos-1 ^cos 85p h =
5 5
=- 24 (a) 8p (b) 12p
25 5 5
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) 2p (d) 4p
5 5
29. If cos-1 x + cos-1 y = 2p , then the value of Sol : Delhi 2011
sin-1 x + sin-1 y is
(a) 0 (b) p cos-1 c cos 8p m = cos-1 ;cos c 2p - 2p mE
5 5
(c) - p (d) p = cos-1 ;cos c 2p mE
3 5
Sol : SQP 2020
= 2p
5
sin-1 x + sin-1 y = a p - cos-1 x k + a p - cos-1 y k Thus (c) is correct option.
2 2
= p - ^cos-1 x + cos-1 y h 33. cos-1 (2x - 1) =
= p - 2p (a) 2 cos-1 x (b) cos-1 x
=-p (c) 2 cos-1 x (d) None of these
Thus (c) is correct option. Sol : Foreign 2019, OD 2013
Let, x = cos2 A
sin q = sin p
or A = cos-1 x ...(1) 3
Then given equation becomes q = p
3
cos-1 (2x - 1) = = cos-1 ^2 cos2 A - 1h Thus (d) is correct option.
= cos-1 ^cos 2Ah 37. The value of sin (2 tan-1 x), x # 1 is
= 2A (a) 1 (b) x
x
From Eq.(1), (c) 2 1 (d) 2x 2
x 1+x
cos-1 (2x - 1) = = 2 cos-1 x Sol : SQP 2008

sin (2 tan-1 x) = sin c sin-1 2x 2 m
1+x
34. tan (1) + cos ^ h + sin ^ h =
-1 -1 -1
2
-1 -1
2 2 x
= , -1 # x # 1
1 + x2
(a) p (b) 3p Thus (d) is correct option.
4 4
(c) - p (d) p
4 2 38. If sin-1 (1 - x) - 2 sin-1 x = p2 , then x =
Sol : Delhi 2015
(a) ^0, - 12 h (b) ^ 12 , 0h
(c) (0) (d) (- 1, 0)
Using cos-1 x + sin-1 x = p2 we have Sol : OD 2007
tan-1 (1) + cos-1 b - 1 l + sin-1 b - 1 l = p + p
2 2 4 2
3p sin-1 (1 - x) - 2 sin-1 x = p
= 2
4 p
Thus (b) is correct option. - 2 sin x = - sin-1 (1 - x)
-1
2
35. The principal value of cos-1 ^- 12 h is - 2 sin-1 x = cos-1 (1 - x)
(a) p (b) p cos (- 2 sin-1 x) = 1 - x

3 6
1 - 2 sin2 (sin-1 x) = 1 - x
(c) 2p (d) 3p
3 4
Sol : Foreign 2014, OD 2009 1 - 2x 2 = 1 - x
Let, cos-1 b - 1 l = q x = 0, 1
2 2
But 1 does not satisfy the equation. Hence x = 0
Then - 1 = cos q 2
2 Alternative :
Since principal value of cos-1 q is 60, p@ Since, sin-1 ^1 - x h is defined only, when
q = 2p -1 # 1 - x # 1
3
Thus (c) is correct option. 0#x#2 ...(1)
-1
and sin x is defined only, when
36. The principal value of sin-1 3
is
2 -1 # x # 1 ...(2)
(a) 2p (b) p From Eqs. (1) and (1), we get
3 6
0#x#1
(c) p (d) p
4 3
Sol : Comp 2017 At x = 0 , we have
LHS = sin-1 ^1 h - 2 sin-1 ^0 h = p =RHS

-1 3 =q 2
Let, sin Hence, 0 is a solution of the given equation.
2
3 = sin q Again, at x = 1 we have,
2
LHS = sin-1 ^0 h - 2 sin-1 ^1 h The maximum value of ^cos-1 x h2 is p2 . Assertion is

true.
= - p ! RHS
Range of the principal value branch of cos-1 x is 60, p@ .
Hence, 1 is not a solution of a given equation. Reason is false.
Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.
39. Assertion (A) : Domain of y = cos-1 ^x h is 6- 1, 1@ . 41. Assertion (A) : All trigonometric functions have their
Reason (R) : The range of the principal value branch inverses over their respective domains.
p Reason (R) : The inverse of tan-1 exists for some
of y = cos-1 ^x h is 60, p@ - % 2 / . x d R.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
the Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the explanation of (A).
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and correct explanation of (A).
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Sol : OD 2023
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. 19.
Assertion (A) : The vectors All trigonometric functions have inverse over their
Sol : OD 2024
restricted domains So, assertion is incorrect.
Now tan-1 : R " a - p , p k
We have y = cos-1 x 2 2
i.e. inverse of tan x exists for some x d R.
Domain of y is equivalent to the range of value of x
for which y exists So, reason is correct.
Let y =q
42. Assertion (A) : Range of 6sin-1 x + 2 cos-1 x @ is 70, pA
cos-1 x = q
Reason (R) : Principal value branch of sin-1 x has
x = cos q range 7- p2 , p2 A
as we know range of cos q is 6- 1, 1@ therefore range of (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
x is 6- 1, 1@ . Hence, domain of y is 6- 1, 1@ . explanation of (A).
Also, when x = 0, then (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
y = cos-1 ^0 h
=p (d) (A) is false but (R) is true
2
Hence, p is included in the principal value branch Sol : OD 2023
2
of y .
Assertion (A) is correct but Reason (R) is false. sin-1 x + 2 cos-1 x = sin-1 x + cos-1 x + cos-1 x
Thus (c) is correct option. = p + cos-1 x
2
40. Assertion (A) : Maximum value of ^cos-1 x h2 is p2 . -1
Since 0 # cos x # p , thus
Reason (R) : Range of the principal value branch of
p
p p 0 + 2 # a p + cos-1 x k # p + p
cos-1 x is 9- 2 , 2 C . 2 2
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct p p 3p
2 # a 2 + cos x k # 2
-1
explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the So, assertion is incorrect.
correct explanation of (A)
Principle value branch of sin-1 x is 9- p , p C . So, reason
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 2 2
is correct.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Thus (d) is correct option.
Sol : OD 2023
43. Assertion (A) : The range of the function Hence, reason is incorrect.
f ^x h = 2 sin-1 x + 32p , where x d 6- 1, 1@ is 6 p2 , 52p @ Thus (c) is correct option.
Reason (R) : The range of the principal value branch
of sin-1 ^x h is 60, p@ 45. Assertion (A) : cos-1 3 = p - cos-1 3
7 7
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Reason (R) : 0 < cos-1 x < p , where - 1 < x < 1
explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. correct explanation of (A).
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
Sol : OD 2023 (d) (A) is false but (R) is true
Sol : Comp 2012
We have - p # sin-1 x # p
2 2
- p # 2 sin x # p
-1 Assertion : cos-1 3 ! p - cos-1 b 3 l
7 7
- p + 3p # 2 sin-1 x + 3p # p + 3p Since cos-1 ^- x h = p - cos-1 x thus

2 2 2
p -1 3p 5p p - cos-1 b 3 l = cos-1 b - 3 l
2 # 2 sin x + 2 # 2 7 7
p 5p 3 ! -3
2 # f ^x h # 2
and
7 7
The range of f ^x h is ; p , 5p E Hence (A) is false.
2 2
Reason is true because 0 # cos-1 x # p is principle
So, assertion is correct. range and - 1 # x # 1 is domain of cos-1 x .
Principle value branch of sin-1 x is 9- p , p C . So, reason Hence (A) is false but (R) is true.
2 2
is correct. So, reason is incorrect. Thus (d) is correct option.
44. Assertion (A) : The domain of the function sec-1 2x is VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
^- 3, - 12 @ j 6 12 , 3h
Reason (R) : sec-1 ^- 2h = - p
4 46. Draw the graph of f ^x h = sin-1 x, x d 8- 1
2
, 1
2B
. Also,
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct write range of f ^x h .
explanation of (A). Sol : OD 2023
f ^x h = sin-1 x ,
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. x d <- 1 , 1 F
2 2
Sol : OD Sample Paper 2023
-1
sec x is defined, if x #- 1 or x $ 1.
Hence, sec-1 2x will be defined, if x #- 12 or x $ 12 .
So, assertion is correct.
Now, sec-1 ^- 2h = p - sec-1 ]2g
= p- p
3
= 2p
3
! -p
4
47. Evaluate 3 sin-1 ` 1

2
j + 2 cos-1 _ 2
3
i + cos-1 ^0h = p d 60, p@
3
Sol : OD 2023
51. Find the value of sin-1 6cos 33p
5 @
Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression.
Sol : SQP 2023
x = 3 sin d 1 n + 2 cos-1 c 3 m + cos-1 ^0 h

-1
2 2 sin-1 b cos 33p l = sin-1 ;cos b 6p + 3p lE

p p p 5 5
= 3# +2# +
4 6 2 = sin-1 b cos 3p l
3 p p p 5
= + +
4 3 2 = sin 9cos a + p kC
-1 p
2 10
= 9p + 4p + 6p
12 = sin a- sin p k
-1
19p 10
=
12 = - sin a sin p k
-1
10
48. Draw the graph of cos-1 x , where x ! 6- 1, 0@. Also
write its range. =- p
10
Sol : OD 2023
Graph of cos-1 x is shown below. Find the value of sin-1 6sin 13p
52. 7 @
Sol : Delhi 2019, Comp 2016
x = sin-1 ;sin b 13p lE

7
= sin-1 9sin a2p - p kC
7
= sin 9sin a - p
7 kC
-1
= -p -p -p p
9 7 d 9 2 , 2 CC
7
53. Find the value of sin-1 ;sin b- 17p lE .

8
Sol : OD 2020
Range of the cos-1 x is [0, p].

x = sin-1 ;sin b- 17p lE
8
But since x d [- 1, 0], hence range is < p , pF
2
= sin b- sin p l
-1 17
49. Write the domain and range (principle value branch) 8
of the following function f ^x h = tan-1 x
= sin-1 <- sin d 2p + p nF
Sol : OD 2023 8
= sin a- sin k
-1 p
Domain and range (principal value branch) of tan-1 x 8
are R and a - p , p k respectively.
2 2 = sin 9sin a p kC
-1 -
8
50. Evaluate cos-1 8cos _- 73x iB p
Sol : =-
OD 2023 8
Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression. 54. Write the value of tan-1 ( 3 ) - cot-1 (- 3 ).
x = cos-1 ;cos b- 7p lE
3 Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression.
= cos ;cos E
-1 7 p
3 x = tan-1 ( 3 ) - cot-1 (- 3)
= cos 9cos a2p + p kC
-1
= tan-1 3 - {p - cot-1 3 }
3
p
= cos-1 a cos 3 k = tan-1 3 - p + cot-1 3
= (tan-1 3 + cot-1 3 ) - p = tan-1 (- 1)
= p - p =- p = tan-1 a- tan p k
2 2 4
which is the required principal value.
= tan 9tan a p kC = - p
-1 -
4 4
55. Find the principal value of tan-1 3 - sec-1 (- 2 ). which is the required principal value.
Sol : Comp 2018, OD 2012
59. Find the value of the following. cot a p - 2 cot-1 3 k
Let x be principal the value of given trigonometric 2
Sol : Comp 2014
expression.
x = tan-1 3 - sec-1 (- 2)
x = cot a p - 2 cot-1 3 k
= tan-1 a tan p k - sec-1 b sec 2p l 2
3 3
= tan (2 cot-1 3 ) cot a p - q k = tan q
= p - 2p = - p
2
3 3 3 = tan a2 cot-1 a cot p kk
which is the required principal value. 6
= tan a2 # k p
6
56. Write the value of cos-1 b- 1 l + 2 sin-1 b 1 l .
2 2
Sol : Foreign 2014 = tan a p k = 3
3
Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression. Thus required value is 3 .
x = cos-1 b - 1 l + 2 sin-1 b 1 l
2 2 60. Write the principal value of =cos-1 3 + cos-1 b- 1 lG
2 2
= ;p - cos b lE + 2 sin-1 b 1 l
-1 1
Sol : Comp 2013
2 2
= 9p - cos a cos kC + 2 sin-1 a sin p k
-1 p Let x be principal the value of given trigonometric
3 6 expression.
= 9p - p C + 2 # p 3 + cos-1 - 1
3 6 x = cos-1
2 b 2l
= 2 p + p
3 3 = cos-1 3 + ;p - cos-1 b 1 lE
2p + p 2 2
= =p
3
Thus required value is p . = cos a cos k + 9p - cos a cos p kC
-1 p -1
6 3
= p+p-p
57. Write the principal value of cos-1 8cos ^680chB . 6 3
Sol : Comp 2014 = 5p
6
Here angle 680c doesn’t lie in the principal value which is the required principal value.
branch [0, 180c]. So we reduce the angle such that, it
lies in principal value branch. 61. Write the principal value of tan-1 (1) + cos-1 b- 1 l .
2
We write 680c as, 2 # 360c - 40c Sol : Delhi 2013
Now, cos-1 [cos (680c)] = cos-1 [cos (2 # 360c - 40c)] Let x be principal the value of given trigonometric
-1
= cos (cos 40c) cos (4p - q) = cos q
expression.
= 40c x = tan-1 (1) + cos-1 b- 1 l

2
Since, 40cd [0, 180c] we have = tan-1 a tan k + cos-1 a- cos p k
p
4 3
cos-1 [cos (680c)] = 40c p
= + cos 9cos ap - kC
-1 p
4 3
which is the required principal value.
p
= + cos b cos l
-1 2p
4 3
58. Write the principal value of tan-1 9sin a - p kC .
Sol :
2 = p + 2p
Comp 2014 4 3
= 11p
tan-1 9sin a- p kC = tan-1 9- sin a p kC 12
2 2
which is the required principal value. 65. Write the value of sin ; p - sin-1 b- 1 lE .
3 2
Alternate Method Sol : Delhi 2011
We have, Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression.
tan (1) + cos b- 1 l = tan-1 (1) + p - cos-1 b 1 l
-1 -1
x = sin ; p - sin-1 b- 1 lE
2 2 3 2
-1 p -1 p
= tan a tan k + p - cos a cos k p 1
4 3 = sin ; + sin-1 b lE
3 2
= p+p-p
4 3 = sin 9 + sin a sin p kC
p -1
3 p + 12 p - 4p = 11p 3 6
=
12 12 = sin 9 p + p C
which is the required principal value. 3 6
= sin p = 1
2
62. Write the value of tan-1 =2 sin c 2 cos-1 3 mG .
Sol :
2 66. Write the value of tan-1 b tan 3p l .
OD 2013 4
Sol : Delhi 2011
Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression. 3p
Here angle 4 doesn’t lie in the principal value
x = tan =2 sin c 2 cos 3
2 mG
-1 -1
branch [- p2 , p2 ]. So we reduce the angle such that, it
lies in principal value branch.
= tan-1 92 sin %2 cos-1 a cos p k/C
6 We write as 3p = p - p
4 4
= tan 92 sin %2 # /C
-1 p Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression.
6
= tan a2 sin k
-1 p x = tan-1 b tan 3p l
3 4
= tan-1 c 2 $ 3 m = tan-1 9tan ap - p kC
2 4
= tan-1 ( 3 ) = tan a- tan k
-1 p
4
= tan-1 a tan p k = p = tan 9tan a- p kC
-1
3 3 4
63. Write the value of cos-1 b 1 l - 2 sin-1 b- 1 l .
2 2 =- p
4
Thus required value is - p4 .
67. Write the value of cos-1 b cos 7p l .
x = cos-1 b 1 l - 2 sin-1 b - 1 l 6
2 2 Sol : Delhi 2011, Foreign 2009, OD 2009
-1 1 -1 1
= cos b l + 2 sin b l Here angle 7p6 doesn’t lie in the principal value
2 2
= p + 2 sin-1 a sin p k branch [0, p]. So we reduce the angle such that, it lies
3 6 in principal value branch.
p
= +2# p
3 6 We write as 7p = 2p - 5p
6 6
= + = 2p
p p
3 3 3
64. Using the principal values, write the value of Now, x = cos-1 b cos 7p l
6
cos-1 12 + 2 sin-1 12 .
Sol : Comp 2012 = cos-1 ;cos b 2p - 5p lE
6
Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression. = cos-1 b cos 5p l
6
x = cos-1 b 1 l + 2 sin-1 b 1 l = 5p
2 2 6
= cos-1 a cos p k + 2 sin-1 a sin p k Thus required value is 5p6 .
3 6
= p+2#p
3 6
= + = 2p
p p
3 3 3
68. What is the principal value of = sin-1 9sin a- p kC

6
cos-1 b cos 2p l + sin-1 b sin 2p l ? =- p
3 3 6
Sol : OD 2011, Comp 2009, Delhi 2008
which is the required value.
Principal value branch of cos-1 x is [0, p] and for
72. What is the principal value of sec-1 (- 2)?
sin-1 x is 9- p , p C .
2 2 Sol : OD 2010
Since, 2p z 9- p , p C , so we write 2p = ap - p k
3 2 2 3 3 sec-1 (- 2) = p - sec-1 (2)
= p - sec-1 (sec p )
x = cos-1 b cos 2p l + sin-1 b sin 2p l 3
3 3 p
= p-
3
= 2p + sin-1 9sin ap - p kC
3 3 2p
=
2 p p 3
= + sin a sin k
-1
3 3 which is the required principal value.
= 2 p + p
3 3 73. What is the domain of the function sin-1 x ?
= 3p =p Sol : Foreign 2010
3
which is the required principal value. The domain of the function sin-1 x is [- 1, 1].
69. What is the principal value of tan-1 (- 1)? 74. Using the principal values, find the value of
Sol : Foreign 2011, Comp 2008 cos-1 b cos 13p l .
6
Sol : Comp 2010
tan-1 (- 1) = tan-1 a- tan p k
4 Here angle 13p 6 doesn’t lie in the principal value
= tan 9tan a- p kC
-1 branch [0, p]. So we reduce the angle such that, it lies
4 in principal value branch.
=- p
4 We write as 13p = 2p + p
which is the required principal value. 6 6
Let x be principal the value of given trigonometric
Alternative : expression.
tan-1 (- 1) = - tan-1 (1) Now, x = cos-1 b cos 13p l
6
= - tan-1 a tan p k = cos 9cos a2p + p kC
-1
4 6
= cos a cos k p
= -p
-1
4 6
which is the required principal value. = p
6
70. Using the principal values, write the value of which is the required value.
sin-1 c- 3 m .
2 75. If tan-1 ( 3 ) + cos-1 x = p , then find the value of x .
Sol : Comp 2011, Delhi 2010 2
Sol : Comp 2010
sin-1 c- 3 = sin-1 - sin p

2 m a 3k We have tan-1 3 + cot-1 x = p
2
= sin-1 9sin a- p kC p
3 tan-1 3 = - cot x -1
2
=- p tan-1 3 = tan-1 x
3
which is the required value.
x = 3
71. Write the principal value of sin-1 b- 1 l . which is the required value.
2
Sol : Comp 2011
sin-1 b- 1 l = sin-1 a- sin p k

2 6
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS x = tan-1 82 cos _2 sin

-1 1
2 iB + tan-1 1
= tan-1 82 cos ^2 sin-1 12 hB + tan-1 1
76. If a = sin-1
2 b 2l
2 + cos-1 - 1 and
= tan-1 82 cos `2 sin-1 ^sin p6 hjB + tan-1 ` tan p4 j
b = tan-1 3 - cot d- 1 n then find the value of
-1
= tan-1 62 cos ^2 # p6 h@ + p4
3
a+b
= tan-1 62 cos p3 @ + p4
Sol : OD 2024
= tan-1 62 # 12 @ + p4
We have a = sin c 2 m + cos-1 b- 1 l
-1
2 2 = tan-1 62 # 12 @ + p4
= sin-1 d 1 n + cos-1 b- 1 l = tan-1 ^1 h + p4
2 2
p
= sin-1 b sin 4 l + cos-1 b cos 2p l
p
= 4 + p4
3
p
p 2 p = 2
= +
4 3
11p 79. Find the domain of y = sin-1 ^x2 - 4h
a =
12 Sol : SQP 2023
and b = tan-1 3 - cot-1 d- 1 n We have, y = sin-1 ^x2 - 4h

3
= p - d p - cot-1 d 1 n n - 1 # x2 - 4 # 1
3 3
- 1 + 4 # x2 # 1 + 4
= - ap - p k
p
3 3
3 # x2 # 5
p
= - 2 p
3 3 3 # x # 5
b =- p
3 x d 7- 5 , - 3 A j7 3 , 5 A
a+b = p + a-p k
11 The domain of y is
12 3
= 11 p - 4 p = 7p 7- 5 , - 3 A j7 3 , 5 A
12 12 12
If cos _cos-1 x + sin-1 12 i = 0 , then find x .
Show that sin-1 ^2x 1 - x2 h = 2 cos-1 x, 1 80.
77. # x # 1.
2
Sol : Delhi 2023
We have sin-1 ^2x 1 - x2 h = 2 cos-1 x, cos b cos-1 x + sin-1 1 l = 0

2
Substituting x = cos q & cos-1 x = q we get -1 p
cos d cos x + n = 0
6
LHS = sin-1 ^2x 1 - x2 h cos x + p = cos 0
-1
6
= sin-1 ^2 cos q 1 - cos2 q h
cos-1 x + p = p , 3p
= sin-1 ^2 cos q sin qh 6 2 2
= sin-1 ^sin 2qh Taking p we have, cos-1 x = p - p = p

2 2 6 3
= 2q Taking 3p we have, cos-1 x = 3p - p = 4p
2 2 6 3
= 2 cos-1 But cos-1 x cannot be greater than p , thus we have
x = RHS
cos-1 x = p
3
Find the value of tan-1 82 cos _2 sin iB + tan-1 1
-1 1
78. 2
x = cos p
Sol : OD 2023 3
x = 1
Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression. 2
81. Evaluate sin-1 _sin 34p i + cos ^cos-1 p h + tan-1 1. 84. Prove that
Sol : Foreing 2023
3 sin-1 x = sin-1 (3x - 4x3), x d :- 1 , 1 D .
Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression. 2 2
Sol : OD 2018
x = sin-1 _sin 34p i + cos ^cos-1 p h + tan-1 1
Let x = sin q then q = sin-1 x . Now we consider RHS.
= sin-1 a sin a p - p kk + p + p
4 4 RHS = sin-1 (3x - 4x3) ...(i)
p
= sin a sin k + p +
-1 p
4 4 = sin-1 (3 sin q - 4 sin3 q)
p
= +p+ = p 3p = sin-1 (sin 3q) sin 3A = 3 sin A - 4 sin3 A
4 4 2
= 3q
82. Solve for x : sin-1 ^1 - x h - 2 sin-1 ^x h = p .
2 = 3 sin-1 x
Sol : OD 2020
= LHS Hence proved.

We have sin-1 ^1 - x h - 2 sin-1 x = p
2
p 85. Prove that 3 cos-1 x = cos-1 ^4x3 - 3x h , x d :1 , 1D .
- 2 sin x = - sin ^1 - x h
-1 -1
Sol :
2
2 Comp 2018
- 2 sin-1 x = cos-1 ^1 - x h
Let x = cos q & q = cos-1 x . Now we consider RHS.
cos ^- 2 sin x h = ^1 - x h
-1
RHS = cos-1 (4x3 - 3x) ...(i)
cos 62 sin ^- x h@ = 1 - x
-1
= cos-1 (4 cos3 q - 3 cos q)
1 - 2 sin "sin ^- x h, = 1 - x
2 -1
7cos 2q = 1 - 2 sin q A
2
= cos-1 (cos 3q) cos 3A = 4 cos3 A - 3 cos A

1 - 2 "sin ^sin ^- x hh, = 1 - x
-1 2
= 3q
1 - 2 ^- x h2 = 1 - x
= 3 cos-1 x = LHS Hence proved.
2
2x - x = 0
86. Solve for x ,
x ^2x - 1h = 0
2 tan-1 (cos x) = tan-1 ^2 cosec x h .
x = 0, 1 Sol : Delhi 2016, Foreign 2015, Comp 2014, OD 2009
2
But, x = 1
does not satisfy the given equation because
2
We have 2 tan-1 (cos x) = tan-1 (2 cosec x)
sin b1 - 1 l - 2 sin-1 b 1 l = p - 2 # p ! p
-1
Using 2 tan-1 x = tan-1 b 2x 2 l; - 1 1 x 1 1 we have
2 2 6 6 2
1-x
tan b 2 cos x = tan-1 b 2 l
1 - cos2 x l
-1
sin x
83. If sin b sin-1 1 + cos-1 x l = 1, then find the value of x . 2 cos x = 2
5
Sol : Delhi 2014 sin2 x sin x
sin x cos x - sin2 x = 0
We have sin b sin-1 1 + cos-1 x l = 1
5 sin x (cos x - sin x) = 0
1
sin-1 + cos-1 x = sin-1 (1)
5 If sin x = 0 then,
sin -1 1
+ cos-1 x = sin-1 a sin p k sin x = sin 0 & x = 0
5 2
If cos x = sin x then
sin -1 1 -1
+ cos x = p
5 2 cot x = 1 = cot p4 & x = p
4
sin-1 1 = p - cos-1 x But here at x = 0 , the given equation does not exist.
5 2
-1 1 Here, x = p in the only solution.
sin = sin-1 x 4
5
Prove that cos-1 (x) + cos-1 ' x + 3 - 3x2 = p .
Thus x = 1 87.
2 2 1 3
5
Sol : Comp 2014

(1 + x) 2 = x2
2
We have cos-1 (x) + cos-1 ' x + 3 - 3x 1 = p x2 + 2x + 1 = x2
2 2 3
-1
Substituting cos x = a & x = cos a we have 2x + 1 = 0
x =- 1
LHS = a + cos-1 ; cos a + 3 1 - cos2 a E 2
2 2
Hence, the required solution is x = - 1 .
= a + cos 9cos cos a + sin p sin aC
-1 p 2
3 3
90. Prove that sin-1 178 + sin-1 35 = cos-1 36
85 .
Now using cos A cos B + sin A sin B = cos (A - B) we
have Sol : Comp 2014, Delhi 2012, Foreign 2010
LHS = a + cos-1 9cos a p - a kC We have sin-1 b 8 l + sin-1 b 3 l = cos-1 b 36 l .

3 17 5 85
p
= a + - a RHS -1 8 -1 3
3 Let sin b l = x and sin b l = y ;
17 5
p
= = RHS Hence proved.
3 Then, sin x = 8 and sin y = 3
17 5
88. Solve the following equation for x . 15
cos x = and cos y = 4
17 5
cos ^tan-1 x h = sin b cot-1 3 l Now cos (x + y) = cos x cos y - sin x sin y
4
Sol : Delhi 2017, Foreign 2014; OD 2013
cos (x + y) = b 15 # 4 l - b 8 # 3 l
We know that 17 5 17 5
1 cos (x + y) = 60 - 24 = 36
tan-1 x = cos-1 85 85 85
1 + x2
and cot-1 y = sin-1 1 x + y = cos-1 b 36 l
85
1 + y2
8 3 36
Now cos ^tan-1 x h = sin b cot-1 3 l sin-1 + sin-1 = cos-1
17 5 85
Hence proved.
4
1 = sin b sin -1 4 Find the value of the following if x 1 1, y 2 0 and
5l
cos c cos-1 91.
1 + x2 m xy 1 1 :
1 =4 1 - y2
1 + x2 5 tan 1 >sin-1 c 2x 2 m + cos-1 e oH ,
2 1+x 1 + y2
16 ^x2 + 1h = 25
16x2 = 9 Sol : Delhi 2013
Let x = tan q and y = tan f , then

x =! 3
4 1 - y2
But x = - 3 does not satisfy the given equation. tan 1 >sin-1 c 2x 2 m + cos-1 e oH
2 1+x 1 + y2
4
Hence, the required solution is x = 3 . 1 - tan2 f
4 = tan 1 >sin-1 c 2 tan q2 m + cos-1 e oH
2 1 + tan q 1 + tan2 f
89. If sin 6cot-1 (x + 1)@ = cos (tan-1 x), then find x . = tan 1 [sin-1 (sin 2q) + cos-1 (cos 2f)]
Sol : Delhi 2015
2
1
= tan [2q + 2f] = tan (q + f)
1 2
We know that tan-1 z = cos-1
1 + z2 = tan (tan-1 x + tan-1 y)
and cot-1 y = sin-1 1
x+y
= tan ;tan-1 c
1 - xy mE
1 + y2
Now sin 6cot-1 (x + 1)@ = cos (tan-1 x)
x+y
1 1 =
= cos c cos-1 1 - xy
1 + x2 m
sin e sin-1 2 o
1 + (x + 1)
1 1 92. Prove that tan-1 = 1 + x - 1 - x G = p - 1 cos-1 x
1 + (1 + x) 2 1 + x2 1+x + 1+x 4 2
- 1 # x # 1.
1 + (1 + x) 2 = 1 + x2 2
Sol : OD 2014, Comp 2014, Delhi 2011

= b 4 # 12 l - b 3 # 5 l
5 13 5 13
We have tan-1 = 1 + x - 1 - x G = p - 1 cos-1 x = 48 15
- = 33
1+x + 1-x 4 2 65 65 65
1 -1
Substituting x = cos 2q & q = cos x we have
2 or cos (x + y) = 33
65
1 + x - 1-x
LHS = tan e o x + y = cos-1 33
-1
1+x + 1-x 65
= tan-1 e 1 + cos 2q - 1 - cos 2q o cos-1 4 + cos-1 12 = cos-1 33 Hence proved.
1 + cos 2q + 1 - cos 2q 5 13 65
= tan e 2 cos q - 2 sin q o
-1 95. Prove that
2 cos q + 2 sin q
= tan b-1 1 - tan q tan-1 a cos x k = p - x , x d a- p , p k .
1 + tan q l 1 + sin x 4 2 2 2
Sol : Delhi 2012
= tan-1 9tan a p - q kC 1 - tan q = tan p - q
a4 k
4 1 + tan q
We have tan-1 a cos x k = p - x , x d a- p , p k .
= p-q 1 + sin x 4 2 2 2
4 cos x
LHS = tan a
1 + sin x k
-1
= p - 1 cos-1 x
4 2 cos2 x2 - sin2 x2
= RHS Hence proved. = tan-1 f p
cos 2 + sin2 x2 + 2 sin x2 cos x2
2x
^cos 2 - sin 2 h^cos 2 + sin 2 h

x x x x
93. Solve that sin-1 8 + sin-1 3 = tan-1 77 . = tan-1 > H
17 5 36 ^cos 2 + sin 2 h2
x x
Sol : Comp 2013
cos x2 - sin x2
= tan-1 e
We have sin-1 b 8 l + sin-1 b 3 l = tan-1 77 . cos x2 + sin x2 o
17 5 36
JK cos x2 - sin x2 NO
-1 8 -1 3
Let sin b l = x and sin b l = y ; K cos x
= tan-1 KK cos x2
x
cos 2 O
17 5 sin
KK x2 + 2x OO x O
O
Then, sin x = 8 and sin y = 3 cos

L 2
cos 2
-1 1 - tan 2
x P
17 5
= tan e
1 + tan x o
cos x = 15 and cos y = 4 2
17 5
= tan :tan a p - x kD
-1
8 3 4 2
tan x = and tan y =
15 4 = RHS
-1 8
Now, LHS = x + y = tan + tan-1 3
15 4
96. Prove that sin-1 b 63 l = sin-1 b 5 l + cos-1 b 3 l .
8
+ 3 65 13 5
= tan e 15 8 4 3 o
-1
Sol : Foreign 2012
1 - 15 # 4
= tan a
60 - 24 k
-1 32 + 45
We have sin-1 b 63 l = sin-1 b 5 l + cos-1 b 3 l
65 13 5
= tan-1 b 77 l = RHS Hence proved. Let sin-1 5 = x and cos -1 3
= y,
36 13 5
94. Prove that sin x = 5 and cos y = 3
13 5
cos-1 b 4 l + cos-1 b 12 l = cos-1 b 33 l . cos x = 12 and sin y = 5
4
5 13 65 13
Sol : OD 2012, Delhi 2012, Foreign 2005
Now, sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
We have cos b 4 l + cos-1 b 12 l = cos-1 b 33 l
-1
= 5 $ 3 + 12 $ 4
5 13 65 13 5 13 5
4
Let cos-1 = x and cos-1 b l = y12
5 13 = 15 + 48 = 63
65 65 65
cos x = and cos y = 12
4 ...(i) sin (x + y) = 63
5 13 65
Now sin x = and sin y = 5
3
x + y = sin-1 b 63 l
5 13 65
Now cos (x + y) = cos x cos y - sin x sin y
sin-1 b 5 l + cos-1 b 3 l = sin-1 b 63 l Hence proved. 99. Solve for x , cos (2 sin-1 x) = 1 ; x 2 0 .
13 5 65 9
Sol : Comp 2011
97. Solve for x ,
We have cos ^2 sin-1 x h = 1 , x 2 0
2 tan-1 (sin x) = tan-1 (2 sec x), x ! p . 9
2 Substituting sin-1 x = y we have x = sin y given
Sol : SQP 2012
equation becomes
We have 2 tan-1 (sin x) = tan-1 (2 sec x), x ! p cos 2y = = 1
2 9
Using 2 tan-1 x = tan-1 b 2x 2 l; - 1 1 x 1 1 we have 1
1-x 2
1 - 2 sin y =
9
tan-1 b 2 sin x2 l = tan-1 b 2 l
cos x
1 - sin x 2 sin2 y = 1 - 1 = 8
2 sin x = 2 9 9
cos2 x cos x
sin2 y = 4
2
sin x cos x - cos x = 0 9
x = 4 & x =! 2
2
cos x (sin x - cos x) = 0 9 3
If cos x = 0 then, But it given that, x 2 0 thus x = 2
3
cos x = cos p2 & x = p
2
100. Prove that cos-1 b 12 l + sin-1 b 3 l = sin-1 b 56 l .
If sin x = cos x then 13 5 65
Sol : Delhi 2010
tan x = 1 = tan p4 & x = p
4
But here at x = 0 , the given equation does not exist. We have cos-1 b 12 l + sin-1 b 3 l = sin-1 b 56 l
13 5 65
Here, x = p in the only solution. -1 12 -1 3
Let cos b l = x and sin b l = y ,
4 13 5
12 3
98. Solve for x , sin-1 (1 - x) - 2 sin-1 x = p . cos x = and sin y = 5
2 13
Sol :
sin x = 5 and cos y = 4
Comp 2013, OD 2010
13 5
We have sin-1 (1 - x) - 2 sin-1 x = p Now, sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
2
sin-1 (1 - x) = p + 2 sin-1 x = 5 $ 4 + 12 $ 3
2 13 5 13 5
20 + 36 = 56
1 - x = sin a p + 2 sin-1 x k =
65 65 65
2
1 - x = cos (2 sin-1 x) sin a p + q k = cos q or sin (x + y) = 56
2 65
Substituting sin-1 x = q , & x = sin q we have x + y = sin-1 b 56 l
65
1 - x = cos (2q)
cos b l + sin b l = sin-1 b 56 l Hence Proved
-1 12 -1 3
13 5 65
1 - x = 1 - 2 sin2 q cos 2A = 1 - 2 sin2 A
1 - x = 1 - 2x2
2x2 - x = 0
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
x (2x - 1) = 0
101. Express tan-1 ^ 1 -cossinx x h , -23p < x < p
2 in the simplest
Thus x = 0 or x = 1 form.
2
Sol : SQP 2023
For x = , LHS = sin-1 b 1 l - 2 sin-1 b 1 l
1
2 2 2 Let x be the value of given trigonometric expression
= -p 2 p = - p ! p in simplest form.
6 6 6 2
Thus x = 2 is not a solution of given equation.
1
x = tan-1 a cos x k
1 - sin x
Hence, x = 0 is the only solution.
sin ^ p2 - x h
= tan-1 > H
1 - cos ^ p2 - x h
2 sin ^ p4 - x2 h cos ^ p4 - x2 h Find simplest form of tan-1 e 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x o

= tan-1 > H 103.
2 sin2 ^ p4 - x2 h , p < x < 3p .
1 + cos x - 1 - cos x
2
= tan-1 cot a p - x k
4 2 Sol :
= tan :tan b p - a p - x klD
-1
Let x be the simplest form of given trigonometric
2 4 2
p x expression.
= tan :tan a + kD
-1
4 2
p x = tan-1 e 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x o p < x < 3p
- 3p
2
Now, <x< 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x
2 2
2 cos x2 + 2 sin x2
- 3p <x <p = tan-1 f p p<x< 3p
2 2 4 2 cos x2 - 2 sin x2
2
-p < + <p
x p
2 2 4 2 - cos x2 + sin x2 cos x2 < 0 x d _p, 32p i
= tan-1 e x o > H
- cos 2 - sin 2 sin x2 > 0 x d _p, 32p i
x
= tan a cos x
1 - sin x k
-1
x
cos x2 - sin x2
= tan-1 e
cos x2 + sin x2 o
p x
= tan tan a 4 + 2 k
-1
= p+x 1 - tan x2
= tan-1 e
1 + tan x2 o
4 2
1
102. Prove that if # x # 1, then
= tan-1 9tan ` p4 - x2 jC
2
cos x + cos c x + 3 - 3x2 = p

m 3
-1 -1
2 2 = p-x
Sol : SQP 2018 4 2
Let cos-1 x = q 104. Find the value of sin b cos-1 4 + tan-1 2 l .

5 3
Sol : OD 2019, Comp 2017
1
Then, for all x d :2 , 1D , q d 90, p C 3
3 Let x = cos-1 4 then x = tan-1 4
5
Thus x = cos q Now,
sin b cos-1 4 + tan-1 2 l = sin b tan-1 3 + tan-1 2 l

2
We have, cos-1 x + cos-1 c x + 3 - 3x m = p 5 3 4 3
2 2 3
3 2
= sin f tan-1 e 4 3 3 2 o p
2 #
LHS = cos-1 x + cos-1 c x + 3 - 3x m 1- 4 # 3
2 2
-1 cos q
= q + cos ; + 3 - 3 cos2 q
E = sin b tan-1 17 l
2 2 6
Now, let tan-1 b 17 l = y then tan y = 17
2
= q + cos-1 ; cos q + 3 1 - cos q E 6 6
2 2
17 17
2
sin y = = = 17
= q + cos-1 ; cos q + 3 sin q E 62 + 172 325 5 13
2 2
y = sin c 17
5 13 m
-1
= q + cos-1 ; cos q + 3 sin q E
2 2
= tan-1 b 17 l
= q + cos-1 ;cos q $ 1 + 3 $ sin qE 6
2 2 4 2
Hence, sin b cos-1 + tan-1 l = sin c sin-1 17 m
= q + cos 9cos q $ cos + sin p sin qC
-1 p 5 3 5 13
3 3
= 17
= q + cos-1 9cos aq - p kC 5 13
3 which is the required value.
p
= q + cos 9cos a - q kC
-1
3 105. Prove that
p
= q+ -q
3 cot-1 e 1 + sin x + 1 - sin x o = x ,
1 + sin x - 1 - sin x 2
=p
3
where 0 1 x 1 p , or x d a 0, p k .
= RHS Hence Proved 2 4
Sol : Foreign 2016, Delhi 2014, Delhi 2011, OD 2009 2

2 (tan-1 x) 2 - p tan-1 x = 3p
x x x x 8
1 + sin x = sin2 2 + cos2 2 + 2 sin 2 cos 2
Let tan-1 x = q , where q d a - p , p k
2 2
= `cos x + sin x j
2
2
2 2 Then we have 2q - pq = 3p
2
x x 8
1 + sin x = cos 2 + sin 2 (1)
16q2 - 8pq - 3p2 = 0
Similarity we have
x x 16q2 - 12pq + 4pq - 3p2 = 0
1 - sin x = cos 2 - sin 2 (2)
Adding (1) and (2) we have 4q (4q - 3p) + p (4q - 3p) = 0
x (4q + p) (4q - 3p) = 0
1 + sin x + 1 - sin x = 2 cos 2
Subtracting (2) from (1) we have Thus q = - p or q = 3p
x 4 4
1 + sin x - 1 - sin x = 2 sin 2 But q d a - p , p k , so q ! 3p
2 2 4
Now LHS of given equation becomes
Now, q = -p
2 cos x2 4
cot-1 e 1 + sin x + 1 - sin x o = cot-1 e
2 sin x2 o tan x = p
-1 -
1 + sin x - 1 - sin x 4
= cot-1 a cot x k
2 x = tan a- p k = - tan p
4 4
= x
2 Thus x =- 1
Since LHS = RHS Hence proved.
If tan-1 b 1 1
1 + 1 $ 2l
+ tan-1 b
1 + 2 $ 3l
107.
Alternate Method
+ ... + tan-1 c 1
1 + n (n + 1) m
1 + sin x + 1 - sin x = tan-1 q ,
1 + sin x - 1 - sin x then find the value fo q .
= 1 + sin x + 1 - sin x # 1 + sin x + 1 - sin x Sol : Foreign 2015, OD 2012
1 + sin x - 1 - sin x 1 + sin x + 1 - sin x
^ 1 sin x 1 sin x h
Here we convert each inverse trigonometric function
+ + - 2
= in the form of tan-1 c x - 1 m and then use the formula

^ 1 + sin x h - ^ 1 - sin x h
2 2
1 + xy
2 -1 x - y
tan b
= 1 + sin x + 1 - sin x + 2 1 - sin x 1 + xy l
= tan-1 x - tan-1 y ; xy 2- 1.
1 + sin x - 1 + sin x
= 2 + 2 cos x Here n th therm is
2 sin x
1 (n + 1) - n
= cot x tan-1 c
1 + n ^n + 1h m
= tan-1 e
1 + n ^n + 1h o
2
1 + sin x + 1 - sin x x = tan-1 ^n - 1h - tan-1 ^n h
Now cot e o = cot a cot 2 k
-1 -1
1 + sin x - 1 - sin x Thus given equation reduce to

=x tan-1 b 1 1
1 + 1 $ 2l
+ tan-1 b
2 1 + 2 $ 3l
Since LHS = RHS Hence proved. 1
+ ... + tan-1 c
1 + n ^n + 1h m
= tan-1 q
2
106. If (tan-1 x) 2 + (cot-1 x) 2 = 5p , then find x . tan-1 (2) - tan-1 (1) + tan-1 (3) - tan-1 (2)
8
Sol : Delhi 2015
+ ... + tan-1 (n + 1) - tan-1 (n) = tan-1 q
2
We have (tan-1 x) 2 + (cot-1 x) 2 = 5p Thus tan-1 (n + 1) - tan-1 (1) = tan-1 q
8
tan-1 c n+1-1
1 + (n + 1) $ 1 m
2
(tan-1 x) 2 + a p - tan-1k = 5p = tan-1 q
2
2 8
tan-1 a n
1 + n + 1k
2
= tan-1 q
(tan-1 x) 2 + a p k - 2 # p # tan-1 x + (tan-1 x) 2 = 5p
2
2 2 8
2 2 q = n
2 (tan-1 x) 2 + p - p tan-1 x = 5p 2+n
4 8
2 2
2 (tan-1 x) 2 - p tan-1 x = 5p - p
8 4
108. Show that tan b 1 sin-1 3 l = 4 - 7 . Let cot-1 b 3 l = y then

2 4 3 2
Sol : OD 2013
cot y = 3 , sin y = 2 and cos y = 3
2 13 13
We have tan b 1 sin-1 3 l = 4 - 7 Now,
2 4 3
1 -1 3
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y - sin x sin y
LHS = tan b sin
4l
...(1)
2
=4# 3 -3
#
2
Let 1 sin-1 b 3 l = q ...(2) 5 13 5 13
2 4
= 12 - 6 RHS
Then, sin b l = 2q & sin 2q = 3
-1 3 5 13 5 13
4 4
3 = 6 = RHS
Now, sin 2q = 5 13
4 Hence proved.
2 tan q = 3 sin 2q = 2 tan q2
1 + tan2 q 4 1 + tan q
110. Prove that
8 tan q = 3 + 3 tan2 q
9p - 9 sin-1 1 = 9 sin-1 2 2 .
8 4 b3l 4 c 3 m
3 tan2 q - 8 tan q + 3 =0
Sol : Foreign 2011, Comp 2010
Now, by quadratic formula we have
- (- 8) ! (- 8) 2 - 4 # 3 # 3 We have 9p - 9 sin-1 b 1 l = 9 sin-1 c 2 2 m .
tan q = 8 4 3 4 3
2#3
-1 1 -1 2 2
Let sin b l = x and sin c
3 m
= y then
= 8 ! 64 - 36 3
6
sin x = 1 and sin y = 2 2
= 8 ! 28 3 3
6
cos x = 2 2 and cos y = 1
Thus tan q = 4! 7 3 3
3
Now, sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
As, -p # 2q # p
2 2
, - p #q# p =1#1+2 2 #2 2
4 4 3 3 3 3
1 8 9
= + = =1
-1 # tan q # 1 9 9 9
sin (x + y) = 1
tan q = 4 - 7 4+ 7
21
3 3
x + y = sin-1 (1)
q = tan-1 c 4 - 7 m
3
= sin-1 a sin p k = p
1 sin-1 3 = tan-1 4 - 7 2 2
b4l c 3 m
x+y = p
2
Thus
2
tan b 1 sin-1 3 l = c 4 - 7 m
sin-1 b 1 l + sin-1 c 2 2 m = p
2 4 3
1 -1 3 4 - 7 = RHS 3 3 2
tan b sin
4l
=
2 3 9 sin-1 1 + 9 sin-1 2 2 = 9p
Hence proved. 4 b3l 4 c 3 m 8
9p - 9 sin-1 1 = 9 sin-1 2 2 Hence proved.
109. Prove the following. 8 4 b3l 4 c 3 m
cos b cos-1 3 + cot-1 3 l = 6 Alternative :

5 2 5 13
Sol :
LHS = 9p - 9 sin-1 b 1 l
OD 2012
8 4 3
We have cos b sin-1 3 + cot-1 3 l = 6 9 p -1 1
= ; - sin b lE
5 2 5 13 4 2 3
= :cos a kD
Let sin -1 3 = x then 9 -1 1
5 4 3
sin x = 3 and cos x = 4 = 9 sin-1 b 1 - 1 l
5 5 4 9
= 9 sin-1 b 8 l = tan-1 x
4 9
= LHS Hence proved.
= 9 sin-1 c 2 2 m
4 3
= RHS Hence proved. 113. Prove that cos [tan-1 {sin (cot-1 x)}] = 1 + x2 .
2 + x2
Sol : OD 2010
111. Solve for x ,
2
We have cos [tan-1 {sin (cot-1 x)}] = 1 + x2
tan-1 b 2x 2 l + cot-1 b 1 - x l = p , - 1 1 x 1 1. 2 + x2
1-x 2x 3
Sol : Comp 2011 LHS = cos [tan-1 {sin (cot-1 x)}]
2 Substituting cot-1 x = q & x = cot q we have
tan-1 b 2x 2 l + cot-1 b 1 - x l = p
1-x 2x 3
LHS = cos [tan-1 (sin q)]
tan b 2 x 2 x p
1 - x2 l
+ tan b
1 - x2 l 3
-1 -1
=
= cos ;tan-1 b 1
2 tan-1 b 2x 2 l = p cosec q lE
1-x 3 1
= cos =tan-1 c
tan-1 b 2x 2 l = p 1 + cot2 q mG
1-x 6
= cos =tan-1 c 1
1 + x2 mG
2x = tan p
1 - x2 6
2x = 1 = cos f
1 - x2 3 1 1
where, tan-1 c
1 + x2 m
= f or tan f =
2 3 x = 1 - x2 1 + x2
x2 + 2 3 x - 1 = 0 Now, LHS = cos f
= 1
By quadratic formula we have sec f
1
x = - 2 3 ! 12 + 4 = \
2 1 + tan2 f
- 2 3 ! 4 = 1
=
2 1+ 1 2
1+x
= 4 - 2 3 , -4 - 2 3 = 1
2 2
1 + x2 + 1
Thus x = 2 - 3 or - (2 + 3 ) 1 + x2
But it is given that - 1 1 x 1 1, so x = - (2 + 3 ) is 1 + x2 = RHS
=
rejected, hence x = 2 - 3 . 2 + x2
Hence proved.
112. Prove that
114. Solve for x , cos-1 x + sin-1 a x k = p .
tan-1 x = 1 cos-1 b 1 - x l , x d (0, 1). Sol :
2 6
2 1+x Comp 2010
We have cos-1 x + sin-1 a x k = p

2 6
We have tan x = 1 cos-1 b 1 - x l , x d (0, 1).
-1
2 1+x -1 p -1 x
cos x = - sin
1 -1 1 - x 6 2
RHS = cos b
2 1+xl p
x = cos a - sin-1 x k
1 - ( x )2 6 2
= 1 cos-1 > H Using cos (x - y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y we have
2 1 + ( x )2
Substituting x = tan q , we have x = cos p cos a sin-1 x k + sin p sin a sin-1 x k
6 2 6 2
2
RHS = 1 cos-1 c 1 - tan2 q m
2
2 1 + tan q x = 3 cos c cos-1 1 - x m + x
2 4 4
1 -1
= cos (cos 2q) 1 - tan2 A = cos 2A 2
2 1 + tan2 A x = 3 c 1 - x m+ x
2 4 4
1
= (2q) = q
2
2 = 132
x-x = 3c 1-x m
4 2 4
2 AC = 13 m
3x = 3 x
4 2 c 1- m
4 5
Now sin a = CD = 13
9x2 = 3 1 - x2 AC
16 4b 4l i.e. a = sin-1 135
2
3 x2 = 1 - x
4 4 (ii) cos-1 135
2
3 x2 + x = 1 p
4 4 cos-1 a + sin-1 a = 2
4x2 = 1 p
4 cos-1 135 + sin-1 135 = 2
x2 = 1 & x = ! 1 cos-1 135 = p2 - sin-1 5
13
But x = - 1, does not satisfy the given equation. (iii) In TBDC

Hence, x = 1 satisfy the given equation.
13
tan b = CD = 5
DB
CASE BASED QUESTIONS i.e. b = tan-1 135

(iv) cot-1 135
p
115. Two mean on either side of a temple of 5 meters high tan-1 a + cot-1 a = 2
observe its top at the angles of elevation a and b
p
respectively. (as shown in the figure above). tan-1 135 + cot-1 135 = 2
cot-1 135 = p2 - tan-1 13

5
************
The distance between the two men is 25 metres and

the distance between the first person A and the
temple is 12 meters.
(i) Find the value of a .
(ii) Find the value of cos-1 135
(iii) Find the value of b .
(ii) Find the value of cot-1 135
Sol :
We make the figure as shown below.
(i) In TADC
AC2 = AD2 + CD2
= 122 + 52
Page 58 Matrices CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
MATRICES
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 0 1
A => H
1 0
0 1 0 1
1. The product of matrix P and Q is equal to a diagonal A2 = > H> H
matrix. If the order of matrix Q is 3 # 2 , then order 1 0 1 0
of matrix P is 1 0
(a) 2 × 2 (b) 3 × 3 => H
0 1
(c) 2 × 3 (d) 3 × 2 Thus (c) is correct option.
Sol : OD 2024
3. If A is a 2 # 3 matrix such that AB and ABl both
Let P is m # n matrix. Given PQ is diagonal matrix are defined, then order of matrix B is
Since diagonal matrix is always square matrix, PQ is (a) 2 # 2 (b) 2 # 1
square matrix. Thus PQ is defined
(c) 3 # 2 (d) 3 # 3
Given Q is 3 × 2 matrix. For PQ has to be square
Sol : OD 2023
matrix m has to be 2 and n has to be 3
Let order of matrix B is m # n .
i.e. m=2
AB and ABl both are defined.
n =3
6A@ 2 # 3 6B@ m # n = 6AB@ 2 # n
2. Find the matrix A , where A = 6aij@ is a 2 × 2 matrix
2
and m =3
whose elements are given by aij = maximum î, j h -
minimum Similarly, 6A@ 2 # 3 6Bl@ n # m = 6ABl@ 2 # m
0 0 0 1
(a) > H (b) > H and n =3
0 0 1 0
Therefore, the order of matrix B is 3 # 3 .
1 0 1 1
(c) > H (d) > H Thus (d) is correct option.
0 1 1 1
Sol : OD 2024 2 0
4. If > H = P + Q where P is a symmetric and Q is a
5 4
We have A = 6aij@ is 2 × 2 matrix skew symmetric matrix, then Q is equal to :
Now aij = maximum î, j h - minimum î, j h 2 52 0 - 52
(a) > 5 H (b) > 5
2 4 0H
a11 = max ^1, 1h - min ^1, 1h
2
0 52 2 - 52
= 1-1 = 0 (c) > 5 H (d) > 5 H
-2 0 2 4
a12 = max ^1, 2h - min ^1, 2h Sol : OD 2023
= 2-1 = 1 2 0
Let A => H
5 4
a21 = max ^2, 1h - min ^2, 1h
Any matrix can be written as the sum of a symmetric
= 2 - 1= 1 matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix
a22 = max ^2, 2h - min ^2, 2h A = P+Q
= 2-2 = 0 = 1 Â + AT h + 1 Â - AT h
2 2
CHAPTER 3 Matrices Page 59
Here Q = 1 Â - AT h 7. If AB = A and BA = B , then B2 is equal to

2
(a) B (b) A
2 0 2 5 (c) - B (d) B3
= 1f> H - > Hp
2 5 4 0 4 Sol : Foreign 2018, OD 2011
0 -5 Given, AB = A and BA = B
= 1f> Hp
2 5 0
Now, BA = B
0 - 5
Q = >5 H BAB = BB
2
2 0
Thus (b) is correct option. B (A) = B2
5. If A is 3 # 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A'B B = B2

and BA' are both defined, then B is of the type Thus option (a) is correct.
(a) 4 # 4 (b) 3 # 4
3 1
If A = >
2H
(c) 4 # 3 (d) 3 # 3 8. , then
-1
(a) A2 + 7A - 5I = O
Since A is 3 # 4 matrix. So, A' is 4 # 3 matrix.
(b) A2 - 7A + 5I = O
Since, A'B is defined, therefore number of column in
A' must be equal to the number of row in B . Thus (c) A2 + 5A - 7I = O
number of row in B is 3. (d) A2 - 5A + 7I = O
Since, BA' is defined, therefore number of column in Sol : Delhi 2017
B must be equal to the number of row in A' . Thus
number of column in B is 4. 3 1
We have, A = >
Hence, B is the type 3 # 4 . - 1 2H
Thus option (b) is correct. 3 1 3 1 8 5
A2 = >
- 1 2H>- 1 2H >- 5 3H
R1 2 4V =
S W
6. The symmetric part of the matrix A = S6 8 2W is 15 5
5A = >
- 5 10H
equal to SS2 - 2 7WW and
R 0 - 2 - 1V R1 4 3V T X
S W S W
(a) S- 2 0 - 2W (b) S4 8 0W 8 5 15 5 7 0
SS- 1 - 2 0 WW SS3 0 7WW Now, A2 - 5A + 7I = > H -> H +> H
- 5 3 5 10 0 7
TR V X RT1 4 3VX 0 0
S 0 - 2 1W S W => H= O
(c) S 2 0 2W (d) S4 8 0W 0 0
SS- 1 2 0WW SS3 0 7WW
Thus option (d) is correct.
T X T X
Sol : Comp 2007
9. Choose the correct option for the values of x , y and z
R1 2 4V 4 x-z 4 3
from the following equations >
2 + y xz H >- 1 10H
S W = .
We have A = S6 8 2W
SS2 - 2 7WW
(a) x = - 5 , y = 3 , z = 2
T X
Symmetric part of A, (b) x = 5 , y = - 3 , z = 2
R1 2 4V R1 6 2 V (c) x = 5 , y = 3 , z = - 2
+ A'] = *S6 8 2W + S2 8 - 2W4
1 1 S W S W
2 [ A (d) x = 5 , y = - 3 , z = - 2
2 S
S2 - 2 7WW SS4 2 7 WW Sol : Comp 2010
R2T 8 6 VX RT1 4 3V X
S W S W
= 1 S8 16 0 W = S4 8 0W 4 x-z 4 3
2S We have >2 + y xz H = >- 1 10H
S6 0 14WW SS3 0 7WW
Thus option (b) isT correct.X T X Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
x-z = 3 ...(1)
2 + y =- 1 x =- 4
y =- 1 - 2 =- 3 ..(2) Thus option (c) is correct.
and xz = 10 ...(3) 12. If A = 6aij@2 # 2 , where aij = i + j , then A is equal to

1 1 1 2
Now, (x + z) 2 = (x - z) 2 + 4xz (a) > H (b) >1 2H
2 2
= (3) 2 + 4 # 10 1 2 2 3
(c) > H (d) >3 4H
3 4
= 9 + 40
Sol : Foreign 2014
(x + z) 2 = 49
a11 a12
x+z = 7 ...(4) We have A = >a a H
21 22
Adding Eqs. (1) and (4), we get

1+1 1+2
=> H = >3 4 H
2 3
2x = 10 & x = 5 2+1 2+2
From Eq. (1), we have Thus option (d) is correct.
5 - z = 3 &- z = 3 - 5
x 1
z =2 13. If A = > H and A2 is the identity matrix, then x is
1 0
Hence, x = 5 , y = - 3 and z = 2 . equal to
Thus option (b) is correct. (a) - 1 (b) 0
R1 3V (c) 1 (d) 2
-1 3 0 S W Sol :
Choose the correct option for > H
Delhi 2016, OD 2012
10. # S 0 2 W.
2 1 4 SS- 2 - 1WW
x 1
1 3 -1 -3 T X We have A => H
1 0
(a) > H (b) > H
6 -4 6 4
x 1 x 1
-1 3 -1 3 Now, A2 = > H> H
(c) >
- 6 4H
(d) >
- 6 - 4H
1 0 1 0
x2 + 1 x
>0 1 H = > H
Sol : SQP 2020
1 0
x 1
R1 3V
-1 + 0 + 0 -3 + 6 + 0 Equating the corresponding elements, we get x = 0
> 2 1 4HS 0 2 W = > 2 + 0 - 8 6 + 2 - 4 H
-1 3 0 S W
SS- 2 - 1WW Thus option (b) is correct.
T X
-1 3 14. If A and B are two symmetric matrices of same order
=>
- 6 4H then, the matrix AB - BA is equal to
Thus option (c) is correct. (a) a symmetric matrix
(b) a skew-symmetric matrix
3 x-1
If A = >
2x + 3 x + 2H
11. is a symmetric matrix, then the (c) a null matrix
value of x is (d) the identity matrix
(a) 4 (b) 3 Sol : Comp 2009
(c) - 4 (d) - 3 We have A = A' , B = B'

Now,(AB - BA) ' = (AB) ' - (BA) '
3 x-1
Since A = >
2x + 3 x + 2H
is a symmetric matrix, i.e. = B'A' - A'B'
AT = A ,
= BA - AB
3 2x + 3 3 x-1
>x - 1 x + 2 H = >2x + 3 x + 2H
= - (AB - BA)
Equating the corresponding elements, we get Hence, AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
2x + 3 = x - 1 Thus option (b) is correct.
1 -2 cos 2a sin 2a
If A = >
4 5H
=>
- sin 2a cos 2aH
15. and f (A) = A2 - 3A + 7 , then = A (2a)
3 6 Thus option (a) is correct.
f (A) + >
- 12 - 9H
is equal to
1 0 0 0 18. Two matrix are said to be equal if
(a) > H (b) > H (a) Their order is same
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 (b) Their corresponding elements are identical
(c) > H (d) > H
1 0 0 0 (c) Their order is not same
Sol : SQP 2015 (d) Their order is same and corresponding elements
are identical
1 -2 1 -2 - 7 - 12
A2 = >
4 5 H>4 5 H > 24 17 H
We have = Sol : Comp 2007
Two matrix are said to be equal if their order is same

Now, f (A) = A2 - 3A + 7 and corresponding elements are identical.
- 7 - 12 1 -2 1 0 Thus option (d) is correct.
=>
24 17 H
- 3>
4 5H
+ 7> H
0 1
19. A matrix in which number of column is more than
-3 -6 number of rows is called
=>
12 9 H (a) Horizontal Matrix
3 6 -3 -6 3 6 (b) Triangular Matrix
f (A) + >
- 12 - 9H > 12 9 H >- 12 - 9H
= +
(c) Vertical matrix
0 0 (d) Scalar Matrix
=> H
0 0 Sol : Delhi 2010
Thus option (b) is correct.
A matrix in which number of column is more than
16. If A is square matrix, A' is its transpose, then number of rows is called horizontal matrix.
Thus option (a) is correct.
2 (A - A') is
1
(a) a symmetric matrix

20. If all elements in a diagonal matrix in the principal
(b) a skew-symmetric matrix diagonal are equal, the matrix called as
(c) a unit matrix (a) Vector matrix
(d) an elementary matrix (b) Scalar matrix
Sol : OD 2013 (c) Singular matrix
1 (d) Single Element matrix

- = 1 (A' - A)
2 (A A') ' 2 Sol : SQP 2018
= - 1 (A - A') If all elements in a diagonal matrix in the principal

2
Hence, it is a skew-symmetric matrix. diagonal are equal, the matrix called as scalar matrix.
Thus option (b) is correct. Thus option (b) is correct.
cos a sin a 21. True for matrix multiplication is

If A (a) = >
- sin a cos aH
17. , then the matrix A2 (a) is (a) Commutative law
equal to (b) Associative law
(a) A (2a) (b) A (a) (c) Both of laws
(c) A (3a) (d) A (4a) (d) None of these
cos a sin a cos a sin a Multiplication of Matrices is not always commutative

A2 (a) = >
- sin a cos aH>- sin a cos aH but associative law is obeyed.
cos2 a - sin2 a 2 cos a sin a
=> H
- 2 sin a cos a cos2 a - sin2 a
R 2 1 - 1V
22. Choose the correct option S W
(a) Every unit matrix is a scalar matrix (c) S- 2 - 1 1W (d) Not defined
SS 4 2 - 2WW
(b) Every scalar matrix is a unit matrix
Sol :T X SQP 2017
(c) Every Diagonal matrix is a unit matrix
R 1V R 2 1 - 1V
(d) A square matrix in which all elements are 1 is a S W S W
unit matrix S- 1W82 1 - 1B = S- 2 - 1 1W
SS 2WW SS 4 2 - 2WW
Sol : OD 2018
T X T X
Thus option (c) is correct.
Every Unit matrix is a scalar matrix
Thus option (a) is correct. 27. If a matrix A is such that 4A3 + 2A2 + 7A + I = 0,
then A-1 =
23. A matrix in which number of rows is more than (a) (6A2 + 2A - 5I)
number of column is called
(b) (6A2 + 2A + 5I)
(a) Vertical Matrix
(c) - (4A2 + 2A + 7I)
(b) Horizontal Matrix
(d) - (4A2 - 2A + 7I)
(c) Identity Matrix
Sol : Delhi 2016
(d) Scalar Matrix
Sol : Foreign 2014 4A3 + 2A2 + 7A + I = 0
A matrix in which number of rows is more than A-1 (4A3 + 2A2 + 7A + I) = 0

number of column is called vertical matrix
4A2 + 2A + 7I + A-1 I = 0
A-1 = - (4A2 + 2A + 7I)
24. Two matrices are said to be comparable if they have
(a) Same number of rows Thus option (c) is correct.
(b) Same number of columns 1 1
28. If A = > H , then A100 =
(c) Same number of rows and columns 1 1
(d) None of these (a) 2100 A (b) 299 A
Sol : OD 2012, Comp 2009 (c) 100A (d) 99A
Two matrices are said to be comparable if they have Sol : Comp 2010, OD 2008
same number of rows and columns.
2 2
Thus option (c) is correct. A2 = > H = 2A
2 2
25. A Identity matrix is that square matrix A3 = 22 A ,
(a) Whose all elements are zero
An = 2n - 1 ,
(b) Elements present on diagonal are zero
(c) All elements are zero and elements of diagonal are A100 = 299 A
unity Thus option (b) is correct.
(d) All elements are non-zero
29. If A and B are 2 # 2 matrices, then which of the
Sol : Delhi 2010
following is true ?
A Identity matrix is that square matrix all elements (a) (A + B) (A - B) = A2 - B2
are zero and element of diagonal are unity. (b) (A - B) 2 = A2 + B2 - 2AB
(c) (A - B) (A + B) = A2 + AB - BA - B2
R 1V
S W (d) (A + B) 2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB
26. S- 1W82 1 - 1B = Sol : OD 2012
SS 2WW R 2V
T X S W (A + B) (A - B) = A2 - AB + BA - B2
(a) 6- 1@ (b) S- 1W
SS- 2WW ! A2 - B2 6AB ! BA@
T X
(A - B) 2 = A2 - AB - BA + B2 Thus option (d) is correct.
! A2 + B2 - 2AB 6AB ! BA@ x 1

33. If A = > H and A2 is the identity matrix, then x is
1 0
(A - B) (A + B) = A2 + AB - BA - B2
(a) - 1 (b) 0
(A + B) 2 = A2 + AB + BA + B2 (c) 1 (d) 2
6AB ! BA@
2 2
! A + B + 2AB Sol : SQP 2017

x 1 x 1
A2 = > H> H
1 2 3 4 1 0 0 1
30. If A = > H and B = > H then transpose matrix of
3 0 1 6 x2 + 1 x 1 0
AB is > x 1
H = >0 1H
5 16 5 9
(a) >
9 12H
(b) >
16 12H x2 + 1 = 1 or x = 0
5 12 Thus option (b) is correct.
(c) >
9 16H
(d) None of these
i 0
Sol : Delhi 2011 34. If A = > H , then A2 =
0 i
1 2 3 4 5 16 1 0 -1 0
AB = > H > H = >
3 0 1 6 9 12H (a) >
0 - 1H
(b) >
0 - 1H
5 9 -1 0
(AB)l = >
16 12H
1 0
(c) > H (d) >
0 1 0 1H
Thus option (b) is correct. Sol : OD 2015, Delhi 2011
31. If A2 - A + I = 0 , then A-1 = i 0

A => H
(a) A (b) I + A 0 i
(c) I - A (d) A - I i 0 i 0
A # A = > H#> H
Sol : OD 2017, Foreign 2013 0 i 0 i
Multiplying both sides by A-1 , we get i2 + 0 0 + 0 -1 0
A2 = > H = > 0 - 1H
A-1 (A2) - A-1 (A) + A-1 (I) = A-1 (0) 0 + 0 0 + i2
A - I + A-1 = 0
A-1 = I - A 35. If AT , BT are transpose matrices of the square
matrices A, B respectively, then (AB)T =
R1 2 2V (a) AT BT (b) ABT
S W
32. If A = S2 1 2W , then A2 - 4A = (c) BAT (d) BT AT
SS2 2 1WW
T X Sol : OD 2013
(a) 2I3 (b) 3I3
(c) 4I3 (d) 5I3 (AB)T = BT AT
Sol : OD 2014
R1 R1 0 0V
S 2 2VWRS1 2 2VW R9 8 8V
S W S W
A2 = S2 1 2WS2 1 2W = S8 9 8W 36. If A = S0 1 0W , then A2 + 2A =
SS2 SS0 0 1WW
2 1WWSS2 2 1WW SS8 8 9WW
RT9 XT X T X T X
S 8 8VW RS4 8 8WV (a) A (b) 2A
A2 - 4A = S8 9 8W - S8 4 8W (c) 3A (d) 4A
SS8 8 9WW SS8 8 4WW Sol : Foreign 2018, OD 2014
TR X T X
S5 0 0VW
= S0 5 7W = 5I3 A2 = A # A
SS0 0 0WW
T X
R1 0 0V R1 0 0V R1 0 0VW
S W S W S Since, A is a skew symmetric matrix , So Al = - A
= S0 1 0W # S0 1 0W = S0 1 0W R0 2 c V R0 - a - 3V
SS0 0 1WW SS0 0 1WW SS0 0 S W S W
1WW Sa b 1W = S- 2 - b 1 W
TR XV T R XV T X SS3 - 1 0WW SS- c - 1 0 WW
S1 0 0W S2 0 0W
2A = 2 S0 1 0W = S0 2 0W T X T X
SS0 0 1WW SS0 0 2WW 2 =- a , b =- b, 3 =- c
R1T 0 0V X R2 T0 0V X a = - 2 , 2b = 0 , c = - 3
2
S W S W
A + 2A = S0 1 0W + S0 2 0W Therefore, a = - 2 , b = 0 ,and c = - 3
SS0 0 1WW SS0 0 2WW
RT3 0 0VX T R1 0X 0V Now,
S W S W
= S0 3 0W = 3 S0 1 0W = 3A a - b - c =- 2 - 0 + 3 = 1
SS0 0 3WW SS0 0 1WW
Hence, Assertion is true, reason is true and reason is
Thus option (c) is correct. T
T X X
a correct explanation for assertion.
0 k Thus (a) is correct option.

The matrix >
- 7 0H
37. is a skew-symmetric matrix if k is
k: i = j
(a) - 7 (b) 7 39. Assertion: Scalar matrix A = [aij ] = * where
0: i ! j
(c) 7 (d) - 7
k is a scalar, in an identity matrix when k = 1
Sol : Delhi 2017
Reason: Every identity matrix is not a scalar matrix.
0 k (a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a
Given, >
- 7 0H
is skew-symmetric matrix.
0 k
A =>
- 7 0H
Let (b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a
Since, A is skew-symmetric matrix, we have (c) Assertion is true; Reason is false.
'
A =- A (d) Assertion is false; Reason is true.
0 k 0 7 Sol : Foreign 2014, Delhi 2010
>- 7 0H = >- k 0H
A scalar matrix A = [aij ]
-k =- 7
k, i = j
k =7 *0 i ! j
Thus option (c) is correct. Is an identity matrix when k = 1. But every identity
R0 a 3 V matrix is clearly a scalar matrix.
S W
38. Assertion: If the matrix S2 b - 1W is a skew symmetric Thus (c) is correct option.
SSc 1 0 WW
T X 3 1 x y z
matrix, then value of (a - b - c) is 1 40. Assertion: If A = > H and b = >a b c H , then orders
Reason: A square matrix A = [aij ] is said to be skew- 2 2
of (A + B) is 2 # 3
symmetric if Al = - A
Reason: If [aij] and [bij] are two matrics of the same
(a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a order, then order of A + B is the same as the order
correct explanation for Assertion. of A or B
(b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a (a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a
correct explanation for Assertion. correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true; Reason is false. (b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a
(d) Assertion is false; Reason is true. correct explanation for Assertion.
Sol : OD 2011 (c) Assertion is true; Reason is false.
R0 a 3 V (d) Assertion is false; Reason is true.
S W
Let A = S2 b - 1W Sol : OD 2018
SSc 1 0 WW A + B is defined only if A and B have same order.
T X Here, A is of order 2 # 2 and B is order of 2 # 3 . As
A and B are not of the same order, so (A + B) is not (c) Assertion is true; Reason is false.
defined, therefore it is not possible to find the sum of (d) Assertion is false; Reason is true.
A and B .
Sol : Foreign 2013
Hence, Assertion is false and reason is true.
Thus (d) is correct option. Let B = A + Al then
R 1 - 2 2V Bl = (A + Al)l = Al + (Al)l
1 S W
41. Assertion : The matrix A = S- 2 1 2W is an = Al + A = A + Al = B
3S
orthogonal matrix. S- 2 - 2 - 1WW
Reason : If A and B are orthogonal, T then ABX is also Therefore,
orthogonal. B = A + Al is a symmetric matrix.
(a) Assertion is true, reason is true, reason is a correct
explanation for assertion. Now, let C = A - Al
(b) Assertion is true,reason is true, reason is not a Cl = (A - Al)l = Al - (Al)l
correct explanation for assertion.
= Al - A = - (A - Al) = - C
(c) Assertion is true, reason is false.
Therefore,C = A - Al is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(d) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Here assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a
Sol : Comp 2016 correct explanation for Assertion.
As we know that, if A and B are orthogonal matrix, Thus option (b) is correct.
then AB is also orthogonal matrix. So given Reason
is true. R 1 -2 2 V
1 S W
R 1 - 2 2V 43. Assertion: If A = S- 2 1 2 W , then (AT ) A = I
S W 3S
We have A = 1 S- 2 1 2W S- 2 - 2 - 1WW
3S T X
S- 2 - 2 - 1WW Reason: For any square matrix A, (AT )T = A
TR X
S 1 - 2 - 2VW (a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a
Now, A1 = 1 S- 2 1 - 2W correct explanation for Assertion.
3S
S 2 2 - 1WW (b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a
RT 1 - 2 2VX R V correct explanation for Assertion.
1 S W 1 S 1 - 2 - 2W
So, AAl = S- 2 1 2W $ S- 2 1 - 2W (c) Assertion is true; Reason is false.
3S 3S
S- 2 - 2 - 1WW S 2 2 - 1WW (d) Assertion is false; Reason is true.
TR X T X V
1 S 1 + 4 + 4 - 2 - 2 + 4 - 2 + 4 - 2W Sol : Comp 2007
= S- 2 - 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 - 2 - 2W
9S R 1 -2 2 V R 1 - 2 - 2V
S- 2 + 4 - 2 4 - 2 - 2 4 + 4 + 1WW S W S W
TR V R V X AAT = 1 S- 2 1 2 W $ 1 S- 2 1 - 2W
S9 0 0W S1 0 0W 3S 3
1
= S0 9 0W = S0 1 0W = I S- 2 - 2 - 1WW SS 2 2 - 1WW
9S TR X T X
S0 0 9WW SS0 0 1WW S9 0 0VW RS1 0 0VW
So, A is orthogonal T matrix.
X T X = 1 S0 9 0W = S0 1 0W = I
9S
Hence, both Assertion and reason are true but reason S0 0 9WW SS0 0 1WW
is not a correct explanation for assertion. Assertion is true,T Reason
X Tis true;X Reason is not a
Thus (b) is correct option. correct explanation for Assertion.
42. For any square matrix A with real number entries
consider the following statements. cos (q + a) cos (q + b) cos (q + g)
Assertion: A + Al is a symmetric matrix. 44. Assertion: f (q) = sin (q + a) sin (q + b) sin (q + g)
Reason: A - Al is a skew-symmetric matrix. sin (b - g) sin (g - a) sin (a - b)
(a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a
correct explanation for Assertion. is independent of q
Reason: If f (q) = c then f (q) is independent of q
(b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a
correct explanation for Assertion. (a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a
(b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a 9 3

correct explanation for Assertion. A = 1> H
3 3 6
(c) Assertion is true; Reason is false. 3 1
A => H
(d) Assertion is false; Reason is true. 1 2
Sol : Delhi 2011
46. Find the value of x - y , if
1 3 y 0 5 6
correct explanation for Assertion. 2> H + > H = > H
0 x 1 2 1 8
Let, Sol : Delhi 2019
cos (q + a) cos (q + b) cos (q + g) 1 3 y 0 5 6

f (q) = sin (q + a) sin (q + b) sin (q + g) We have 2> H + > H = > H
0 x 1 2 1 8
sin (b - g) sin (g - a) sin (a - b)
2 6 y 0 5 6
- sin (q + a) - sin (q + b) - sin (q + g) >0 2x H + >1 2H = >1 8H
f l(q) = sin (q + a) sin (q + b) sin (q + g)
2+y 6+0 5 6
sin (b - g) sin (g - a) sin (a - b) >0 + 1 2x + 2H = >1 8H
cos (q + a) cos (q + b) cos (q + g)
+ cos (q + a) cos (q + b) cos (q + g) Here, both matrices equal, so we equate the
corresponding elements,
sin (b - g) sin (g - a) sin (a - b)
2 + y = 5 and 2x + 2 = 8
cos (q + a) cos (q + b) cos (q + g)
+ sin (q + a) sin (q + b) sin (q + g) y = 3 and 2x = 6 & x = 3
0 0 0 Therefore, x - y = 3 - 3 = 0
= 0+0+0
47. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I , then find
=0
the simplified value of (A - I) 3 + (A + I) 3 - 7A .
Thus f l(q) = 0 and f (q) = c Sol : Delhi 2016, OD 2009
Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a correct

We have A2 = I
explanation for Assertion.
(A - I) + (A + I) 3 - 7A
3
= (A3 - 3A2 I + 3AI2 - I3)
+ (A3 + 3A2 I + 3AI2 + I3) - 7A
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS = A - 3A + 3A - I + A3 + 3A2 + 3A + I - 7A
3 2
= 2A3 + 6A - 7A
5 0 4 3
45. If 3A - B = > H and B = > H , then find the value = 2A2 A + 6A - 7A
1 1 2 5
of matrix A. = 2IA - A A2 = I
Sol : Delhi 2019
= 2A - A
5 0 4 3 =A
We have 3A - B = > H , B = > H
1 1 2 5
4 3 5 0 48. Write the number of all possible matrices of order
3A - > H = > H 2 # 2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3.
2 5 1 1
Sol : OD 2016
5 0 4 3
3A = > H + > H A matrix of order 2 # 2 has 4 entries. Since, each
1 1 2 5
entry has 3 choices, namely 1, 2 or 3, therefore number
5+4 0+3 of required matrices
=>
1 + 2 1 + 5H
3 4 = 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 = 81.
9 3
3A = > H
3 6
R- 1 0 - 1VR 1 V
6 8 1 y 7 0
49.
S WS W
If 82 1 3BS- 1 1 0 WS 0 W = A , then write the order of >10 2x H + >0 1H = >10 5H
SS 0 1 1 WWSS- 1WW
7 8+y 7 0
matrix A.T XT X >10 2x + 1H = >10 5H
Sol : Foreign 2016
Equating the corresponding elements, we get
R- 1 0 - 1VR 1 V
S WS W 8 + y = 0 and 2x + 1 = 5
We have, A = 82 1 3BS- 1 1 0 WS 0 W
SS 0 1 1 WWSS- 1WW
y = - 8 and x = 5 - 1 = 2
T XT X R V 2
S1W
= 8- 2 - 1 1 + 3 - 2 + 3BS 0 W x - y = 2 - (- 8) = 10
SS- 1WW
RS VW T X 53. Solve the following matrix equation
SS 1 WW
= 8- 3 4 1 BS 0 W 1 0
8x 1B>- 2 0H = O
S W
SS WW
S- 1W
= [- 3 - 1] T X Sol : Delhi 2014
= [- 4] 1 # 1 1 0
We have 8x 1B>- 2 0H = O
Order of matrix A is 1 # 1.
Using matrix multiplication, we get
50. Write the elements a23 of a 3 # 3 matrix A = 6aij@ ,
i-j 8x - 2 0B = 80 0B
whose elements aij are given by aij = . Equating the corresponding elements, we get
2
x-2 = 0
We have A = aij 3#3 x =2
i-j
where, aij = 54. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A , then write
2
the value of 7A - (I + A) 3 , where I is an identity
Substituting i = 2 and j = 3 we have
matrix.
2-3 -1 Sol : OD 2014
a23 = = =1
2 2 2
We have A2 = A
1 2 x
If 82x 3B>
- 3 0H>3H
51. = O , find x . 7A - (I + A) 3 = 7A - [I3 + A3 + 3IA (I + A)]
Sol : Comp 2015
= 7A - [I + A2 $ A + 3A (I + A)]
1 2 x
We have 82x 3B>- 3 0H>3H = O = 7A - (I + A $ A + 3AI + 3A2)
= 7A - (I + A + 3A + 3A)
x
82x - 9 4x B>3H = O = 7A - (I + 7A) = - I
[2x2 - 9x + 12x] = [0] x-y z -1 4
If > H =>
0 5H
55. , then find the value of x + y .
2x2 + 3x = 0 2x - y w
Sol : OD 2014
x (2x + 3) = 0
x-y z -1 4
Thus x = 0 or x = - 3 We have >2x - y wH = > 0 5H
2
3 4 1 y 7 0
If 2 > H + > H = >
10 5H
52. , then find (x - y). x - y =- 1 ...(i)
5 x 0 1
and 2x - y = 0 ...(ii)
3 4 1 y 7 0 Solving the Eq. (i) and (ii), we get
2> H + > H = >
10 5H
We have
5 x 0 1
x = 1 and y = 2
x+y = 1+2 = 3 82x2 - 32 B = [0]

a + 4 3b 2a + 2 b + 2 Equating the corresponding elements, we get
If >
8 - 6H > 8 a - 8bH
56. = , then write the value
2x2 - 32 = 0
of a - 2b .
x2 = 16 & x = ! 4
Sol : Foreign 2014, OD 2011
Thus positive value of x is 4.
a + 4 3b 2a + 2 b + 2
We have >
8 - 6H > 8 a - 8bH
= 1 3 y 0 5 6
60. If 2 > H + > H = > H , then find the value of (x + y)
0 x 1 2 1 8
Equating the corresponding elements, we get .
Sol : Delhi 2013C, OD 2012
a + 4 = 2a + 2 ...(i)
3b = b + 2 1 3 y 0 5 6
...(ii) We have 2> H + > H = > H
0 x 1 2 1 8
and - 6 = a - 8b ...(iii)
2 6 y 0 5 6
Solving the eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get >0 2x H + >1 2H = >1 8H
a = 2 and b = 1
2+y 6 5 6
> 1 2x + 2H = >1 8H
Now, a - 2b = 2 - 2 (1) = 2 - 2 = 0
x$y 4 8 w
If >
z + 6 x + yH >0 6 H
57. = , then write the value of 2 + y = 5 and 2x + 2 = 8
(x + y + z). y = 3 and x = 3
Sol : Delhi 2014C
Thus x+y = 3+3 = 6
x$y 4 8 w
We have >z + 6 x + yH = >0 6 H 61. Find the value of a , if
a - b 2a + c -1 5
Equating the corresponding elements, we get >2a - b 3c + d H = > 0 13H .
x$y = 8 ...(i) Sol : Delhi 2013
z + 6 = 0 & z =- 6 ...(ii) a - b 2a + c -1 5
We have > H =>
2a - b 3c + d 0 13H
and x+y = 6 ...(iii)
Adding eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
a - b =- 1 ...(i)
x + y + z = 6 + (- 6) = 0
and 2a - b = 0 ...(ii)
58. The elements aij of a 3 # 3 matrix are given by
Subtracting Eqs. (i) from (ii), we get
aij = 12 - 3i + j . Write the value of element a32 .
Sol : OD 2014C a =1
We have A = aij 9 -1 4 1 2 -1
If > H = A +>
0 4 9H
3#3 62. , then find the matrix A.
-2 1 3
where, aij = 1
2 - 3i + j Sol : Delhi 2013
Substituting i = 3 and j = 2 we have

9 -1 4 1 2 -1
-3 # 3 + 2 -7 We have > H = A +> H
-2 1 3 0 4 9
a32 = = =7
2 2 2
9 -1 4 1 2 -1
A => H ->
x -2 1 3 0 4 9H
59. If 82x 4B> H = O , then find the positive value of x .
-8 9 - 1 -1 - 2 4 + 1
=>
- 2 - 0 1 - 4 3 - 9H
x 8 -3 5
=>
- 2 - 3 - 6H
We have 82x 4B>- 8H = O
NOTE : Two matrices can be subtracted only when and A 2 = lA (2)

their orders are same.
Now, A2 = A $ A
1 -1
If matrix A = >
-1 1 H
63. and A2 = kA , then write the 3 -3 3 -3
=> H $>
value of k . - 3 3 -3 3 H
Sol : OD 2013
9 + 9 -9 - 9
=>
1 -1 -9 - 9 9 + 9 H
A =>
-1 1 H
We have ...(i)
18 - 18
=>
and A2 = kA ...(ii) - 18 18 H
Now, A2 = A $ A 3 -3
= 6>
1 -1 1 -1 -3 3 H
=> H $>
-1 1 -1 1 H A2 = 6A from (1)
Comparing with Eq. (2), we get l = 6 .
1 + 1 -1 - 1
=>
-1 - 1 1 + 1 H cos q sin q sin q - cos q
Simplify cos q >
- sin q cos qH
+ sin q >
cos q sin q H
66. .
2 -2 Sol :
=>
-2 2 H
Delhi 2012
Let a be the simplified value of given expression.

1 -1
= 2>
-1 1 H
cos q sin q sin q - cos q
a = cos q >
- sin q cos qH
+ sin q >
cos q sin q H
A2 = 2A [from Eq. (i)]
cos2 q sin q cos q sin2 q - sin q cos q
Comparing with Eq. (ii), we get k = 2 => 2 H +> H
- sin q cos q cos q sin q cos q sin2 q
2 -2 cos2 q + sin2 q sin q cos q - sin q cos q
If matrix A = >
-2 2 H => H
64. and A2 = pA , then write the
value of p . - sin q cos q + sin q cos q cos2 q + sin2 q
Sol : OD 2013, Comp 2008 1 0
=> H
0 1
2 -2
A =>
-2 2 H
We have (1) = I = unit matrix.
and A2 = pA (2) 2 3 1 -3 -4 6
If > H>
5 7 - 2 4 H >- 9 x H
2 67. = , write the value of x .
Now, A = A$A
2 -2 2 -2
=>
- 2 2 H >- 2 2 H
$
2 3 1 -3 -4 6
We have >5 7H>- 2 4 H = >- 9 x H
2 + 2 -2 - 2
=>
-2 - 2 2 + 2 H 2 - 6 - 6 + 12 -4 6
>5 - 14 - 15 + 28H = >- 9 x H
4 -4
=>
-4 4 H -4 6 -4 6
>- 9 13H = >- 9 x H
1 -1
= 4>
-1 1 H Equating the corresponding elements, we get
A2 = 4A from (1) x = 13
Comparing with Eq. (2), we get p = 2 . 2 -1 10
68. If x > H + y > H = > H , then write the value of x .
3 -3 3 1 5
If matrix A = >
-3 3 H
65. and A2 = lA , then write the Sol : Foreign 2012
value of l .
Sol : 2 -1 10
x> H + y> H = > H
OD 2013
We have
3 1 5
3 -3
A =>
-3 3 H
We have (1)
R1V
2x -y 10
>3x H + > y H = > 5 H 71.
S W
Write the order of product matrix S2W82 3 4B .
Sol : SS3WW Foreign 2011
2x - y 10
>3x + yH = > 5 H T X
If a matrix A has order m # n and other matrix
Equating the corresponding elements, we get B has order n # z , then the matrix AB has order
m#z.
2x - y = 10 ...(i) R1V
S W
and 3x + y = 5 ...(ii) Let A = S2W and B = 82 3 4B
SS3WW
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
T X
5x = 15 Here, order of matrix A = 3 # 1
x =3 and order of matrix B = 1 # 3

Order of product matrix AB = 3 # 3 .
5 0 4 3
69. If 3A - B = > H and B = > H , then find the matrix
1 1 2 5 72. If a matrix has 5 elements, then write all possible
A.
Sol : Comp 2012 orders it can have.
Sol : OD 2011
4 3 5 0
We have B = > H and 3A - B = > H If a matrix has order m # n , then total number of
2 5 1 1
elements in that matrix is mn .
5 0 5 0 4 3 Given, a matrix has 5 elements. So, possible order of
3A = > H + B = > H + > H
1 1 1 1 2 5 this matrix are 5 # 1 and 1 # 5 .
5+4 0+3 9 3 For a 2 # 2 matrix, A = 6aij@ whose elements are given
=> H => H 73.
1+2 1+5 3 6 by aij = i/j , write the value of a12 .
3A = 3 > H
1 2
We have A = aij 2#2
3 1
A => H where, aij = i
1 2 j
70. Write the value of x - y + z from following equation. Substituting i = 1 and j = 2 we have
Rx + y + z V R9V
S W S W a23 = 1
S x + z W = S5W 2
S W S W
Sol : S y + z W S7W Foreign 2011, OD 2007 x x-y 3 1
If >
2x + y 7 H >8 7H
T X T X 74. = , then find the value of y .
Rx + y + z V R9V
S W S W
We have S x + z W = S5W Sol : Delhi 2011C
SS y + z WW SS7WW
x x-y 3 1
We have >
2x + y 7 H >8 7H
T
Equating the correspondingX Telements,
X we get =
x+y+z = 9 ...(i) Equating the corresponding elements, we get
x+z = 5 ...(ii) x = 3 and x - y = 1
and y+z = 7 ...(iii) y = x-1 = 3-1 = 2
Substituting the value of x + z from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i),
we get y + 5 = 9 & y = 4 75. From the following matrix equation, find the value
Substituting y = 4 in Eq. (iii), we get z = 3 of x .
Again, substituting z = 3 in Eq. (ii), we get x = 2 x+y 4 3 4
> - 5 3yH = >- 5 6H
x-y+z = 2-4+3 = 1 Sol : Foreign 2010, Comp 2008
x+y 4 3 4
We have >
- 5 3yH >- 5 6H
=
Equating the corresponding elements, we get cos a - sin a

If A = >
sin a cos a H
79. , then for what value of a , A is
x+y = 3 ...(i)
an identity matrix?
and 3y = 6 ...(ii) Sol : Delhi 2010
From Eq. (ii), we get
cos a - sin a
A =>
sin a cos a H
y =2 We have
Substituting y = 2 in Eq. (i), we get For A to be an identity matrix, we must have
x+2 = 3 & x = 1 cos a - sin a 1 0
>sin a cos a H = >0 1H
76. Find x from the matrix equation
Equating the element a11 of both matrices, we get
1 3 x 5
>4 5H>2H = >6H . cos a = 1
Sol : Foreign 2010
cos a = cos 0c
1 3 x 5
We have >4 5H>2H = >6H a =0
Hence, for a = 0 , A is an identity matrix.
x+6
> + H = >6 H
5
4x 10 1 2 3 1 7 11
If > H> H = >
k 23H
80. , then write the value of k .
3 4 2 5
Sol : Delhi 2010
x+6 = 5
1 2 3 1 7 11
x =- 1 We have >3 4H>2 5H = >k 23H
1 2
77. If A = > H , then find A + A' . 3 + 2 1 + 10 7 11
>9 + 8 3 + 20H = >k 23H
3 4
-4 6 -4 6
1 2 >- 9 13H = >- 9 x H
We have A => H
3 4
Interchange the elements of rows and columns we have
k = 9 + 8 = 17
1 3
A' = > H
2 4
81. If A is a matrix of order 3 # 4 and B is a matrix of
1 2 1 3 order 4 # 3 , then find order of matrix (AB).
Now, A + A' = > H + > H
3 4 2 4 Sol : Comp 2010
=>
2 5
H
If a matrix A has order m # n and other matrix
5 8 B has order n # z , then the matrix AB has order
m#z.
3 4 x 19
78. If > H> H = > H , then find the value of x . Here, order of matrix A = 3 # 4
2 x 1 15
Sol : Foreign 2010 and order of matrix B = 4 # 3
3 4 x 19 Order of product matrix AB = 3 # 3 .

We have >2 x H>1H = >15H
x+y 1 7 1
If >
2y 5H >4 5H
3x + 4 82. = , then find the value of x .
> + H => H
19
2x x 15
x+y 1 7 1
3x + 4 = 19 We have > 2y 5H = >4 5H
3x = 15 Equating the corresponding elements, we get
x =5
x+y = 7 ...(i) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

and 2y = 4 ...(ii)
From Eq. (ii), we get y = 2 1 0 -1 1
86. If A + B = = G and A - 2B = = G , then A is
Substituting y = 2 in Eq. (i), we get 1 1 0 -1
x+2 = 7 & x = 5 Sol : OD 2020
1 0
2x + y 3y 6 0 We have, A+B == G (1)
If >
4 H >0 4H
83. = , then find the value of x . 1 1
0
-1 1
Sol : Comp 2010 A - 2B = = G (2)
0 -1
2x + y 3y 6 0 Multiplying eq (1) be 2 we have
We have > 0 4 H >0 4H
=
1 0
Equating the corresponding elements, we get 2A + 2B = 2 = G (3)
1 1
2x + y = 6 ...(i) Adding eq (2) and (3) we have
and 3y = 0 ...(ii) -1 1 1 0
3A = = G+2 = G
From Eq. (ii), we get 0 -1 1 1
y =0 -1 1 2 0
== G+ = G
Substituting y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get 0 -1 2 2
1 1
2x = 6 & x = 3 == G
2 1
3y - x - 2x 5 -2 1 1
If > A = 1=
7 H >3 7 H 3 2 1G
84. = , then find the value of y .
3
Sol : Comp 2010, Delhi 2007 1 1
= >2 H
3 3
1
3y - x - 2x 5 -2 3 3
We have > 3 7 H >3 7 H
=
R 0 1 - 2V
Equating the corresponding elements, we get S W
87. For what value of x , is the matrix A = S- 1 0 3 W
3y - x = 5 ...(i) a skew-symmetric matrix? SS x - 3 0 WW
Sol : T X
OD 2013
and - 2x = - 2 ...(ii)
R 0 1 - 2V
From Eq. (ii), we get S W
We have, A = S- 1 0 3 W
x =1 SS x - 3 0 WW
Substituting x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get T X
If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
3y - 1 = 5
A = - AT
3y = 5 + 1 = 6 R 0 1 - 2V R 0 -1 x V
S W S W
y =2 S- 1 0 3 W = - S 1 0 - 3W
SS x - 3 0 WW SS- 2 3 0 WW
85. Write 2 # 2 matrix which is both symmetric and RT 0 1 - 2VX R T0 1 - x V X
S W S W
skew-symmetric. S- 1 0 3 W = S- 1 0 3 W
Sol : Comp 2014 SS x - 3 0 WW SS 2 - 3 0 WW
T X T X
0 0 Equating the corresponding element, we get x = 2
A null matrix of order 2 # 2 , i.e. > H is both
0 0 R 3 4V
symmetric and skew-symmetric. S W -1 2 1
If A = S- 1 2W and B = >
1 2 3H
T
88. , then find AT - BT .
SS 0 1WW
T X
Sol : OD 2012
aii = - aii for all values of i
R3 4VW
S -1 2 1 2aii = 0
2W and B = >
1 2 3H
T
We have, A = S- 1
SS 0 1 W
W aii = 0 for all values of i
T X R V a11 = a22 = a33 = ... = ann = 0
S- 1 1W
Transpose of B , B = S 2 2W
T
Hence, all the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric
SS 1 3WW matrix are zero. Hence proved
R 3 T4V R- X
1 1VW
S W S 2x + y 3y 6 0l
Now, AT - BT = S- 1 2W - S 2 2W 91. If > H = > H , then find the value of x .
0 4 6 4
SS 0 1WW SS 1 3WW
RT 3 + 1X 4T - 1V X Sol : OD 2010
S W
= S- 1 - 2 2 - 2W 2x + y 3y 6 0l
SS 0 - 1 1 - 3WW We have > 0 4 H >6 4H
=
TSR V X
SS 4 3 WWW 2x + y 3y 6 6
= SS- 3 0 WW > 0 4 H >0 4H
=
SS W
S- 1 - 2WW If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding
T X
2 -1 5 2 2 5 elements are equal.
Let A = >
3 4H
89. , B = > H , C = > H , find a matrix
7 4 3 8 2x + y = 6 ...(i)
D such that CD - AB = O .
and 3y = 6 ...(ii)
Sol : Delhi 2017, SQP 2015
From Eq. (ii), we get
2 -1 5 2 2 5
A =>
3 4H
We have , B = > H, C = > H y =2
7 4 3 8
Substituting y = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
x y
Let matrix D = >
z wH 2x + 2 = 6
According to the questions, CD - AB = 0 x+1 = 3
2 5 x y 2 -1 5 2 x =2
>3 8H>z wH - >3 4 H>7 4H = 0
R1 2 2V
2x + 5z 2y + 5w 10 - 7 4 - 4 S W
>3x + 8z 3y + 8wH - >15 + 28 6 + 16H =0 92. If A = S 2 1 x W is a metric satisfying AA' = 9I ,
SS- 2 2 - 1WW
2x + 5z 2y + 5w 3 0 T X
find x .
>3x + 8z 3y + 8wH = >43 22H
Equating corresponding elements both sides, we get R1 2 2V
S W
2x + 5z = 3 , 3x + 8z = 43 We have, A =S 2 1 x W
SS- 2 2 - 1WW
and 2y + 5w = 0 , 3y + 8w = 22
Also, AA' = T9I X
After solving, we get
R 1 2 2 VR1 2 - 2V R1 0 0V
x = - 191, y = - 110 , z = 77 and w = 44 S WS W S W
S 2 1 x WS2 1 2 W = 9 S0 1 0W
x y - 191 - 110 SS- 2 2 - 1WWSS2 x - 1WW SS0 0 1WW
D =>
z wH > 77 44 H
= R 1 + 4 + 4 2 + T2 + 2x - 2XT+ 4 - 2VX R9T 0 0V X
S W S W
90. Show that all the diagonal elements of a skew- S 2 + 2 + 2x 4 + 1 + x2 - 4 + 2 - x W = S0 9 0W
SS- 2 + 4 - 2 - 4 + 2 - x 4 + 4 + 1 WW SS0 0 9WW
symmetric matrix are zero.
T X T X
Sol : Delhi 2017
R 9
S 4 + 2x 0 VW RS9 0 0VW
Let A = 6aij@ be a skew-symmetric matrix. S4 + 2x 5 + x2 - 2 - x W = S0 9 0W
SS 0 -2 - x 9 WW SS0 0 9WW
Then, a ji = - aij for all i , j T X T X
Now substituting i = j , we get Equating the corresponding elements, we get
4 + 2x = 0 and 5 + x2 = 9 Sol : OD 2012
x = - 2 and x2 = 4 x 5 3 -4 7 6
2>
7 y - 3H >1 2 H >15 14H
We have + =
x = - 2 and x = ! 2
2x 10 3 -4 7 6
The value of x is - 2 . >14 2y - 6H + >1 2 H = >15 14H
R0 a - 3V
2x + 3 10 - 4 7 6
93.
S W
If the matrix A = S2 0 - 1W is skew-symmetric, find >14 + 1 2y - 6 + 2H = >15 14H
SSb 1 0 WW
2x + 3 6 7 6
the values of a and b .
T X > 15 2y - 4H = >15 14H
Sol : OD 2018
R0 a - 3V
S W
Since A = S2 0 - 1W is a skew-symmetric matrix, 2x + 3 = 7 & x = 7-
2
3=2
SSb 1 0 WW
T AT =X- A and 2y - 4 = 14 & y = 14 2- 4 = 5
R0 a - 3VT R0 a - 3V Now y-x = 5-2 = 3
S W S W
S2 0 - 1W = - S2 0 - 1W cos a sin a
If A = >
- sin a cos aH
SSb 1 0 WW SSb 1 0 WW 96. , then find a satisfying
RT0 2 bX V R T0 - a 3XV
S W S W 0 1 a 1 2 when A + AT = 2 I2 ; where AT is
p
S a 0 1W = S- 2 0 1W transpose of A.
SS- 3 - 1 0WW SS- b - 1 0WW
Sol : OD 2016, Comp 2014
T X T X
cos a sin a
A =>
- sin a cos aH
a = - 2 and b = 3 We have
R 0 2b - 2V Also, given A + AT = 2 I2
S W
Matrix A = S 3 1 3 W is given to be symmetric, find cos a sin a cos a sin a T 1 0
>- sin a cos aH + >- sin a cos aH = 2> H
94.
SS3a 3 - 1WW 0 1
find the values T of a andX b .
cos a sin a cos a - sin a 2 0
Sol : Delhi 2016, OD 2012 >- sin a cos aH + >sin a cos a H = > H
0 2
R 0 2b - 2V
S W cos a + cos a sin a - sin a 2 0
Since A = S 3 1 3 W is a symmetric matrix. >- sin a + sin a cos a + cos aH = > H
SS3a 3 - 1WW 0 2
T AT = AX 2 cos a 0 2 0
> 0 2 cos aH > 0 H
=
R0 2b - 2VT R 0 2b - 2V 2
S W S W Equating the corresponding elements, we get
S3 1 3 W = S 3 1 3 W
SS3a 3 - 1WW SS3a 3 - 1WW 2 cos a = 2
TR X V TR XV
S 0 3 3a W S 0 2b - 2W cos a = 2
S 2b 1 3 W = S 3 1 3 W 2
SS- 2 3 - 1WW SS3a 3 - 1WW
cos a = 1
T X T X 2
Thus a = p , which is satisfying 0 1 a 1 p .
4 2
3 = 2b and 3a = - 2
3 5
97. If A = > H is written as A = P + Q , where P is a
b = 3 and a = - 2 7 9
2 3
symmetric matrix and Q is skew-symmetric matrix,
95. Find the value of y - x from following equation. then write the matrix P .
Sol : Foreign 2016
x 5 3 -4 7 6
2>
7 y - 3H >1 2 H >15 14H
+ = 3 5
We have, A = > H and A = P + Q , where P is
7 9
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symmetric matrix and Q is skew-symmetric matrix. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

3 5
We have, A => H
7 9 Rcos a - sin a 0V
S W
Now P = 1 (A + AT ) 100. If f (a) = Ssin a cos a 0W , then prove that
2 SS W
3 5 3 5T 0 0 1W
= 1 *> H + > H 4 T X
2 7 9 7 9 f (a) $ f (- b) = f (a - b) .
3 5 3 7 Sol : Delhi 2020
= 1 *> H + > H4 Rcos a - sin a 0V
2 7 9 5 9
S W
6 12 3 6 We have f (a) = Ssin a cos a 0W
= 1>
2 12 18H >6 9H
= SS W
0 0 1W
T X
4 2 Rcos (- b) - sin (- b) 0V
If A = >
- 1 1H
98. , show that (A - 2I) (A - 3I) = O . S W
f (- b) = Ssin (- b) cos (- b) 0W
Sol : OD 2019 SS W
0 0 1W
TR V X
We have A = >
4 2 S cos b sin b 0W
- 1 1H = S- sin b cos b 0W
SS W
LHS = (A - 2I) (A - 3I) 0 0 1W
R T V R X V
Scos a - sin a 0W S cos b sin b 0W
4 2 2 0 4 2 3 0
= *>
- 1 1H >0 2H4 *>- 1 1H >0 3H4
- - f (a) $ f (- b) = Ssin a cos a 0W $ S- sin b cos b 0W
SS W S W
0 0 1W S 0 0 1W
T X T X
2 2 1 2 Rcos a cos b + sin a sin b cos a sin b - sin a cos b 0V
=>
- 1 - 1H>- 1 - 2H
S W
= Ssin a cos b - cos (a - b) sin a sin b + cos a cos b 0W
SS W
2-2 4-4 0 0 1W
=>
- 1 + 1 - 2 + 2H
T X
Rcos (a - b) sin (b - a) 0V
S W
= Ssin (a - b) cos (a - b) 0W
=>
0 0
0 0
H = O = RHS SS W
0 0 1 W
Hence proved. RTcos (a - b) - sin (a - b) 0XV
S W
99. Find a matrix A such that 2A - 3B + 5C = O , where = Ssin (a - b) cos (a - b) 0W
SS W
-2 2 0 2 0 -2 0 0 1W
B=>
3 1 4H
and C = >
7 1 6H
. T X
= f (a - b) (Proved)
1 -1 a 1
If A = >
2 - 1H
, B=>
b - 1H
We have 2A - 3B + 5C = O 101. and (A + B) 2 = A2 + B2 ,
2A = 3B - 5C then find the values of a and b .
Sol : Foreign 2015
-2 2 0 2 0 -2
2A = 3 > H - 5>
3 1 4 7 1 6H 1 -1 a 1
We have A = >
2 - 1H
and B = >
-6 6 0 10 0 - 10 b - 1H
=>
9 3 12H >35 5 30 H
-
1 -1 a 1
Now, A + B = >
2 - 1H >b - 1H
+
- 6 - 10 6 - 0 0 - (- 10)
=>
9 - 35 3 - 5 12 - 30 H 1 + a -1 + 1 1+a 0
=>
2 + b - 1 - 1H >2 + b - 2H
=
- 16 6 10
2A = >
- 26 - 2 - 18H 1+a 0 1+a 0
(A + B) 2 = >
2 + b - 2 2 + b - 2H
H $>
- 16 6 10
A = 1>
2 - 26 - 2 - 18H 1 + a2 + 2a 0
=> H
-8 3 5 2 + 2a + b + ab - 4 - 2b 4
=>
- 13 - 1 - 9 H
R- 5 - 1 - 3 V R4 0 0V
a 2 + 2a + 1 0 S W S W
=> H = S- 1 - 7 - 10W + S0 4 0W
2a - b + ab - 2 4
SS- 5 4 - 2 WW SS0 0 4WW
1 -1 1 -1 a 1 a 1
A2 + B2 = >
2 - 1H >2 - 1H >b - 1H >b - 1H
+ TSR XV T X
$ $ SS- 1 - 1 - 3 WWW
= SS- 1 - 3 - 10WW
-1 0 a2 + b a - 1
SS
S- 5 4
W
=> H +> H
2 WW
0 -1 ab - b b + 1 Now A2 -T5A + 4I + X X= O
2
a +b-1 a-1
=> H A2 - 5A + 4I + X - X = O - X
ab - b b
A2 - 5A + 4I + O = - X
Now, (A + B) 2 = A2 + B2
X = - (A2 - 5A + 4I)
a2 + 2a + 1 0 a2 + b - 1 a - 1
>2a - b + ab - 2 4H = > ab - b b
H R- 1 - 1 - 3 V R1 1 3 V
S W S W
Equating the corresponding elements, we get = - S- 1 - 3 - 10W = S1 3 10 W
SS- 5 4 2 WW SS5 - 4 - 2WW
a2 + 2a + 1 = a2 + b - 1 T X T X
103. Find matrix A such that
2a - b = - 2 ...(i) R 2 - 1V R- 1 - 8V
S W S W
a-1 = 0 & a = 1 ...(ii) S 1 0 W A = S 1 - 2W
S W SS 9 22 WW
Sol : S- 3 4 W OD 2017
2a - b + ab - 2 = ab - b T X T X
Let the order of A is m # n where m = 2 , n = 2
2a - 2 = 0 & a = 1 ...(iii)
x y
and b =4 ...(iv) Let A => H ...(i)
s t
Since, a = 1 and b = 4 also satisfy Eq. (i), therefore R 2 - 1V R- 1 - 8V
a = 1 and b = 4 . S W S W
Now S 1 0 W A = S 1 - 2W
R2 0 1V SS- 3 4 WW SS 9 22 WW
S W T X T X
102. If A = S2 1 3W , the find A2 - 5A + 4I and hence R 2 - 1V R- 1 - 8V
SS1 - 1 0WW S Wx y S W
T X S 1 0 W>s t H = S 1 - 2W
find a matrix X such that A2 - 5A + 4I + X = O . SS- 3 4 WW SS 9 22 WW
Sol : Delhi 2015 T X T X
R 2x - s 2 y - t V R- 1 - 8V
R2 0 1V S W S W
S W S x y W = S 1 - 2W
We have A = S2 1 3W SS- 3x + 4s - 3y + 4tWW SS 9 22 WW
SS1 - 1 0WW
R2 T 0 1VR2X 0 1V T X T X
Equating corresponding elements both sides, we get
S WS W
A2 = S2 1 3WS2 1 3W 2x - s = - 1, x = 1, y = - 2 and 2y - t = - 8
SS1 - 1 0WWSS1 - 1 0WW
RT4 + 0 + X1T 0 + 0 -X 1 2 + 0 + 0V At x = 1, 2x - s = - 1 & 2 # 1 - s = - 1
S W
= S4 + 2 + 3 0 + 1 - 3 2 + 3 + 0W - s = - 1 - 2 & s = 3 and at
SS2 - 2 + 0 0 - 1 + 0 1 - 3 + 0WW
TRS X y = - 2 , 2y - t = - 8 ,
SS5 - 1 2 WWW
V
= SS9 - 2 5 WW 2 # (- 2) - t = - 8
SS W
S0 - 1 - 2WW
T X -4 - t =- 8
Now, consider A2 - 5A + 4I
R5 - 1 2 V R2 0 1V R1 0 0V t =4
2
S W S W S W Substituting x = 1, y = - 2 , s = 3 and t = 4 in Eq.
A - 5A + 4I = S9 - 2 5 W - 5 S2 1 3W + 4 S0 1 0W
SS0 - 1 - 2WW SS1 - 1 0WW SS0 0 1WW (i), we get
RT5 - 1 2VX R10 T XV RT X 1 -2
0 5 W S4 0 0VW A =>
S W S
= S9 - 2 5W - S10 5 15W + S0 4 0W 3 4H
SS0 - 1 - 2WW SS 5 - 5 0 WW SS0 0 4WW
T X T X T X
R1 0 2VW Sol : Delhi 2019

S
104. If A = S0 2 1W and A3 - 6A2 + 7A + kI3 = O , find the R2 0 1V
SS2 0 3WW S W
We have A = S2 1 3W
T X SS1 - 1 0WW
values of k .
Sol : OD 2015, Comp 2010
A = TA # A X
2
R1 0 2V R2 0 1V R2 0 1V
S W S W S W
We have A = S0 2 1W = S2 1 3W # S2 1 3W
SS2 0 3WW SS1 - 1 0WW SS1 - 1 0WW
RT1 0 2VXR1 0 2V TR X T X V
2
S WS W S4 + 0 + 1 0 + 0 - 1 2 + 0 + 0W
Now, A = S0 2 1WS0 2 1W = S4 + 2 + 3 0 + 1 - 3 2 + 3 + 0W
SS2 0 3WWSS2 0 3WW SS2 - 2 + 0 0 - 1 + 0 1 - 3 - 0WW
RT1 + 0 + XT 4 0 +X 0 + 0 2 + 0 + 6V
S W RT5 - 1 2 V X
= S0 + 0 + 2 0 + 4 + 0 0 + 2 + 3W S W
SS2 + 0 + 6 0 + 0 + 0 4 + 0 + 9WW A2 = S9 - 2 5 W
SS0 - 1 - 2WW
TRS V X
SS5 0 8 WWW T R X V R2 0 1V
= SS2 4 5 WW S 5 - 1 2W S W
SS
8 0 13WW
W Now, A2 - 5A = S9 - 2 5 W - 5 S2 1 3W
S SS0 - 1 - 2WW SS1 - 1 0WW
and A3 = A T $ A2 X
TR XV R T XV
RS VR V 5 - 1 2 10 0 5
SS1 0 2WWWSSS5 0 8 WWW S W S W
= SS0 2 1WWSS2 4 5 WW = S9 - 2 5 W - S10 5 15W
SS WS W SS0 - 1 - 2WW SS 5 - 5 0 WW
S2 0 3WWSS8 0 13WW
RT 5 + 0 + XT 16 0 +X 0 + 0 8 + 0 + 26 V RT5 - 15 - 1X - T0 2 - 5 VX
S W S W
= S 0 + 4 + 8 0 + 8 + 0 0 + 10 + 13W = S9 - 10 - 2 - 5 5 - 15 W
SS10 + 0 + 24 0 + 0 + 0 16 + 0 + 39WW SS 0 - 5 - 1 + 5 - 2 - 0WW
RT21 0 34V X TR X
S W SS- 5 - 1 - 3 VWW
= S12 8 23W S
= SS- 1 - 7 - 10WW
W
SS34 0 55WW SS W
S- 5 4 - 2 WW
3T X
Also, given, A - 6A2 + 7A + kI3 = O T X
R21 0 34V R5 0 8 V R1 0 2V R1 0 0V R0 0 R2 0 1V
S W S W S W S W S 0VW S W
S12 8 23W - 6 S2 4 5 W + 7 S0 2 1W + k S0 1 0W = S0 0 0W 106. If A = S2 1 3W , then find values of A2 - 3A + 2I .
SS34 0 55WW SS8 0 13WW SS2 0 3WW SS0 0 1WW SS0 0 SS1 - 1 0WW
0WW
RT21 0 34VX R30 T X T X T X T X Sol : T X OD 2010
S W S 0 48VW RS 7 0 14VW RSk 0 0VW RS0 0 0VW
S12 8 23W - S12 24 30W + S 0 14 7 W + S0 k 0W = S0 0 0W R2 0 1V
SS34 0 55WW SS48 0 78WW SS14 0 21WW SS0 0 k WW SS0 0 S W
0WW We have A = S2 1 3W
RT X T X T X T X V TR XV SS1 - 1 0WW
S 21 - 30 + 7 + k 0 - 0 + 0 + 0 34 - 48 + 14 + 0W S0 0 0W R2 T 0 1VR2X 0 1V
S 12 - 12 + 0 + 0 8 - 24 + 14 + k 23 - 30 + 7 + 0 W = S0 0 0W
SS34 - 48 + 14 + 0 0 - 0 + 0 + 0 55 - 78 + 21 + k WW SS0 0 0WW S WS W
A2 = S2 1 3WS2 1 3W
T X T X SS1 - 1 0WWSS1 - 1 0WW
R- 2 + k
S 0 0 VW RS0 0 0VW RT4 + 0 + X1T 0 + 0 -X 1 2 + 0 + 0V
S 0 -2 + k 0 W = S0 0 0W S W
= S4 + 2 + 3 0 + 1 - 3 2 + 3 + 0W
SS 0 0 - 2 + k WW SS0 0 0WW SS2 - 2 + 0 0 - 1 + 0 1 - 3 + 0WW
T X T X
Equating the corresponding elements, we get TRS X
SS5 - 1 2 WWW
V
-2 + k = 0 = SS9 - 2 5 WW
SS W
k =2 S0 - 1 - 2WW
RT5 - 1 2 VX R2 0 1V R1 0 0V
R2 0 1V 2
S W S W S W
S W A - 3A + 2I = S9 - 2 5 W - 3 S2 1 3W + 2 S0 1 0W
105. If A = S2 1 3W , then find the values of (A2 - 5A). SS0 - 1 - 2WW SS1 - 1 0WW SS0 0 1WW
SS1 - 1 0WW T X T X T X
T X
R5 - 1 2 V R6 0 3V R2 0 0V
S W S W S W So, P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew-
= S9 - 2 5 W - S6 3 9W + S0 2 0W symmetric matrix.
SS0 - 1 - 2WW SS3 - 3 0WW SS0 0 2WW
RT- 1 - 1 - 1XV TR2 0 0V X T X Now, P + Q = 1 (A + Al) + 1 (A - Al)
2 2
S W S W R 5V R 7V
= S 3 - 5 - 4W + S0 2 0W S 2 2 - 2 W S0 - 2 - 2 W
11 3
SS- 3 2 - 2WW SS0 0 2WW = S 112 3 3W S3 7W

2 + 2 0 2
TRS XV T X S 5 W S7 W
SS 1 - 1 - 1WWW S- 2 3
2 4W S2 - 27
0W
= SS 3 - 3 - 5WW TR2 4 - 6V X T X
S W
SS
S- 3 2 0 WW
W = S7 3 5 W = A
T X SS1 - 2 4 WW
R2 4 - 6V T X
S W Thus, matrix A is expressed as the sum of symmetric
107. Express the matrix A = S7 3 5 W as the sum of a
SS1 - 2 4 WW matrix and skew-symmetric matrix.
T
symmetric and skew-symmetric X
matrix. 108. For the following matrices A and B , verify that
Sol : Comp 2015, Delhi 2012 [AB]l = BlAl;
R1V
Any square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of S W
a symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric matrix, i.e. A = S- 4W , B = 8- 1 2 1B .
SS 3 WW
Sol :
A = A + A' + A - A' ,
OD 2010
2 2 T X
R1V
where A + A' and A - A' are symmetric and skew- We have
S W
A = S- 4W and B = 8- 1 2 1B
2 2
symmetric matrices respectively. SS 3 WW
R2 4 - 6V RT 1 VX
S W S W
We have A = S7 3 5 W Here, AB = S- 4W 8- 1 2 1B
SS1 - 2 4 WW SS 3 WW 1#3
RT 2 7 1 VX RT- 1X3 #21 1 V

S W S W
Al = S 4 3 - 2W AB = S 4 - 8 - 4W
SS- 6 5 4 WW SS- 3 6 3 WW
T X RT- 1 4 - 3VX
Now, let P = 1 (A + Al) S W
2
R2 4 - 6V R 2 7 1 V (AB) ' = S 2 - 8 6 W ...(i)
SS 1 - 4 3 WW
= 1 *S7 3 5 W + S 4 3 - 2W4
S W S W
2 S RT- 1V X
S1 - 2 4 WW SS- 6 5 4 WW S W
R T4 11 - 5VX TR 2 11 - 5XV Now, B' = S 2 W
S W S 2 2W SS 1 WW
= 1 S 11 6 3 W = S 112 3 32 W T X
2S S W and Al = 81 - 4 3B
S- 5 3 8 WW S- 52 32 4 W
T X T X R- 1V
and Q = 1 (A - Al) S W
2 B l Al = S 2 W81 - 4 3B
R2 4 - 6V R 2 7 1 V SS 1 WW
= 1 *S7 3 5 W - S 4 3 - 2W4
S W S W
TR X V
2 S
S1 - 2 4 WW SS- 6 5 4 WW S- 1 4 - 3W
= S 2 -8 6 W (ii)
R0T - 3 - 7VX RST0 - 32 - 72 VWX SS 1 - 4 3 WW
S W S
= 1 S3 0 7 W = S 3 0 72 W
W T X
2S 2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
S7 - 7 0 WW SS 72 - 72 0 WW
R T 11 X T X (AB) ' = BlAl
5V
S 2 2 - 2W
Clearly, Pl = S 112 3 32 W = P LHS = RHS
S 5 3 W
S- 2 2 4 W
RT 3 X7 V
S 0 2 2W
and Q' = S- 2 0 - 72 W = - Q
3
S 7 7 W
S- 2 2 0W
T X
CASE BASED QUESTIONS 110. Publishing is the activity of making information,

literature, music, software and other content available
to the public for sale or for free. Traditionally, the
109. In linear algebra, the transpose of a matrix is an term refers to the creation and distribution of printed
operator which flips a matrix over its diagonal; that is, works, such as books, newspapers, and magazines.
it switches the row and column indices of the matrix
A by producing another matrix, often denoted by AT .
The transpose of a matrix was introduced in 1858 by
the British mathematician Arthur Cayley.
NODIA Press is a such publishing house having two

branch at Jaipur. In each branch there are three
offices. In each office, there are 2 peons, 5 clerks and 3
typists. In one office of a branch, 5 salesmen are also
working. In each office of other branch 2 head-clerks
If A = 6aij@ be a m # n matrix, then the matrix are also working. Using matrix notations find :
obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A (i) the total number of posts of each kind in all the
is called the transpose of A. A square matrix A = 6aij@ offices taken together in each branch.
is said to be symmetric, AT = A for all possible values
(ii) the total number of posts of each kind in all the
of i and j . A square matrix A 6aij@ is said to be skew-
offices taken together from both branches.
symmetric, if AT = - A for all possible values of i
and j . Based on the above, information, answer the Sol :
following questions._ Consider the three row matrices,
(i) Find the transpose of [1, - 2, - 5].
A1 = [2 5 3 5 0]
(ii) Find the transpose of matrix (ABC).
0 1 A2 = [2 5 3 0 0]
(iii) Evaluate (A + B)T - A , where A = >
2 - 1H
and
1 2 A3 = [2 5 3 0 0]
B=> H
3 4 The matrices A1, A2, A3 represent the three offices of
1 1 3 2 one branch (say A), where the elements appearing
(iv) Evaluate (AB)T , where A = > H and B = > H
0 1 1 4 in the row represents the number of peons, clerks,
Sol :
typists, salesman and head-clerks taken in that order
R 1V working in the three offices.
S W Now, consider the three row matrices,
(i) [1 - 2 - 5]T = S- 2W
SS WW B1 = [2 5 3 0 2]
-5
T T X
(ii) (ABC) = CT BT AT B2 = [2 5 3 0 2]
0 1 1 2 1 3
(A + B) = >
2 - 1H >3 4H >5 3H
(iii) + = B3 = [2 5 3 0 2]
The matrices B1, B2, B3 represents the three offices of
1 5 0 1 1 4 other branch (say B ), where the elements appearing
(A + B) - A = > H - >
2 - 1H >1 4H
T
Now, =
3 3 in the row represents the number of peons, clerks,
1 1 3 2 4 6 typists, salesman and head-clerks taken in that order
(iv) AB = > H> H = > H working in the three offices.
0 1 1 4 1 4
The total number of posts of each kind in all the
4 1
(AB)T = > H offices of branch A are the elements of the matrix:
6 4
A = A1 + A2 + A3 (ii) If the cost of each constituents is ` 5, ` 6, ` 7.5

and ` 10 per 100 grams, respectively, how much
= [2 5 3 5 0] + [2 5 3 0 0] + [2 5 3 0 0] does a one kilogram tin of each fertiliser cost
= [2 + 2 + 2 5 + 5 + 5 3 + 3 + 3 5 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 ] (iii) What is the total cost per week?
Sol :
= [6 15 9 5 0]
The sales of fertilisers I, II and III per week can be
(i) The total number of posts of each kind in all the
expressed as the following matrix:
offices of branch B are the element of the matrix:
I II III
B = B1 + B2 + B3 P
= 1000 80.2 0.3 0.5B
= [2 5 3 0 2] + [2 5 3 0 2] + [2 5 3 0 2]
I II III
= [6 15 9 0 6] = [200 300 500]
(ii) The total number of posts of each kind in all the Let the matrix denote the proportionate mix of
offices taken together from both branches A and constituents used for three fertilisers I, II and III, then
B are the elements of the matrix:
Constituents
A + B = (A1 + A2 + A3) + (B1 + B2 + B3) A B C D
I
R0.5 0 0.5 0 VW
= [12 30 18 5 6] S
Q = Fertilisers II S0.2 0.3 0 0.5W
S
III S0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5WW
111. Fertilizer, natural or artificial substance containing
T X
the chemical elements that improve growth and The requirement of each constituents given by the
productiveness of plants. Fertilizers enhance the matrix product PQ is:
natural fertility of the soil or replace chemical elements
I II III
taken from the soil by previous crops. PQ
= [200 300 500]
A B C D
R0.50 0 0.5 0 V
I
S W
= II S 0.2 0.3 0 0.5W
S W
III S 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5W
T X
A B C D
= 8100 + 600 + 100 0 + 90 + 100 100 + 0 + 50 0 + 150 + 250 B

A B C D
= [260 190 150 400]

Thus, the requirements of constituents are A - 260,
B - 190, .C - 150, and D - 400 of each constituents
is Rs 5, Rs 6, Rs 7.5 e and Rs 10 per 100 grams, i.e.,
Rs 50, Rs 60, Rs 75 and Rs 100 per 1000 grams (one
kilogram) of each constituent, respectively.
Let R denote the cost of constituents A, B, C and
D per kilogram, then
The following matrix gives the proportionate mix of R V
A S 50 W
constituents used for three fertilisers:
B S 60 W
Constituents R = S 75 W
C
A B C D S W
D S100W
I RS0.5 0 0.5 0 VW T X
Fertilisers II S0.2 0.3 0 0.5W The cost of one kilogram tin of each fertiliser I, II and
IIISS0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5WW III is given by the matrix product QR is:
T X R V
(i) If sales are 1000 tins (of one kilogram) per week, A B C D A S 50 W
20% being fertiliser I, 30% being fertiliser II
QR I RS0.5 0 0.5 0 VW B S 60 W
and 50% being fertiliser III, how much of each S W
= II S0.2 0.3 0 0.5W C S 75 W
constituent is used.
IIISS0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5WW D S100W
T X T X
I RS 25 + 0 + 37.5 + 0 VW (i) Find the combined sales in September and

= II S 10 + 18 + 0 + 50 W October for each farmer in each variety.
IIISS10 + 12 + 7.5 + 50WW (ii) Find the decrease in sales from September to
I TRS62.5VW X October.
= II S 78 W (iii) If both farmers receive 2% profit on gross sales,
IIISS79.5WW compute the profit for each farmer and for each
Thus, the costs perT kilogram
X tin of fertiliser are: variety sold in October.
I - ` 62.5, II - ` 78, III - ` 79.5 . Sol :
The total cost of fertiliser of 1000 tins (of one kilogram) The sale (in `) of these varieties of rice by both the
are needed per week may be calculated by farmers in the month of September and October are
I RS62.5VW given by the following matrices A and B .
Either: P (QR)
I II III
II S 78 W September Sales (in `)
= [200 300 500] IIISS79.5WW Basmati Permal Naura
= 612500 + 23400 + 39750@

T X 10000 20000 30000 Ramkishan
A=>
50000 30000 10000H Gurcharan Singh
= 675650@
October Sales (in `)
Hence, the total cost per week is ` 75650.
Basmati Permal Naura
112. Rice is a nutritional staple food which provides 5000 10000 6000 Ramkishan
B=>
instant energy as its most important component is 20000 10000 10000H Gurcharan Singh
carbohydrate (starch). On the other hand, rice is poor
(i) Combined sales in September and October for each
in nitrogenous substances with average composition of
farmer in each variety is given by
these substances being only 8 per cent and fat content
or lipids only negligible, i.e., 1 per cent and due to this Basmati Permal Naura
reason it is considered as a complete food for eating. 10000 + 5000 20000 + 10000 30000 + 6000
A+B =>
Rice flour is rich in starch and is used for making 50000 + 20000 30000 + 10000 10000 + 10000H
various food materials.
15000 30000 36000 Ramkishan

=>
(ii) Change in sales from September to October is
given by
10000 - 5000 20000 - 10000 30000 - 6000

A-B =>
50000 - 20000 30000 - 10000 10000 - 10000H
5000 10000 24000 Ramkishan

=>
Two farmers Ramkishan and Gurcharan Singh
cultivate only three varieties of rice namely Basmati, (iii) 2% of B = 2 # B = 0.02 # B
100
Permal and Naura. The sale (in `) of these varieties
of rice by both the farmers in the month of September Basmati Permal Naura
and October are given by the following matrices A 5000 10000 6000 Ramkishan
= 0.02 >
and B . 20000 10000 10000H Gurcharan Singh
September Sales (in `) Basmati Permal Naura
100 200 120 Ramkishan

=>
200H Gurcharan Singh
10000 20000 30000 Ramkishan 400 200

A=>
50000 30000 10000H Gurcharan Singh Thus, in October Ramkishan receives `100, ` 200
October Sales (in `) and `120 as profit in the sale of each variety of rice,
respectively, and Gurcharan Singh receives profit of
` 400, ` 200 and ` 200 in the sale of each variety of
5000 10000 6000 Ramkishan
B=>
10000H Gurcharan Singh
rice, respectively.
20000 10000
113. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited is an Indian When the cost per unit of materials M1, M2 and M3 are
multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered ` 5, `10 and ` 5 respectively, then the cost materials
in Mumbai, Maharashtra, that manufactures matrix C is given by:
and sells pharmaceutical formulations and active M1RS 5 VW
pharmaceutical ingredients in more than 100 countries
C = M2S10W
across the globe.
M3SS 5 WW
Sun Pharmaceutical produces three final chemical T X of each product is given by
The cost of production
products P1, P2 and P3 requiring mixup of three raw the matrix
material chemicals M1, M2 and M3 . The per unit
Cost
requirement of each product for each material (in M1 M 2 M 3 (per unit)
litres) is as follows: R V
P1S2 3 1W M R 5 V
1S W
M1 M2 M 3 AC = P2S4 2 5W M S 10 W
R S W 2
P1 2
S 3 1VW P3S2 4 2W M SS 5 WW
T X 3T X
A = P2S4 2 5W Cost of
P3SS2 4 2WW (Production)
T X R V
P1 S10 + 30 + 5 W
= P2S20 + 20 + 25W
S W
P3S10 + 40 + 10W
T X
R V
P1 S45W
= P2S65W
S W
P3S60W
T X
When the firm produces 200 litres of each product,
then the matrix D is given by:
P1 P2 P3
D
= 8200 200 200B
The total cost of production is given by:
P1RS45VW
P1 P2 P3
(i) Find the total requirement of each material if the D (AC ) P2S65W
firm produces 100 litres of each product, = 8200 200 200B P SS60WW
3
=6 # 65 + 200 # 60@
(ii) Find the per unit cost of production of each T X
200 # 45 + 200
product if the per unit of materials M1, M2 and
M3 are ` 5, `10 and ` 5 respectively, and = 634000@
(iii) Find the total cost of production if the firm
produces 200 litres of each product. 114. The D.A.V. College Managing Committee, familiarly
Sol : known as DAVCMC, is a non-governmental
When the firm produces 100 litres of each product, educational organisation in India and overseas with
then the production matrix B is given by: over 900 schools. 75 colleges and a university. It is
based on the ideals of Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati.
P1 P2 P3
Full Form of DAV is Dayanand Anglo Vedic.
B = 8100 100 100B
The total requirement of each material is:
M1 M 2 M 3
P1 P2 R P3 V
P1S2 3 1W
B = 8100 100 100B P2S4 2 5W
S 2WW
P3S2 4
M1 M
T M
X
2 3
In a certain city there are 50 colleges and 400 schools.
= 8200 + 400 + 200 300 + 200 + 400 100 + 500 + 200B Each school and college has 18 peons, 5 clerks and 1
M1 M2 M3 cashier. Each college in addition has 1 section officer
and one librarian. The monthly salary of each of them
= 8800 900 800B
is as follows:
Peon-Rs 3000, Clerk- Rs 5000, Cashier- Rs 6000, (b) Total monthly salary bill of all the colleges and
Section Officer-Rs 7000 and Librarian-Rs 9000 schools taken together Rs 3,905,000.
Using matrix notation, find
(a) total number of posts of each kind in schools and
colleges taken together. ************
(b) the total monthly salary bill of all the schools and
colleges taken together.
Sol :
The number of colleges and schools can be represented
by the matrix A as:
College School
A
= 850 400B
The number of posts of each kind in each college and
school can be represented by the matrix B as:
18 5 1 1 1
B = >18 5 1 0 0H
The monthly salary of each of them can be represented
by the matrix C as
Salary
R V
Peon
S3000W
C = Clerk S5000W
S W
Cashier
S6000W
Section Officer S7000W
S
Libratian S9000W
W
T X
The total number of posts of each kind in colleges and
schools taken together can be obtained by the matrix
product AB as:
18 5 1 1 1
AB = [50 400] >18 5 1 0 0H
= 88100 2250 450 50 50B
Thus there are 8100 peons, 2250 clerks, 450 cashiers,

50 section officers and 50 librarians in all colleges and
schools taken together.
The total monthly salary bill of all the colleges and
schools taken together is given by the product (AB) C
as
R V
S3000W
S5000W
(AB) C = [8100 2250 450 50 50] SS6000WW
S7000W
SS9000WW
T X
= [39050000]
Hence total monthly salary bill of all the colleges and
schools taken together .
(a) There are 8100 peons, 2250 clerks, 450 cashiers,
50 section officers and 50 librarians in all colleges
and schools taken together.
CHAPTER 4 Determinants Page 85
CHAPTER 4
DETERMINANTS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS AA-1 = I

A : A-1 = 1 AB = A B
1. If A is a square matrix of order 2 and A = - 2 , then
1 : A-1 = 1
value of 5Al is
(a) - 50 (b) - 10 A-1 = 1
(c) 10 (d) 50 R V
S1 3 3W
Sol : OD 2024 A-1 = S1 l 3W
SS1 3 4WW
If A is n # n matrix then kA = k A where k is
n
T X
scalar. = 1 ^4l - 9h - 3 ^4 - 3h + 3 ^3 - lh
Thus 5Al = 52 Al = 4l - 9 - 3 ^1 h + 3 ^3 - lh
5Al = 52 A 8 Al = A B = 4l - 9 - 3 + 9 - 3l
5Al = 25 A A-1 = l - 3
Equating A-1 to 1 we have
Since A = - 2 , we get
^l - 3h = 1
5Al = 25 ^- 2h
l-3 = 1
= - 50
l =4
R V
S 7 - 3 - 3W
2. If inverse of matrix S- 1 1 0 W is the matrix 3. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that the value
R V SS- 1 0 1 WW of adj A = 8 , then the value of AT is
S1 3 3W T X
S1 l 3W , then value of l is (a) 2 (b) - 2
SS1 3 4WW (c) 8 (d) 2 2
T X
(a) –4 (b) 1 Sol : OD 2024
(c) 3 (d) 4 If A is n # n matrix then

Sol : OD 2024 n-1
adj A = A ...(1)
R V R V
S 7 - 3 - 3W S1 3 3W Since A is 3 × 3 matrix, n = 3 and given adj A = 8,
We have A = S- 1 1 0 W and A-1 = S1 l 3W Therefore
SS- 1 0 1 WW SS1 3 4WW
3-1
T R X V T X 8 = A
S 7 - 3 - 3W 2
Now A = S- 1 1 0 W 8 = A
SS- 1 0 1 WW
A =2 2
A = T7 ^1 h + 3 ^- 1hX - 3 ^+ 1h
Now AT = A
= 7-3-3 = 1
=2 2
We know AA-1 = I
Sol : Delhi 2008

- a2 ab ab
1 #-w - w # w =-w - w 2 14. If ab - b2 bc = la2 b2 c2 , then l =
ac bc - c2
= - (- 1) = 1 (a) 1 (b) 2
Thus option (a) is correct. (c) 3 (d) 4
Sol : SQP 2020
1 log y x
10. =
log x y 1 - a2 ab ac
(a) 1 (b) - 1 Let A = ab - b2 bc
(c) 0 (d) log x y $ log x y ac bc - c2
Sol : OD 2009 Taking a, b and c common from R1, R2 and R3
-a b c
1 # 1 - log x y # log y x = 1 - 1 = 0 A = abc a -b c
Thus option (c) is correct. a b -c
Taking a, b and c common from C1, C2 and C3
5 -1
11. If = 13 then n = -1 1 1
3 n
(a) 1 (b) 2 A = (abc) (abc) 1 -1 1
1 1 -1
(c) 3 (d) 4
= a2 b2 c2 6- 1 (1 - 1) - 1 (- 1 - 1) + 1 (1 + 1)@
Sol : Comp 2018
= 4a2 b2 c2
(5) (n) - (- 1) (3) = 13
l =4
5n + 3 = 13
n =2
15. If a ! b ! c , then value of x which satisfies the
Thus option (b) is correct. 0 x-a x-b
sin 20c cos 20c equation x + a 0 x - c = 0 , is
12. = x+b x+c 0
sin 70c cos 70c
(a) - sin 50c (b) sin 50c (a) x = a (b) x = b
(c) sin 70c (d) sin 20c (c) x = c (d) x = 0
Sol : Delhi 2017, OD 2009 Sol : Comp 2017, OD 2014
Substituting x = 0 we have,
sin 20c cos 20c
= sin 20c cos 70c - sin 70c cos 20c 0 -a -b
sin 70c cos 70c
a 0 - c = abc - abc = 0
= sin (20c - 70c)
b c 0
= - sin 50c x =0
Thus option (a) is correct. Thus option (d) is correct.
2 8 4 16. The values of x in the following determinants are
13. Value of determinant - 5 6 - 10 is a+x a-x a-x
1 7 2 a-x a+x a-x = 0
(a) 488 (b) 328 a-x a-x a+x
(c) 0 (d) - 440 (a) x = 0 , x = 4a (b) x = 0 , x = a
Sol : Delhi 2010 (c) x = 0 , x = 2a (d) x = 0 , x = 3a
Sol : Comp 2015
2 8 2
2 -5 6 -5 = 0 From given option putting the value of every option
1 7 1 x = 0, 3a
Thus option (c) is correct. Thus option (d) is correct.

cos 2q sin 2q
=>
4y - x - sin 2q cos 2qH
adj A = > 2
-x 1 H
We have Thus option (d) is correct.
4y - x -3 1 25. The value of k such that the lines 2x - 3y + k = 0,

adj (A) + B = > 2
- x 1 H > 1 0H
+ 3x - 4y - 13 = 0 and 8x - 11y - 33 = 0 are
concurrent, is
1 0 4y - 3 - x + 1
>0 1H = >- x2 + 1 1 + 0 H (a) 20 (b) - 7
4y - 3 = 1 & y = 1 (c) 7 (d) - 20
Sol : SQP 2014
and -x + 1 = 0 & x = 1
Since given lines are concurrent, we have
R2 - 3 k V
2 3 S W
23. If A = > H , then A-1 is equal to S3 - 4 - 13W = 0
5 1 SS8 - 11 - 33WW
1 -3 1 -3 T X
(a) - 1 > (b) 1 >
13 - 5 2 H 13 - 5 2 H
2 (132 - 143) + 3 (- 99 + 104) + k (- 33 + 32) = 0
- 22 + 15 - k = 0
1 -3
(c) - >
-5 2 H
(d) None of these k =- 7
Sol : OD 2007 Thus option (b) is correct.
2 3 26. The existence of the unique solution of the system

We have A => H of equations x + y + z = b ; 5x - y + az = 10 and
5 1
2x + 3y = 6 depends on
A = 2 # 1 - 3 # 5 = - 13
(a) a only (b) b only
1 -3 (c) Both a and b (d) Neither b nor a
adj A = >
- 5 2H
Sol : OD 2018, SQP 2016
A -1
= 1 adj A
A We have x+y+z = b
1 -3
=- 1 >
13 - 5 2 H
5x - y + az = 10
and 2x + 3y - z = 6
1 1 1
cos 2q - sin 2q For unique solution, 5 - 1 a ! 0
Inverse of the matrix >
sin 2q cos 2q H
24. is 2 3 -1
cos 2q - sin 2q cos 2q sin 2q
(a) > H (b) >
sin 2q cos 2q sin 2q - cos 2qH 1 (1 - 3a) - 1 (- 5 - 2a) + 1 (15 + 2) ! 0
cos 2q - sin 2q cos 2q sin 2q 1 - 3a + 5 + 2a + 17 = 0

(c) >
sin 2q cos 2q H
(d) >
- sin 2q cos 2qH
- a + 23 ! 0 ,
Sol : Delhi 2010
Here, cofactors are a ! 23
Hence, for the existence of the unique solution, system
C11 = cos 2q ,
of equations depends on a only.
C12 = - sin 2q Thus option (a) is correct.
C21 = sin 2q 6i - 3i 1
27. If 4 3i - 1 = x + iy , then (x, y) =
and C22 = cos 2q
20 3 i
A = cos2 2q + sin2 2q = 1 (a) (2, 3) (b) (0, 3)
cos 2q - sin 2q T
(c) (3, 1) (d) (0, 0)
A-1 = 1 > H
A sin 2q cos 2q
Sol : OD 2018 Sol : Delhi 2008
x 5 2 3 5
We have =0
5 x We have D = 0 4 7
0 0 5
Solving determinant we have
Solving along C1 we get
x2 - 25 = 0
D = 2 ^4 # 5 - 7 # 0h
x = ! 25
= 2 ^20 - 0h
=! 5
= 40
10 2
34. = 3 4 5
35 7
37. 0 2 3 =
(a) 4 (b) 0
0 0 7
(c) 3 (d) 6 (a) 40 (b) 50
(c) 42 (d) 15
10 2 Sol : Foreign 2014, OD 2008
We have T=
35 7
3 4 5
= 7 # 10 - 2 # 35 T= 0 2 3
0 0 7
= 70 - 70
Solving along C1 we get
=0 2 3
Thus option (b) is correct. T=3
0 7
3 5 = 3 # 14
35. The matrix > H has no inverse if the value of k is
2 k
(a) 0 (b) 5 = 42
(c) 10 (d) 4 Thus option (c) is correct.

3 9
Sol : Delhi 2006 3 1 7
38. The value of the determinant 5 0 2 =
3 5
We have A => H 2 5 3
2 k
(a) 124 (b) 125
A = 3k - 10
(c) 134 (d) 144
adj A
A-1 = Sol : SQP 2019
A
A-1 will not exist if A = 0 therefore we have 3 1 7
3k - 10 = 0 Let, T= 5 0 2
2 5 3
k = 10 0 2 5 2 5 0
3 =3 -1 +7
5 3 2 3 2 5
Hence, inverse will not exist if k = 10 .
3 = 3 (0 - 10) - 1 (15 - 4) + 7 (25 - 0)
2 3 5 = - 30 - 11 + 175
36. 0 4 7 = = 134
0 0 5 Thus option (c) is correct.
(a) 40 (b) 0
(c) 3 (d) 25 cos q - sin q
If A = >
sin q cos q H
39. , then adj A is
Sol : SQP 2019

48. Let A be a non-singular matrix of the order 2 # 2
then A-1 =
1 1
Let X => H
0 1 (a) A (b) 1
A
X =1!0
(c) 0 (d) 1
Hence X is invertible Sol : Foreign 2014
1 -1
=>
0 1H
X-1
A-1 = A -1
Given XA = I
= 1
A = X-1 I A
Note that only for determinant,
1 -1 1 0 1 -1
A =>
0 1H>0 1H >0 1H
Hence = A-1 = A -1 $ A-1 ! (A) -1
Thus option (b) is correct. Thus option (b) is correct.
R 2 10 3V 1 2
S W 49. If A = > H ; then adj A =
46. The matrix S- 2 - 4 6W is a singular matrix, if b is 2 1
SS- 1 - 2 bWW 1 -2 2 1
(a) >
-2 1 H
(a) - 5 T X (b) 5 (b) > H
1 1
(c) 3 (d) For any value of b
2 -2 -1 2
(c) >
- 2 - 1H
(d) >
Sol : Comp 2013, OD 2011
2 - 1H
Matrix is singular if A = 0 Sol : Delhi 2010
5 10 3 1 2
-2 -4 6 = 0 We have A => H
2 1
-1 -2 b
1 -2 T
adj A = >
-2 1 H
0b + 0 = 0 any value of b
1 -2
=>
R2 0 0V
S W - 2 1H
47. If A = S0 2 0W then A + AT = Thus option (a) is correct.
SS0 0 2WW
T X 1 2
(a) 4 (b) 8 50. If A = > H , then 2A =
4 2
(c) 16 (d) 64 (a) 2 A (b) 4 A
Sol : OD 2007
(c) 8 A (d) None of these
R2 0 0V
S W Sol : Comp 2010, Delhi 2007
A = S0 2 0W
SS0 0 2WW 1 2
RT2 0 0VX We have A => H
S W 4 2
T
A = S0 2 0W
SS0 0 2WW A = 2-8
RT4 0 0XV =- 6
S W
A + AT = S0 4 0W 1 2 2 4
SS0 0 4WW Then, 2A = 2 > H = > H
4 2 8 4
T X
A + AT = 4 (16 - 0) = 64
2A = 8 - 32 = - 24 = 4 # - 6
=4 A
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 3x 7 8 7

59. If = , then find the value of x .
-2 4 6 4
Sol : OD 2014
0 -1 3 5
Find AB , if A = >
0 2H
55. and B = > H . 3x 7 8 7
0 0 We have =
Sol : OD 2019 -2 4 6 4
0 -1 3 5 12x - (- 14) = 32 - 42
We have A = > H and B = > H
0 2 0 0
12x + 14 = - 10
0 -1 3 5
AB = >
0 2 H>0 0H 12x = - 10 - 14 = - 24
Now,
0+0 0+0 0 0 24
x = - 12 = - 2
=>
0 + 0 0 + 0H >0 0H
=
AB = 0 p p+1
60. Write the value of the determinant .
p-1 p
R5 6 - 3VW
S Sol : Comp Delhi 2014
56. If A = S- 4 3 2 W , then write the cofactor of the
SS- 4 - 7 3 WW p p+1
We have T =
T
element a21
X
of its 2nd row. p-1 p
Sol : Foreign 2015, OD 2013 Expanding, we get
R 5 6 - 2V T = p2 - (p - 1) (p + 1)
S W
We have A = S- 4 3 3 W = p2 - (p2 - 12)
SS- 4 - 7 3 WW
T = p2 - p2 + 1
6 -X3
Cofactor of a21 A21 = (- 1)
-7 3 =1
= - (18 - 21) = 3
2x x+3 1 5
61. If = , then find the value of x .
1 2 1 3 2 (x + 1) x + 1 3 3
If A = >
3 - 1H
and B = >
- 1 1H
57. , write the value of Sol : Comp 2013
AB .
Sol : Comp 2015 2x x+3 1 5
We have =
2 (x + 1) x + 1 3 3
1 2
A = =- 1 - 6 =- 7 Expanding we have
3 -1
2x (x + 1) - (x + 3) (2x + 2) = 3 - 15
1 3
and B = = 1+3 = 4
-1 1 2x2 + 2x - (2x2 + 8x + 6) = - 12
AB = A $ B = (- 7) (4) = - 28 - 6x - 6 = - 12
3x 5 6 -2 - 6x = - 6
58. If = , then write the value of x .
8 x 7 3
x =1
Sol : Delhi 2014
x+1 x-1 4 -1
2x 5 6 -2 62. If = , then write the value of x .
We have = x-3 x+2 1 3
8 x 7 3
Sol : Delhi 2013
2x2 - 40 = 18 - (- 14)
x+1 x-1 4 -1
2x2 - 40 = 32 We have =
x-3 x+2 1 3
2x2 = 72 Expanding we have
x2 = 36 (x + 1) (x + 2) - (x - 1) (x - 3) = 12 + 1
x =! 6 x2 + 3x + 2 - (x2 - 4x + 3) = 13
2x2 - 15 = 17 = 33 # 4 A =4
2x2 = 32 = 27 # 4 = 108
x = 16 & x = ! 4
2
76. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and 3A = k A ,
Hence, for x = 4 , given pair of determinants is equal. then write the value of k .
Sol : Delhi 2010
72. If A is a square matrix satisfying A'A = I , write the
value of A . If A is a square matrix of order n , then
Sol : Delhi 2019, Foreign 2014 pA = pn A .
We have, A 'A = I Here, the matrix A is of order 3 # 3 .
3A = (3) 3 A = 27 A
A 'A = I
Comparing with given equation, we get
A' A =1 AB = A B
k = 27
A 2
=1 A' = A
8 0
A =! 1 77. If for any 2 # 2 square matrix A, A (adj A) = > H ,
0 8
then write the value of A .
73. If A and B are square matrices of the same order 3, Sol : OD 2017, Delhi 2010
such that A = 2 and AB = 2I . Write the values of
B . 8 0
We have A (adj A) = > H
Sol : Delhi 2019 0 8
We know that, 8 0
A (adj A) =
(i) kA = kn A , if A is square matrix of n th order 0 8
(ii) AB = A # B A adj A = 64 - 0
Here, we have AB = 2I and n = 3 A A 2-1
= 64 adj A = A n - 1
AB = 2I
A 2
= 64
= 2 I = 8$1 = 8
3
A =! 8
A B =8
5 2
2$ B = 8 & B = 4 78. Find adj A , if A = > H .
7 3
Sol : Comp 2014
74. Let A be the square matrix of order 3 # 3 . Write the
5 2
value of 2A , where A = 4 . We have A => H
Sol : OD 2012
7 3
For a square matrix A of order n , 5 2

A =
7 3
kA = kn $ A = 15 - 14 = 1
Here, 2A = 23 $ A order of A is 3 # 3 If A is a non-singular matrix of order n , then
= 23 # 4 A =4 adj A = A n - 1 ,
= 8 # 4 = 32 = A 2-1
75. If the determinant of matrix A of order 3 # 3 is of adj A = (1) 2 - 1 = 1

value 4, then write the values of 3A .
79. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that adj A = 64,
Sol : Comp 2012
then find A .
For a square matrix A of order n , Sol : Comp 2013
kA = kn $ A For a square matrix of order n ,

Here, 3A = 33 $ A order of A is 3 # 3 adj A = A n - 1
1 1 1 Sol : Comp 2015
86. Find the maximum value of 1 1 + sin q 1 2 sin x 3

A =>
2 sin x H
1 1 1 + cos q We have
1
Sol : Delhi 2016
Since A is a singular matrix, we have
1 1 1 A =0
We have T = 1 1 + sin q 1
2 sin x 3
1 1 1 + cos q
1 2 sin x = 0
Expanding along first row i.e. R1 , we get
4 sin2 x - 3 = 0
1 + sin q 1 1 1 1 1 + sin q
T=1 -1 +1 3
1 1 + cos q 1 1 + cos q 1 1 sin2 x = 4
= [(1 + sin q) (1 + cos q) - 1] - [1 + cos q - 1] Taking positive square root because p 1 x 1 p,
2
+ [1 - 1 - sin q]
sin x = 3
= 1 + cos q + sin q + sin q cos q - 1 - cos q - sin q 2
x = 2p
= sin q cos q 3
2 (x + 1) 2x
= 1 (2 sin q cos q) = 1 sin 2q For what value of x , A = >
x - 2H
2 2 89. is a singular
x
matrix?
Since maximum value of sin 2q is 1.
Sol : Comp 2011
T max = 1 # 1 = 1 .
2 2 2 (x + 1) 2x
A =>
x - 2H
We have
x
x sin q cos q
87. If - sin q - x 1 = 8 , write the value of x . Matrix A is said to be singular, if A = 0 .
cos q 1 x 2x + 2 2x
Thus =0
Sol : Foreign 2015, SQP 2012 x x-2
x sin q cos q (2x + 2) (x - 2) - 2x2 = 0

We have, - sin q - x 1 =8 2x2 - 2x - 4 - 2x2 = 0
cos q 1 x
- 2x - 4 = 0
Expanding along R1 , we get
x (- x2 - 1) - sin q (- x sin q - cos q) x =- 2
+ cos q (- sin q + x cos q) = 8 2x + 4 4
For what value of x , then matrix >
x + 5 3H
3 2
90. is a
- x - x + x sin q + sin q cos q - sin q cos q singular matrix?
+ x cos2 q = 8 Sol : Comp 2011
- x3 - x + x (sin2 q + cos2 q) = 8 2x + 4 4
A =>
x + 5 3H
We have
- x3 - x + x = 8
If matrix A is singular, then
- x3 = 8 A =0
x3 + 8 = 0 2x + 4 4
=0
3
x +2 = 0 3 x+5 3
(x + 2) (x2 - 2x + 4) = 0 & x = - 2 (2x + 4) # 3 - (x + 5) # 4 = 0

Here x2 - 2x + 4 = 0 , gives imaginary values. 6x + 12 - 4x - 20 = 0
88. In the interval p
1 x 1 p , find the value of x for
2 2x - 8 = 0
2 sin x 3
which the matrix >
2 sin x H
is singular. x =4
1
A-1 = 1 adj A A-1 = 1 adj A

A A
-1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -3
19 >- 5 2 H 19 >- 5 2 H
= =
2 3
= 1>
19 5 - 2H
2 3
= 1>
19 5 - 2H
= 1 A 1
19 A-1 = 19 A
96. Compute A-1 and show that 2A-1 = 9I - A .if Comparing with A-1 = kA (given), we get
2 -3
A =>
-4 7 H k = 1
19
2 -3
A =>
-4 7 H
We have,
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
2 -3
Here, A =
-4 7 R V
= 14 - 12 = 2 S1 2 - 3W
98. If A = S2 0 - 3W , then find A-1 and hence solve the
Since A ! 0 , therefore A-1 exists. SS1 2 0 WW
7 3 T
following X of equations :
system
Now, adj A = > H
4 2 x + 2y - 3z = 2
A-1 = 1 adj (A) x - 3z = 2
A
x + 2y = 3
Sol : OD 2024
= 1>
2 4 2H
7 3
...(i) R1 2 - 3V
S W
Now 2A-1 = 9I - A We have, A = S2 0 - 3W
SS1 2 0WW
1 0 2 -3
9I - A = 9 > H - > A = 1 (0 + 6) - 2X(0 + 3) - 3 (4 - 0)
T
-4 7 H
Here,
0 1
= 1 (6) - 2 (3) - 3 (4)
9 0 2 -3 7 3
= > H->
- 4 7 H >4 2H
=
0 9 = 6 - 6 - 12 = - 12
= 2A-1 Hence proved. Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1
exists.
2 3 Now, cofactors of elements of A are
If A = >
5 - 2H
97. be such that A-1 = kA , then find the
0 -3
value of k . A11 = (- 1) 2 = 1 (0 + 6) = 6
2 0
Sol : Comp 2018
2 -3
2 3 A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (0 + 3) = 3
A => 1 0
5 - 2H
We have,
2 0
2 3 A13 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (4 - 0) = 4
A = 1 2
5 -2
2 -3
= - 4 - 15 = - 19 A21 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (0 + 6) = - 6
2 0
Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1
1 -3
exists. A22 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (0 + 3) = 3
1 0
-2 -3
adj A = >
-5 2 H
Now 1 2
A23 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (2 - 2) = 0
1 2
R 201 V R 3 V
S W S W Now P = BT
= 1 S- 134W = S- 2W
67 S
S 67 WW SS 1 WW Here P-1 = ^BT h-1 = (B-1)T
T X T X R- 3 2 2V
Comparing corresponding elements, we get S W
= S- 2 1 1W
x = 3 , y = - 2 and z = 1 SS- 4 2 3WW
R- 3 - 2 - 4V R 1 2 0V Now substituting T C and PX-1 in (2) we have
S W S W
100. If A = S 2 1 2W and B = S- 2 - 1 - 2W then find R- 3 2 2VR3V
SS W SS W S WS W
2 1 3W 0 - 1 1W X = S- 2 1 1WS2W
T X T X SS- 4 2 3WWSS3WW
AB and use it to solve the following system of
Rx V RT - 9 + 4 + X6T VX R 1 V
equations : S W S W S W
Sy W = S - 6 + 2 + 3 W = S- 1W
x - 2y = 3 SSz WW SS- 12 + 4 + 9WW SS 1 WW
2x - y - z = 2 ComparingT Xcorresponding
T X T Xwe get
elements,
- 2y + z = 3 x = 1, y = - 1 and z = 1
Sol : OD 2023 R 1 - 2 3V
S W
We have x - 2y = 3 101. If A = S 0 - 1 4W , then find (A') -1 .
Sol : SS- 2 2 1WW Delhi 2015, Foreign 2010
2x - y - z = 2 T X
R 1 - 2 3V
S W
- 2y + z = 3 We have, A = S 0 - 1 4W
In matrix form, it can be written as SS- 2 2 1WW
T 1 2 X3
PX = C ...(1)
R1 - 2 0V Rx V R3V Now, A = 0 -1 4
S W S W S W -2 2 1
where, P = S2 - 1 - 1W , X = Sy W and C = S2W Expanding along R1 we have
SS0 - 2 1WW SSz WW SS3WW
T X T X T X A = 1 (- 1 - 8) + 2 (0 + 8) + 3 (0 - 2)
Its solution can be given as
= - 9 + 16 - 6
X = P-1 C (2)
R- 3 - 2 - 4V R 1 2 0V =1
S W S W Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1
We have A = S 2 1 2W and B = S- 2 - 1 - 2W
SS 2 1 3WW SS 0 - 1 1WW exists.
T R- 3 - 2 -X4VR 1 2 T 0V X Cofactors of an element of A are given by
S WS W
Now, AB = S 2 1 2WS- 2 - 1 - 2W -1 4
SS 2 1 3WWSS 0 - 1 1WW A11 = (- 1) 1 + 1 = (- 1 - 8) = - 9
2 1
RT- 3 + 4 + 0 X-T 6 + 2 + 4 0X + 4 - 4V
S W 0 4
= S 2 - 2 + 0 4 - 1 - 2 0 - 2 + 2W A12 = (- 1) 1 + 2 = - (0 + 8) = - 8
SS 2 - 2 + 0 4 - 1 - 3 0 - 2 + 3WW -2 1
RT1 0 0 V X 0 -1
S W A13 = (- 1) 1 + 3 = (0 - 2) = - 2
= S0 1 0 W = I -2 2
SS0 0 1WW
-2 -1
AB = TI X A21 = (- 1) 2 + 1
2 2
= - (- 2 - 6) = 8
(AB) B-1 = I $ B-1 1 3

A22 = (- 1) 2 + 2 = (1 + 6) = 7
ABB-1
=B -1 -2 1
1 3
A = B-1 A23 = (- 1) 2 + 3 = - (2 - 4) = 2
-2 1
R- 3 - 2 - 4V
S W -2 3
Thus B-1 = S 2 1 2W A31 = (- 1) 3 + 1 = (- 8 + 3) = - 5
SS 2 1 3WW -1 4
T X
5 -4 1 -2
A2 = >- H ...(i) B =
-1 3
= 3-2 = 1 ! 0
4 5
2 -1 1 0 -1 5
4A - 3I = 4 >
-1 2 H
Now - 3> H and AB =
5 - 14
= 14 - 25 = - 11 ! 0
0 1
8 -4 3 0 Thus, A, B and AB are non-singular matrices, so
=>
- 4 8 H >0 3H
- their inverse exists.
-4 -3
adj A = >
-1 2 H
5 -4
=>
-4 5 H
Now,
...(ii)
3 2
From eqs. (i) and (ii), we get adj B = > H
1 1
A2 = 4A - 3I Hence proved...(iii)
- 14 - 5
adj (AB) = >
- 5 - 1H
2 -1 and
Here, A = = 4-1 = 3 ! 0
-1 2
(AB) -1 = 1 adj (AB)
Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1 AB
exists.
1 - 14 - 5
- 11 > - 5 - 1 H
Now, pre-multiplying both sides of Eq. (iii) by A-1 =
, we get
A-1 $ A2 = A-1 $ (4A - 3I) 14 5
(AB) -1 = 1 >
11 5 1H
...(i)
-1 -1 -1
(A $ A) $ A = 4A $ A - 3A $ I
A-1 = 1 adj (A)
IA = 4I - 3A-1 A
1 -4 -3
- 11 >- 1 2 H
A = 4I - 3A-1
=
3A-1 = 4I - A
4 3
A-1 = 1 >
1 0
= 4> H - >
2 -1 11 1 - 2H
-1 2 H
-1
3A
0 1
4 0 2 -1 and B-1 = 1 adj (B)
B
= > H->
0 4 -1 2 H
= 1>
1 1 1 H >1 1 H
3 2 3 2
2 1 =
=> H
1 2
3 2 4 3
B-1 A-1 = > H 1 >
1 1 11 1 - 2H
2 1 2 1 Now,
= 1 > H = >1 H
3 3
A-1 2
3 1 2 3 3
3 2 4 3
= 1 > H>
If A = >
2 3 1 -2 11 1 1 1 - 2H
1 - 4H
, B=>
-1 3 H
104. , verify that
12 + 2 9 - 4
= 1>
(AB) -1 = B-1 A-1 . 11 4 + 1 3 - 2H
14 5
= 1>
2 3 1 -2 11 5 1H
A =>
1 - 4H
and B = >
-1 3 H
We have, = (AB) -1 [from Eq. (i)]
2 3 1 -2 Hence, (AB) -1 = B-1 A-1 .
AB = >
1 - 4H>- 1 3 H
R1 1 1 V
2 - 3 -4 + 9 -1 5 S W
=>
1 + 4 - 2 - 12H > 5 - 14H
= 105. Show that for the matrix A = S1 2 - 3W ,
SS2 - 1 3 WW
2 3 T X
A - 6A + 5A + 11I = O . Hence, find A-1 .
3 2
Now, A = = - 8 - 3 = - 11 ! 0
1 -4
R- 1 8 - 3VWT Now, cofactors of elements of A are

S
= S 1 - 19 14W 0 2
SS 2 6 - 5WW A11 = (- 1) 2 = 1 (0 - 2) = - 2
RT- 1 1 1
S 1 2XVW
= S 8 - 19 6W 1 2
A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (1 - 6) = 5
SS- 3 14 - 5WW 3 1
T X
and A-1 = 1 adj A 1 0
A A13 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (1 - 0) = 1
3 1
R- 1 1 2VW
1 S 1 1
= S 8 - 19 6W A21 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (1 - 1) = 0
11 S 1 1
S- 3 14 - 5WW
T X 1 1
We have x + 3 y + 4z = 8 A22 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (1 - 3) = - 2
3 1
2x + y + 2z = 5
1 1
and 5x + y + z = 7 A23 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (1 - 3) = 2
3 1
In matrix form, it can be written as 1 1
A31 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (2 - 0) = 2
AX = B ...(i) 0 2
R1 3 4V Rx V R8V 1 1
S W S W S W A32 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (2 - 1) = - 1
where, A = S2 1 2W , X = Sy W and B = S5W 1 2
SS5 1 1WW SSz WW SS7WW
1 1
System has a unique
T solution
X given
T X by T X A33 = (- 1) 6 = 1 (0 - 1) = - 1
1 0
X = A-1 B . RA A A VT
Rx V S 11 12 13W
S W
R- 1
S 1 2VWRS8VW adj A = SA21 A22 A23W
1
Sy W = S 8 - 19 6WS5W SSA A A WW
SSz WW 11 S 31 32 33
S- 3 14 - 5WWSS7WW RT- 2 5 1XVWT
T X RT - 8 + 5 + 14XTV X S
S W = S 0 - 2 2W
1 SS 2
= S 64 - 95 + 42W
11 S 1 - 1WW
S- 24 + 70 - 35WW RT- 2 0 X2V
TR V R V X S W
Rx V SS11WW SS1WW =S 5 -2 1W
S W 1 S W S W SS 1
Sy W = 11 SS11WW = SS1WW 2 - 1WW
SSz WW T X
A-1 = 1 adj A
SS WW SS WW
S11W S1W and
T X T X T X A
Comparing corresponding elements, we get x = 1, R- 2
y = 1 and z = 1. S 0 2VW
1
= S 5 -2 1W
R1 1 1V 4S
S W S 1 2 - 1WW
107. If A = S1 0 2W , find A-1 . T X
SS3 1 1WW We have x + y + z = 6
T X x + 2z = 7
Hence, solve the system of equations x + y + z = 6 ,
x + 2z = 7 , 3x + y + z = 12 .
and 3x + y + z = 12
Sol : Delhi 2019
R1 1 1V In matrix form, it can be written as
S W
We have, A = S1 0 2W AX = B ...(i)
SS3 1 1WW R1 1 1V Rx V R 6V
S W S W S W
Here, A = T1 (0 - 2) X- 1 (1 - 6) + 1 (1 - 0) where, A = S1 0 2W , X = Sy W and B = S 7W
SS3 1 1WW SSz WW SS12WW
= 1 (- 2) - 1 (- 5) + 1 (1)
System has a unique
T solution
X given
T X by T X
=- 2 + 5 + 1 = 4 X = A-1 B .
-1
Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A
exists.
R2 3 10V
5 0 4 S W
Now, A = 2 3 2 110. If A = S4 - 6 5W , find A-1 .
1 2 1 SS6 9 - 20WW
= 5 (3 - 4) - 0 + 4 (4 - 3) T X
Using A-1 solve the system of equations
=- 5 + 4 =- 1 ! 0 2 + 3 + 10 = 2 , 4 - 6 + 5 = 5 and 6 + 9 - 20 = - 4
-1
x y z x y z x y z
Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A exists.
Now, cofactors of elements of A arc
R2 3 10V
2
3 2 S W
A11 = (- 1) = (3 - 4) = - 1 We have, A = S4 - 6 5W
2 1 SS6 9 - 20WW
2 2 T X
A12 = (- 1) 3 = - (2 - 2) = 0 Here, A = 2 (120 - 45) - 3 (- 80 - 30) + 10 (36 + 36)
1 1
2 3 = 150 + 330 + 720
A13 = (- 1) 4 = (4 - 3) = 1
1 2
= 1200
0 4 Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1
A21 = (- 1) 3 = - (0 - 8) = 8
2 1 exists.
5 4 Now, cofactors of elements of A are
A22 = (- 1) 4 = (5 - 4) = 1
1 1 -6 5
A11 = (- 1) 2 = 1 (120 - 45) = 75
5 0 9 - 20
A23 = (- 1) 5 = - (10 - 0) = - 10
1 2 4 5
A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (- 80 - 30) = 110
0 4 6 - 20
A31 = (- 1) 4 = (0 - 12) = - 12
3 2 4 -6
A13 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (36 + 36) = 72
5 4 6 9
A32 = (- 1) 5 = - (10 - 8) = - 2
2 2 3 10
A21 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (- 60 - 90) = 150
5 0 9 - 20
A33 = (- 1) 6 = (15 - 0) = 15
2 3 2 10
R- 1 8 - 12V A22 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (- 40 - 60) = - 100
6 - 20
S W
adj A = S 0 1 -2 W 2 3
SS 1 - 10 15 WW A23 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (18 - 18) = 0
6 9
T X
and A-1 = 1 adj (A) 3 10
A
A31 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (15 + 60) = 75
RS- -6 5
SS 1 8 - 12WWW
V
= 1 SS 0 1 - 2 WW 2 10
-1 S A32 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (10 - 40) = 30
SS 1 - 10 15 WWW 4 5
R 1 T- 8 12 V X
S W 2 3
= S 0 -1 2 W A33 = (- 1) 6 = 1 (- 12 - 12) = - 24
4 -6
SS- 1 10 - 15WW
RA A A VT
Now (AB) = TB-1 A-1
-1 X S 11 12 13W
R1 3 3VR 1 - 8 12 V adj A = SA21 A22 A23W
S WS W SSA A A WW
31 32 33
= S1 4 3WS 0 - 1 2 W RT 75 110 X72 VT
SS1 3 4WWSS- 1 10 - 15WW S W
= S150 - 100 0 W
RT1 + 0 - XT X
3 - 8 - 3 + 30 12 + 6 - 45VW SS 75 30 - 24WW
S
= S1 + 0 - 3 - 8 - 4 + 30 12 + 8 - 45W TRS 75 150 75 XVW
SS1 + 0 - 4 - 8 - 3 + 40 12 + 6 - 60WW SS WW
= SS110 - 100 30 WW
TR V X SS W
S- 2 19 - 27W S 72 0 - 24WW
= S- 2 18 - 25W
A-1 = 1 adj (A)
T X
SS- 3 29 - 42WW and
A
T X
Sol : Delhi 2017, Foreign 2011 Rcos a - sin a 0V

S W
113. If A = Ssin a cos a 0W , find adj A
We have x - y + 2z = 1 SS 0 0 1WW
2y - 3z = 1 T X
and verify that A (adj A) = (adj A) A = A I3 .
and 3x - 2y + 4z = 2 Sol : Foreign 2016
In matrix form, it can be written as Rcos a - sin a 0V

S W
AX = B ...(1) We have, A = Ssin a cos a 0W
SS 0 0 1WW
R1 - 1 2VW Rx V R1V
S S W S W T X
Cofactors of elements of A are given by
where, A = S0 2 - 3W , X = Sy W and B = S1W
SS3 - 2 4WW SSz WW SS2WW A11 = cos a ; A12 = - sin a ; A13 = 0 ;
T X T X T X
Its solution can be given as A21 = sin a ; A22 = cos a ; A23 = 0
-1
X =A B (2)
A31 = 0 ; A32 = 0 and A33 = 1
R1 - 1 V R V
S 2W S- 2 0 1W RA A A VT
Now let A = S0 2 - 3W and C = S 9 2 - 3W S 11 12 13W
SS3 - 2 adj A = SA21 A22 A23W
4WW SS 6 1 - 2WW
SSA A A WW
RT1 - 1 XVR
2WS- 2 0
T V
1W
X 31 32 33
TR X
S
S cos a - sin a 0VWT
Now, AC = S0 2 - 3WS 9 2 - 3W
SS3 - 2 = Ssin a cos a 0W
4WWSS 6 1 - 2WW SS 0
TR XT X V 0 1WW
S - 2 - 9 + 12 0 - 2 + 2 1 + 3 - 4W TR
SS cos a sin a 0VWW
X
= S 0 + 18 - 18 0 + 4 - 3 0 - 6 + 6W S W
SS- 6 - 18 + 24 0 - 4 - 4 3 + 6 - 8WW = SS- sin a cos a 0WW
SS W
TR V X S 0 0 1WW
S1 0 0W RTcos a - sin a 0VXR cos a sin a 0V
= S0 1 0W = I S WS W
SS0 0 1WW A (adj A) = Ssin a cos a 0WS- sin a cos a 0W
T X SS 0 0 1WWSS 0 0 1WW
AC = I
TR XT VX
2 2
A-1 (AC) = A-1 $ I Scos a + sin a 0 0W
=S 0 sin2 a + cos2 a 0W
A-1 AC = A-1 S W
S 0 0 1W
TR X
C = A-1 SS1 0 0VWW
S W
= SS0 1 0WW
A-1 = C SS W
R- 2 0 S0 0 1WW ...(i)
S 1VW RT cos a X sin a 0VRcos a - sin a 0V
= S 9 2 - 3W S WS W
SS 6 1 - 2WW (adj A) $ (A) = S- sin a cos a 0WSsin a cos a 0W
T B and A-X1 in (2) we have SS 0 0 1WWSS 0 0 1WW
Now substituting
RT 2 XT V X
R- 2 0 1VWRS1VW
2
Scos a + sin a 0 0W
S
X = S 9 2 - 3WS1W =S 0 sin2 a + cos2 a 0W
S W
SS 6 1 - 2WWSS2WW S 0 0 1W
Rx V RT- 2 + 0 + 2V XT X TR X
S W S W SS1 0 0VWW
Sy W = S 9 + 2 - 6 W S
= SS0 1 0WW
W
SSz WW SS 6 + 1 - 4 WW SS W
S0 0 1WW ...(ii)
T X RTS0VW X T X
= S5W cos a - sin a 0
SS3WW and A = sin a cos a 0
T X 0 0 1
Comparing corresponding elements, we get
Expanding along R3 we have
x = 0 , y = 5 and z = 3
A = 1 $ (cos2 a + sin2 a) = 1
3x + 4y - 5z = - 5 Since A-1 exists, system has a unique solution given

by
and 2x - y + 3z = 12
In matrix form, it can be written as X = A-1 B .
Rx V R 7 1 - 3VWRS 7VW
AX = B ...(i) S W 1 S
Sy W == S- 19 - 1 11WS- 15W
R1 - 1 2V Rx V R 7V SSz WW 4S
S W S W S W S- 11 - 1 7WWSS 12WW
where, A = S3 4 - 5W , X = Sy W and B = S- 5W T X R T 49 - 5 - 36VXT X
SS2 - 1 3WW SSz WW SS 12WW 1 S W
= S- 133 + 5 + 132W
Here, A = 1 (12 - 5) + 1 (9 + 10) + 2 (- 3 T- 8X)
T X T X 4S
S - 77 + 5 + 84WW
Rx V TR V R V X
= 1 (7) + 1 (19) + 2 (- 11) S W
SS 8WW SS2WW
1
Sy W = 4 SS 4WW = SS1WW
S W S W
= 7 + 19 - 22 = 4 SSz WW SS WW SS WW
S12W S3W
Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1 T X T X T X
exists. Comparing corresponding elements, we get x = 2 ,
y = 1 and z = 3
Now, cofactors of elements of A are
4 -5 116. Using matrices, solve the following system of linear
A11 = (- 1) 2 = 1 (12 - 5) = 7 equations.
-1 3
3 -5 x+y-z = 3
A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (9 + 10) = - 19
2 3 2x + 3y + z = 10
3 4 and 3x - y - 7z = 1
A13 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (- 3 - 8) = - 11
2 -1
Sol : OD 2012, Comp 2009
-1 2
A21 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (- 3 + 2) = 1 We have x+y-z = 3
-1 3
1 2 2x + 3y + z = 10
A22 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (3 - 4) = - 1
2 3 and 3x - y - 7z = 1
1 -1 In matrix form, it can be written as
A23 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (- 1 + 2) = - 1
2 -1
AX = B ...(i)
-1 2 R1 1 - 1V Rx V R 3V
A31 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (5 - 8) = - 3 S W S W S W
4 -5
where, A = S2 3 1W , X = Sy W and B = S 10W
1 2 SS3 - 1 - 7WW SSz WW SS 1WW
A32 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (- 5 - 6) = 11
3 -5 Here, A = 1 (- 21 + 1) - 1 (- 14 - 3) - 1 (T- 2X- 9)
T X T X
1 -1 = 1 (- 20) - 1 (- 17) - 1 (- 11)

A33 = (- 1) 6 = 1 (4 + 3) = 7
3 4
= - 20 + 17 + 11 = 8
RA A A VT
S 11 12 13W Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1
adj A = SA21 A22 A23W exists.
SSA A A WW
31 32 33
RT 7 - 19 - 11 X VT Now, cofactors of elements of A are
S W 3 1
= S 1 - 1 - 1W A11 = (- 1) 2 = 1 (- 21 + 1) = - 20
SS- 3 11 7WW -1 -7
RT 7 1 - 3XVW
S 2 1
= S- 19 - 1 11W A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (- 14 - 3) = 17
3 -7
SS- 11 - 1 7WW
T X 2 3
and A-1 = 1 adj (A) A13 = (- 1) 4
3 -1
= 1 (- 2 - 9) = - 11
A
R 7 1 - 3VW 1 -1
1 S A21 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (- 7 - 1) = 8
= S- 19 - 1 11W -1 -7
4S
S- 11 - 1 7WW
T X
Since A-1 exists, system has a unique solution given 2 3

by A22 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (- 4 - 9) = - 13
3 -2
X = A-1 B . 2 3
Rx V R- 3 26 19VR 4V A23 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (- 2 - 9) = 11
3 -1
S W 1 S WS W
Sy W = S 9 - 16 5WS - 3W 3 3
SSz WW 62 SS 5 - 2 - 11WWSS 8WW A31 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (3 + 6) = 9
-2 1
T X TR XTV X
1 S- 12 - 78 + 152W 2 3
= S 36 + 48 + 40W A32 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (2 - 3) = 1
62 S 1 1
S 20 + 6 - 88WW
Rx V RST VW RS VW X 2 3
S W 62W S 1W A33 = (- 1) 6 = 1 (- 4 - 3) = - 7
1 SS 1 -2
Sy W = 8 SS 124WW = SS 2WW
W S W
SSz WW SS- WW SS- WW RA A A VT
S 62W S 1W S 11 12 13W
T X T X T X adj A = SA21 A22 A23W
Comparing corresponding elements, we get x = 1,
SSA A A WW
y = 2 and z = - 1 31 32 33
TR X
S5 5 5VWT
118. Using matrices, solve the following system of equations.
= S3 - 13 11W
2x + 3y + 3z = 5 , SS9 1 - 7WW
RT5 3 9VW
X
x - 2y + z = - 4 S
= S5 - 13 1W
and 3x - y - 2z = 3 SS5 11 - 7WW
Sol : OD 2012, Delhi 2008 T X
and A-1 = 1 adj (A)
A
We have 2x + 3y + 3z = 5 , R5
S 3 9VW
x - 2y + z = - 4 1
= S5 - 13 1W
40 S
S5 11 - 7WW
and 3x - y - 2z = 3 T X
In matrix form, it can be written as Since A-1 exists, system has a unique solution given
by
AX = B ...(i)
X = A-1 B .
R2 3 3V Rx V R 5V
S W S W S W Rx V R5 3 9VWRS 5VW
where, A = S1 - 2 1W , X = Sy W and B = S- 4W S W S
SS3 - 1 - 2WW SSz WW SS 3WW Sy W = 1 S5 - 13 1WS - 4W
SSz WW 40 S
S5 11 - 7WWSS 3WW
Here, A = 2 (4 + 1) - 3 (- 2 - 3) + 3 (- 1 T+ 6)X
T X T X
T X TR XT X
S 25 - 12 + 27VW
= 2 (5) - 3 (- 5) + 3 (5) = 1 S 25 + 52 + 3W
40 S
= 10 + 15 + 15 = 40 S25 - 44 - 21WW
Rx V TR X
Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1 SS 40VWW RSS 1VWW
S W 1
Sy W = 40 SS 80WW = SS 2WW
S W S W
exists.
SSz WW SS- WW SS- WW
Now, cofactors of elements of A are S 40W S 1W
Comparing T X corresponding
T X Telements,
X we get x = 1,
-2 1 y = 2 and z = - 1.
A11 = (- 1) 2 = 1 (4 + 1) = 5
-1 -2
R 1 2 1V
1 1 S W
A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (- 2 - 3) = 5 119. If A = S- 1 1 1W , then find A-1 and hence solve the
3 -2 SS 1 - 3 1WW
1 -2 T X
system of equations
A13 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (- 1 + 6) = 5
3 -1
x + 2y + z = 4
3 3
A21 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (- 6 + 3) = 3 -x + y + z = 0
-1 -2
and x - 3y + z = 4 .
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1 2 121. Using matrix method, solve the following system of

A23 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (- 3 - 6) = 9 equations
3 -3
2 -3 2 + 3 + 10 = 4
A31 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (4 + 9) = 13 x y z
3 2
4-6+5 =1
1 -3 x y z
A32 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (2 + 6) = - 8 6 + 9 - 20 = 2 , x, y, z ! 0 .
2 2 and
x y z
1 2 Sol : Delhi 2011, OD 2007
A33 = (- 1) 6 = 1 (3 - 4) = - 1
2 3
We have 2 + 3 + 10 = 4 ,
RA A A VT x y z
S 11 12 13W
adj A = SA21 A22 A23W 4-6+5
SSA A A WW
31 32 33
x y z = 1,
RT- 6 14 - 15XVT 6 + 9 - 20 = 2 ; x , y , z ! 0
S W and
= S 17 5 9W x y z
SS 13 - 8 - 1WW 1 = u , 1 = v and 1 = w , then system of
TR - 6 17 13XV Let
x y z
S W equations can be written as
= S 14 5 - 8W
SS- 15 9 - 1WW 2u + 3v + 10w = 4
T X
and A-1 = 1 adj (A) and 4u - 6v + 5w = 1 ...(i)
A 6u + 9v - 20w = 2
R - 6 17 13V
S W In matrix form, it can be written as
= S 14 1 5 - 8W
67 S AX = B
S- 15 9 - 1WW
T X R2 3 10 V Ru V R4V
We have x + 2 y - 3z = - 4 S W S W S W
where A = S4 - 6 5 W , X = Sv W and B = S1W
2x + 3y + 2z = 2 SS6 9 - 20WW SSwWW SS2WW
T X T X T X
and 3x - 3y - 4z = 11 Here,
In matrix form, it can be written as
A = 2 (120 - 45) - 3 (- 80 - 30) + 10 (36 + 36)
AX = B ...(i)
R1 2 - 3V Rx V R- 4V = 2 (75) - 3 (- 110) + 10 (72)
S W S W S W
where, A = S2 3 2W , X = Sy W and B = S 2W = 150 + 330 + 720 = 1200
SS3 - 3 - 4WW SSz WW SS 11WW
T X T X T X A = 1200
System has a unique solution given by
Since, A ! 0 , so A is non-singular and its inverse
X = A-1 B . exists.
Rx V R - 6 17 13VR- 4V Now, cofactors of elements of A arc
S W 1 S WS W
Sy W = S 14 5 - 8WS 2W -6 5
SSz WW 67 S A11 = (- 1) 2 = 1 (120 - 45) = 75
S- 15 9 - 1WWSS 11WW 9 - 20
T X TR XTV X
1 S 24 + 34 + 143W 4 5
= S- 56 + 10 - 88W A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (- 80 - 30) = 110
67 S 6 - 20
S 60 + 18 - 11WW
Rx V TR X 4 -6
SS 201VWW RSS 3VWW A13 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (36 + 36) = 72
S W 1 S 6 9
Sy W = 67 SS- 134WW = SS- 2WW
W S W
SSz WW SS W S W
S 67WW SS 1WW 3 10
T X A21 = (- 1) 3 = - (- 60 - 90) = 150
T X T X
Comparing corresponding elements, we get x = 3 , 9 - 20
y = - 2 and z = 1. 2 10
A22 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (- 40 - 60) = - 100
6 - 20
R 0 -5 5VW
S 1 3
= S 15 0 - 10W A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (0 - 6) = 6
2 0
SS- 10 10 5WW
T X 1 0
A13 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (- 3 - 0) = - 3
and A-1 = 1 adj (A) 2 -3
A
R 0 -5 5VW 2 1
S A21 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (0 + 3) = - 3
1
= S 15 0 - 10W -3 0
25 S
S- 10 10 5WW 1 1
-1 T
Since A exists, system X
has a unique solution given A22 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (0 - 2) = - 2
2 0
by
1 2
X = A-1 B . A23 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (- 3 - 4) = 7
2 -3
Rx V R 0 -5 5VWRS60VW
S W 1 S 2 1
Sy W = S 15 0 - 10WS45W A31 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (6 - 0) = 6
25 S 0 3
SSz WW S- 10 10 5WWSS70WW
T X TR XT X 1 1
S 0 - 225 + 350VW A32 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (3 - 1) = - 2
1 3
= 1S 900 + 0 - 700W
25 S
S- 600 + 450 + 350WW 1 2
Rx V TR V R V X A33 = (- 1) 6 = 1 (0 - 2) = - 2
SS125WW SS5WW 1 0
S W 1 S W S W
Sy W = 25 SS200WW = SS8WW RA A A VT
S 11 12 13W
SSz WW
SS WW SS WW
S200W S4W adj A = SA21 A22 A23W
T X T elements,
X we get x = 5 , SSA A A WW
31 32 33
y = 8 and z = 4 . RT 9 6 - 3VXT
S W
123. Using matrices, solve the following system of equations. = S- 3 - 2 7W
SS 6 - 2 - 2WW
x + 2y + z = 7 RT 9 - 3 6VX
S W
x + 3z = 11 = S 6 - 2 - 2W
SS- 3 7 - 2WW
and 2x - 3y = 1 T X
and A-1 = 1 adj (A)
Sol : OD 2011, Comp 2008 A
R 9 - 3 6V
We have x + 2y + z = 7 1 S W
= S 6 - 2 - 2W
18 S
x + 3z = 11 S- 3 7 - 2WW
T X
and 2x - 3y = 1 Since A-1 exists, system has a unique solution given
by
In matrix form, it can be written as
X = A-1 B .
AX = B ...(i)
Rx V R 9 - 3 6VR 7V
R1 2 1V R 7V Rx V S W S WS W
S W S W S W 1
Sy W = S 6 - 2 - 2WS11W
where, A = S1 0 3W , B = S11W and X = Sy W SSz WW 18 S
SS2 - 3 0WW SS 1WW SSz WW S- 3 7 - 2WWSS 1WW
T X RT 63 - 33 +X6TV X
Here, A = 1 (0 + 9) - 2 (0 - 6) + 1 (- 3 - T0)X
T X T X S W
= 1 S 42 - 22 - 2W
18 S
= (9) - 2 (- 6) + 1 (- 3) S- 21 + 77 - 2WW
Rx V TR V R V X
= 9 + 12 - 3 = 18 SS36WW SS2WW
S W 1 S W S W
Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1 Sy W = 18 SS18WW = SS1WW
SSz WW
SS WW SS WW
exists. S54W S3W
T X T Xelements, we get x = 2 ,
Now, cofactors of elements of A are
y = 1 and z = 3 .
0 3
A11 = (- 1) 2 = 1 (0 + 9) = 9
-3 0
Rx V R3 - 6 - 1VR 0V
-1
2
1 S W S WS W
A11 = (- 1) = 1 (3 - 0) = 3 Sy W = S2 - 5 - 1WS- 2W
0 -3
SSz WW SS2 - 4 - 1WWSS 10WW
0 1 T X RT XVT X
A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (0 - 2) = 2 S 0 + 12 - 10W
2 -3
= S 0 + 0 - 10W
0 -1 SS- 0 + 8 - 16WW
A13 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (0 + 2) = 2
2 0 Rx V TRS 2VW X
S W SS WW
-2 1 Sy W = SS 0WW
A21 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (6 - 0) = - 6 SSz WW SS- WW
0 -3 S 2W
T X elements, we get x = 2 ,
1 1
A22 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (- 3 - 2) = - 5 y = 0 and z = - 2 .
2 -3
R1 - 2 0V R 7 2 - 6V
1 -2 S W S W
A23 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (0 + 4) = - 4 126. If A = S2 1 3W and B = S- 2 1 - 3W , then find
2 0 SS0 - 2 1WW SS- 4 2 5WW
-2 1 AB henceT solve system X T
of equations X
A31 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (- 2 + 1) = - 1
-1 1 x - 2y = 10
1 1
A32 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (1 - 0) = - 1 2x + y + 3z = 8
0 1
and - 2y + z = 7 .
6
1 -2
A33 = (- 1) = 1 (- 1 - 0) = - 1 Sol : Delhi 2011, OD 2010
0 -1
RA A A VT We have x - 2y = 10
S 11 12 13W
adj A = SA21 A22 A23W
SSA A A WW 2x + y + 3z = 8
31 32 33
RT 3 2 2VXT and - 2y + z = 7 .
S W
= S- 6 - 5 - 4W In matrix form, it can be written as
SS- 1 - 1 - 1WW
AX = C ...(1)
TR VX
S3 - 6 - 1W R1 - 2 0V Rx V R10V
= S2 - 5 - 1W S W S W S W
SS2 - 4 - 1WW where, A = S2 1 3W , X = Sy W and C = S 8W
SS0 - 2 1WW SSz WW SS 7WW
T X
and A-1 = 1 adj (A) T X
Its solution can be given as
T X T X
A
R3 - 6 - 1V
S W X = A-1 C (2)
= 1 S2 - 5 - 1W R1 - 2 0V R 7 2 - 6V
1S
S2 - 4 - 1WW S W S W
T X Now let A = S2 1 3W and B = S- 2 1 - 3W
SS0 - 2 1WW SS- 4 2 5WW
Now we have x - 2y + z = 0
RT1 - 2 0VXR 7 2 -T6V X
-y + z =- 2 S WS W
Now, AB = S2 1 3WS- 2 1 - 3W
and 2x - 3z = 10 SS0 - 2 1WWSS- 4 2 5WW
RT 7 + 4 + 0XT 2 - 2 + 0 X - 6 + 6 + 0 V
In matrix form, it can be written as S W
= S14 - 2 - 12 4 + 1 + 6 - 12 - 3 + 15W
AX = B ...(i) SS 0 + 4 - 4 0 - 2 + 2 0 + 6 + 5 WW
R1 - 2 1VW R 0V Rx V TR V X
where,
S
A = S0 - 1
S W S W
1W , B = S- 2W and X = Sy W S11 0 0 W
= S 0 11 0 W = 11I
SS2 0 - 3WW SS 10WW SSz WW SS 0 0 11WW
Since A-1 T system has
exists, T X solution given
X a unique T X T X
by AB = 11I
X = A-1 B . A-1 (AB) = A-1 $ 11I

R - 6 25 - 24V
Comparing corresponding elements, we get x = 3 , S W
y = 2 and z = - 1. = S- 12 40 - 38W
R 8 - 4 1V SS 10 - 40 40WW
S W T X
128. If A = S10 0 6W , then find A-1 and hence solve the and A-1 = 1 adj (A)
SS 8 A
1 6WW
R - 6 25 - 24V
following system ofX equations.
T
S W
1
= S- 12 40 - 38W
8x - 4y + z = 5 10 S
S 10 - 40 40WW
10x + 6z = 4 T X
Now we have 8x - 4y + z = 5
and 8x + y + 6z = 5
2 10x + 6z = 4
Sol : Comp 2010
and 8x + y + 6z = 5
2
R 8 - 4 1V
We have, A = S10 0 6W
SS 8 AX = B ...(i)
1 6WW
R 8 -4 R V
Here, T X 48) + 1 (10 - 0)
A = 8 (0 - 6) + 4 (60 - S 1VW S5W
Rx V
S W
where, A = S10 0 6W , B = S4W and X = Sy W
= 8 (- 6) + 4 (12) + 1 (10) SS 8 1 6WW S5W SSz WW
S2W
Since A-1 T system
exists, X
has a unique solutionT given
T X X
= - 48 + 48 + 10 = 10
by
Since A ! 0 , matrix A is non-singular and A-1
exists. X = A-1 B .
Now, cofactors of elements of A are Rx V R - 6 25 - 24VR5V
S W 1 S WS W
0 6 Sy W = S- 12 40 - 38WS4W
A11 = (- 1) 2 = 1 (0 - 6) = - 6 10 S
1 6 SSz WW S 10 - 40 40WWSS 52 WW
T X RT- 30 + 100 - 60VXT X
10 6 S W
A12 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (60 - 48) = - 12 1
= S- 60 + 160 - 95W
8 6 10 S
S 50 - 160 + 100WW
10 0 Rx V TR X
A13 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (10 - 0) = 10 S W
SS 10VWW RSS 1VWW
8 1 1 S
Sy W = 10 SS 5WW = SS 12 WW
W S W
-4 1 SSz WW SS- WW SS- WW
A21 = (- 1) 3 = - 1 (- 24 - 1) = 25 S 10W S 1W
1 6 T X T X T X
Comparing corresponding elements, we get x = 1,
8 1 y = 2 and z = - 1.
1
A22 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (48 - 8) = 40
8 6 R1 - 1 0V R 2
S W S 2 - 4VW
8 -4 129. If A = S2 3 4W and B = S- 4 2 - 4W , then find
A23 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (8 + 32) = - 40 SS0 W S
8 1 1 2W S 2 -1 5WW
T X T X
-4 1 AB . Use this to solve the system of equations
A31 = (- 1) 4 = 1 (- 24 - 0) = - 24
0 6 x-y = 3
8 1 2x + 3y + 4z = 17
A32 = (- 1) 5 = - 1 (48 - 10) = - 38
10 6
and y + 2z = 7 .
8 -4
A33 = (- 1) 6
= 1 (0 + 40) = 40 Sol : OD 2010, Delhi 2007
10 0
RA A A VT We have x-y = 3
S 11 12 13W
adj A = SA21 A22 A23W 2x + 3y + 4z = 17
SSA A A WW
31 32 33
RT - 6 - 12 X 10VT and y + 2z = 7 .
= S 25 40 - 40W
SS- 24 - 38 40WW AX = C ...(1)
T X
and 7x + 3y - 3z = 7 . Due to changes in the consumer’s tastes it has been

In matrix form, it can be written as decided to change the mixes using the following
amendment matrix:
AX = B ...(i) Flour Fat Sugar
R3 V R V R V ARS 0 1 0VW
S 2 1W S6W Sx W
where, A = S4 - 1 2W , B = S5W and X = Sy W Type B S- 0.5 0.5 0.5W
SS7 3 - 3WW SS7WW SSz WW C SS 0.5 0 0WW
T X T X T X T X
Since A-1 exists, system has a unique solution given Using matrix algebra you are required to calculate:
by (i) the matrix for the new mix:
X = A-1 B . (ii) the production requirement to meet an order for
Rx V 50 units of type A , 30 units of type B and 20
S W
R- 3
S 9 5VWRS6VW units of type C of the new mix;
1
Sy W = S 26 - 16 - 2WS5W
62 S (iii) the amount of each type that must be made to
SSz WW S 19 5 - 11WWSS7WW totally use up 370 kg of flour, 170 kg of fat and 80
T X RT- 18 + 45 + 35V XT X kg of sugar that are at present in the stores.
S W
= 1 S 156 - 80 - 14W Sol :
62 S
S 114 + 25 - 77WW
TR V R V X (i) Matrix for the new mix:
Rx V SS62WW SS1WW
S W The matrix for the new mix is obtained by adding the
1 S W S W
Sy W = 62 SS62WW = SS1WW amendment matrix to the original mix matrix, i.e
SSz WW SS WW SS WW
S62W S1W R V R V R V
T X T X T X S 6 1 1W S 0 1 0W S5 2 1W
Comparing corresponding elements, we get x = 1, S6.5 2.5 0.5W + S- 0.5 0.5 0.5W = S6 3 1W
y = 1 and z = 1. SS4.5 3 2WW SS 0.5 0 0WW SS5 3 2WW
T X T X T X
(ii) Production requirement
The production requirement to meet an order for 50
units of type A, 30 units of type B and 20 units of
CASE BASED QUESTIONS type C of the new mix is given by the matrix product
R5 2 1V
S W
850 30 20BS6 3 1W = 8530 250 120B
131. Pastry is a dough of flour, water and shortening that SS5 3 2WW
may be savoury or sweetened. Sweetened pastries are T X
Hence, the production requirement to meet a given
often described as bakers’ confectionery. The word
order of the new mix is 530 kg of flour, 250 kg of fat,
“pastries” suggests many kinds of baked products
120 kg of sugar.
made from ingredients such as flour, sugar, milk,
butter, shortening, baking powder, and eggs. (iii) Amount of Each Type
Let x1, x 2 and x 3 be the amount of mixes of type A, B
and C respectively. Then, we have the following set of
simultaneous equations:
5x1 + 6x2 + 5x3 = 370
2x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 = 170
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 80
The above system of equations can be written in
matrix form as:
The Sunrise Bakery Pvt Ltd produces three basic R5 6 5VRx V R370V
S WS 1W S W
pastry mixes A, B and C . In the past the mix of S2 3 3WSx2W = S170W
ingredients has shown in the following matrix: SS1 1 2WWSSx WW SS 80 WW
3
Flour Fat Sugar T XT X T X
or AX = B
ARS 5 1 1VW (All quantities in kg)
Type B S6.5 2.5 0.5 W R5 6 5V Rx V R370V
S W S W S W
C SS4.5 3 2WW where A = S2 3 3W , X = Sy W and B = S170W
T X SS1 1 2WW SSz WW SS 80 WW
T X T X T X
R V Sol :
S - 48000 - 900000 + 112000W
= 1 S- 1120000 + 50000 - 16000 W Let S1 be total overhead of service department and S2
- 26 SS
128000 - 20000 - 160000WW be total overhead of service department.
R T V R V X
S- 26000W S1000W Then, S1 = 20000 + 0.3S2
= - 1 S- 78000W = S3000W
26 SS and S2 = 40000 + 0.2S1
- 52000WW SS2000WW
T X T X The total overhead of the service departments can be
Thus x = 1000 , y = 3000 and z = 2000 . Hence, the
expressed in the form of simultaneous equations as:
number of strips produced are: Paingo-1000, X
-prene-3000 and Relaxo-2000. S1 - 0.3S2 = 20000
133. A manufacturing company has two service - 0.2S1 + S2 = 40000

departments, S1 , S2 and four production departments The above simultaneous equations can be expressed in
P1, P2, P3 and P4 . the matrix form as:
Overhead is allocated to the production departments
1 - 0.3 S1 20000
for inclusion in the stock valuation. The analysis of > H> H = > H,
- 0 . 2 1 S2 40000
benefits received by each department during the last
quarter and the overhead expense incurred by each or AS = B
department were:
Here A = 1 - 0.06 = 0.94
Service Percentages to be allocated to Since A ! 0 thus A-1 exists, so that the unique
Department departments solution of AX = B is X = A-1 B .
S1 S2 P1 P2 P3 P4 adj.A
Here, A-1 =
S1 0 20 30 25 15 10 A
S2 30 0 10 35 20 5 1 0.3
= 1 > H
0.94 0.2 1
Direct overhead 20 40 25 30 20 10
expense ` '000 S1
> H = S = A-1 B
S2
1 0.3 20000 34043
= 1 > H> H => H
0.94 0.2 1 40000 46809
S1 = ` 34043 and S2 = ` 46809
The allocation of overhead from S1 and S2 to the
production department becomes:
[P1 P2 P3 P4] = [34043] [0.3 0.25 0.15 0.1]
= [10213 8511 5106 3404]
and [P1 P2 P3 P4] = [46809] [0.1 0.35 0.2 0.05]
= [4681 16383 9362 2340]
The final allocation becomes:
You are required to find out following using matrix Department Total P1 P2 P3 P4
method.
S1 27234 10213 8511 5106 3404
(i) Express the total overhead of the service
departments in the form of simultaneous S2 32766 4681 16383 9362 2340
equations. Total 60000 14894 24894 14468 5744
(ii) Express these equations in a matrix form and
solve for total overhead of service departments 134. Cross holding, also referred to as cross shareholding,
using matrix inverse method. describes a situation where one publicly-traded
(iii) Determine the total overhead to be allocated from company holds a significant number of shares of
each of S1 and S2 to the production department. another publicly-traded company. The shares owned
Rx V
bought I and III, 60 customers only products II and II S W
and 80 customers only products only III regardless of Sy W = X = A-1 B
the market segmentation groups. SSz WW
Based on the market segmentation analysis, for T X R VR V
S- 17 6 1WS3200W
product I, the percentage for the income groups are = 1 S -7 6 - 4WS5600W
- 15 SS
given as (40%, 20% and 40%), for product II (30%, 13 - 9 1WWSS5800WW
20% and 50%), for product III (10%, 50% and 40%). Rx V RT XT X V
(i) Taking the suitable variable form the system of S W S- 54400 + 33600 + 5800 W
Sy W = - 1 S- 22400 + 33600 - 23200W
equation that represent given problem. 15 SS
SSz WW 41600 - 50400 5800 WW
(ii) Using matrix method, find out the number of T X T
R V R V X
persons in the lower income, middle income and S- 15000W S1000W
higher income class in the region referred. = - 1 S- 12000W = S 800 W
15 SS
Sol : - 3000 WW SS 200 WW
T X T X
The number of persons purchasing product I, II and x = 1000 , y = 800 and z = 200
III can be put in the tabular form as: Hence, the number of persons in the lower income,
middle income and higher income class in the region
I (200 + 240 + 80 + 120) = 640 referred are 1000, 800 and 200 respectively.
II (200 + 60 + 80 + 220) = 560
136. A car carrier trailer, also known as a car-carrying
III (200 + 60 + 240 + 80) = 580 trailer, car hauler, or auto transport trailer, is a type of
Let the number of persons in the lower income group, trailer or semi-trailer designed to efficiently transport
middle income group and higher income group be x, y passenger vehicles via truck. Commercial-size car
and z , respectively. Then the given information can carrying trailers are commonly used to ship new cars
be put in the form of simultaneous linear equations as: from the manufacturer to auto dealerships. Modern
car carrier trailers can be open or enclosed. Most
0.4x + 0.2y + 0.4z = 640 commercial trailers have built-in ramps for loading
and off-loading cars, as well as power hydraulics to
2x + y + 2z = 3200 (i)
raise and lower ramps for stand-alone accessibility.
0.3x + 0.2y + 0.5z = 560
3x + 2y + 5z = 5600 (ii)
0.1x + 0.5y + 0.4z = 580
x + 5y + 4z = 5800 (iii)
The above system of equations can be written in
matrix form as:
R VR V R V
S2 1 2WSx W S3200W
S3 2 5WSy W = S5600W
SS1 5 4WWSSz WW SS5800WW
T XT X T X
or AX = B
Here A = 2 (8 - 25) - 1 (12 - 5) + 2 (15 - 2)
= - 34 - 7 + 26 = - 15 A transport company uses three types of trucks T1, T2

Since A ! 0 thus A-1 exists, so that the unique and T3 to transport three types of vehicles V1,V2 and
solution of AX = B is X = A-1 B . V3 . The capacity of each truck in terms of three types
of vehicles is given below:
adj.A
Here, A-1 = V1 V2 V3
A
R V T1 1 3 2
S- 17 6 1W T2 2 2 3
= 1 S -7 6 - 4W T3 3 2 2
- 15 SS
13 - 9 1WW Using matrix method find:
T X
CHAPTER 5 Continuity and Differentiability Page 131
CHAPTER 5
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS dy
cos xy bx
+ yl = 0
dx
dy
x +y = 0
1.
2
Derivative of e sin x with respect to cos x is dx
2
(a) sin xe sin x (b) cos xe sin x
2
dy
x =- y
2 2
dx
(c) - 2 cos xe sin x (d) - 2 sin2 x cos xe sin x dy -y
=
Sol : OD 2024 dx x
2 Thus (d) is correct option.
Let P = e sin x ...(1)
3. The function f ^x h = x | x | is :
Q = cos x ...(2)
(a) continuous and differentiable at x = 0
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x we have (b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
dx ^ h
dP = d e sin x 2
(c) differentiable but not continuous at x = 0
dx
(d) neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0
= e sin x d ^sin2 x h
2
dx Sol : OD 2023
= e sin x ^sin 2x h
2
x2, x $ 0
We have f ^x h = )
^sin 2x h
=e sin2 x
...(3) - x2, x 1 0
Differentiating equation (2) w.r.t. x we get At x = 0 we have
dQ lim - x 2 = 0 and lim - x 2 = 0

= d ^cos x h x " 0- x"0+
dx dx
As lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f ^0 h
= - sin x ...(4) x " 0- x " 0+
Thus f ^x h is continuous at x = 0 and
Dividing equation (3) by (4) we have
2x, x 20
dP
e sin x ^sin 2x h
2
f l (x) = '
dx
= - 2x, x10
dQ - sin x d d
dx
At x = 0 , f (x) |0- = f (x) |0 = 0
dP = e ^2 sin x cos x h
+
dx dx
2
sin x
dQ - sin x Thus f ^x h is differentiable at x = 0 .

2
= - 2e sin x cos x Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option. x+y dy
4. If tan c x - y m = k , then is equal to :
dx
dy
2. If sin ^xy h = 1, then is equal to (a) -
y
(b)
y
dx x x
(a) x (b) - x 2 y y
y y (c) sec a k (d) - sec2 a k
x x
y y Sol :
(c) (d) - OD 2023
x x
Sol : OD 2024
x+y
We have tan c x - y m = k
We have sin ^xy h = 1
x+y
c x - y m = tan k
-1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x we have
cos ^xy h d ^xy h = 0 Differentiating w.r.t x we have

dx
Ch 3 : Matrices
Ch 4 : Determinants

Ch 7 : Integrals
Ch 13 : Probability

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10. The function f (x) = x at x = 0 is (a) 1 and - 2 (b) 1 and 2

(a) continuous but not differentiable (c) - 1 and 2 (d) - 1 and - 2
(b) discontinuous and differentiable Sol : Foreign 2015
(c) discontinuous and not differentiable

ax + 3, x # 2
(d) continuous and differentiable We have f (x) = * 2
a x - 1, x 2 2
Sol : Comp 2017, Delhi 2015 lim f (x) = lim (ax + 3) = 2a + 3
x " 2- x " 2-
x x$0 lim f (x) = lim (a2 x - 1) = 2a2 - 1

We have f (x) = x = * x " 2+ x " 2+
-x x # 0 Since, f (x) is continuous for all values of x .
LHS Limit lim f (x) = lim 0 - h = 0 lim f (x) = lim f (x)
x " 0-h h"0
x " 2- x " 2+
RHS Limit lim f (x) = lim 0 + h = 0 , 2a + 3 = 2a2 - 1
x " 0+h h"0
Hence function is continuous at x = 0 . 2a2 - 2a - 4 = 0

0+h - 0
Now Rf l (0) = lim =1 a2 - a - 2 = 0
h"0 h
a2 - 2a + a - 2 = 0
And Lf l (0) = - 1 (Not differentiable)
a (a - 2) + 1 (a - 2) = 0
(a + 1) (a - 2) = 0
3 sin px
, x!0
11. If f (x) = * 5x
is continuous at x = 0 , then a = - 1, 2
2k, x = 0
the value of k is Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) p (b) 3p
10 10 x+l , x < 3
(c) 3p (d) 3p 13. If f (x) = * 4 , x = 3 is continuous at x = 3 , then
2 5 3x - 5 , x > 3
Sol : OD 2016
l is equal to
3 sin px (a) 3 (b) 2
, x!0
We have f (x) = * 5x
(c) 1 (d) 4
2k, x=0
Now, lim f (x) = lim 3 sin px
x"0 x"0 5x Since function is continuous at x = 3 , both left limit
= lim sin px
3 p and right limit must be equal.
x"0 5px
Hence x + l = 3x - 5 = 4
= 3p lim a sin px k
5 x"0 px l =1
3
= p#1 = p 3
5 5 Thus (c) is correct option.
Also, f (0) = 2k
x-1 , x < 2
Since, f (x) is continuous at x = 0 , we have 14. If function f (x) = * is a continuous
2x - 3 , x $ 2
function then
f (0) = lim f (x)
x"0
(a) for x = 2 only
2k = 3 p (b) for all real values of x such that x ! 2
5
k = 3p (c) for all real values of x
10
(d) for all integral values of x only
Sol : OD 2013
ax + 3, x # 2
12. If f (x) = * 2 , then the values of a for LHS lim f (x) = lim (2 - h - 1)
a x - 1, x 2 2 x " 2-h h"0
which f is continuous for all x are =1
We have y = log 10 x 23. If f (x) = 1 +x x and g (x) = f [f (x)], then g' (x) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 1
log e x log e b
= d log a b = n (2x - 3) 2 (x + 1) 2
log e 10 log e a
(c) 12 (d) 1
dy x (2x + 1) 2
= 1 $1 Sol :
dx log e 10 x Delhi 2018
log 10 e 1
=
x c log a b = log b a m We have f (x) = x
1+x
and g (x) = f [ f (x) ]
Differential co-efficient of cosec-1 x is
g (x) = f a x k
21.
1 1 x+1
(a) - (b) x
x x2 - 1 x x2 - 1 1+x
=
(c) x (d) None of the above 1 + 1 +x x
x2 - 1 = x
Sol : Comp 2007 2x + 1
g (x) = x
We have y = cosec-1 x 2x + 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
or cosec y = x
(2x + 1) 1 - x (2)
Now differentiating wrt x we have g' (x) =
(2x + 1) 2
dy = 1
- cosec y cot y =1 (2x + 1) 2
dx
dy 1 Thus (d) is correct option.
=-
dx cosec y cot y
dy
24. If sin (x + y) = log (x + y), then dx is equal to
=- 1
(a) 2 (b) - 2
cosec y cosec2 - 1
=- 1 (c) 1 (d) - 1
x x2 - 1 Sol : Delhi 2013, OD 2011
We have, sin (x + y) = log (x + y)
22. Differential coefficient of xlog wrt x is ex
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get

(a) xlog x - 1 log e x
e
(b) 2xlog (x - 1) log e x
e
dy dy
cos (x + y) b1 + = 1 b1 + l
(c) xlog x - 1
e
(d) 2 log e x
x dx l x+1 dx
Sol : 1 dy
:cos (x + y) - x + y Db1 + dx l = 0
OD 2007
We have y = xlog x e
dy
=- 1
dx
log y = log e xlog x e

= log e x log e x y + ey+...
dy
25. If x = ey + e , then dx is equal to
2
= (log e x)
(a) 1 (b) 1 - x
x x
1 $ dy = 2 log x $ 1 x
y dx e
x (c) (d) None of these
1+x
dy 2y Sol : Comp 2007
= log e x
dx x y + ey+...
log x We have x = ey + e
= 2x
e
log e x
x x = ey + x
log x - 1
= 2x e
log e x Taking log both sides, we get
Thus (b) is correct option. log x = (x + y) log e
1 = dy + 1
x dx
2ay = x2 36. Differentiation of cos x w.r.t. cot x is

dy (a) cos3 x (b) sin3 x
=x
dx a (c) tan3 x (d) None of these
Thus (c) is correct option. Sol : Delhi 2017
33. If f (x) = log e 6log e x @ , then f l (e) Let u = cos x and v = cot x
(a) e-1 (b) e
Then du = - sin x and dv = - cosec2 x
(c) 1 (d) 0 dx dx
Sol : Foreign 2008 d ^cos x h
Now = du
d ^cot x h dv
We have f (x) = log e 6log e x @
= du = - sin x = sin3 x
Differentiating wrt x we get dv - cosec2 x
1 $1 Thus (b) is correct option.
f l (x) =
log e x x
37. Differential co-efficient of sin x wrt tan x is
or f l (e) = 1 $1
log e e e (a) sin3 x (b) cos3 x
(c) sec3 x (d) None of the above
=1
e Sol : Foreign 2010
= e-1 6loge e = 1@
Let u = sin x and v = tan x
Then du = cos x and dv = sec2 x
34. If y = log e sin x , then
dy
= dx dx
d ^sin x h
dx du
Now = dx
(a) cosec x (b) cot x d ^tan x h dv
dx
(c) - cot x (d) - cosec x = cos2x = cos3 x
Sol : SQP 2018, Comp 2010
sec x
dy
We have = 1 # d (sin x)
dx sin x dx 38. Derivative of x3 wrt x2 is equal to
= cot x
(a) 3 x (b) 2 x
Thus (b) is correct option. 2 3
3 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
35. If y = x + x2 + x + x + ..... then x dx
dy
will be 2x 3x
2 3 Sol : Delhi 2008, OD 2007
(a) xex (b) y (x + 1)
d ^x3h d
^x3h 2
(c) x (y + 1) (d) y log (1 + x) We have = dx
= 3x = 3 x
d ^x2h d
dx ^x h
2 2x 2
Sol : Comp 2010
3 4
We have y = x + x + x + x + .....
2
39. n th derivative of ex with respect to x is
2 3
2 3 (a) ex (b) ex $ n
= x e 1 + x + x + x + ..... o
2 3
n
(c) 0 (d) ex
y = xex Sol : Comp 2018
dy We have y = ex
= ex (x + 1)
dx
y1 = ex
dy
x = y (x + 1)
dx y 2 = ex
yn = e x
Multiplying and Dividing by 9

we get Sol : OD 2012
4
2 sin2 32x 9 x3 - 3, x # 2
L.H.S. =
x 2 # 94
#4 We have f ^x h = * 2
x + 1, x 2 2
sin 3x 2 sin x = 1
= 9 e 3x 2 o :lim D Function f ^x h is continuous at x = 2 , if and only if
2 2
x"0 x
lim f ^x h = lim f ^x h = f ^2 h
=9 x " 2+ x " 2-
2
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Now, lim f ^x h = lim f ^2 + h h
x " 2+ h"0
explanation of (A). = lim ^2 + h h2 + 1
h"0
= lim 4 + h2 + 4h + 1
44. Assertion (A) : If y = x3 cos x , then h"0
dy = 4+1
= x3 sin x + 3x2 cos x
dx
=5
Reason (R) : d (uv) = u dv + v du .
dx dx dx
and lim f ^x h = lim f ^2 - h h
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct x " 2- h"0
explanation of (A). = lim ^2 - h h3 - 3

h"0
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the = lim 23 - h3 - 6h2 + 12h - 3
correct explanation of (A). h"0
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. = 8-3
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true =5

Sol : Delhi 2008 f ^2 h = 23 - 3
We have y = x3 cos x = 8-3
Differentiating both sides with respect to x using =5
product rule, we get
dy Since, f ^2 h = lim f ^x h = lim f ^x h
= d (x 3 cos x)
- +
x 2
" x 2
"
dx dx Therefore, given function is continuous at x = 2
= cos x d x 3 + x3 d cos x Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
dx dx
explanation of (A).
= 3x 2 cos x - sin x $ x 3 Thus (a) is correct option.
dy
Product rule, = d (uv) 46. Assertion (A) : If x = at2 and y = 2at , then
dx dx
d2 y
= -1
= u dv + v du dx2 t = 2 16a
dx dx
Assertion is false but reason is true since coefficient of d2 y dy 2 dt 2
sin x should be - 1. Reason (R) : 2 = b dt l # b dx l
dx
Thus (d) is correct option. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
x3 - 3, x < 2
45. Assertion (A) : f (x) is defined as f (x) = * 2 (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
x + 1, x > 2
is continuous at x = 2 . correct explanation of (A).
Reason (R) : f (2) = lim f (x) (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
x"2
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct (d) (A) is false but (R) is true
explanation of (A). Sol : Foreign 2009, OD 2007
We have, x = at2 , y = 2at
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. dx = 2at and dy = 2a
dt dt
dy d (e 3x ) When, x 1 0 , then x = - x . Thus

Then, =
dx dx y = x (- x) = - x2
3x
= 3$e dy
2 $ 3x = - 2x
3x dx
= 3e
2 3x 55. Differentiate tan-1 b 1 + cos x l with respect to x .
sin x
dy Sol : OD 2018, Delhi 2016
51. If y = cos ( 3x ), then find .
dx
Sol : SQP 2019
We have y = tan-1 b 1 + cos x l
sin x
We have y = cos ( 3x ) 2 cos2 x2
= tan-1 e
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get 2 sin x2 cos x2 o
cos x2
= tan-1 e
dy
= d {cos ( 3x )} sin x2 o
dx dx = tan-1 `cot x j
2
= - sin ( 3x ) $ d ( 3x )
dx
= p - cot-1 a cot x k
= - sin ( 3x ) $ 1 $ 3 2 2
2 3x p
= - x
3 sin 3x 2 2
=- Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
2 3x
dy
52. If f (x) = x + 1, find d (fof) (x). = 0 - 1 =- 1
dx dx 2 2
56. Differentiate tan-1 b cos x - sin x l with respect to x .
cos x + sin x
We have f (x) = x + 1 Sol : Comp 2018
f (f (x)) = f (x) + 1
Let y = tan-1 b cos x - sin x l
cos x + sin x
fof (x) = x + 1 + 1
= tan a
1 + tan x k
-1 1 - tan x
= x+2
tan p4 - tan x
= tan-1 e
1 + tan p4 tan x o
dx 6 @ dx
Now, d fof (x) = d (x + 2) = 1
p
= tan-1 ;tan a 4 - x kE
53. If f (x) = x + 7 and g (x) = x - 7 , x d R , then find the
values of d (fog) x . = p-x
dx 4
Sol : Foreign 2019 Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
We have f (x) = x + 7 , dy
=- 1
dx
g (x) = x - 7 , x d R
57. Determine the value of k so that the function
Now, (fog) (x) = f [g (x)] kx2, if x # 2
f ^x h = *
= f (x - 7) 3, if x > 2
is continuous.
= (x - 7) + 7
Sol : OD 2017
(fog) (x) = x For the function to be continuous

f ^2-h = f ^2 h = f ^2+h
d (fof) (x) = d (x) = 1
dx dx As f ^2+h = 3
54. If y = x x , find
dy
for x 1 0 . f ^2 h = 3 = k ^22h
dx
Sol :
k =3
Comp 2019
4
We have y =x x
sin-1 x - sin-1 y = 2 cot-1 a Sol : OD 2020
Differentiate both sides, we have

x2 - 9 , x ! 3
1 - 1 dy
=0 We have f ^x h = * x - 3
1 - x2 1 - y2 dx k, x=3
dy 1 - y2 Since, f ^x h is continuous at x = 3 , we can write
= Hence Proved
dx 1 - x2 lim f ^x h = f ^3 h
x"3
d 2y dy 2
63. If y = ax + b , prove that y c 2 m + b l = 0 2
lim x - 9 = k
dx dx x"3 x - 3
Sol : OD 2023
^x - 3h^x + 3h
We have y = ax + b lim =k
x"3 ^x - 3h
Squaring both sides, lim ^x + 3h = k
x"3
y2 = ax + b
3+3 = k
Differentiating w.r.t x we have
k =6
dy
2y=a
dx d 2y
Again, differentiating w.r.t x we have 66. If x = a cos q ; y = b sin q , then find .
dx2
d 2y dy dy Sol : OD 2020
2y c m + 2 b dx lb dx l = 0
dx2 We have, x = a cos q , y = b sin q
d 2y dy 2 dx = - a sin q , dy = b cos q
yc 2 m + b dx l = 0 Hence Proved.
dx dq dq
dy
ax + b ; 0 < x # 1 dy
64. If f ^x h = * 2 is a differentiable Now = dx
dq
= b cos q = - b cot q
2x - x ; 1 < x < 2 dx dq
- a sin q a
function in (0, 2), then find the values of a and b. Again differentiating w.r.t x we have
Sol : OD 2023
d 2y dy
= d c m
dx2 dx dx
ax + b ; 0 < x # 1
We have f ^x h = * 2 = d b - b cot q l
2x - x ; 1 < x < 2 dx a
Function is differentiable and continuous at x = 1.
= - b ^- cosec2 qh dq
Therefore a dx
lim f ^x h = lim f ^x h = f ^1 h = b cosec2 q # 1 dq 1
=dx = dx G
x " 1- x " 1+ a ^- a sin qh dq
a ^1 h + b = 2 ^1 h2 - 1 = -2b cosec3 q
a
a+b = 1
67. Find the differential of sin2 x w.r.t. e cosx .
Differentiating f ^x h w.r.t x we have
Sol : OD 2020
a ; 0<x<1
f l^x h = * Let y = sin2 x and z = e cosx
4x - 1 ; 1 < x < 2
Now, f l^1-h = f l^1+h Differentiating y and z w.r.t, x , we get
a = 4 ^1 h - 1 = 3 dy
= 2 sin x cos x
dx
b =- 2 and ^
dz = e cosx - sin x
dx
h
65. If the function f defined as = - ^sin x h e cosx

dy
x2 - 9 , x ! 3 dy
f ^x h = * x - 3 Now, = dx
= 2 sin x coscosx
x
dz dz
dx - ^sin x h e
k, x=3
is continuous at x = 3 , find the value of k. = - 2cosx
cos x
e
Since, f (x) is continuous at x = 0 . Now, LHL = lim f (x)

x"1
-
2
f (0) = LHL & - 1 = k = lim ` 1 + x j
1
x" 2
- 2
k =- 1
= lim b 1 + 1 - h l
h"0 2 2
72. Find the value of k , so that the following function is = lim (1 - h) = 1
continuous at x = p . h"0
kx + 1, if x # p and RHL = lim f (x)

f (x) = *
+
x"1
2
cos x if x 2 p
Sol : OD 2011 = lim ` 3 + x j
1
x" 2
+ 2
kx + 1, if x # p
We have f (x) = * = lim b + 1 + h l
3
cos x if x 2 p h"0 2 2
If f (x) is continuous at x = p then we have = lim (2 + h) = 2
h"0
LHL =RHL = f ^ph ...(i) LHL ! RHL at x = 1

2
LHL = lim f (x)
x " p- Thus f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1 .
2
= lim (kx + 1)
x " p-
dy
= lim [k (p - h) + 1] 74. Find at x = 1, y = p if sin2 y + cos xy = K .
h"0 dx 4
= lim (kp - kh + 1) Sol : Delhi 2017
h"0
= kp + 1 We have, sin2 y + cos xy = K
and RHL = lim f (x) Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get

x " p+
= limcos x d (sin2 y + cos xy) = d (K)

x " p+ dx dx
= lim cos (p + h) d (sin2 y) + d (cos xy) = 0
h"0
dx dx
= cos p dy
2 sin y cos y + (- sin xy) d (xy) = 0
=- 1 dx dx
dy dy
Now, from Eq. (i), we have sin 2y - sin xy (x + y $ 1) = 0
dx dx
LHL = RHL dy dy
sin 2y - x sin xy = y sin xy
dx dx
kp + 1 = - 1 & kp = - 2 dy y sin (xy)
=
dx sin 2y - x sin (xy)
k =- 2
p At x = 1, y = p
4
4 sin ^1 $ 4 h
p p
73. Discuss the continuity of the functions f (x) at x = 12 , dy
b dx l = sin 2 $ p - 1 sin 1 $ p
when f (x) is defined as follows ^ 4h ^ 4h
Z1 sin ^ p4 h
p
]] 2 + x, 0 # x 1 12
=
4
f (x) = [ 1, x = 12 sin ^ h - sin ^ p2 h
p
2
^ h
] 2 + x,
3 1
2 1 x # 1 p 1
Sol : \ Foreign 2011, Comp 2010 =

4 2
= p
1- 1
4 ( 2 - 1)
Here, we have to find LHL, RHL and f ^ 12 h . 2
If LHL = RHL = f b 1 l , 75. If y = sin-1 (6x 1 - 9x2 ), - 1 1 x 1 1 , then

2 3 2 3 2
dy
then we say that f (x) is continuous at x = 12 , otherwise find .
dx
f (x) is discontinuous at x = 12 . Sol : Delhi 2017
Z1
]] 2 + x, 0 # x 1 12 We have y = sin-1 (6x 1 - 9x2 )
We have f (x) = [ 1, x = 12
] 32 + x, 1
2 1 x # 1
or y = sin-1 (2 $ 3x 1 - (3x) 2 )
\
d2 y 82. If sin y = x cos (a + y), then show that

= cos (sin x) $ (- sin x) + cos x (- sin (sin x)) $ cos x
dx2 dy cos2 (a + y)
dy =
= 1 $ b l (- sin x) - y cos2 x dx cos a
cos x dx dy
Also, show that = cos a , when x = 0 .
dx
d2 y dy 2 Sol : SQP 2018, Delhi 2010
2 = - tan x dx - y cos x
dx
d2 y dy We have sin y = x cos (a + y) ...(1)
+ tan x + y cos2 x = 0
dx2 dx
Hence proved. sin y
x =
cos (a + y)
dy Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
80. If (x2 + y2) 2 = xy , find .
dx
dx = cos (a + y) dy (sin y) - sin y dy cos (a + y)
d d
dy 2
cos (a + y)
We have, (x2 + y2) 2 = xy
cos (a + y) cos y + sin y sin (a + y)
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get =
cos2 (a + y)
dy dy
2 (x2 + y2) :2x + 2y
dx D : dx
= x + yD cos (a + y - y)
=
dy dy cos2 (a + y)
4 (x2 + y2) bx + y l = by + x l
dx dx cos a
=
dy dy cos2 (a + y)
4 (x2 + y2) x + 4 (x2 + y2) y = y+x
dx dx dy cos2 (a + y)
=
dy dx cos a
[4 (x2 + y2) y - x] = y - 4x (x2 + y2)
dx Substituting x = 0 in Eq. (1), we get y = 0
dy y - 4x (x2 + y2)
= dy cos2 (a + 0)
dx 4 (x2 + y2) y - x Now, =
dx cos a
dy [y - 4x (x2 + y2)] cos 2
a
=- ] =
dx [x - 4y (x2 + y2)] cos a
dy
dy or = cos a Hence proved.
81. If x = a (2q - sin 2q) and y = a (1 - cos 2q) find dx
dx
when q = p . 83. If x = aet (sin t + cos t) and y = aet (sin t - cos t), then
3
Sol : Delhi 2018 dy x+y
prove that = .
dx x-y
We have, x = a (2q - sin 2q) Sol : OD 2019
and y = a (1 - cos 2q) We have x = aet (sin t + cos t)

Differentiating above both equation w.r.t. q , we get and y = aet (sin t - cos t)
dx = a (2 - cos 2q $ 2) = 2a (1 - cos 2q) Differentiating above both equation w.r.t. t , we get
dq
dy Now dx = a [et (cos t - sin t) + et (sin t + cos t)]
and = a (0 + 2 sin 2q) = 2a sin 2q dt
dq
From Eq. (i), we get =- y + x = x - y
dy dy/dq dy
= = a [et (cos t + sin t) + et (sin t - cos t)]
dx dx/dq dt
= 2a sin 2q = x+y
2a (1 - cos 2q)
dy dy/dt
= sin 2q dx = dx/dt
1 - cos 2q
dy x+y
= 2 sin q cos q cos 2q = 1 - 2 sin2 q = Hence proved.
2 sin2 q dx x-y
= cot q
84. Differentiate xsin x + (sin x) cos x with respect to x .
dy
Now, b dx l = cos p = 1
q = p/3 3 3
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get = 2- a 2 + 2 a 2

x +a x -a
1 $ dv = x dy + log y - x 2
a + a 3
+ x2 a + a 3
v dx y dx =
(x + a ) (x2 - a2)
2 2
dv = xyx - 1 dy + yx log y dy 3
dx dx = 42a 4
dx x -a
Now, Eq. (1) becomes,
dy dy 91. If x = 2 cos q - cos 2q and y = 2 sin q - sin 2q then
y $ xy - 1 + xy $ log x + xyx - 1 + yx log y = 0
dx dx dy
dy y prove that = tan b 3q l .
(x log x + xyx - 1) = - yx log y - y $ xy - 1 dx 2
dx Sol : Comp 2013, OD 2009
dy - yx $ log y - y $ xy - 1
= y We have x = 2 cos q - cos 2q
dx x $ log x + x $ yx - 1
d2 y dy 2 and y = 2 sin q - sin 2q
89. If ey (x + 1) = 1, then show that 2 = b dx l .
dx Differentiating both sides w.r.t. q , we get
Sol : OD 2017
dx = - 2 sin q + 2 sin 2q
We have ey (x + 1) = 1 dq
Taking log both sides, we get dy
and = 2 cos q - 2 cos 2q
dq
y
log [e (x + 1)] = log 1 dy dy/dq
=
dx dx/dq
log ey + log (x + 1) = 0
= 2 cos q - cos 2q
y + log (x + 1) = 0 [log ey = y] 2 (- sin q + sin 2q)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get 2 sin ^ 2q2+ q h sin ^ 2q2- q h
=
dy 2 8cos ^ q +22q h sin ^ 2q2- q hB
+ 1 =0 ...(1)
dx x + 1 sin ^ 32q h sin ^ 2q h
=
Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get cos ^ 32q h sin ^ 2q h
d2 y 1
- =0 = tan b 3q l Hence proved.
dx2 (x + 1) 2 2
d2 y dy 2
2 - b- dx l = 0 from Eq. (1) 92. If y = log [x + x2 + 1], then prove that
dx
d2 y dy
d2 y dy 2 (x2 + 1) +x = 0.
2 - b dx l = 0
dx2 dx
dx Sol : Foreign 2011
d2 y dy 2
2 = b dx l Hence proved. We have y = log [x + x2 + 1]
dx
90. If y = tan-1 a a k + log x - a , prove that
x x+a dy 1 d (x + x2 + 1)
dy 3 =
dx x + x2 + 1 dx
= 42a 4
dx x -a
Sol : 1 2x
x + x2 + 1 c 2 x2 + 1 m
Comp 2014 = 1+
We have y = tan-1 a a k + log x - a 1 x2 + 1 + x

x x+a = e o
-1 a x - a 1/2 x + x2 + 1 x2 + 1
= tan a k + log a
x x+ak dy 1
=
y = tan-1 a a k + 1 [log (x - a) - log (x + a)] dx 2
x +1
x 2
dy 2 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get :dx D = 2
x +1
dy dy 2
= 1 a $ a - 2a k + 1 : 1 - 1 D (x2 + 1) : D = 1
dx 1+ x
2
x
2
2 x-a x+a dx
Again, Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
= 2- a 2 + 1 ; x + a - x + a E
x +a 2 (x - a) (x + a)
= a (q sin q) ...(ii) log y = (sin x - cos x) $ log (sin x - cos x)

dy Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
dy
Now, = dt
From (i) and (ii)
dx dx
1 $ dy = (sin x - cos x) d
dt
y dx # dx log (sin x - cos x)
= aq sin q
aq cos q + log (sin x - cos x) # d (sin x - cos x)
dx
= sin q = (sin x - cos x) $ 1 d
$ (sin x - cos x)
cos q
(sin x - cos x) dx
dy + log (sin x - cos x) $ (cos x + sin x)
= tan q
dx
= (cos x + sin x) + (cos x + sin x) log (sin x - cos x)
d2 y dy
Now = d b l
dx2 dx dx 1 dy = (cos x + sin x) [1 + log (sin x - cos x)]
= d ^tan qh y dx
dx dy
= y (cos x + sin x) [1 + log (sin x - cos x)]
= sec2 q $ dq dx
dx dy
sec 2
q = (sin x - cos x) (sin x - cos x)
= dx
dx
dq $ (cos x + sin x) [1 + log (sin x - cos x)]
= sec q
2
aq cos q 99. If y = (cot-1 x) 2 , then show that
= sec q
3
d2 y dy
aq (x2 + 1) 2 + 2x (2x2 + 1) = 2.
dx2 dx
dy Sol : Delhi 2009
97. If x = a (q - sin q) and y = a (1 + cos q), then find
dx
at q = p . We have y = (cot-1 x) 2
3
Sol : SQP 2010 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
dy
We have x = a (q - sin q) = 2 cot-1 x $ - 1 2
dx 1+x
and y = a (1 + cos q) dy 2 cot-1
x
=-
dx 1 + x2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. q , we get
dy
(1 + x2) = - 2 cot-1 x
dx = a (1 - cos q) and dy = - a sin q dx
dq dq Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
dy/dq dy d
dy
= = - a sin q (1 + x2) $ d c dx m + $ (1 + x2) = d (- 2 cot-1 x)
dx dx/dq a (1 - cos q) dx dy dx dx dx
- 2a sin 2q cos 2q d2 y dy
dy
= (1 + x2) $ + $ 2x = 2 2
dx a # 2 sin2 2q dx2 dx 1+x
dy d2 y dy
= - cot q (1 + x2) + $ 2x $ (1 + x2) = 1 2 $ (1 + x2)
dx 2 dx2 dx 1+x
p
Substituting q = , we get d2 y 2 dy
3 (1 + x2) 2 2 + 2x (1 + x ) dx = 2 Hence proved.
dy dx
:dx D = - cot p = - 3
q= 6 p
dy p
3
Hence, at q = is - 3 . 100. If x = tan b 1 log y l , then show that

dx 3 a
d2 y dy
(1 + x2) 2 + (2x - a) = 0.
98. If y = (sin x - cos x) (sin x - cos x) , p
4 1x1 3p
4 , then find dy
dx
dx dx
. Sol : Comp 2009
Sol : OD 2009, Comp 2007

We have x = tan b 1 log y l
a
We have y = (sin x - cos x) (sin x - cos x) , p 1 x 1 3p -1 1
4 4 tan x = log y
a
Taking log both sides, we get
a tan-1 x = log y
log y = log (sin x - cos x) (sin x - cos x)
dy 2
b dx l =
1 1 + log x - x $ 1
1 - x2 = x
(1 + log x) 2
dy 2
(1 - x2) b
dx l
=1 1 + log x - 1
=
Differentiating again w.r.t. x , we get (1 + log x) 2
dy log x
dy 2 dy d2 y Hence, =
- 2x b dx
dx l
+ (1 - x2) 2 =1 (1 + log x) 2
dx dx2 Also, it can be written as
dy d2 y dy log x
-x + (1 - x2) 2 = 1 =
dx dx dx (log e e + log x) 2
dy log x
d2 y dy = Hence proved.
(1 - x2) -x =1 Hence Proved dx {log (ex)} 2
dx2 dx
dy (1 + log y) 2
-1 107. If yx = ey - x , then prove that = .
105.
2
If y = (tan x) , then show that dx log y
d2 y dy
(x2 + 1) 2 2
2 + 2x (x + 1) dx = 2 . x y-x
dx We have y =e
Sol : SQP 2012
-1 2
We have y = (tan x) x log e y = (y - x) log e e
x log y = y - x
dy
= 2 tan-1 x $ 1 2 x log y + x = y
dx 1+x
dy -1
x (1 + log y) = y
= 2 tan 2x
dx 1+x
y
dy x =
(1 + x ) 2
= 2 tan-1 x 1 + log y
dx Differentiating both sides w.r.t. y , we get
Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
dx = (1 + log y) dy (y) - y dy (1 + log y)
d d
dy dy d
(1 + x2) $ d b l + $ (1 + x2) = d (2 tan-1 x) dy (1 + log y) 2
dx dx dx dx dx
2
d y dy 1 + log y - y $ y1
(1 + x2) $ 2 + $ 2x = 2 2 =
(1 + log y) 2
dx dx 1+x
d 2
y dy 1 + log y - 1
(1 + x2) 2 + $ 2x $ (1 + x2) = 2 2 $ (1 + x2) =
(1 + log y) 2
dx dx 1+x
2
dy dy dx = log y
(1 + x2) 2 2 + 2x (1 + x2) = 2 Hence proved. dy (1 + log y) 2
dx dx
dy (1 + log y) 2
Hence, = Hence proved.
106. If xy = ex - y , then prove that then prove that dx log y
dy log x If x = sin t and y = sin pt , then prove that
= 108.
dx {log (ex)} 2 d2 y dy
Sol : OD 2013, Delhi 2010 (1 - x2) 2 - x + p2 y = 0 .
dx dx
Sol : Foreign 2016
We have xy = e x - y
We have x = sin t and y = sin pt
Taking log both sides, we get Differentiating x and y separately w.r.t. t , we get
y log e x = (x - y) log e e dx = cos t and dy = p cos pt
dt dt
y log e x = x - y dy
dy p cos pt
y (1 + log x) = x Now = dx
dt
=
dx dt
cos t
x Now, differentiating above w.r.t. x , we get
y =
1 + log x d2 y [cos t (- sin pt $ p) - cos pt (- sin t)] dt
=p $
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get dx2 cos2 t dx
2
dy p [cos pt $ sin t - cos t sin pt $ p]
dy
=
(1 + log x) dxd (x) - x dxd (1 + log x) = $ 1
dx dx2 cos2 t cos t
(1 + log x) 2
d2 y dy 115. If x sin (a + y) + sin a cos (a + y) = 0 , then prove that

113. If y = ex sin x , then prove that - 2 + 2y = 0 .
dx2 dx
Sol : Foreign 2010 dy sin2 (a + y)
=
dx sin a
We have, y = ex sin x ...(1) Sol : OD 2013
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get We have x sin (a + y) + sin a cos (a + y) = 0

dy
= ex $ d (sin x) + sin x $ d (ex ) - sin a cos (a + y)
x =
dx dx dx
sin (a + y)
= ex $ cos x + sin x $ ex Differentiating both sides w.r.t. y , we get
sin (a + y) dyd {sin a cos (a + y)}
dy
= ex (cos x + sin x) ...(3) -> H
dx dx = - sin a cos (a + y) dyd {sin (a + y)}
Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get dy sin2 (a + y)
2
dy
= ex $ d (cos x + sin x) + (cos x + sin x) $ d (ex ) =
sin (a + y) $ sin a sin (a + y) + sin a cos (a + y) cos (a + y)
dx2 dx dx sin2 (a + y)
= ex (- sin x + cos x) + (cos x + sin x) $ ex sin a
= {sin2 (a + y) + cos2 (a + y)}
x sin2 (a + y)
= e [- sin x + cos x + cos x + sin x]
= sin a $1
= 2 cos x ex sin2 (a + y)
d2 y dy sin2 (a + y)
= 2 cos x ex ...(3) = Hence proved.
dx sin a
dx2
Now, from eqs. (1), (2) and (3) we have 116. Differentiate the following with respect to x .
x+1 x
sin-1 = 2 $ 3 x G
2
dy dy
- 2 + 2y = 2ex cos x - 2ex (cos x + sin x) + 2ex sin x 1 + (36)
dx2 dx Sol : OD 2013, Delhi 2010
= 2ex cos x - 2ex cos x - 2ex sin x + 2ex sin x
x+1 x
=0 Hence proved. We have y = sin-1 = 2 $ 3 x G
1 + (36)
x x
-1 2 $ 2 $ 3
2
dy = sin ; 2 x E
114. If y = cos-1 ;3x + 4 1 - x E , then find . 1 + (6 )
5 dx x
Sol : OD 2010 = sin ; 2 $ 6x 2 E
-1
1 + (6 )
2 Substituting 6x = tan q & q = tan-1 (6x ) we have
We have y = cos-1 ;3x + 4 1 - x E
5
Substituting x = sin q , then q = sin-1 x we have y = sin-1 c 2 $ tan2q m
1 + tan q
2 = sin-1 (sin 2q) sin 2q = 2 tan q2
y = cos-1 ;3 sin q + 4 1 - sin q E 1 + tan q
5 = 2q
-1 3 sin q + 4 cos q
= cos : D
5 y = 2 tan-1 (6x ) q = tan-1 (6x )
= cos-1 : 3 sin q + 4 cos qD Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get

5 5
3 4
Let = sin a , then = cos a dy 2 d (6x )
5 5 =
dx 1 + (6x ) 2 dx
Now y = cos-1 [sin a sin q + cos a cos q] 2
= $ 6x $ log 6
1 + (6x ) 2
= cos-1 [cos (q - a)]
dy x+1 x
or = = 2 $ 3 x G log 6
= q-a dx 1 + (36)
2
or y = sin-1 x - a 117. Differentiate tan-1 ; 1 + x - 1E w.r.t. x .
x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get Sol : OD 2012
dy 1 2
dx
= -0 Let y = tan-1 c 1 + x - 1 m
1 - x2 x
= 1 Substituting x = tan q & q = tan-1 x , we have
1 - x2
Sol : OD 2024
dy d (log (cos x))
$ logcos x + $y
dx dx
ax + b, x > - 1
We have f ^x h = * 2 d 6log (cos y)@
bx - 3, x # - 1 = dx log (cos y) + $x
dx dx
Since f ^x h is differentiable for all values of x, f ^x h
dy d (cos x)
must be continuous as well for all values of x. log cos x + 1 $y
dx cos x dx
So, f ^x h is continuous at x = - 1 d (cos y)
= log cos y + 1 $x
cos y dx
lim f ^x h = lim f ^x h = f ^- 1h
dy
x "- 1- x "- 1+
$ log cos x + 1 (- sin x) $ y
lim ^bx - 3h = lim âx + b h = b - 3
2 dx cos
x "- 1- x "- 1+
dy
b - 3 =- a + b = b - 3 = log cos y + 1 (- sin y) $ x
cos y dx
dy
b - 3 =- a + b $ log (cos x) - tan x.y
dx
a =3 dy
= log cos y - tan y $ x $
dx
Now, f ^x h is differentiable at x = - 1 dy
(log (cos x) + x tan y) = log cos y + y tan x
dx
LHD at x = - 1 = RHD at x = - 1
dy log cos y + y tan x
=
f ^x h - f ^- 1h f ^x h - f ^- 1h dx log cos x + x tan y
lim = lim
x "- 1- x - ^- 1h x "- 1+ x - ^- 1h dy
bx2 - 3 - ^b - 3h ax + b - ^b - 3h 123. If y = ^log x hx + xlog x , then find .
dx
lim = lim Sol : OD 2020
x "- 1 - x+1 x "- 1 + x+1
2
lim bx - b = lim ax + 3 We have y = ^log x hx + xlog x
x "- 1 x + 1 -
x "- 1 x + 1
+
b2 ^x2 - 1h Let u = ^log x hx and v = xlogx

lim = lim ax + 3
x "- 1 x+1
-
x "- 1 x + 1
+
Then, y = u+v
b ^x - 1h^x + 1h
lim = lim 3x + 3 (as a = 3 )
x "- 1 -
^x + 1h x "- 1 x + 1
+ Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
3 ^x + 1h dy
lim b ^x - 1h = lim = du + dv ...(1)
x "- 1 -
x "- 1 ^x + 1h
+
dx dx dx
3 ^x + 1h Now, u = ^log x hx
lim b ^x - 1h = lim
x "- 1 -
x "- 1 ^x + 1h
+
Taking log on both sides, we get
b ^- 2h = 3
log u = log ^log x hx
- 2b = 3
log u = x log ^log x h
b =- 3 Differentiating both sides w.r.t x , by chain rule of
2
derivative, we get
So, for given f ^x h , a = 3 , b = - 3
2 1 du = x d log ^log x h + log ^log x h d ^x h
u dx dx dx
dy
122. Find , if ^cos x hy = ^cos y hx 1 du = x # 1 + log ^log x h
dx u dx log x x
Sol : OD 2024
du = u; 1 + log ^log x hE
^cos x hy = ^cos y hx
We have dx log x

du = ^log x hx ; 1 + log ^log x hE
dx log x
log ^cos x hy = log ^cos y hx Again, v = xlogx
y log ^cos x h = x log ^cos y h Taking log on both sides, we get
Now, differentiate both sides with respect to x log v = log xlogx

d 6y log ^cos x h@ d 6x log ^cos y h@ = ^log x h^log x h
=
dx dx
log v = ^log x h2
sin (a + 1) h 2
= lim # (a + 1) + 2 hlim
sin h = lim 2 sin 22h
h " 0 (a + 1) h "0 h h"0 8h
2
= 1 # (a + 1) + 2 # 1 = lim sin 22 h
h " 0 4h
and RHL = lim f (x)
= lim a sin 2h k = 1
2
x " 0+
= lim f (0 + h) h"0 2h
h"0
Substituting this value in Eq. (i), we get
1 + b (0 + h) - 1
= lim 1 = f (0) & 1 = k f (0) = k
h"0 0+h
Hence, for k = 1, the given function f (x) is continuous
= lim 1 + bh - 1
h"0 h at x = 0 .
= lim 1 - bh - 1 # 1 + bh + 1 Alternative :
h"0 h 1 + bh + 1
1 - cos 4x , if x ! 0
b l
= lim
(1 + bh) - 1 We have f (x) = * 8x2
h " 0 h ( 1 + bh + 1) k, if x = 0
bh lim f (x) = lim 1 - cos 4 x
= lim
h " 0 h ( 1 + bh + 1)
x"0 x"0 8x2
b
= lim 2 sin 22x
2
= lim
h " 0 ( 1 + bh + 1) x"0 8x
= lim b sin 2x l = 1
2
= b =b
2 ...(iii) 2x
1+0+1 x"0
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) we get If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 then we have
a+3 = b = 2 f (0) = 2
lim f (x) = f (0) & 1 = k & k = 1 f (0) = k
x"0
2
Z
a + 3 = 2 and b = 2 ] 1 - cos 4x , when x 1 0
2 2
] x
a = - 1 and b = 4 127. If f (x) = a, when x = 0 and f is
[
] x , when x 2 0
126. Find the value of k , so that the which following ] 17 + x - 4
function is continuous at x = 0 . \
continuous at x = 0 , then find the value of a .
1 - cos 4x , if x ! 0
b l Sol :
f (x) = *
Foreign 2013
8x2
k, x=0 Z
] 1 - cos 2
4x , when x 1 0
Sol : Comp 2014, OD 2010 ] x
We have f (x) = a, when x = 0
[
1 - cos 4x , if x ! 0 ] x
b l , when x 2 0
We have f (x) = * 8x2 ] 17 + x - 4
k, if x = 0 \
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 then we have
LHL =RHL = f ^0 h ...(i)
LHL =RHL = f ^0 h ...(i)
Now, (LHL) x = 0 = lim f (x)
Now, LHL = lim f (x) x " 0-
x"0 -
Substituting x = 0 - h ; when x " 0- , then h " 0 , we
Substituting x = 0 - h ; when x " 0- , then h " 0 , we have
have
1 - cos 4x
(LHL) x = 0 = lim
LHL = lim 1 - cos 4x x"0 x2
-
x"0 8x2-
1 - cos 4 (0 - h)
1 - cos 4 (0 - h) = lim
= lim h"0 (0 - h) 2
h"0 8 (0 - h) 2
= lim 1 - cos 4h
= lim 1 - cos 4h h"0 h2
h"0 8h2
Page 136 Continuity and Differentiability CHAPTER 5
dy
= 1-x = tan-1 tan a p - x k
dx x 4 2
Thus (b) is correct option. = -p x
4 2
dy
=- 1
d
26. If x is measured in degrees, then dx (cos x) is equal to
dx 2
(a) - sin x (b) - 180 sin x Thus (a) is correct option.
p
(c) - p sin x (d) sin x dy
180 30. If y = log [sin (x2)], 0 1 x 1 p2 , then dx at x = 2
p
is
Sol : Comp 2009
(a) 0 (b) 1
d (cos x) = - p sin x (c) p/4 (d) p
dx 180 Sol : Delhi 2013
We have y = log [sin (x2)]
27. If f (x) = log e (sin x), then f l (e) is equal to
(a) e-1 (b) e
dy
(c) 1 (d) 0 = 1 2 $ cos x2 $ 2x
dx sin x
Sol : OD 2016 = 2x cot x2
2
We have f (x) = log e (log e x) p, dy
At x = = 2 p cot c p m
2 dx 2 2
f l (x) = 1
p
= p cot a k
x log e (x) 4
= 1
e log e (e) = p
=1 Thus (d) is correct option.

e
28. The derivative of cos3 x with respect to sin3 x is 31. The derivative of log x is
(a) - cot x (b) cot x (a) 1 , x 2 0 (b) 1 , x ! 0
x x
(c) tan x (d) - tan x
Sol : (c) 1 , x ! 0 (d) None of these
Foreign 2017, SQP 2014 x
Sol : Delhi 2008 , Comp 2007
Let u = cos3 x
We have y = log x
and v = sin3 x
log x, x 2 0
du = - 3 cos2 x sin x =*
log (- x), x 1 0
dx
Z 1,
and dv = 3 sin2 x cos x ] x20
dx dy x
=[ 1 1
dx
Now, du = - 3 cos2 x sin x ] - x (- 1) = x , x 1 0
dv 3 sin2 x cos x dy \
= - cot x = 1, x ! 0
dx x
Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.
dy
29. If y = tan-1 1 - sin x
, then the value of at x = p
is 32. If x = 12+att and y = 2 at2 dy
, then dx is equal to
1 + sin x dx 6 ^1 + t h
3 3
(a) - 1 (b) 1 (a) ax (b) a2 x2

2 2
(c) 1 (d) - 1 (c) x (d) x
a 2a
Sol : Comp 2012 Sol : OD 2007
1 - sin x
We have y = tan-1
1 + sin x We have x = 2at 3
1+t
1 - cos ^ p2 - x h 2
= tan-1 and y = 2at 3 2
1 + cos ^ p2 - x h (1 + t )
Sol : SQP 2019 -1

2 + 2x sin 2x
Let y = xsin x + (sin x) cos x = 1-x
1 - x2
y = e sin x log x + e cos x log sin x b
ab = e log a = eb log a d2 y 2x sin-1 x
or (1 - x2) 2 = 2 + (2)
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get dx 1 - x2
From eq (1) and (2) we have
dy
= e sin x log x d (sin x $ log x) d2 y = +
dx dx (1 - x2) 2 xy
dx2
+ e cos x log sin x d (cos x $ log sin x)
dx d2 y dy
d or (1 - x2) -x -2 = 0 Hence proved.
sinx
= x {log x (sin x) + sin x d (log x)} dx2 dx
dx dx
+ (sin x) cosx {log sin x d (cos x) -1 d2 y
If y = e tan x , prove that (1 + x2) 2 + (2x - 1)
dy
dx 87. =0
dx dx
+ cos x $ d (log sin x)} Sol : OD 2018
dx
= x &cos x $ log x + sin x
x 0
sin x
+ (sin x) cos x We have, y = e tan
-1
x
1
&- sin x log (sin x) + cos x # sin x # cos x 0 Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
dy
= xsin x &cos x $ log x + sin x 0 + (sin x) cos x d (tan-1 x)
-1
x
x = e tan
dx dx
cos2 x
&- sin x log (sin x) + sin x 0 dy
= e tan
-1
x
#
1
dx (1 + x2)
y dy x+y
85. If log (x2 + y2) = 2 tan-1 a k , show that = . (1 + x2)
dy
= e tan
-1
x
...(i)
x dx x-y dx
Sol : Delhi 2019
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
y
We have log (x + y ) = 2 tan a k
2 2 -1
dy 2
dy 1
x (1 + x2) 2 + 2x dx = e
tan -1
x
#
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get dx (1 + x2)
1 dy y' $ x - y
1 d2 y dy dy
b 2x + 2y dx l = 2 $
y c m (1 + x2) + (2x) = [from Eq. (i)]
x + y2
2
x22
dx2 dx dx
1+ 2
2 (x + y $ y') 2 xy'x - y d2 y dy
= 22x 2 c
x2 m
2 2 (1 + x2) 2 + (2x - 1) dx = 0 Hence proved.
x +y x +y dx
x + y $ y' = y'x - y
dy
88. If xy + yx = ab , then find .
y' (x - y) = x + y dx
Sol : OD 2017, Comp 2011
x+y
y' = We have xy + yx = ab
x-y
dy x+y Let xy = u and yx = v
= Hence proved.
dx x-y
Then, u + v = ab
86. If y = (sin-1 x) 2 , prove that
du + dv =
d2 y dy dx dx 0 ...(1)
(1 - x2) -x -2 = 0
dx2 dx
Sol : Delhi 2019, OD 2012 Now, u = xy
log u = y log x
We have, y = (sin-1 x) 2
1 du y dy
dy 1 = + log x
= 2 sin-1 x $ (1) u dx x dx
dx 1 - x2 du y dy
Again differentiating w.r.t. x , we get = u + u log x
dx x dx
2 2 (- 2x)
1 du dy
( 1 - x2 ) c e o $ (2 sin x) = y $ xy - 1 + xy $ log x
2 m
-1
- dx dx
dy2
1-x 1 - x2
= and v = yx
dx2 ( 1 - x2 ) 2
log v = x log y
a dy Substituting x = sin q , then q = sin-1 x we have

=1
(1 + x2) y dx
2
dy y = cos-1 = 2 sin q - 3 1 - sin q G

(1 + x )2
= ay 13
dx
Differentiating again both sides w.r.t. x , we get = cos-1 ;2 sin q - 3 cos q E
13
dy dy d
(1 + x2) $ d b l + $ (1 + x2) = d (ay) or y = cos-1 ; 2 sin q - 3 cos qE
dx dx dx dx dx
13 13
d2 y dy dy Let 2 = cos a , then 3 = sin a
(1 + x2) + $ (2x) = a $
dx2 dx dx 13 13
-1
d2 y dy dy Now y = cos [sin q cos a - cos q sin a]
(1 + x2) 2 + 2x - a =0
dx dx dx = cos-1 [sin (q - a)]
d2 y dy
(1 + x2)
dx2
+ (2x - a)
dx
=0 = cos-1 cos 9 p - (q - a)C
2
Hence proved. p
= -q+a
2
101. Prove that p
or y = - sin-1 x + a
2
d x a2 - x2 + a2 sin-1 x =
dx ; 2 a a kE
2 2
a -x . Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
2
dy 1
= 0- +0
2
d x a2 - x2 + a sin-1 x = a2 - x2 . dx 1 - x2
dx ; 2 a a kE
We have
2 = -1 2
2 1-x
Let y = x a2 - x2 + a sin-1 x
2 2 a dy sin2 (a + y)
dy 103. If sin y = x sin (a + y), then prove that =
x d 2 d x + a2 d sin-1 x dx sin a
dx 2 k 2 dx
a
2 2 2
= # a -x + a -x .
dx 2 dx a
x 1 d 2 2
Sol : OD 2012
= $ (a - x )
2 2 a2 - x2 dx
2 We have sin y = x sin (a + y)
+ a2 - x2 $ 1 + a $ 1 $ d ax k
2 2 1 - ax dx a sin y
2
- x2 2 2 2
2
x =
= + a -x + a $ 1 sin (a + y)
2
2 a -x 2 2 2 a a2 - x2 Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
a2
- x2 a2 - x2 + a2 a
dx = sin (a + y) dy sin y - sin y dy sin (a + y)
d d
= +
2 a2 - x2 2 2a # a2 - x2
dy sin2 (a + y)
= - x2 + a2 - x2 + a2 sin (a + y) # cos y - sin y # cos (a + y)
2 a2 - x2 2 2 a2 - x2 =
sin2 (a + y)
- x2 + (a2 - x2) + a2 sin (a + y) cos y - cos (a + y) sin y
= =
2 a2 - x2 sin2 (a + y)
2
2x2 sin (a + y - y)
= 2a - =
2 a2 - x2 sin2 (a + y)
dx = sin a
2 (a2 - x2) dy
= sin2 (a + y)
2 a2 - x2 dy sin2 (a + y)
= Hence Proved
= a2 - x2 dx sin a
= RHS Hence proved. d2 y dy

104. If y = sin-1 x , show that (1 - x2) 2 - x = 0.
dx dx
Sol : Delhi 2012
2
dy
102. If y = cos-1 = 2x - 3 1 - x G , then find .
13 dx We have, y = sin-1 x
Sol : OD 2008
2
We have y = cos = 2x - 3 1 - x G
-1
dy 1
13 =
dx 1 - x2
= lim (3a - ah + 1) 134. Find the values of a and b such that the function
h"0
defined as follows is continuous.
LHL = 3a + 1
x + 2, x#2
and RHL = lim f (x)
x"3 + f (x) = *ax + b, 2 1 x 1 5
= lim (bx + 3) Sol : 3x - 2, x$5 Foreign 2007
x " 3+
= lim [b (3 + h) + 3] x + 2, x#2
f (x) = *ax + b, 2 1 x 1 5
h"0
We have
= lim (3b + bh + 1) 3x - 2, x$5
h"0
LHL = 3b + 3 If f (x) is continuous at x = 2 and x = 5 then we have

Now, from Eq. (i), we have (LHL) x = 2 = (RHL) x = 2 = f ^2 h ...(i)
LHL = RHL
and (LHL) x = 5 = (RHL) x = 5 = f (5) ...(ii)
3a + 1 = 3b + 3 Now, let us calculate LHL and RHL at x = 2 .
3a - 3b = 2 LHL = lim f (x)
x " 2-
which is required result. = lim (x + 2)

x " 2-
133. Find the value of a , if the following function f (x) is = lim (2 - h + 2)

h"0
continuous at x = 2 . Also, discuss the continuous of
= (2 + 2) = 4
f (x) at x = 3 .
2x - 1, x 1 2 and RHL = lim f (x)
f (x) = * a,
x " 2+
x=2 = lim (ax + b)
x " 2+
x + 1, x 2 2
Sol : Comp 2007 = lim {a (2 + h) + b}
h"0
2x - 1, x 1 2 = lim (2a + ah + b)
f (x) = * a,
h"0
We have x=2
x + 1, x 2 2 = 2a + b
From Eq. (i), we have
LHL = RHL
LHL =RHL = f ^2 h ...(i)
2a + b = 4 ...(iii)
Now, f (2) = a
Now, we have to find LHL and RHL at x = 5 .
and LHL = lim f (x)
x"2 -
LHL = lim f (x)
x " 5-
= lim (2x - 1)
x"2 -
= lim (ax + b)
= lim [2 (2 - h) - 1] x " 5-
h"0
= lim [a (5 - h) + b]
h"0
= lim [4 - 4h - 1]
h"0
= lim (5a - ah + b)
h"0
= lim [3 - 4h]
h"0
LHL = 5a + b
=3
and RHL = lim f (x)
From Eq. (i), we have x " 5+
LHL = f (2) & a = 3 = lim (3x - 2)

x " 5+
Now, let us check the continuity at x = 3 . = lim [3 (5 + h) - 2]

h"0
Consider, lim f (x) = lim (x + 1) f (x) = x + 1 for x 2 2 = lim [15 + 3h - 2]

x"3 x"3 h"0
= 4 = f (3) = 15 + 0 - 2 = 13
Thus f (x) is continuous at x = 3 . Now, from Eq. (ii), we have
LHL = RHL

= a (2 cos 4t + 2 cos 2t)
2
= 2a (cos 4t + cos 2t)
Let u = tan-1 c 1 + x - 1 m
x
Substituting x = tan q & q = tan-1 x , we have = 2a ;2 cos b 4t + 2t l $ cos b 4t - 2t lE
2 2
2 = 4a cos 3t cos t
u = tan-1 ; 1 + tan q - 1E
tan q
dy
2 = b :cos 2t d (1 - cos 2t) + (1 - cos 2t) d (cos 2t)D
= tan-1 ; sec q - 1E dt dt dt
tan q
= b [cos 2t # (0 + 2 sin 2t) + (1 - cos 2t) (- 2 sin 2t)]
= tan-1 : sec q - 1D
tan q = b (2 sin 2t cos 2t - 2 sin 2t + 2 sin 2t cos 2t)
-1 1 - cos q
= tan :
sin q D = 2b (2 sin 2t cos 2t - sin 2t)
2 sin2 2q
= tan-1 > H = 2b (sin 4t - sin 2t) 2 sin 2q cos 2q = sin 4q
2 sin 2q $ cos 2q
q
= tan-1 b tan 2 l = 2b ;2 cos b 4t + 2t l sin b 4t - 2t lE
2 2
u = q = 1 tan-1 x = 4b cos 3t sin t
2 2
dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get dy
Now, = dt
du = 1 dx dx
dt
dx 2 (1 + x2) = 4b cos 3t sin t
4a cos 3t $ cos t
Also, let v = sin-1 c 2x 2 m b
1+x = tan t
a
Substituting x = tan q & q = tan-1 x , we get dy
At t = p , = b tan p = b
4 dx a 4 a
v = sin-1 ; 2 tan q2 E dy
1 + tan q p
At t = , b p
= tan = 3 b
= sin-1 [sin 2q] 3 dx a 3 a
= 2q 144. If x cos (a + y) = cos y , then prove that
or v = 2 tan-1 x dy cos2 (a + y)
= .
dx sin a
Hence, show that
dv = 2 ...(ii)
dx 1 + x2 d2 y dy
sin a + sin 2 (a + y) = 0.
du = du dx = 1 (1 + x2) dx2 dx
Now, # # Sol : OD 2016
dv dx dv 2
2 (1 + x ) 2
du = 1 We have x cos (a + y) = cos y
dv 4
If x = a sin 2t (1 + cos 2t) and y = b cos 2t (1 - cos 2t), cos y
143. x =
dy cos (a + y)
then find the values of at t = p and t = p . Differentiating w.r.t. y , we get
dx 4 3
dx = cos (a + y) dy cos y - cos y dy cos (a + y)
d d
We have x = a sin 2t (1 + cos 2t) dy cos2 (a + y)

cos (a + y) # (- sin y) + cos y # sin (a + y)
and y = b cos 2t (1 - cos 2t) =
cos2 (a + y)
Differentiating x and y separately w.r.t. t , we get sin (a + y) cos y - cos (a + y) sin y
=
dx = a sin 2t d (1 + cos 2t) + (1 + cos 2t) d (sin 2t) cos2 (a + y)
dt : dt dt D sin (a + y - y)
=
= a [sin 2t # (0 - 2 sin 2t) + (1 + cos 2t) (2 cos 2t)] cos2 (a + y)
dx = sin a
= a (- 2 sin2 2t + 2 cos 2t + 2 cos2 2t) dy cos2 (a + y)
dy cos2 (a + y)
= a [2 (cos2 2t - sin2 2t) + 2 cos 2t] cos2 2q - sin2 2q = cos 4q = ...(i)
dx sin a
d2 y Then, the given equation becomes

At q = p , c 2 m = 1
6 dx q = 3a ^cos p6 h4 ^sin p6 h
y = u+v
p
6
= 1
3a ` 2 j ^2h
3 4 1
dy
= 1 = 32 = du + dv ...(i)
dx dx dx
3a ^ h^ h 27a
9
16
1
2
Consider u = xsin x - cos x
-1 -1
t
170. If x = a sin and y = a cos t , then show that Taking log both sides, we get
dy - y
= . log u = (sin x - cos x) $ log x
dx x
Sol : OD 2012, Delhi 2008 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
We have x= a sin-1 t
and y = a cos-1 t 1 du = (sin x - cos x) $ 1 + log x $ (cos x + sin x)
-1
u dx x
Now consider, x = (a sin t) 1/2 du = xsin x - cos x sin x - cos x + log x $ (cos x + sin x)
dx : x D
...(ii)
dx = 1 (a sin t) -1/2 d (a sin t)
-1 -1
2
dt 2 dt Now, consider v = x2 - 1 = 1 - 2 2
x +1 x +1
= 1 (a sin t) -1/2 a sin t log a d (sin-1 t)
-1 -1
2 dt Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get

2 2
dv = 0 - (x + 1) dx (2) - 2 dx (x + 1)
d d
= 1 (a sin t) -1/2 a sin t log a $ 1

-1 -1
2 dx 2
(x + 1) 2
1 - t2
dv = - 0 - 2 $ 2x = 4x
= 1 (a sin t) 1/2 log a $
-1
1 dx ; (x2 + 1) 2 E (x2 + 1) 2 ...(iii)
2 1 - t2
-1 Substituting the values from Eqs. (ii) and (iii) to Eq.
dx = a sin t $ log a
1
2 (i), we get
...(i)
dt 1 - t2
dy
= xsin x - cos x : sin x - cos x + log x (cos x + sin x)D + 2 4x 2
-1
cos t 1/2
Now, consider y = (a ) dx x (x + 1)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t , we get
dy
= 1 (a cos t) -1/2 d (a cos t) If x = a (cos t + t sin t) and y = a (sin t - t cos t), then
-1 -1
172.
dt 2 dt 2
d2 y d2 y
find d x2 , 2 and .
= 1 (a cos t) -1/2 a cos t log a d (cos-1 t)
-1 -1
2 dt dt dx2
dt Sol : Comp 2012
(- 1)
= 1 (a cos t) 1/2 log a $
-1
2 1 - t2 We have x = a (cos t + t sin t)

dy - a 1
$ log a cos-1 t Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t , we get
= 2
...(ii)
dt 1 - t2 dx = a - sin t + d (t) $ sin t + t d (sin t)
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get dt : dt dt D
-1 dx = a (- sin t + 1 $ sin t + t cos t) = at cos t ...(i)
- 1 a cos t log a dt
b
dy
l f 2 p
dy dt 1 - t2 Also, given, y = a (sin t - t cos t)
= =
dx dx
b dt l
-1
1
a sin t log a Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t , we get
f2 p
1 - t2 dy
= a [cos t - d (t) cos t - t d (cos t)]
cos -1
t
y dt dt dt
= - a sin =-
a
-1
t x dy
Hence proved. = a (cos t - cos t $ 1 + t sin t) = at sin t ...(ii)
dt
dy
2
dy
171. If y = xsin x - cos x + x2 - 1 , then find . Now,
dy
= dt = at sin t = tan t
x +1 dx dx dx at cos t
Sol : Delhi 2012
dt [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
2 Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
We have y = xsin x - cos x + x2 - 1
x +1 d2 y dy
2 = d b l
Let u = xsin x - cos x and v = x2 - 1 dx2 dx dx
x +1
log u = x log x log mn = n log m Arvind Fashions knows that the it can sell 1000 shirts
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get when the price is ` 400 per shirt and it can sell
1500 shirts when the price is ` 200 a shirt. Assume
1 du = x $ d (log x) + log x $ d (x) demanded price to be linear, Determine
u dx dx dx
(i) the price function
1
= x $ + log x $ 1
x (ii) the revenue function
1 du = 1 + log x (iii) the marginal revenue function.
u dx Sol :
du = u (1 + log x) (i) the price function
dx
Since the demanded price is assumed to be linear, let
du = xx (1 + log x) ..(2)
dx it be given by
Now, consider, v = (sin x) x . Taking log both sides, we p = a + bx
get where p is the price per shirt and x is the quantity
x
demanded at this price.
log v = log (sin x)
Since, x = 1000 when p = 400
log v = x log (sin x) log mn = n log m and x = 1500 when p = 200
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get We have,400 = a + 1000b and 200 = a + 1500b
1 dv = x $ d log (sin x) + log (sin x) $ d (x) Solving these equations simultaneously for a and b
v dx dx dx , we obtain
= x$ 1 d
$ (sin x) + log sin x 2
sin x dx a = 800 and b = - 5
= x $ 1 $ cos x + log sin x Hence the demanded price is,
sin x
1 dv = x cot x + log sin x 2x
p = 800 - 5
v dx
dv = v (x cot x + log sin x) (ii) the revenue function
dx The revenue function is
dv = (sin x) x (x cot x + log sin x) ...(3)
R (x) = px = d800 - 5 n x
dx 2x
Now, from eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get
dy = 800x - 2x
2
= xx (1 + log x) + (sin x) x (x cot x + logsin x) 5

dx
(iii) the marginal revenue function.
The marginal revenue function is,
CASE BASED QUESTIONS MR =

dR (x)
dx
= 800 - 4x
5
181. Hindustan Pencils Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian manufacturer
180. In apparels industries retailers have an interesting of pencils, writing materials and other stationery
conundrum facing them. On one hand, consumers items, established in 1958 in Bombay. The company
are more drawn to hot promotional deals than ever makes writing implements under the brands Nataraj
before. The result of this is that they sell more units and Apsara, and claims to be the largest pencil
(of product) for less money, and this adversely impacts manufacturer in India.
comp store sales.
Hindustan Pencils manufactures x units of pencil in

a given time, if the cost of raw material is square of
RHL = 1 ...(iv) (LHL) x = 2 = (RHL) x = 2 = f ^2 h ...(i)

2
Substituting the values from Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv) to and (LHL) x = 10 = (RHL) x = 10 = f (10) ...(ii)
Eq. (i), we get Now, let us calculate LHL and RHL at x = 2 .
a =1=a&a=1 LHL = lim f (x) = lim 5 = 5
2 2 x " 2- x " 2-
130. If the following function f (x) is continuous at x = 1, and RHL = lim f (x) = lim (ax + b)
x " 2+ x " 2+
then find the values of a and b . = lim {a (2 + h) + b}
h"0
3ax + b, if x 2 1
f (x) = * 11,
= lim (2a + ah + b)
if x = 1 h"0
5ax - 2b, if x 1 1 = 2a + b
Sol : Delhi 2007, OD 2010 From Eq. (i), we have
3ax + b, if x 2 1 LHL = RHL
We have f (x) = * 11, if x = 1 2a + b = 5 ...(iii)
5ax - 2b, if x 1 1
If f (x) is continuous at x = 1 then we have Now, we have to find LHL and RHL at x = 10 .
LHL = RHL = f (1) ...(i) LHL = lim f (x)

x " 10-
= lim (ax + b)
Now, LHL = lim f (x) x " 10 -
x " 1-
= lim (5ax - 2b) = lim [a (10 - h) + b]

h"0
x " 1-
= lim [5a (1 - h) - 2b] = lim (10a - ah + b)

h"0
h"0
= lim (5a - 5ah - 2b) LHL = 10a + b

h"0
= 5a - 2b and RHL = lim f (x) = lim 21 = 21

x " 10+ x " 10+
Now, from Eq. (ii), we have
and RHL = lim (3ax + b)
x " 1+ LHL = RHL
= lim [3a (1 + h) + b]
h"0
10a + b = 21 ...(iv)
= lim (3a + 3ah + b)
h"0 Subtracting eq (3) from eq (4), we get
= 3a + b 8a = 16 & a = 2
Also, given that f (1) = 11 Substituting a = 2 in Eq. (iv), we get
Substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get
20 + b = 21 & b = 1
5a - 2b = 3a + b = 11
Hence, a = 2 and b = 1.
3a + b = 11 ...(ii)
132. Find the relationship between a and b , so that the
and 5a - 2b = 11 ...(iii) following unction f defined by is continuous at x = 3 .
Solving (ii) and (iii) we get a = 3 and b = 2 . ax + 1, if x # 3
f (x) = *
bx + 3, if x 2 3
131. Find the values of a and b such that following function Sol : OD 2007
f (x) is a continuous function.
ax + 1, if x # 3
5, x#2 We have f (x) = *
f (x) = *ax + b, 2 1 x 1 10
bx + 3, if x 2 3
21, x $ 10 If f (x) is continuous at x = 3 then we have
Sol : Delhi 2007
(LHL) x = 3 = (RHL) x = 3 = f (3) ...(i)
5, x#2
We have f (x) = *ax + b, 2 1 x 1 10 Now LHL = lim f (x)
x " 3-
21, x $ 10 = lim (ax + 1)
If f (x) is continuous at x = 2 and x = 10 then we
x " 3-
have = lim [a (3 - h) + 1]
h"0
5a + b = 13 ...(iv) Sol : Delhi 2010, OD 2007
Subtracting eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv), we get Z

] x + 3, x #- 3
3a = 9 & a = 3 We have f (x) = [ - 2x, - 3 1 x 1 3
] 6x + 2, x#3
Substituting a = 3 in Eq. (iii), we get \
2 # 3 + b = 4 & b =- 2 ]Z]- x + 3, x #- 3
]
Hence, a = 3 and b = - 2 . or f (x) = ]][ - 2x, - 2 1 x 1 3
]] +
] 6x 2, x$3
135. For what values of k , the following function is \
Continuity at x = - 3
continuous at x = 0 ? Also, find whether the function
is continuous at x = 1. LHL = lim f (x)
x " (- 3)-
2
k (x + 2), if x # 0 = lim (- x + 3)
f (x) = * x " (- 3) -
3x + 1, if x 2 0
Sol : Delhi 2010, Comp 2010 = lim (3 + h + 3)
h"0
2 = 3+3 = 6
k (x + 2), if x # 0
We have f (x) = *
3x + 1, if x 2 0 and RHL = lim f (x)
x " (- 3) +
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 then we must have
= lim (- 2x)
LHL =RHL = f ^ph
x " (- 3) +
...(i)
= lim [- 2 (- 3 + h)]
h"0
Now, LHL = lim f (x)
x " 0- = lim (6 - 2h)
h"0
= lim k (x2 + 2)
x " 0- RHL = 6
= lim k [(0 - h) 2 + 2]
h"0 Also value of f (x) at x = - 3 ,
= lim k (h2 + 2)
h"0 f (- 3) = = - (- 3) + 3
LHL = 2k
= 3+3 = 6
and RHL = lim f (x)
x " 0+ LHL = RHL = f (- 3)
= lim (3x + 1)
x " 0+ Thus f (x) is continuous at x = - 3 . So, x = - 3 is the
= lim [3 (0 + h) + 1] point of continuity.
h"0
RHL = 1 Continuity at x = 3
From Eq. (i), we have LHL = lim f (x)
x " 3-
LHL = RHL = lim [- (2x)]
x " 3-
2k = 1
= lim [- 2 (3 - h)]
h"0
k =1 = lim (- 6 + 2h)
2 h"0
Now, let us check the continuity of the given function
LHL = - 6
f (x) at x = 1.
Consider, lim f (x) = lim 3x + 1 f (x) = 3x + 1 for x 2 0
and RHL = lim f (x)
x"1 x"1 x " 3+
= 4 = f (1) = lim (6x + 2)

x " 3+
Thus f (x) is continuous at x = 1 = lim [6 (3 + h) + 2]

h"0
136. Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined = lim (18 + 6h + 2)

h"0
as follows.
RHL = 20
Z
] x + 3, x #- 3
f (x) = [ - 2x, - 3 1 x 1 3 since LHL ! RHL
] 6x + 2, x#3 Thus f (x) is discontinuous at x = 3 .
\
d2 y p 1 3a tan2 q sec2 q
Now ; dt2 E p = - sin 4 = - =
3a sec2 q sec q tan q
t= 2
= tan q = sin q
4
Again, x = cos t + log tan t sec q

2
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
Differentiate w.r.t. t we have
d dy = d (sin q)
dx = - sin t + 1 $ sec2 t $ 1 dx b dx l dx
dt tan 2t 2 2
cos 2t = d (sin q) dq
= - sin t + $ 1 dq dx
2 $ sin 2t cos2 2t 1
= cos q
= - sin t + 1 $ 1 3a sec3 q tan q
2 $ sin 2t cos 2t 5
= cos q
= - sin t + 12 # t 2 sin a cos a = sin 2a
3a sin q
sin 2 p d2 y cos5 p3
= - sin t + cosec t ...(ii) At q = , =
3 dx 2
3a sin p3
^2h
dy 1 5
dy cos t
= = = 5 1#2
dt
Now, From (i) and (ii) =
dx dx cosec t - sin t
dt 3a ` 2 j 2 # 3a 3
3
= cos t 2 $ sin t = sin t $ 2cos t 1

1 - sin t cos t =
dy 48 3 a
= tan t
dx d2 y 1 dy 2 y
141. If y = xx , then prove that - b l - = 0.
2
dy d dy dx2 y dx x
2 = dx b dx l
Now Sol : Delhi 2016, 2014
dx
= d ^tan t h We have y = xx
dx
= sec2 t $ dt
dx log y = log xx
2
= sec t dx
dt log y = x log x
= sec2 t Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
cosec t - sin t
1 dy = x d (log x) + log x d (x)
= sec t sin2 t
2
1 - sin t y dx dx dx
sec 2
t $ sin t 1 dy = x 1 + log x $ 1
= y dx #x
cos2 t
= sec 3 t $ tan t 1 dy = (1 + log x)
y dx
d2 y 3p p dy
; dx2 E p = sec 4 $ tan 4 dx
= y (1 + log x) ...(i)
t=
4
= 2 2 #1 = 2 2 Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
d2 y dy
dy 2 = y d (1 + log x) + (1 + log x)
140. If x = a sec3 q and y = a tan3 q , find at q = p . dx2 dx dx
dx2 3 dy
Sol : Comp 2018 = y # 1 + (1 + log x)
x dx
We have y = a tan3 q and x = a sec3 q y dy
= + (1 + log x)
x dx
Differentiating w.r.t. q , we get
d2 y y dy dy
dy = + 1 b lb l [using Eq. (i)]
= 3a tan2 q d (tan q) dx2 x y dx dx
dq dq d2 y 1 dy 2 y
= 3a tan2 q sec2 q - b l - =0
dx2 y dx x
Hence proved.
and dx = 3a sec2 q d (sec q)
dq dq 2
2
= 3a sec q sec q tan q 142. Differentiate tan-1 c 1 + x - 1 m w.r.t. sin-1 c 2x 2 m,
x 1+x
when x ! 0 .
dy dy/dq
Noe =
dx dx/dq
Again, differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. x , lim f (x) = lim f (x) ...(i)
x " 1- x " 1+
2
dy f (1 - h) - f (1)
= 1 d cos2 (a + y) Here, lim f (x) = lim
dx2 sin a dx x " 1- h"0 -h
dy
= 1 # d cos2 (a + y) # = lim
(1 - h) 2 + 3 (1 - h) + a - (4 + a)
sin a dy dx h"0 -h
dy
= 1 # 2 cos (a + y) [- sin (a + y)] #
2
= lim 1 + h - 2 h + 3 - 3h + a - 4 - a
sin a dx h"0 -h
2 sin (a + y) cos (a + y) dy 2
=-
sin a # dx = lim h - 5h
h"0 -h
2
dy sin 2 (a + y) dy = lim (- h + 5)
2 =- sin a dx h"0
dx
dy2
dy =5
sin a 2 + sin 2 (a + y) =0 Hence proved.
dx dx f (1 + h) - f (1)
and lim f (x) = lim
x " 1+ h"0 h
dy 2
145. Find , if y = sin-1 ;6x - 4 1 - 4x E . b (1 + h) + 2 - (4 + a)
dx 5 = lim
Sol : OD 2016 h"0 h
= lim b + bh + 2 -4-a
2
We have y = sin-1 ;6x - 4 1 - 4x E h"0 h
5
= lim bh + b - a - 2
1
Substituting x = sin q we have h"0 h
2 If lim f (x) exist, b - a - 2 should be equal to 0, i.e.
6 # sin q - 4 1 - 4 # b sin q l
2 x " 1+
y = sin-1 > H
2 2 b-a-2 = 0 ...(ii)
5
2 Now, lim f (x) = lim bh
= sin-1 c 3 sin q - 4 1 - sin q m x " 1+ h"0 h
5 = lim b = b
-1 3 sin q - 4 cos q
h"0
= sin b l From Eq. (i), we have
5
= sin-1 b 3 sin q - 4 cos q l ...(1) lim f (x) = lim f (x)
5 5 x " 1- x " 1+
Let cos f = 3 , then sin f = 4 5 =b

5 5
Now, Eq. (1) becomes b =5
y = sin-1 (cos f sin q - sin f cos q) Now, on substituting b = 5 in Eq. (ii), we get
5-a-2 = 0
= sin-1 [sin (q - f)] = q - f
a =3
y = sin-1 (2x) - cos-1 b 3 l
5 Hence, a = 3 and b = 5 .
147. If y = tan-1 1 + x2 + 1 - x2 , x2 # 1, then find dy .
dy 1 d (2x) - 0 1 + x2 - 1 - x2 dx
=
dx 1 - (2x) 2 dx Sol : Delhi 2015
= 2
1 - 4x2 We have 1 + x2 + 1 - x2
y = tan-1 (1)
1 + x2 - 1 - x2
146. Find the values of a and b , if the following function Substituting x = sin q & q = sin-1 x2 we have
2
is differentiable at x = 1. 1 + x2 = 1 + sin q
2
x + 3x + a, x # 1
f (x) = * = cos2 q + sin2 q + 2 sin q cos q
bx + 2, x21 2 2 2 2
Sol : Foreign 2016
= b cos q + sin q l
2
2 2
x2 + 3x + a, x # 1
We have f (x) = * or 2 q
1 + x = b cos + sin l q (2)
bx + 2, x21 2 2
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 1.

= lim [4 (0 + h) + 6]
h"0
x, x11
f (x) = *
= lim (4h + 6)
We have 2 - x, 1#x#2 h"0
- 2 + 3x - x2, x 2 2 = 4#0+6 = 6
Differentiability at x = 1 : Now 2
f (0) = l (0 + 2) = 2l
f (1 - h) - f (1) If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 then we have
LHD = lim
h"0 -h
(1 - h) - [2 - (1)] lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (0) ...(i)
= lim x " 0- x " 0+
h"0 -h Thus 2l = 6 & l = 3
-h
= lim =1 Now, given function becomes
h"0 - h
f (1 + h) - f (1) 3 (x2 + 2), if x # 0

RHD = lim
h"0 h f (x) = *
4x + 6, if x 2 0
2 - (1 + h) - (2 - 1)
= lim Now, let us check the differentiability at x = 0 .
h"0 h
f (0 - h) - f (0)
= lim - h = - 1 LHD = lim
h"0 h h"0 -h
Here LHD ! RHD 3 [(0 - h) 2 + 2] - 3 (0 + 2)
= lim
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1. h"0 -h
Differentiability at x = 2 : 3 [h2 + 2] - 6
= lim
h"0 -h
f (2 - h) - f (2) = lim (- 3h) = 0
LHD = lim
h"0 -h h"0
2 - (2 - h) - (2 - 2) f (0 + h) - f (0)
= lim and RHD = lim
h"0 -h h"0 h
h [4 (0 + h) + 6] - 3 (0 + 2)
= lim =- 1 = lim
h"0 -h h"0 h
f (2 + h) - f (2) = lim 4 h =4
RHD = lim h"0 h
h"0 h
- 2 + 3 (2 + h) - (2 + h) 2 - (2 - 2) LHD ! RHD
= lim
h"0 h So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 .
- 2 + 6 + 3h - (4 + h2 + 4h) - 0
= lim -1
h"0 h 152. If y = x cos x2 - log 1 - x2 , then prove that
- h 2
- h 1-x
= lim dy -1
h"0 h = cos x .
dx (1 - x2) 3/2
- h (h + 1) Sol : Delhi 2015, SQP 2012
= lim = - (0 + 1) = - 1
h"0 h
-1
Here LHD = RHD We have, y = x cos x2 - log 1 - x2 ...(1)
So, f (x) is differentiable at x = 2 . 1-x
Differentiating both sides of Eq. (1) w.r.t. x , we get
Hence, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1, but it
differentiable at x = 2 . dy -1
= d e x cos x2 o - d (log 1 - x2 )
dx dx 1-x dx
151. For what value of l , the following function is (- 1)
1 - x2 =x $ + cos-1 x G
continuous at x = 0 ? Hence, check the differentiability 1 - x2
of f (x) at x = 0 . - x cos-1 x $ 1 (- 2x)
= 2 1 - x2 - 1
l (x2 + 2), if x # 0
f (x) = *
2 2
( 1-x ) 1 - x2
4x + 6, if x 2 0 (- 2x)
Sol : Comp 2015 $
2 1 - x2
2 -1
2 -1
- x + 1 - x cos x + x cos x
l (x2 + 2), if x # 0
We have f (x) = * = 1 - x2 + x
4x + 6, if x 2 0 2 2
( 1-x ) ( 1 - x2 ) 2
Here, lim f (x) = lim (4x + 6)
x " 0+ x " 0+
d2 y dy 2
Now = d b l = tan-1 ; sin q E
dx2 dx dx cos q
-1 sin q
= d ^tan t h = tan :
dx cos q D
= sec2 t $ dt = tan-1 [tan q]
dx
sec 2
t sec2 t =q
= dx =
a cosec t - a sin t
dt u = cos-1 x
= 1 sec 2
t = sec t sin2t
2
a sint - a sin t a (1 - sin t) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get

2
= sec t $ sin t = sec2 t $ sin t du = - 1
a cos t 2 1
a sect cos t dx 1 - x2
= sec t $ tan t
3
a Again, let v = cos-1 (2x 1 - x2 )

d2 y sec3 p3 $ tan p3 Substituting x = cos q & q = cos-1 x we have
; dx2 E p = a
t=
3 v = cos-1 [2 cos q 1 - cos2 q ]
22 # 3 8 3
= =
a a = cos-1 [2 cos q sin q]
dy y
156. If xm yn = (x + y) m + n , prove that = . = cos-1 [sin 2q]
dx x
Sol :
= cos-1 9cos a p - 2q kC
Foreign 2014
2
m n m+n
We have x y = (x + y) p
= - 2q
2
p
v = - 2 cos-1 x
log (xm yn) = log (x + y) m + n 2
log (xm) + log (yn) = (m + n) log (x + y)
dv = 2
m log x + n log y = (m + n) log (x + y) dx 1 - x2
Now, du = du dx
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get dv dx # dv
m + n dy = m + n 1 + dy 1 - x2 = - 1
x+y b dx l =- 1
x y dx 1 - x2
# x 2
m + n dy = m + n + m + n dy x
x y dx x+y x + y dx 158. Differentiate tan-1 b 2 l
w.r.t. sin-1 (2x 1 - x2 ).
Sol : 1 - x Delhi 2012, Foreign 2011
m - (m + n) = m + n - n dy
x x+y b x+y y l dx
u = tan-1 b x
1 - x2 l
We have
my + ny - nx - ny dy mx + my - mx - nx
; y (x + y) Edx = x (x + y) Substituting x = sin q & q = sin-1 x , we have
dy my - nx my - nx u = tan-1 ; sin q
dx : y D = x 1 - sin2 q E
Hence,
dy
=
y = tan-1 : sin q D
dx x cos q
-1
2
= tan (tan q)
157. Differentiate tan-1 c 1 - x m w.r.t. cos-1 (2x 1 - x2 )
x =q
, when x ! 0 .
Sol : Delhi 2013 Thus u = sin-1 x
2 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
We have u = tan-1 ; 1 - x E
x du = 1 ...(i)
Substituting x = cos q & q = cos-1 x we have dx 1 - x2
2
Again, let v = sin-1 (2x 1 - x2 )
Then, u = tan-1 ; 1 - cos q E
cos q Substituting x = sin q & q = sin-1 x we have
162. If x = a (cos t + t sin t) and y = a (sin t - t cos t), then Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
d2 y
ind the value of at t = p . 1 du = d (y) $ log (tan-1 x) + y d (log tan-1 x)
dx2 4 u dx dx dx
Sol : Foreign 2014
1 du = dy log (tan-1 x) + y
We have y = a (sin t - t cos t) u dx dx (tan-1 x) (1 + x2)
du = (tan-1 x) y =dy log (tan-1 x) + y
(tan x) (1 + x2)G
Differentiate w.r.t. t we have .(ii)
dx dx -1
dy
= a (cos t - cos t + t sin t) Also, v = y cotx
dt
= a (t sin t) ...(i) Taking log both sides, we get
log v = cot x log y
Again, x = a ^cos t + t sin t h
Differentiate w.r.t. t we have
1 dv = d (cot x) $ log y + cot x d (log y)
dx = a (- sin t + sin t + t cos t) v dx dx dx
dt 1 dv = - cosec2 x log y + cot x dy
= a (t cos t) ...(ii) v dx y dx
dv = y cotx - cosec2 x log y + cot x dy ...(iii)
dy
dy
dx ; y dx E
Now, = dt
From (i) and (ii)
dx dx
dt Substituting values from Eqs. (ii) and (iii) in Eq. (i),
= at sin t we get
at cos t
dy y
(tan-1 x) y = log (tan-1 x) +
= sin t
cos t
dx (tan-1 x) (1 + x2)G
dy
dy + y cotx ;- cosec2 x log y + cot x E = 0
= tan t y dx
dx
dy
d2 y dy [(tan-1 x) y log (tan-1 x) + cot x $ y cot x - 1]
Now = d b l dx
dx2 dx dx y
= -: (tan-1 x) y - 1 - y cot x cosec2 x log yD
= d ^tan t h 1 + x2
dx y
-: (tan-1 x) y - 1 - y cot x $ cosec2 x log yD
= sec2 t $ dt dy
=
1 + x2
dx dx
2
[(tan-1 x) y log (tan-1 x) + cot x $ y cot x - 1]
sec t sec2 t
= dx = at cos t
164. If y = x log a x k , then prove that
dt a + bx
= sec t
3
d2 y dy 2
at x3 2 = bx - y l .
dx dx
d2 y sec3 p4 Sol : Foreign 2013, OD 2008
; dx2 E p = a p
t= 4
x
^ 2h y = x log a
a + bx k
4 3
8 2 We have ...(i)
= =
p
a4 ap Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
Hence proved.
dy
= x d log a x k + log a x k d (x)
-1 y cot x dy dx dx a + bx a + bx dx
163. If (tan x) + y = 1, then find .
dx 1 d x + log a x k $ 1
f x pdx a a + bx k
Sol : =x
Foreign 2011 a + bx
a + bx
Let u = (tan-1 x) y and v = y cotx
(a + bx) (1) - x (b) x
Then, given equation becomes = (a + bx) = G + log a a + bx k
(a + bx) 2
u+v = 1 = (a + bx) : a + log a x k
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get (a + bx) 2 D a + bx
dy
du + dv = 0 = a + log a x k
...(i) dx a + bx a + bx
dx dx dy y
Now, u = (tan-1 x) y = a + [using Eq. (i)]
dx a + bx x
dy y
Taking log both sides, we get - = a
dx x a + bx
log u = y log (tan-1 x)
= lim 3 + h - 3
= a cosec t - a sin t
h"0
a cos t
= lim h = 0 1
- sin t
h"0
= sint
and f (3) = 3 - 3 = 0 cos t
2
= 1 - sin t
Thus, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (3) sin t cos t
x " 3- x " 3+
2
Hence, f (x) is continuous at x = 3 . = cos t
Now, let us check the differentiability of f (x) at x = 3 . sin t cos t
= cos t
f (3 - h) - f (3) sin t
LHD f l (3-) = lim
h"0 -h dy
3-h-3 - 3-3 = cot t
dx
= lim
-h d2 y dy
= d b l
h"0
Now
-h dx2 dx dx
= lim
h"0 -h
= d ^cot t h
dx
= lim h = - 1 - x = x, if x 2 0
h"0 - h
= - cosec2 t $ dt
f (3 + h) - f (3) dx
RHD f l (3+) = lim 2
h"0 h = - cosec t
dx
3+h-3 - 3-3 dt
= lim
= - cosec t
2
h"0 h
a cos t
h
= lim 169. If x = a cos3 q and y = a sin3 q , then find the value of
h"0 h
d2 y
= lim h = 1 x = x, if x 2 0 at q = p .
h"0 h dx2 6
Since, f l (3-) ! f l (3+) at x = 3 , f (x) is not Sol : OD 2013
differentiable. Hence proved. We have x = a cos3 q and y = a sin3 q

Differentiating both sides of x and y w.r.t. q , we get
168. If x = a sin t and y = a [cos t + log tan 2t ], then find
d2 y dx = 3a cos2 q d (cos q)
. dq dq
dx2
Sol : Comp 2013 2
= 3a cos q $ (- sin q)
We have x = a sin t = - 3a cos2 q $ sin q
Differentiate w.r.t. t we have dy
and = 3a sin2 q d (sin q)
dq dq
dx = a cos t ...(i) 2
dt = 3a sin q $ (cos q)
Again, y = a ^cos t + log tan 2t h = 3a sin2 q $ cos q
Differentiate w.r.t. t we have dy dy/dq
=e
dx/dq o
Now,
dy dx
= - a sin t + a t $ sec2 t $ 1 2
dt tan 2 2 2 = 3a sin q2 $ cos q
a cos 2t - 3a cos q $ sin q
= - a sin t + $ 1 = - tan q
2 $ sin 2t cos2 2t
= - a sin t + a $ 1 Again, Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
2 $ sin 2t cos 2t
d2 y
= - a sin t + a2 # t = d (- tan q) = - d (tan q) dq
2 sin a cos a = sin 2a dx2 dx dq dx
sin 2
2
= - sec q $ d q dq -1
= - a sin t + a cosec t dx dx
=
3a cos2 q $ sin q
= a cosec t - a sin t ...(ii) = - sec2 q $ b -1

3a cos2 q $ sin q l
dy
dy d2 y 1
Now, = dt
From (i) and (ii) =
dx dx
dt dx2 3a cos 4 q $ sin q
= d (tan t) dt
2
dt dx = a sec
dx
t
dt
2
= sec t 1 a sec2 t
dx/dt =
cosec t - sin t
2
sec t = sec3 t
= a sec t sin t
2
= [from Eqs. (i)]
at cos t at 1 - sin2 t
d2 x = d (at cos t) 2
Also,
dt = a sec t $2 sin t
dt2 cos t
= a d (t cos t) = a sec 3 t $ tan t
dt
= a : d (t) $ cos t + t d (cos t)D dy 2
dt dt 174. Find , when y = xcotx + 22x - 3 .
dx x +x+2
= a [cos t - t sin t] Sol : OD 2007
2
dy d dy d
2 = dt b dt l = dt (at sin t)
2
and
dt We have y = xcotx + 22x - 3
x +x+2
= a (sin t + t cos t) 2
Let u =x cotx
and v = 22x - 3
x +x+2
d2 y
173. If x = b cos t + log tan t l and y = a sin t , find 2 and Then, given equation becomes
2 dt
d2 y
. y = u+v
dx2
Sol : SQP 2012, OD 2007 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
dy
We have y = a sin t = du + dv
dx dx dx
cotx
Differentiate w.r.t. t we have Consider y = x
dy
= a cos t ...(i)
dt log u = cot x log x
d2 y Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
Again = - a sin t
dt2
1 du = cot x $ 1 - cosec2 x $ log x
Again, x = cos t + log tan t u dx x
2
Differentiate w.r.t. t we have du = u cot x - cosec2 x $ log x
dx a x k
dx = - sin t + 1 $ sec2 t $ 1
dt tan 2t 2 2 = xcotx a cot x - cosec2 x $ log x k ...(ii)
x
cos 2t
= - sin t + $ 1 2
2 $ sin 2t cos2 2t Now, consider v = 22x - 3
1 x +x+2
= - sin t + 2 sin a cos a = sin 2a
sin 2 # 2t
= - sin t + cosec t ...(ii) 2 2
dv = (x + x + 2) (4x) - (2x - 3) (2x + 1)
dy dx (x + x + 2) 2
2
dy a cos t
Now, = dt
= From (i) and (ii)
dx cosec t - sin t 3 2 3 2
= 4x + 4x + 8x2 - 4x - 22 x + 6x + 3
dx
dt
(x + x + 2)
= a cos t $ sin t
1 - sin2 t 2
= 2x 2 + 14x + 23 ...(iii)
= a cos t $2 sin t (x + x + 2)
cos t
Substituting the values from Eqs. (ii) and (iii) to Eq.
dy
= a tan t (i), we get
dx
dy 2
Now
d2 y dy
= d b l = xcotx a cot x - cosec2 x $ log x k + 2x 2 + 14x + 23
dx dx dx x (x + x + 2)
dx2
= d â tan t h
dx 2
175. Differentiate xx cos x + x2 + 1 w.r.t. x .
= a sec2 t $ dt x -1
dx
= lim [2 (2 - h) 2 - (2 - h)] dy
h"0 = du + dv ...(1)
dx dx dx
= lim [2 (2 + h2 - 4h) - (2 - h)]
h"0 Consider, u = (cos x) x . Taking log both sides, we get
= lim (8 + 2h2 - 8h - 2 + h)
h"0 log u = log (cos x) x
lim f (x) = 8 - 2 = 6
x " 2- log u = x log (cos x) log mn = n log m
Now lim f (x) = lim (5x - 4) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
x " 2+ x " 2+
= lim (5 (2 + h) - 4) 1 du = x $ d log (cos x) + log (cos x) $ d (x)

h"0 u dx dx dx
= lim (10 + 5h - 4) 1
h"0 = x$ (- sin x) + log cos x $ 1
cos x
= lim (6 + 5h) 1 du = - x tan x + log (cos x)
h"0
u dx
lim f (x) = 6
x " 2+ du = u [- x tan x + log cos x]
and f (2) = 2 (2) 2 - 2 = 8 - 2 = 6 dx
du = (cos x) x [- x tan x + log cos x] ...(2)
Since, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (2), f (x) is continuous at dx
x " 2- x " 2+ 1/x
x = 2. Now, consider v = (sin x) . Taking log both sides,
we get
Differentiating at x = 2 :
log v = log (sin x) 1/x
- f (2 - h) - f (2)
f l (2 ) = lim
h"0 -h log v = 1 log sin x log mn = n log m
[2 (2 - h) 2 - (2 - h)] - [8 - 2] x
= lim Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
h"0 -h
1 $ dv = 1 $ d (log sin x) + log sin x $ d 1
dx b x l
2
2 (4 + h - 4h) - (2 - h) - 6
= lim v dx x dx
h"0 -h
2
= 1 $ 1 $ cos x + log sin x b- 12 l
= lim 8 + 2h - 8h - 2 + h - 6 x sin x x
h"0 h
1 $ dv = cot x - log (sin x)
h (2h - 7)
= lim = lim - (2h - 7) v dx x x2
h"0 -h h"0
dv = v cot x - log (sin x)
f l (2-) = 7 dx c x x2 m
f (2 + h) - f (2) dv = (sin) 1/x cot x - log (sin x)
and f l (2+) = lim
h"0 h dx ; x x2 E ...(3)
[5 (2 + h) - 4] - [8 - 2] Now, from eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get
= lim
h"0 h dy
= (cos x) x [- x tan x + log cos x]
(6 + 5h) - (6) dx
= lim = lim 5h log (sin x)
h"0 h h"0 h
+ (sin x) 1/x ; cot x - E
x x2
f l (2+) = 5
dy
179. If y = (x) x + (sin x) x , then find .
Since f l (2-) ! f l (2+) , f (x) is not differentiating at dx
Sol : OD 2002
x = 2 . Hence, f (x) is continuous at x = 1 and x = 2
but not differentiable at x = 2 . Hence proved. We have y = (x) x + (sin x) x
dy Let u = (x) x and v = (sin x) x

178. Find , if y = (cos x) x + (sin x) 1/x .
dx Now given equation becomes,
Sol : Delhi 2003
y = u+v
We have y = (cos x) x + (sin x) 1/x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
x 1/x
Let u = (cos x) and v = (sin x) dy
= du + dv ...(i)
Then, given equation becomes dx dx dx
Consider, u = xx . Taking log both sides, we get
y = u+v
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get log u = log xx
the pencils produced, cost of transportation is twice (iii) By how much will the circulation actually change
the number of pencils produced and the property tax during the sixth year?
costs ` 5000. Then, Sol :
(i) Find the cost function C (x) .
(ii) Find the cost of producing 21st pencil. We have C (t) = 100t2 + 400t + 5000
(iii) The marginal cost of producing 50 pencils. (i) Expression for the rate at which the circulation
Sol : will be changing
(i) Cost function C (x) , C l (t) = 200t + 400

The cost function is sum of variable cost and fixed (ii) The rate of change of the circulation 5 years from
cost. now
Thus C (x) = x2 + 2x + 5000 C l (5) = 200 # 5 + 400

(ii) Find the cost of producing 21st pencil. = 1400 Thousand Increasing
C ^21h - C ^20h = 8(21) 2 + 2 # 21 + 5000B (iii) The actual change in the circulation during the
6th year is
- 8(20) 2 + 2 # 20 + 5000B
C (6) = 100 # 62 + 400 # 6 + 5000
= (21) 2 - (20) 2 + 21
= 11000 Thousand
= 41 + 21 = 62
C (5) = 100 # 52 + 400 # 5 + 5000
The cost of producing 21st pencil is ` 62.
= 9500 Thousand
(iii) The marginal cost of producing 50 pencils.
dC (x) C (6) - C (5) = 11000 - 9500
MC = dx
= 2x + 2
= 1500 Thousand newspaper
^MC hx= 50 = 2 # 50 + 2 = 102
The marginal cost of producing 50 pencils is ` 102.
182. Hindustan Times is an Indian English-language

***********
daily newspaper based in Delhi. It is the flagship
publication of HT Media Limited, an entity controlled
by Shobhana Baratia.
It is estimated that t years from now, the

circulation of a Hindustan Times newspaper will be
C (t) = 100t2 + 400t + 5000 (in Thousand).
(i) Derive an expression for the rate at which the
circulation will be changing with respect to time
t years from now.
(ii) At what rate will the circulation be changing
with respect to time 5 years from now? Will the
circulation be increasing or decreasing at that
time?
CHAPTER 6 Application of Derivatives Page 183
CHAPTER 6
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS At x = - 2 , f m^2 h = 43

2
=4
1. The function f ^x h = x + 2 has a local minima at x 8
2 x
equal to f m^2 h = 1 > 0
2
(a) 2 (b) 1
We have local minima at x = 2 .
(c) 0 (d) - 2
Sol : OD 2024 2. Given a curve y = 7x - x3 and x increases at the rate
of 2 units per second. The rate at which the slope of
We have f ^x h = x + 2 the curve is changing, when x = 5 is
2 x (a) - 60 units/sec (b) 60 units/sec
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x we get
(c) - 70 units/sec (d) - 140 units/sec
f l^x h = d b x + 2 l Sol : OD 2024
dx 2 x
= d ax k + d b 2 l We have y = 7x - x3
dx 2 dx x
Differentiating above w.r.t x we have
f l^x h = - 2
1 2 ...(1)
2 x dy
= d ^7x - x3h
Function has local minima at x if f l^x h = 0 and dx dx
f m^x h > 0 . = 7x - 3x2
Substituting f l^x h = 0 in eq (1) we have dy
m = = 7 - 3x2 ...(1)
dx
0 = 1 - 22 where m is the slope of y = 7x - x3 .
2 x
2 =1 m = 7 - 3x2
x2 2
2
x =4 Since slope is changing, differentiating (1) w.r.t t
x =! 2 dm = - 6x dx ...(2)
dt dt
Differentiating eq (1) w.r.t. x we have
Substituting dx = 2 units/sec and x = 5 in eq (2) we
dt
f m^x h = d c 1 - 22 m have
dx 2 x
2 ^- 2h ^ h^ h
dm = - 6 5 2
= -e o dt
x3
= - 60
f m^x h = 43
x
3. The function f (x) = 2 - 3x is
At x = - 2 we have
(a) decreasing
f m^- 2h =4
(b) increasing
^- 2h3
(c) neither decreasing nor increasing
f m^- 2h = - 4 < 0
8 (d) none of the above
Thus we have local maxima at x = - 2
(a) local maxima at x = 0 (a) 80pm3 /s (b) 144pm3 /s

(b) local minima at x = 0 (c) 80m3 /s (d) 64m3 /s
(c) point of inflexion at x = 0 Sol : Delhi 2018
(d) none of the above Let h and r be the height and radius of cylinder.
Sol : OD 2010
Given that, dr = 3m/s and dh = - 4m/s
dt dt
We have f ^x h = x x
Also, V = pr 2 h
f l^x h = x $ x + x = 2 x
x dV = p r2 dh + h $ 2r dr
dt : dt dt D
f l^x h = 0 , only, if x = 0 , ie, if x = 0
Since, f l^x h does not change sign as we move from left At r = 4m and h = 6m we have
to right through origin. dV = p - 64 + 144
Hence, f has a point of inflexion at x = 0 . dt 6 @
Thus (c) is correct option. = 80pm3 /s
11. Let f ^x h = x - cos x , x ! R then f is
(a) a decreasing function 14. The function f ^x h = x3 has a
(b) an odd function (a) local minima at x = 0
(c) an increasing function (b) local maxima at x = 0
(d) none of the above (c) point of inflexion at x = 0
Sol : SQP 2016, OD 2009 (d) none of the above
We have f ^x h = x - cos x
Differentiating w.r.t x we have We have f ^x h = x3
f l^x h = 1 + sin x $ 0 , for all x e R . Differentiating w.r.t x we have
f l^x h = 3x2
^- 1 # sin x # 1 0 # 1 + sin x # 2h
Hence, f ^x h is a decreasing function. f l^0 h = 0
Thus (c) is correct option. Similarly, f m^0 h = 0 and f n ^0 h = 6
12. Let f ^x h = tan x - 4x, then in the interval 9- p , p C , Hence, f has a point of inflexion at x = 0 .
3 3
f ^x h is Thus (a) is correct option.
(a) a decreasing function 15. The minimum value of f ^x h = sin x cos x is
(b) an increasing function
(a) 1 (b) - 1
(c) a constant function 2 2
(d) none of these (c) 0 (d) 5
Sol : Foreign 2014 Sol : Delhi 2007
We have f ^x h = tan x - 4x We have f ^x h = sin x cos x

Differentiating w.r.t x we have
= 1 ^sin 2x h
2
f l^x h = sec2 x - 4 # 0 in 9- p , p C
3 3 Since, the minimum value of sin 2x is - 1.
Hence, f ^x h is a decreasing function. Hence, minimum value of f ^x h is - 1 .
2
Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.
13. The radius of a cylinder is increasing at the rate of 16. The function f ^x h = 2 + 4x2 + 6x 4 + 8x6 has
3m/s and its altitude is decreasing at the rate of 4m/s (a) only one maxima
. The rate of change of volume when radius is 4m and
altitude is 6m, is (b) only one minima
Now letting f l^x h = 0 we have (a) 3 cm2 /s (b) 10cm2 /s

2 cos x ^1 - 3 sin x h = 0 (c) 10 3 cm2 /s (d) 10 cm2 /s
3
Sol :
cos x = 0 or sin x = 1
Foreign 2007
3
Let x is the length of each side of an equilateral
p
x = or x = sin-1 b 1 l
2 3 triangle and A is its area, then
3 x2
At x = 0 , f ^0 h = 1 + 0 + 3 = 4 A =
4
At x = 2p , f b 2p l = 1 + 2 sin b 2p l + 3 cos2 b 2p l dA = 3 2x dx
3 3 3 3
dt 4 dt
3 +3 1 2
= 1+2$
2 b2l At x = 10 cm , dx = 2cm
dt
=7+ 3 dA = 3
4 2 10 2
dt 4 # # #
At x = p , f a p k = 1 + 2 + 3 $ 02 = 10 3 cm2 /s
2 2
=3 Thus (c) is correct option.
At x = sin-1 13 , 23. The function f ^x h = x1/x is

(a) increasing in ^1, 3h
f ^sin-1 13 h = 1 + 2 + 8 = 13
3 3 3 (b) decreasing in ^1, 3h
Hence, f ^x h is minimum at x = p . (c) increasing in ^1, e h and decreasing in ê, 3h

2
Thus (a) is correct option. (d) decreasing in ^1, e h and increasing in ê, 3h
Sol : Comp 2017, OD 2014
21. If a < 0 , the function f ^x h = eax + e-ax is monotonically
decreasing for all values of x where We have f ^x h = x1/x
(a) x < 0 (b) x > 0 Differentiating w.r.t x we have
(c) x < 1 (d) x > 1
f l^x h = x1/x d b 1 log x l
Sol : SQP 2019 dx x
1 - log x
We have f ^x h = eax + e-ax = x1/x c m, x > 0
x2
Differentiating w.r.t x we have Thus, f l^x h > 0 , iff 1 - log x > 0 & 0 < x < e
f l^x h = aeax - ae-ax and if f l^x h < 0 , iff 1 - log x < 0 & x > e
Hence, f ^x h is increasing in ^1, e h and decreasing in
= a beax - 1ax l for all x ! R . ê, 3h .
e
Therefore, f is monotonically decreasing, if Thus (c) is correct option.
f l^x h < 0 24. The least, value of the function f (x) = ax + xb , a 2 0

, b 2 0 , x 2 0 is
a beax - 1ax l < 0
e (a) ab (b) 2 a
b
e2ax > 1 â < 0h (c) 2 b (d) 2 ab
a
2ax > 0 Sol : OD 2006
x >0 We have f (x) = ax + b , a , b , x 2 0

x
f l (x) = a - b2
22. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing x
at the rate of 2 cm/s. The rate at which the area For maxima or minima, putting f l (x) = 0 we have
increases, when the side is 10 cm, is
x2 = b , x = ! b
a a
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= 1 ft/min b2 a2 - (y2 - b2) 2 = 0

30p
Thus correct option is (b). (y2 - b2) 2 = b2 a2
30. The length of the longest interval, in which y2 - b2 = ba

f (x) = 3 sin x - 4 sin3 x is increasing is
y2 = b (a + b)
(a) p (b) p Substituting above result in equation we get
3 2
(c) 3p (d) p x2 = a (a + b)
2
Sol : SQP 2020 Thus r2 = (a + b) 2
We have f (x) = 3 sin x - 4 sin3 x = sin 3x r = a+b
Since, sin x is increasing in the interval 9- p , p C . Thus correct option is (b).
2 2
p
- # 3x # p
2 2 33. The condition that f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d has no
-p #x# p extreme value is
6 6
(a) b2 2 3ac (b) b2 = 4ac
Thus, the length of interval is p - a- p k = p .
6 6 3 (c) b2 = 3ac (d) b2 1 3ac
Thus correct option is (a).
Sol : Foreign 2010
31. Which of the following function is decreasing on
(0, p2 )? We have f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
(a) sin 2x (b) cos 3x
(c) tan x (d) cos 2x
f' (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
For extreme values putting f' (x) = 0 we have
We have f (x) = cos 2x 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
f l (x) = - 2 sin 2x 1 0 in a 0, p k Since, it has no extreme value, we have
2
So, cos 2x is decreasing in a 0, p k . B2 - 4AC 1 0
2
Thus correct option is (d). (2b) 2 - 4 # 3a # c 1 0
2 2
4b2 - 12ac 1 0
32. The minimum radius vector of the curve a2 + b 2 = 1
x y
is of length b2 - 3ac 1 0
(a) a - b (b) a + b
b2 1 3ac
(c) 2a + b (d) None of these
Sol : OD 2009 Thus correct option is (d)
a2 + b2 = 1 . 34. The maximum value of xe-x is

We have
x2 y2 (a) e (b) 1/e
Let radius vector be r . (c) - e (d) - 1/e
r2 = x2 + y2 Sol : Comp 2017, Delhi 2007
2 2
ay a2 + b2 = 1 We have f (x) = xe-x
r2 = + y2
y2 - b2 x2 y2
f' (x) = - xe-x + e-x = e-x (1 - x)
d (r2) - 2yb2 a2
= 2 + 2y For maxima or minima, putting f l (x) = 0 we have
dy (y - b2) 2
2
d (r ) e-x (1 - x) = 0 & x = 1
For minimum value of r , putting = 0 we have
dy Further, f" (x) 1 0 at x = 1. Therefore, f (x) attains
- 2yb2 a2
(y2 - b2) 2
+ 2y = 0 its maxima at x = 1 and the maximum value is 1 .
e
Thus correct option is (b).
b2 a2 - 1 = 0
(y - b2) 2
2
Sol : Foreign 2017, Delhi 2011 Sol : OD 2023
Let volume of sphere, Circumference C = 2pr

V = 4 pr 3 Differentiating w.r.t t we have
3
dC = 2p dr
dV = 4pr2 dr dt dt
dt dt
Since circumference of circle is increasing at the
p = 4pr2 dr dV = p constant rate dC
dt is constant. Let k be that constant.
dt dt
Let 2p dr = k & dr = k
dr = 1 ...(i) dt dt 2p
dt 4r2 Area, A = pr 2
Now, dS = d (4pr2) dA = 2pr dr

dt dt dt dt
= 4p a2r dr k dA = 2pr k = rk
b 2p l
dt dt
dS = 4p b 2 $ 4 $ 1 l dA \ r
b dt l 4 dt
r=1
= 8p cm /s2
[from Eq. (i)] Rate of change of area of the circle is directly
proportional to its radius.
44. Find the least value of the function

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS f (x) = ax + b â > 0, b > 0, x > 0h
x
Sol : OD 2020
42. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 15 cm3/
minute. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground We have, f (x) = ax + b (a > 0, b > 0, x > 0)
such that the height of the cone is always one-third of x
the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the b
f l (x) = a - 2
sand cone increasing at the instant when the height x
is 4 cm? and 2
f ll (x) = 3 b
x
Sol : OD 2024 For maxima and minima of f (x)
Let r = radius; h = height; v = Volume of sand cone f l (x) = 0
and t = time.
a - b2 = 0
x
Given, h = 4 cm; dV = 15 cm3 / min and h = 1 r
dt 3 x2 = b
The height of the cone is always one-third of the a
radius of the base thus r = 3h . x = b
a 6x 2 0@
Volume of cone V = 1 pr2 h f llb b = 2b
al
3 Now
^ ab h
3/2
= p ^3h h2 h
1
3/2
3 = 2a > 0
V = 3ph3 b
So, f (x) has least value at x = b . Thus
Differentiating both side w.r.t. t we have a
f min (x) = f b b
al
dv = 3p 3h2 dh
dt dt
b + b
15 = 3p 3 ^4 h2 dh =a
a
dt a
b
dh = 5 cm/ min
dt 48 = ab + ab = 2 ab
43. If the circumference of circle is increasing at the 45. The total cost C (x) associated with the production of
constant rate, prove that rate of change of area of x units of an item is given by
circle is directly proportional to its radius. C (x) = 0.005x3 - 0.02x2 + 30x + 5000 .
We have da = 2 cm/s = 72 # 0.03p

dt
Area of an equilateral triangle, 3 S = 2.16p cm2/cm
3 a2 Hence, approximate error in surface area is 216p cm2/
A = cm.
4
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t , we get
52. Find the intervals in which the function
dA = 3 2a da
dt 4 # # dt f (x) = 3 x 4 - 4x3 - 45x2 + 51 is
2
(i) strictly increasing
= 3 # 2 # 10 # 2 [given, a = 10 ]
4 (ii) strictly decreasing.
= 10 3 cm2/s
Sol : Foreign 2014
Thus, the rate of area increasing is 10 3 cm2/s.
We have f (x) = 3 x 4 - 4x3 - 45x2 + 51
50. Show that y = log (1 + x) - 22+x x , x 2- 1 is an 2
increasing function of x , throughout its domain. Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
Sol : OD 2012, Delhi 2007 f l (x) = 6x3 - 12x2 - 90x
For strictly increasing or strictly decreasing, put
We have y = log (1 + x) - 2x .
2+x f l (x) = 0 , we get
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get 6x3 - 12x2 - 90x = 0
dy (2 + x) $ 2 - 2x $ 1
= 1 (1) - 6x (x2 - 2x - 15) = 0
dx 1+x (2 + x) 2
1 - 4 + 2x - 2x 6x (x + 3) (x - 5) = 0
=
1+x (2 + x) 2 x = 0, - 3, 5
(2 + x) 2 - 4 (1 + x) Now, we find intervals in which f (x) is strictly
=
(1 + x) (2 + x) 2 increasing or strictly decreasing.
2
= 4 + x + 4x - 4 -2 4x Interval f l (x) = 6 (x + 3) x (x - 5) Sign of f' (x)
(1 + x) (2 + x)
x 1- 3 (-) (-) (-) - ve
= x2 ...(i)
(1 + x) (2 + x) 2 - 3 1 x 1 0 (+) (-) (-) + ve
Now, x2 , (2 + x) 2 are always positive, also 1 + x 2 0 01x15 (+) (+) (-) - ve
dy
for x 2- 1. Thus dx 2 0 for x 2- 1. Hence, function
increases for x 2- 1. x25 (+) (+) (+) + ve
A function f (x) is said to be strictly increasing, if
51. If the radius of sphere is measured as 9 cm with an
f' (x) 2 0 and it is said to be strictly decreasing, if
error of 0.03 cm, then find the approximate error in
f' (x) 1 0 . So, the given function f (x) is
calculating its surface area.
(i) Strictly increasing in (- 3, 0) and (5, 3).
Sol : OD 2011
(ii) Strictly decreasing in (- 3, - 3) and (0, 5).
Let S be the surface area and r be the radius of the
sphere. 53. Find the intervals in which the function given by
Given, r = 9 cm f (x) = x 4 - 8x3 + 22x2 - 24x + 21 is
Let 3 r be approximate error in radius r = 0.03 cm (i) increasing
and 3 S be approximate error in surface area. (ii) decreasing.
Surface area of sphere, S = 4p r 2 Sol : Comp 2012
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. r , we get We have f (x) = x 4 - 8x3 + 22x2 - 24x + 21
3 S = 4p2r 3 r Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
= 8p r 3 r f' (x) = 4x3 - 24x2 + 44x - 24
= 8p # 9 # 0.03 3 r = 0.03 cm = 4 (x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6)

56. Find the intervals in which the function cm/min and the breadth y of rectangle is increasing
f (x) = - 2x3 - 9x2 - 12x + 1 is at the rate of 4 cm/min, we have
dx = - 5 cm/min. ...(i)
(i) strictly increasing dt
dy
(ii) strictly decreasing. = 4 cm/min. ...(ii)
dt
Sol : OD 2019
(i) Rate of change of the perimeter.
We have f (x) = - 2x3 - 9x2 - 12x + 1 Perimeter of rectangle, P = 2 (x + y)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
2
f l (x) = - 6x - 18x - 12 dP = 2 dx + dy
dt b dt dt l
= - 6 (x2 + 3x + 2)
= 2 (- 5 + 4)
= - 6 (x2 + 2x + x + 2)
= 2 (- 1) = - 2 cm/min
= - 6 [x (x + 2) + 1 (x + 2)] (ii) Rate of change of area of rectangle.
= - 6 (x + 2) (x + 1) Area of rectangle,
Now, substituting f' (x) = 0 we have A = xy
- 6 (x + 2) (x + 1) = 0 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t , we get
x = - 2, - 1 dA = x $ dy + y $ dx
dt dt dt
The points, x = - 2 and x = - 1 divide the real line
At x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm we have
into their disjoint intervals (- 3, - 2), (- 2, - 1) and
(- 1, 3). dA = (8 4) + [6 (- 5)]
dt # #
= 32 - 30 = 2 cm/min
Hence, the area of rectangle is increasing at the rate
2 cm/min.
The nature of function in these intervals are given
below 58. Find the intervals in which the function
f (x) = 3x 4 - 4x3 - 12x2 + 5 is
Intervals Sign of Nature of
f l (x) = - 6 (x + 2) (x + 1) function (i) strictly increasing
(ii) strictly decreasing.
(- 3, - 2) (-) (-) (-) = (-) 1 0 Strictly
decreasing Sol : Delhi 2014, OD 2011
(- 2, - 1) (-) (+) (-) = (+) 2 0 Strictly We have f (x) = 3x 4 - 4x3 - 12x2 + 5

increasing
(- 1, 3) (-) (+) (+) = (-) 1 0 Strictly
decreasing f l (x) = 12x3 - 12x2 - 24x
Hence, f (x) is strictly increasing in the interval For strictly increasing or strictly decreasing, put
(- 2, - 1) and f (x) is strictly decreasing in the interval f l (x) = 0 , we get
(- 3, - 2) j (- 1, 3). 12x3 - 12x2 - 24x = 0
57. The length of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 12x (x2 - x - 2) = 0
5 cm/min and the width y is increasing at the rate
of 4 cm/min. When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm, find the 12x [x2 - 2x + x - 2] = 0
rate of change of 12x (x + 1) (x - 2) = 0
(i) the perimeter.
x = 0 , - 1 or 2
(ii) area of rectangle.
Now, we find intervals in which f (x) is strictly
Sol : OD 2017
increasing or strictly decreasing.
Since length x rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5
As the ladder is pulled along the ground away from 3 -1 = 3 -1

= + ve
the wall at the rate of 2 m/s, we have 2 2 2
dx = 2 m/s p
For interval 1 x 1 5 p at x = p ,
dt 4 6 2
f' (x) = cos x - sin x
In right angled TABC , by Pythagoras theorem, we
get = 0 - 1 =- 1 - ve
For interval p 1 x 1 2p at x = 3p ,
5
2 2 2
(AB) + (BC) = (AC)
4 2
x2 + y2 = 25 ...(1) f' (x) = cos x - sin x
(4) 2 + y2 = 25 = 0 - (- 1) = 1 + ve
2
16 + y = 25 p
Here f' (x) 2 0 in a 0, k , f' (x) 1 0 in ^ 4 , 4 h and
p 5p
4
f' (x) 2 0 in ^ 54p , 2ph .
y2 = 9
Since, f (x) is a trigonometric function, so it is
y = 9 =3 continuous at x = 0 , p , 5p and 2p .
4 4
Differentiating both sides of Eq. (1) w.r.t. t , we get Hence, the function is
dy (i) increasing in 90, p C and :5p , 2pD .
2x dx + 2y =0 4 4
dt dt
dy (ii) decreasing in : p , 5p D .
x dx + y =0 ...(2) 4 4
dt dt
Sand is pouring from the pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/z.
Substituting the values of x , y and dx in Eq. (2)
63.
dt The falling sand forms a cone on a ground in such
dy a way that the height of cone is always one-sixth of
4#2+3# =0
dt radius of the base. How fast when the height is 4 cm?
dy Sol :
8+3# =0 Delhi 2011
dt
dy Let V be the volume of cone, h be the height and r
= - 8 m/s be the radius of base of the cone.
dt 3
Hence, height of the walls is decreasing at the rate of
8 We have dV = 12 cm3/s ...(1)
3 m/s. dt
NOTE : In a rate of change of a quantity, + ve sign Since height of cone is always one-sixth of radius of
shows that it is increasing and - ve sign shows that the base, we have
it is decreasing.
h = 1 r or r = 6h ...(2)
62. Find the intervals in which the function given by 6
f (x) = sin x + cos x , 0 # x # 2p is
Volume of cone V = 13 pr2 h ...(3)
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing.
Substituting r = 6h from Eq. (2) in Eq. (3), we get
Sol : Delhi 2012
V = 1 p (6h) 2 $ h
We have f (x) = sin x + cos x . 3
= p $ 36h3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get 3
f' (x) = cos x - sin x or V = 12ph3
Now, substituting f' (x) = 0 we have Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t , we get
dV = 12p 3h2 $ dh
cos x - sin x = 0 dt # dt
tan x = 1, Substituting dV = 12 cm /s and h = 4 cm, we get
3
dt
x = p , 5p , as 0 # x # 2p 12 = 12p # 3 # 16 # dh
4 4 dt
Now, we find the intervals in which f (x) is strictly dh = 1
increasing or strictly decreasing. dt p # 3 # 16
For interval 0 1 x 1 p at x = p , dh = 1 cm/s
4 6
f' (x) = cos x - sin x dt 48p
CLASS 12

CLASS 10

CLASS 12

CLASS 10

Interval f l (x) = 6 (x - 2) (x - 3) Sign of f' (x) Differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. q , we get
x12 (-) (-) + ve dy (2 + cos q) # ddq (4 sin q) - 4 sin q # ddq (2 + cos q)

= -1
dq (2 + cos q) 2
21x13 (+) (-) - ve (2 + cos q) (4 cos q) - 4 sin q (0 - sin q)
= -1
x23 (+) (+) + ve (2 + cos q) 2
A function f (x) is said to be an strictly increasing 8 cos q + 4 cos2 q + 4 sin2 q - (2 + cos q) 2
=
function, if f l (x) 2 0 and strictly decreasing, if (2 + cos q) 2
f l (x) 1 0 . 8 cos q + 4 (cos q + sin2 q) - (4 + cos2 q + 4 cos q)
2
=
Hence, given function is increasing on ^- 3, 2@ and (2 + cos q) 2
63, 3h and decreasing on [2, 3]
2
= 8 cos q + 4 - 4 - cos 2q - 4 cos q
(2 + cos q)
67. Find the intervals in which the function 2
f (x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 15 is = 4 cos q - cos2 q
(2 + cos q)
(i) increasing
dy cos q (4 - cos q)
(ii) decreasing. =
dq (2 + cos q) 2
Now, as cos q 2 0 , 6 ^0, p2 h and (2 + cos q) 2 being a
perfect square is always positive for all q d ^0, p2 h .
We have f (x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 15
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get Also, for q d a 0, p k , we know that 0 1 cos q 1 1
2
f l (x) = 6x2 - 18x + 12 4 - cos q 2 0 for all q d a 0, p k
2
Substituting f l (x) = 0 , we have Thus, we conclude that
cos q (4 - cos q)
6x2 - 18x + 12 = 0 2 0 , 6q d a 0, p k
(2 + cos q) 2 2
6 (x2 - 3x + 2) = 0 dy p
2 0 , 6q d a 0, k
dq 2
6 (x - 1) (x - 2) = 0
Thus y is an increasing function in a 0, p k . Hence
2
x = 1, 2 , proved.
Now, we find intervals and check in which interval
69. Find the intervals in which the function
f (x) is strictly increasing and strictly decreasing.
f (x) = sin 3x - cos 3x , 0 1 x 1 p, is strictly
Interval f l (x) = 6 (x - 1) (x - 2) Sign of f' (x) increasing or strictly decreasing.
Sol : Delhi 2016
x11 (-) (-) + ve
11x12 (+) (-) - ve We have f (x) = sin 3x - cos 3x , 0 1 x 1 p
x22 (+) (+) + ve Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get

f l (x) = 3 cos x + 3 sin 3x
A function f (x) is said to be an strictly increasing
function, if f l (x) 2 0 and strictly decreasing, if Substituting f' (x) = 0 , we get
f l (x) 1 0 . sin 3x = - cos 3x
Hence, given function is
(i) increasing on intervals ^- 3, 1@ and 62, 3h . tan 3x = - 1
(ii) decreasing on intervals [1, 2]. Since tan q is negative in IInd and IVth quadrants,
3x = 3p , 7p , 11p
68. Prove that y = 4 sin q - q is increasing function in 4 4 4
p 2 + cos q p 7p 11p
a 0, 2 k . x = , ,
4 12 12
Sol : OD 2016, 2011 Now, we find intervals and check in which intervals
f (x) is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
We have y = 4 sin q - q ...(i) In interval 0 1 x 1 p at test value x = p ,
2 + cos q 4 6
A function y = f (x) is said to be an increasing function, f l (x) = 3 (cos 3x + sin 3x)
dy
if dx $ 0 , for all values of x .
Sol : Delhi 2010

is strictly increasing in intervals ^0, 3p4 h and ^ 74p , 2ph
We have f (x) = sin x - cos x , 0 # x # 2p and it is strictly decreasing in the interval ^ 34p , 74p h .
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get 73. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides
f l (x) = cos x + sin x is to be constructed from a metal sheet so as to
hold a given quantity of water. Show that the cost
Substituting f' (x) = 0 , we get
of material will be least when depth of the tank is
cos x + sin x = 0 half of its width. If the cost is to be borne by nearby
settled lower income families, for whom water will be
sin x = - cos x provided.
sin x = - 1 Sol : OD 2018, OD 2010
cos x
Let x be the length of a side of square base and y be
tan x = - 1
the length of vertical side. Also, let V be the given
For x d [0, 2p], quantity of water.
Since tan q is negative in IInd and IVth quadrants,
tan x = tan 3p & x = 3p

4 4
or tan x = tan 7p & x = 7p
4 4
x = 3p , 7p
4 4
Now, we find the intervals in which f (x) is strictly
increasing or strictly decreasing.
Volume of cuboid, V = x2 y ...(i)
In interval 0 1 x 1 3p at test value x = p ,
4 2 Surface area, S = 4xy + x2
f' (x) = cos x + sin x
= 4x $ V2 + x2 [using Eq. (i)]
f la p k = cos p + sin p x
2 2 2
S (x) = 4 V + x2
= 0+1 = 1 +ive x
In interval 3 p 1x1 7 p at test value x = 5p , Differentiating above both sides w.r.t. x , we get
4 4 6
f' (x) = cos x + sin x S' (x) = - 42V + 2x ...(ii)
x
f lb 5p l = cos 5p + sin 5p Substituting S' (x) = 0 , we get
6 6 6
- 4V + 2x = 0
= cos ap - k + sin ap - p k
p
x2
6 6
p
= - cos + sin p - 4V = - 2x
6 6 x2
= - 3 +1 = - 3 +1 -ive x3 = 2V
2 2 2
In interval 7p 1 x 1 2p at test value x = 5p ,
1
4 6 x = (2V) 3
f' (x) = cos x + sin x Again differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x
, we get
f lb 23p l = cos 23p + sin 23p
12 12 12 S" (x) = 8V3 + 2
x
= cos a2p - p k + sin a2p - p k
12 12 and S" ((2V) ) = V + 2 = 4 + 2 = 6 2 0
1/3 8
p p 2V
= cos - sin 2 0 +ive 1
12 12 Thus S (x) is minimum when x = (2V) 3 .
From Eq. (i), we get
= - 3 +1 = - 3 +1 -ive
2 2 2 x3
y = V2 = 22 = x [x3 = 2V]
A function f (x) is said to be strictly increasing in an x x 2
interval when f' ^x h 2 0 and it is said to be strictly Thus, the cost of material will be least when depth of
decreasing when f' (x) 1 0 . So, the given function f (x) the is half of its width.
Least Cost = 280 + 180 # 4 = 280 # 720 = Rs. 1000 Now, maximum volume of cylinder,
2
Hence, the cost of least expensive tank is Rs. 1000. V = ph b R 2 - h l
4
aR - 4 $ 3 R2k
76. Prove that the height of the cylinder of maximum =p 2 R 1 4
h= 2 R
2
volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R 3 3
is 2R3 . Also, find the maximum volume. (3R2 - R2)

= 2p R
Sol : OD 2019, 2014, 2012C, 201, Delhi 2013 3 3
= 4pR cu units
3
Let h be the height and a be the radius of base of 3 3

cylinder inscribed in the given sphere of radius (R).
77. Find the point on the curve y2 = 4x , which is nearest
to the point (2, - 8).
Sol : OD 2019
Given, equation of curve is y2 = 4x .

Let P (x, y) be a point on the curve, which is nearest
to point A (2, - 8).
Distance between the point A and P is given by
AP = (x - 2) 2 + (y + 8) 2
2
y2
c 4 - 2 m + (y + 8)
2
=
In TABC using Pythagoras theorem,
y4
2
AB + AC = BC 2 2 = + 4 - y2 + y2 + 16y + 64
16
y4
a2 + b h l = R2
2
= + 16y + 68
2 16
y4
h 2
Let z = AP2 = + 16y + 68
a2 = R2 - 4 16
Volume of cylinder, dz = 1 y3
Now, # 4y3 + 16 = + 16
dy 16 4
V = pa 2 h For maximum or minimum value of z , put
2
= ph b R 2 - h l dz = 0
4 dy
p
= (4R h - h 3)
2
y3
4 +
4 16 = 0
Differentiating both sides two times w.r.t. h , we get
y3 + 64 = 0
dV = p (4R2 - 3h2)
dh 4 (y + 4) (y2 - 4y + 16) = 0
2
and d V = (- 6h) = - 3ph
p ...(i) Here y2 - 4y + 16 = 0 gives imaginary values of y .
dh2 4 2
For maxima or minima, dV = 0 . Thus y =- 4
dh
p (4R2 - 3h2) = 0 d2 z = 1 3y2 = 3 y2
Now,
4 dy2 4# 4
4 d 2
z 3
h2 = 3 R2 For y = - 4 , 2 = (- 4) 2 = 12 2 0
dy 4
h = 2 R Thus, z is minimum when y = - 4 .
3 Substituting y = - 4 in equation of the curve y2 = 4x
Substituting the value of h in Eq. (i), we get ; we obtain x = 4 .
d2 V = - 3p $ 2 R Hence, the point (4, - 4) on the curve y2 = 4x is
dh2 2 3 nearest to the point (2, - 8).
= - 3 pR 1 0
78. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of
Thus V is maximum. maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere
Hence, the required height of cylinder is 2R . Hence of radius r is 43r . Also, find the maximum volume in
proved. 3 terms of volume of the sphere.
A = area of rectangle + area of semicircular region = 2 ax2 + 2V k [using Eq. (i)]

x
= 2x # y + 1 px2 S = 2 bx + 2 V
x l
2
2
10 - x (p + 2) 1 2
= 2x c m + 2 px [from Eq. (i)] Differentiating both sides w.r.t x , we get
2
dS = 2 b 2x - 2V2 l
A = 10x - x2 (p + 2) + 1 px2 dx
2 x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x , we get d2 S 8 V
and = b4 + 3 l
dA = 10 - 2x (p + 2) + px dx2 x
dx Now, dS =0
dx
= 10 - 2xp - 4x + px
2 V
2 b 2x - 2 l =0
= 10 - px - 4x ...(ii) x
For maximum, dA = 0 2x = 2V2
dx x
Thus 10 - px - 4x = 0 x3 = V
px + 4x = 10 V = x3
x (p + 4) = 10 x # x # y = x3 & y = x
d2 S = 4 + 8V = 12 2 0
x = 10 Also c dx2 m
p+4 x = y1/3
V
Again, on differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii), we get Thus S is minimum when length = x , breadth = x
and height = x , i.e it is cube.
d2 A = - p - 4
dx2 81. AB is the diameter of a circle and C is any point of
d2 A = - (p + 4) 1 0 the circle. Show that the area of TABC is maximum,
dx2 x = 10 when it is an isosceles triangle.
p+4
Thus, area is maximum when x = 10 Sol : OD 2017, Foreign 2014
p+4
Now, substituting the value of x in Eq. (i), we get Let AC = x , BC = y and r be the radius of circle.
Also, +C = 90c [Angle made in semi-circle is 90c]
2y = 10 - (p + 2) # 10
p+4
2y = 10 : p + 4 - p - 2 = 20
p+4 D p+4
y = 10
p+4
Hence, length of window is p20 + 4 m and width of
window p10+ 4 m, to admit maximum light through the
whole opening.
80. Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with

square base and given volume is minimum, when it In TABC , we have
is a cube.
(AB) 2 = (AC) 2 + (BC) 2
Sol : OD 2017
Let V be the fixed volume of a closed cuboid with (2r) 2 = (x) 2 + (y) 2
length x , breadth x and height y . 4r2 = x2 + y2 ...(i)
Then, V = x#x#y
Area of TABC , A = 1x$y
2
y = V2 ...(i) Squaring both sides, we get
x
Let S be the its surface area.
A2 = 1 x2 y2
2 4
Then, S = 2 (x + xy + xy)
Let A2 = S , then, S = 1 x2 y2
S = 2 (x2 + 2xy) 4
x2 y = 1024 Since, slant height of the cone is given, so consider it

as constant.
y = 1024 Now, in TABC , r = l sin q and h = l cos q
x2
Let C denotes the cost of the box. Let V be the volume of the cone, then we have
C = 2x2 # 5 + 4xy # 2.50 V = p r2 h

3
= 10x2 + 10xy = 10x (x + y)
= 1 p (l2 sin2 q) (l cos q)
3
= 10x bx + 1024
x2 l
V = 1 pl3 sin2 q cos q
3
= 10x2 + 1024 ...(i)
x Differentiating above w.r.t. q two times, we get
Differentiating both side w.r.t. x , we get
dC = 20x + 10240 (- x) -2 dV = l3 p [sin2 q (- sin q) + cos q (2 sin q cos q)]
dx dq 3
3
= 20x - 10240 ...(ii) = p (- sin3 q + 2 sin q cos2 q)
l
x2 3
dC = 0 and d2 V = l3 p (- 3 sin2 q cos q + 2 cos3 q
Now, 3
dx dq 2
- 4 sin2 q cos q)
20x = 10240
x2 d2 V = l3 p (2 cos3 q - 7 sin2 q cos q)
3
20x = 10240 dq 2 3
For maxima or minima, dV = 0
x3 = 512 = 83 & x = 8 dq
l3 p (- sin3 q + 2 sin q cos2 q) =0
Again, differentiating Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x , we get 3
d2 C = 20 - 10240 (- 2) $ 1 - sin3 q + 2 sin q cos2 q = 0
dx2 x3
20480 sin3 q = 2 sin q cos2 q
= 20 + 20
x3
2 tan2 q = 2
dC = 20 + 20480 = 60 2 0
c dx2 m 512
x=8 tan q = 2 & q = tan-1 2
For x = 8 , cost is minima and the corresponding least Now, when q = tan-1 2 , then tan2 q = 2
cost of the box
sin2 q = 2 cos2 q
C (8) = 10 $ 8 + 10240
2
8 Now, we have
= 640 + 1280 = 1920 [using Eq. (i)] d2 V = l3 p (2 cos3 q - 14 cos3 q)
Hence, least cost of the box is Rs. 1920. dq 2 3
= - 4pl3 cos3 q 1 0 , for q d a 0, p k
84. Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the 2
maximum volume and of given slant height is cos-1 13 . Thus V is maximum, when q = tan-1 2
Sol : OD 2016; Delhi 2014
or q = cos-1 1 cos q = 1 = 1 = 1
Let q be the semi-vertical angle of the cone. It is clear 3 1 + tan2 q 1+2 3
that q d ^0, p2 h . Let r , h and l be the radius, height Hence, for given slant height, the semi-vertical angle
and the slant height of the cone, respectively. of the cone of maximum volume is cos-1 13 .
Hence proved.
85. Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle

in which a circle of radius r can be inscribed, is 6 3 r.
Sol : OD 2016
Let ABC be the isosceles triangle, with AB = AC .

r =
k - 6x2
...(i) = 2 x3 b 233 l = 466 x3
4p 3 189 567
Sum of the volumes,
87. Find the local maxima and local minima for the
V = 4 pr3 + x # x # 2x function f (x) = sin x - cos x , 0 1 x 1 2p . Also, find
3 3 the local maximum and local minimum values.
3
= 4 p r 2
+ x3 ...(ii) Sol : Delhi 2015
3 3
2
3 We have, f (x) = sin x - cos x , 0 1 x 1 2p
V = 4 p b k - 6x l + 2 x 3
2
3 4p 3 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get f' (x) = cos x + sin x ...(i)
1
dV = 4 p 3 k - 6x 2
- 12x + 2 3x2 For local maximum and local minimum, f l (x) = 0 ,
3 # 2 b 4p l b 4p l 3 #
2
dx
i.e. cos x + sin x = 0
k - 6x 2 - 3x + 2x 2
4p b p l
= 2p cos x = - sin x
k - 6x2 + 2x2 tan x = - 1

= (- 6x)
4p p
x = p - 4 or 2p - p
For maxima or minima, dV = 0 4
dx
2 x = 3p or 7p
(- 6x) k - 6 x + 2x2 = 0 4 4
4p Again, differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. x
k - 6x2 , we get
2x2 = 6x
4p
f m (x) = - sin x + cos x
k - 6x 2
x =3 4p When x = 3p , then
4
x = 3r [using Eq. (i)]
f mb 3p l = - sin 3p + cos 3p
4 4 4
Again, differentiating dV w.r.t. x , we get
dx = - sin ap - k + cos ap - p k
p
4 4
d V = - 6 d x k - 6x2 + 4x
2
dx c 4p m
p
= - sin - cos 1 0p
dx2 4 4
k - 6x 2 + x $ 1 $ 1 - 12x + 4x 7p
2 b 4p l
=- 6 When x = , then
f 4p 2 k - 6x p 4
4p f mb 7p l = - sin 7p + cos 7p
2 4 4 4
= - 6 br - 3x l + 4x
2pr = - sin a2p - k + cos a2p - p k
p
2 4 4
= - 6r + 9x + 4x p p
pr = sin + cos 2 0
4 4
2 2 3p is a point of local maxima and x = 7p
Now, c d V2 m = - 6r + 9 # 9r + 12r Thus, x =
4 4
dx x = 3r p r
is a point of local minima.
= 6r + 18r 2 0 Now, the local maximum value,
p
Hence, V is minimum when x is equal to three times f b 3p l = sin 3p - cos 3p
the radius of the sphere. Hence proved. 4 4 4
Now, substituting r = x in Eq. (ii), we get = sin ap - k - cos ap - p k

p
3 4 4
4 p x p p 1 + 1
+ 2 x3 = sin + cos =
3 a3k 3
3
Vmin = 4 4 2 2
2
= 4p x 3 + 2 x 3 = = 2
81 3 2
and the local minimum value,
= 2 x2 b 2p + 1l
3 27
f b 7p l = sin 7p - cos 7p
4 4 4
= 2 x3 b 44 + 1l
3 189
= a2/3 + b2/3 (a2/3 + b2/3)

= (a2/3 + b2/3) 3/2 Hence proved.
1/3
In TEFG , tan q = b1/3 ,
a
2/3
sec q = a 1+ b2/3
/3
a
2/3
and cosec q = a 1+ b2/3 ]
/3
b
91. If the length of three sides of a trapezium other than

Let l be the length of the hypotenuse, then the base are each equal to 10 cm, then find the area of
l = AP + PC the trapezium, when it is maximum.
Sol : OD 2014, Foreign 2010, Delhi 2013
l = a sec q + b cosec q , 0 1 q 1 p Let ABCD be the given trapezium in which

2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. q , we have AD = BC = CD = 10 cm.
dl = a sec q tan q - b cosec q cot q ...(i) Let AP = x cm
dq
For maxima or minima, put dl = 0 TAPD , TBQC
dq
a sec q tan q = b cosec q cot q QB = x cm
a sin q = b cos q
cos2 q sin2 q
tan q = a a k
b 1/3
Again, on differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. q

, we get
In TAPD , using Pythagoras theorem
d2 l = a (sec q sec2 q + tan q sec q tan q)
# # DP = 102 - x2
dq 2
- b [cosec q (- cosec2 q) + cot q (- cosec q cot q)]
Now, area of trapezium,
2 2 2 2
= a sec q (sec q + tan q) + b cosec q (cosec q + cot q)
A = 1 # (sum of parallel sides)# height
2
For 0 1 q 1 p , all trigonometric ratios are positive.
2 1
2 = # (2x + 10 + 10) # 100 - x2
Also, a 2 0 and b 2 0 . Thus d l2 is positive. 2
dq
1 = (x + 10) 100 - x2 ...(i)
Thus l is least when tan q = b b l3
a Differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. x , we get
dA = (x + 10) (- 2x) + 100 - x2
dx 2 100 - x2
2
= - x - 10x + 100 - x2
2
100 - x
2
= - 2x - 10x +2 100 ...(ii)
100 - x
For maxima or minima, put dA = 0

dx
- 2x2 - 10x + 100 = 0
100 - x2
Least value of l , - 2 (x2 + 5x - 50) = 0
l = a sec q + b cosec q - 2 (x + 10) (x - 5) = 0
2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3
=a a +b +b a +b x = 5 or - 10
a1/3 b1/3
18V2 = 4p2 r6 dS = 4pr - 256p ...(iv)

dr r2
2 2 6
9V = 2p r ...(iv)
For maxima or minima, putting dS = 0 we have
Again, differentiating Eq. (iii) w.r.t. r , we get dr
256 p
4pr = 2 & r = 3 256 & r3 = 64
d2 (S2) = 54V2 + 12p2 r2 2 0 r 4
dr2 r4 Taking cube root on both sides, we get
2 1/6 2
At r = c 9V2 m , d 2 (S2) 2 0 r = (64) 1/3 & r = 4 cm
2p dr
So, S2 or S is minimum, when Again, differentiating Eq. (iv) w.r..t r , we get
V2 = 2p2 r6 /9 d2 S = 4p + 512p
2 2 6
Substituting V = 2p r /9 in Eq. (i), we get dr2 r3
2
At r = 4 , d S = 512p + 4p
2p2 r6 = p2 r 4 h2 dr2 64
2r2 = h2 = 8p + 4p = 12p 2 0
d2 S
h Thus, 2 0 at r = 4 , so the surface area is minimum,
h = 2r & r = 2 dr2
when the radius of cylinder is 4 cm.
cot q = 2 [from the figure, cot q = h ] Substituting the value of r in Eq. (i), we get
r
q = cot-1 2 h = 1282 = 128 = 8 cm
(4) 16
Hence, the semi-vertical of the right circular cone of Hence, for the minimum surface area of cane, the
given volume and least curved surface area is cot-1 2 dimension of the cylindrical can are r = 4 cm and
Hence proved. h = 8 cm.
NOTE : If square of any area is maximum (or
minimum), then area is also maximum (or minimum). 95. Show that a cylinder of a given volume which is open
at the top has minimum total surface area, when its
94. Of all the closed right circular cylindrical cans of height is equal to the radius of its base.
volume 128p cm3, find the dimensions surface area. Sol : Foreign 2014; Delhi 2011
Sol : SQP 2014
Let r be the radius, h be the height, V be the volume
Let r cm be the radius of base and h cm be the height and S be the total surface area of a right circular
of the cylinder cane. Let its volume be V and S be its cylinder which is open at the top. Now, given that
total surface area. V = pr 2 h
h = V2 ...(i)
pr
Since cylinder is open at the top, therefore total
surface area S ,
S = 2prh + pr2
S = 2pr b V 2 l + pr2 h = V2
pr pr
Now, V = 128p cm3 [given] = 2V + pr2

r
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. r , we get
pr2 h = 128p & h = 128 ...(i)
r2 dS = - 2V + 2pr
Now, surface area of cylindrical cane, dr r2
For maxima or minima, putting dV = 0 we have
S = 2pr2 + 2prh ...(ii) dr
2 V
- 2 + 2pr = 0 & V = pr 3
= 2pr2 + 2pr b 128
r2 l
[using Eq. (i)] r
pr 2 h = pr 3 V = pr 2 h
S = 2pr2 + 256p ...(iii)
r d2 S = d dS
dr b dr l
Also,
Differentiating both sides of Eq. (iii) w.r.t. r , we get dr2
From Eq. (ii), we get 2ph (r - 2x) = 0

2 2
r
h = 6pr - 2pr
2pr r - 2x = 0 & r = 2x
= 2r
x =r
Thus height is equal to the diameter of the base. 2
Hence, radius of cylinder is half of that of cone.
d2 V = d dV = d S - 6pr2
dr b dr l dr b l d2 C = d 2ph (r - 2x)
dx ; E
Also, Also,
dr2 2 r
dx2
= - 6pr 1 0
= 2ph (- 2)
Thus V is maximum. Hence, V is maximum at h = 2r. r
Hence proved. - 4ph
=
r 1 0 as h , r 2 0
98. Prove that radius of right circular cylinder of greatest Thus C is maximum or greatest.
curved surface area which can be inscribed in a given Hence, C is greatest at x = r . Hence proved.
cone is half of that of the cone. 2
Sol : OD 2012
99. A open box with a square base is to be made out of a
Let VAB be the cone of base radius r , height h and given quantity of cardboard of area C2 sq units. Show
radius of base of the inscribed cylinder be x . that the maximum volume of box is 6 1 3 C3 cu units.
Sol : OD 2012
Let x be the side of base and y be the height. Also,

let V denotes its volume and S denotes its total
surface area.
Surface area of open box is the area of its 5 faces.
Now, S = x2 + 4xy
Given, x2 + 4xy = C2
2 2
y =C -x ...(i)
4x
Also, volume of the box is given by
If the triangles are similar, then their sides are V = x2 y
proportional.
2 2
Since TVOB + TB'DB , = x2 b C - x l [from Eq. (i)]
4x
VO 2 3
OB
B'D = DB V = xC - x
4
h = r Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
B'D r-x
dV = C2 - 3x2
h (r - x) dx 4
B'D = For maxima or minima, putting dV = 0 we have
r dx
Let C be the curved surface are of cylinder. Then,
C2 - 3x2 = 0
C = 2p (OC) (B'D) 4
2pxh (r - x) C2 = 3x2
=
r
2 ph x = C
C = r (rx - x2) 3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get d2 V = d dV
dx b dx l
Also,
dC = 2ph (r - 2x) dx2
dx r
= d a C 3x k
2
- 2
For maxima or minima, put dC = 0 dx 4
dx
4p2 r6 = 18 b 1 pr2 h l
2
3
V = 1 pr 2 h
3 = y b 6 - 3 y l + 3 y2 x = 6 - 32 y
2 4
3 3
= 18 # 1 p2 r 4 h2
2
A = 6y - y + y2
9 2 4
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. y , we get
4p2 r6 = 2p2 r 4 h2
dA = 6 - 3y + 3 y
2r2 = h2 dy 2
h = 2r For maxima or minima, put dA = 0
dy
Hence, height = 2 # (radius of base) 6 - 3y + 3 y =0
2
d2 Z = d dZ = d 4p2 r3 - 18V2
dr b dr l dr c r3 m
Also,
yc 3 - 3 =- 6
dr2
2 m
2
= 12p2 r2 + 54V y = 12
r4 6- 3
2
d Z = 12p2 r2 + 54V2 2 0
d2 A = d dA
dy c dy m
dr2 r4 Now,
dy2
& Z is minimum & C is minimum.
= d c6 - 3y +
2 ym
3
Hence, curved surface area is least, when h = 2 r . dy
Hence proved.
2
3
=- 3 +
NOTE : If C is maximum/minimum, then C is also 2
maximum/minimum.
= -6 + 3 1 0
2
102. A window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted by Thus A is maximum.
an equilateral triangle. If the perimeter of the window
is 12 m, then find the produce the largest area of the Now, substituting y = 12 in Eq. (i), we get
6- 3
window.
Sol : Delhi 2011 x = 6 - 3 c 12 m
2 6- 3
Let ABCD be the rectangle which is surmounted by 36 - 6 3 - 18
an equilateral TEDC . =
6- 3
x = 18 - 6 3
6- 3
Hence, the area of the window is largest when the
dimensions of the window are
x = 18 - 6 3 and y = 12
6- 3 6- 3
103. Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given
fixed circle, the square has the maximum area.
Sol : OD 2011
Since perimeter of window is 12 m, we obtain Let ABCD be the rectangle which is inscribed in a
fixed circle whose centre is O and and radius b . Let
2x + 2y + y = 12 AB = 2x and BC = 2y .
x = 6- 3y ...(i)
2
Let A denotes the combined area of the window.
Then, A = area of rectangle
+ area of equilateral triangle
A = xy + 3 y2
4
d2 A = d P - 4x
dx b 2 l
Also
dx2
=- 4 =- 2 1 0
2
Thus A is maximum. Hence, area is maximum, when
rectangle is a square.
Hence proved.
105. Show that of all the rectangles of given area, the

square has the smallest perimeter. Now V = 1 pr 2 h ...(i)
3
Sol : Delhi 2011
Slant height l = h2 + r2
2
Let x and y be the lengths of sides of a rectangle.

Again, let A denotes its area and P be the perimeter. or r2 = l2 - h2
Now, area of rectangle, Substituting above in (i) we have
A = xy V = 1 p (l2 - h2) h
3
Differentiating above w.r.t. h we have,
y =A ...(i)
x dV 1 2 2
And P = 2 (x + y) dh = 3 p (l - 3h )
For maxima or minima, putting dV = 0 we have,
dh
P = 2 bx + A l y=A
1 p (l2 - 3h2) = 0
x x
3
l2 - 3h2 = 0
dP = 2 1 - A
dx c x2 m l2 = 3h2
For maxima or minima, putting dP = 0 we have, l = 3h
dx
2 c1 - A2 m = 0 & 1 = A2 h = 1
x x l 3
A = x2
From figure we have,
xy = x2 A = xy h =
l cos q
x =y where q is semi vertical angle.
d2 P = d 2 1 - A 1 - cos2 q
dx = c x2 mG
Also, Hence tan q =
dx2 cos q
= 2 a 2A
x3 k
= 4A 20 =
1 - 13
= 2
x3 1
3
Here, x and A being the side and area of rectangle
can never be negative. So, P is minimum. Therefore tan q = 2
Hence, perimeter of rectangle is minimum, when or q = tan-1 2
rectangle is a square. Hence proved.
107. Find the point on the curve y2 = 2x which is a
106. Show that the semi-vertical angle of a right circular minimum distance from the point (1, 4).
cone of maximum volume and given slant height is Sol : OD 2011, Comp 2008
tan-1 2 .
Sol : OD 2011 The given equation of curve is y2 = 2x and the given
point is Q (1, 4).
Let r be the radius of the base, h be the height, V
Let P (x, y) be any point on the curve.
be the volume, l be the slant height of the cone ABC
Now, distance between points P and Q is given by
and q be the semi-vertical angle.
PQ = (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2
= (1 - x) 2 + (4 - y) 2
109. Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be = p (4R - 8R)
3
inscribed in a sphere of radius R is 8 of the volume
of the sphere.
27 = - 4pR 1 0
3
Sol : Comp 2010, Delhi 2007 4 R
Thus V is maximum at h = .
3
Let the centre of the sphere be O and radius be R . Substituting the value of h in Eq. (ii), we get
Let the height and radius of the variable cone inside
V = 1 p ;2R b 4R l - b 4R l E
2 3
the sphere be h and r respectively.
3 3 3
As per question figure is shown below.
= p : 32 R3 - 64 R3D
3 9 27
= p R 3 : 32 - 64 D
3 9 27
= p R3 : 96 - 64 D
3 27
= p R 3 a 32 k
3 27
Now in figure OA = OB = R
= 8 # b 4 pR 3 l
27 3
AD = h , BD = r
= 8 # (Volume of sphere)
OD = AD - OA = h - R 27
In TOBD , by Pythagoras theorem, we have Hence, maximum volume of the cone is 8 of the
27
volume of the sphere.
OB2 = OD2 + BD2
110. Find the maximum area of an isosceles triangle
R2 = (h - R) 2 + r2 2 y 2
x
inscribed in the ellipse 25 + 16 = 1, with its vertex at
R2 = h2 - 2hR + R2 + r2 one end of the major axis.
Sol : Comp 2010
r2 = 2hR - h2 ...(i)
2
Volume of V of the cone, We have x2 + y = 1 .
25 16
V = 1 pr 2 h Here, a = 5 , b = 4 , a 2 b . Thus major axis is along
3
X -axis.
= 1 p (2hR - h2) h [from Eq. (i)] Let TBTC be the isosceles triangle which is inscribed
3
1 in the ellipse and OD = x , BC = 2y and TD = 5 - x .
= p (2Rh2 - h3) ...(ii)
3
Differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii) w.r.t. h , we get
dV = 1 p (4Rh - 3h2) ...(iii)
dh 3
For maxima or minima, putting dV = 0 we have
dh
1 p (4Rh - 3h2) = 0
3
4Rh = 3h2
4R = 3h
h = 4R [a h ! 0]
3
Again, on differentiating Eq. (iii) w.r.t. h , we get Let A denotes the area of triangle. Then, we have
A = 1 # base # height
2
d V = 1 p (4R - 6h)
dh2 3 2
1
= # BC # TD
At h = 4R , d2 V 1 4R
3 c dh2 m 4R = 3 p b 4R - 6 # 3 l 2
h=
3 1
= $ 2y (5 - x)
2
CASE BASED QUESTIONS x2 = 36 & x = ! 6

As dimension cannot be negative we take x = 6 .
d2 A = d 2 - 72
dx b x2 l
112. A rectangular visiting card is to contain 24 sq. cm. of Now,
printed matter. The margins at the top and bottom dx2
of the card are to be 1 cm and the margins on the left = 144
and right are to be 1 1 2 cm as shown below : x3
2
Since d A2 > 0 for x = 6 , thus area is minimum, when
dx
x = 6.
Now y = 24 = 24 = 4
x 6
So, dimensions are x = 6 cm and y = 4 cm
113. Engine displacement is the measure of the cylinder

On the basis of the above information, answer the volume swept by all the pistons of a piston engine.
following questions: The piston moves inside the cylinder bore.
(i) Write the expression for the area of the visiting The cylinder bore in the form of a circular cylinder
card in terms of x . open at the top is to be made from a metal sheet of
(ii) Obtain the dimensions of the card of minimum area 75p cm2.
area. Based on the above information, answer the following
Sol : OD 2024 questions :
We have redrawn the given figure as below. (i) If the radius of cylinder is r cm and height is h
cm, then write the volume V of the cylinder in
terms of radius r.
(ii) Find dVdr
(iii) Find the radius of cylinder when its volume is
maximum.
(iv) For maximum volume, h > r . State true or false
and justify
Area of printed matter, Sol : OD 2023
xy = 24 cm2 (i) Volume V of the cylinder in terms of radius r

Given the radius, height and Volume of cylinder are r,
y = 24
x h and V respectively.
(i) Area of visiting card, Area of the cylinder,
L # B = (x + 3) (y + 2) A = 75p cm2
= (x + 3) b 24 + 2 l pr 2 + 2 prh = 75 p
x
pr (r + 2h) = 75 p
= 24 + 2x + 72 + 6
x
72 r + 2h = 75
= 2x + + 30 r
x
(ii) Dimensions of the card of minimum area h = b 75 - r l
1
2 r
dA = d 2x + 72 + 30 Volume of the cylinder,
dx dx b x l
V = pr2 h
= 2 - 722
x
V = pr2 c 1 b 75 - r l m
For maximum/minimum area, letting dA
dx = 0 we have 2 r
= p (75r - r3)
2 - 722 = 0 2
x (ii) dV
dr
2
2x - 72 = 0
V = p (75r - r3)
2
S = 6x2 + 4py2 ...(i) by the Government of India at the beginning of the

(ii) we have, sowing season for certain crops on the basis of the
recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural
V = 4 py3 + x # 2x # x Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is price fixed
3 3
by Government of India to protect the producer
- farmers - against excessive fall in price during
V = 4 py3 + 2 x3
3 3 bumper production years. The minimum support
prices are a guarantee price for their produce from
(iii)We have,
the Government. The major objectives are to support
V = 4 py 3 + 2 x 3 [from part (ii)] the farmers from distress sales and to procure food
3 3 grains for public distribution. In case the market
2 price for the commodity falls below the announced
= 4 p b S - 6x l + 2 x 3 [s = 6x2 + 4py2] minimum price due to bumper production and glut in
3 4p 3
the market, government agencies purchase the entire
dV = 1 3 2 1 2 2
quantity offered by the farmers at the announced
dx # 2 (S - 6x ) 2 (- 12x) + 3 # 3x
6 p minimum price.
= - 3 (S - 6x2) 2 # + 2x2
1
p
For minimum, dV = 0
dx
- 3 (S - 6x2) 2 x + 2x2 = 0
1
p
2x2 = 3x (S - 6x2) 2
1
p
2x2 = 3x (4py2) 2
1
[using Eq.(i)]
p
1
2 p x = 3 (4py2) 2
4px2 = 9 # 4py2
x2 = 9y2
x = 3y
(iv) Minimum value ofV = 4 py3 + 2 x3

3 3
= 4 p a x k + 2 x3 The Government declare that farmers can get `300

3
[x = 3y]
3 3 3 per quintal for onions on 1st July and after that, the
price will be dropped by `3 per quintal per extra day.
= 2 x3 b1 + 2p l Ramawatar has 80 quintal of onions in the field on 1st
3 27
Now, when V is minimum, July and he estimated that crop is increasing at the
rate of 1 quintal per day.
S = 6x2 + 4py2 Based on the above information, answer the following
questions.
= 6x2 + 4p a x k
2
[x = 3y]
3 (i) If x is the number of days after 1st July then find
the price and quantity of onion in terms of x .
= 6x2 + 4 px2
9 (ii) Find the expression for the revenue as a function
of x .
= 2x :3 + 2 pD
2
9 (iii) Find the number of days after 1st July, when
Ramawatar attain maximum revenue.
116. Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market
(iv) On which day should Ramawatar harvest the
intervention by the Government of India to insure
onions to maximum his revenue? What is this
agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm
maximum revenue?
prices. The minimum support prices are announced
Also, Rm (x) = - 1 1 0
1500
(iii) Maximum revenue will be at
Price of ticket = 15 - 22500 = 15 - 7.5 = `7.5

3000
(iv) Number of spectators will be equal to number of
tickets sold.
Required number of spectators = 22500
119. A steel can, tin can, tin, steel packaging, or can is

a container for the distribution or storage of goods,
made of thin metal. Many cans require opening by
cutting the “end” open; others have removable covers.
They can store a broad variety of contents: food,
beverages, oil, chemicals, etc.
Western music is organised every year in the stadium

that can hold 36000 spectators. With ticket price of
`10, the average attendance has been 24000. Some
financial expert estimated that price of a ticket should
be determined by the function p (x) = 15 - 3000 x
,
where x is the number of ticket sold.
Bases on the above information, answer of the
following questions.
(i) Find the expression for total revenue R as a
function of x .
(ii) Find the value of x for which revenue is maximum.
(iii) When the revenue is maximum, what will be the
price of the ticket?
(iv) How many spectators should be present to
maximum the revenue?
Sol :
(i) Let p be the price per ticket and x be the number A tin can manufacturer a cylindrical tin can for a
of tickets sold. company making sanitizer and disinfector. The tin
can is made to hold 3 litres of sanitizer or disinfector.
Then, revenue function
Based on the above information, answer the following
x x
= p # x = a15 - 3000
R (x) k questions.
(i) If r be the radius and h be the height of the
2
= 15x - x cylindrical tin can, find the surface area expressed
3000 as a function of r .
2 (ii) Find the radius that will minimize the cost of the
(ii) R (x) = 15x - x
3000 material to manufacture the tin can.
(iii) Find the height that will minimize the cost of the
Rl (x) = 15 - x material to manufacture the tin can.
1500
For maxima/minima, put Rl (x) = 0 or
(iv) If the cost of the material used to manufacture
15 - x = 0 the tin can is `100/m2 find the minimum cost.
1500
3 1500
p . 7.8
x = 22500
d 2R = - (ii) Pl (5) = - 12 # 5 + 120

Now, 400 which is negative for all x .
dx2
d 2R = - 60 + 120
Thus, < 0 , R (x) is maximum when x = 4 .
dx2 = 60
(i) Ticket price,
(iii) For strictly increasing, Pl (x) 2 0
Thus ticket price, p = 70 + 10x = 70 + 10 # 4 = 110
- 12x + 120 2 0
(ii) Income
Maximum Revenue, 120 2 12x
R (4) = 21000 + 1600x - 200x 2
x 1 10
= 21000 + 1600 # 4 - 200 # 4 2
x d (0, 10)
= 24200 (iv) For maximum profit we put Pl (x) = 0 , i.e
0 = - 12x + 120
121. RK Verma is production analysts of a ready-made
garment company. He has to maximize the profit x = 10
of company using data available. He find that
P (x) = - 6x2 + 120x + 25000 (in Rupee) is the total Now P m (x) = - 12 1 0
profit function of a company where x denotes the At x = 10 , profit function is maximum.
production of the company.
122. The Indian toy industry is estimated to be worth
US$1.5 billion, making up 0.5% of the global market
share. The toy manufacturers in India can mostly be
found in NCR, Mumbai, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and
several smaller towns and cities across central states
such as Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. The
sector is fragmented with 90% of the market being
unorganised. The toys industry has been predicted
to grow to US$2-3 billion by 2024. The Indian toy
industry only represents 0.5% of the global industry
size indicating a large potential growth opportunity
for Indian consumer product companies who will
develop exciting innovations to deliver international
quality standards at competitive prices.

questions.
(i) Find the profit of the company, when the
production is 3 units.
(ii) Find Pl (5)
(iii) Find the interval in which the profit is strictly
increasing.
(iv) Find the production, when the profit is maximum.
Sol :
We have P (x) = - 6x2 + 120x + 25000

Fisher Price is a leading toy manufacturer in India.
Pl (x) = - 12x + 120 Fisher Price produces x set per week at a total cost
of 251 x2 + 3x + 100 . The produced quantity for his
(i) At x = 3 we have,
market is x = 75 - 3p where p is the price set.
P (3) = - 6 (3) 2 + 120 (3) + 25000 (i) Show that the maximum profit is obtained when
about 30 toys are produced per week.
= - 54 + 360 + 25000
(ii) What is the price at maximum profit?
= 25306
Now, b = P - 2l 125. Two metal rods, R1 and R2 , of lengths 16 m and 12 m

2 respectively, are insulated at both the ends. Rod R1
is being heated from a specific point while rod R2 is
= P -l = P -P = P being cooled from a specific point.
2 2 4 4
2 The temperature (T ) in Celsius within both rods
(A) max = l # b = P # P = P sq. units. fluctuates based on the distance (x) measured from
4 4 16
either end. The temperature at a particular point along
124. The use of electric vehicles will curb air pollution in the rod is determined by the equations T = (16 - x) x
the long run. The use of electric vehicles is increasing and T = (x - 12) x for rods R1 and R2 respectively,
every year and estimated number of electric vehicles where the distance x is measured in meters from one
in use at any time t is given by the function of the ends.
V (t) = t3 - 3t2 + 3t - 100 Based on the above information answer the following:
where t represents time and t = 1, 2, 3, corresponds (i) Find the rate of change of temperature at the mid
to year 2021, 2022, 2023 ............. respectively point of the rod that is being heated.
(ii) Find the minimum temperature attained by the
rod that is being cooled.
Sol :
(i) The rod being heated is R1 and the temperature at
a particular point along the rod is
T = (16 - x) x
The rate of change of temperature at any distance
from one end of R1 is
dT = d 16 - x x
dx dx ^ h
= d ^16x - x2h
dx
Based on the above information answer the following: = 16 - 2x
(i) Can the above function be used to estimate Since rod is 16 m long, the mid-point of the rod is at
number of vehicles in the year 2020? Justify. x = 8 m.
(ii) Find the estimated number of vehicles in the year The rate of change of temperature at the mid point
2040. of R1 is
(iii) Prove that the function V (t) is an increasing dT
function. : dx D = 16 - 2 ^8h
x=8
Sol : =0
We have V (t) = t3 - 3t2 + 3t - 100 (ii) The rod being cooled is R2 the temperature at a
particular point along the rod is
(i) No, the above function cannot be used to estimate
number of vehicles in the year 2020 because for 2020 T = (x - 12) x
we have t = 0 and The rate of change of temperature at any distance x
V (0) = 0 - 0 + 0 - 100 = - 100 m is
dT = d x - 12 x
dx ^ h
which is not possible
dx
(ii) Estimated number of vehicles in the year 2040
V (20) = (20) 3 - 3 (20) 2 + 3 (20) - 100 = d ^x2 - 12x h
dx
Therefore, the estimated number of vehicles in the = 2x - 12
year 2040 are 6760.
(iii) Function V (t) is always increasing function. Equates dT
dx to 0 we get the critical point x = 6 .
V l (t) = 3t2 - 6t + 3 Now d2 T = 2

dx2
= 3 (t2 - 2t + 1) = 3 (t - 1) 2 $ 0.
Based on the above information answer the following: f ^6 h = - 0.1 # 62 + 1.2 # 6 + 98.6
(i) Is the function differentiable in the interval (0,
= 102.2
12)? Justify your answer.
(ii) If 6 is the critical point of the function, then find We have f ^0 h = 98.6
the value of the constant m .
f ^6 h = 102.2
(iii) Find the intervals in which the function is strictly
increasing/strictly decreasing. f ^12h = 98.6
(iv) Find the points of local maximum/local minimum, 6 is the point of absolute maximum and the absolute
if any, in the interval (0, 12) as well as the points maximum value of the function is 102.2.
of absolute maximum/absolute minimum in the 0 and 12 both are the points of absolute minimum and
interval [0, 12]. Also, find the corresponding the absolute minimum value of the function is 98.6.
local maximum/local minimum and the absolute
maximum/absolute minimum values of the 128. In an elliptical sport field the authority wants to
function. design a rectangular soccer field with the maximum
Sol : possible area. The sport field is given by the graph of
2
We have f (x) = - 0.1x2 + mx + 98.6, x2 + y = 1
2 2
a b
(i) f (x) being a polynomial function, is differentiable
everywhere, hence, differentiable in (0, 12)
(ii) Value of the constant m
f l^x h = - 0.2x + m
Since, 6 is the critical point, we have
f l^6 h = 0
0 = - 0. 2 # 6 + m
m = 1.2
(iii) Intervals in which the function is strictly
increasing/strictly decreasing,
Based on the above information answer the following:
f (x) = - 0.1x2 + 1.2x + 98.6 (i) If the length and the breadth of the rectangular
f l^x h = - 0.2x + 1.2 field be 2x and 2y respectively, then find the area
function in terms of x .
= - 0.2 ^x - 6h (ii) Find the critical point of the function.
(iii) Use first derivative test to find the length 2x and
In the Interval f l (x) Conclusion width 2y of the soccer field that maximize its area.
(0,6) +ve f is strictly increasing (iv) Use Second Derivative Test to find the length 2x
in [0,6] and width 2y of the soccer field (in terms of a and
b) that maximize its area.
(6,12) -ve f is strictly decreasing Sol :
in [6,12]
(iv) f (x) = - 0.1x2 + 1.2x + 98.6
f l^x h = - 0.2x + 1.2,
f l^6 h = 0,
f ll^x h = - 0.2
f ll^6 h = - 0.2 < 0
Hence, by second derivative test 6 is a point of local
maximum. The local maximum value
denoted by C max . How long after administering (i) What is the speed of water wheel for maximum
the drug is C max . attained? Show your work and value of E ^x h ?
give valid reasons. (ii) Find the maximum value of E ^x h in the interval
(iii) Find the amount of drug in the bloodstream at 60, 1@ .
the time when the effect of the drug is maximum.
Sol :
(i) Rate at which the amount of drug is changing in
the blood stream 5 hours
We have C ^ t h = - t3 + 4.5t2 + 54t
C l (t) = - 3t2 + 9t + 54
C l^5 h = 24 mg/hr
(ii) Function C ^ t h is strictly increasing in the interval Sol :
(3, 4).
(i) Speed of water wheel for maximum value of E ^x h
Now C l (t) = - 3t2 + 9t + 54
We have E ^x h = 2x3 - 4x2 + 2x ...(1)
= - 3 (t2 - 3t - 18) Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x we have
= - 3 (t + 3) (t - 6) El^x h = 6x2 - 8x + 2 ...(2)
For t d ^3, 4h , t + 3 is always positive and t - 6 is For maximum or minimum value letting El (x) = 0
always negative. So C l (t) is always positive. Thus we have
C ^ t h is strictly increasing in the interval (3, 4).
6x2 - 8x + 2 = 0
(iii) How long after administering the drug is C max .
attained 3x2 - 4x + 1 = 0
Equates the derivative C l^ t h to 0 we have
^3x - 1h^x - 1h = 0
- 3t2 + 9t + 54 = 0
i.e. x = 1
3 or = 1
2
- 3 (t - 3t - 18) = 0
Differentiating equation (ii) w.r.t. x we have
(t + 3) (t - 6) = 0 E m^x h = 12x - 8
Thus critical points are s t = 6 hours and t = - 3
hours. At x = 1 we have
Now again differentiating C l^ t h to get C m^ t h we have E m^x h = 12 ^1 h - 8
C m^ t h = - 6t + 9 = 4 = + ve
Substituting t = 6 we have
At x = 1
3 we have
C m^6 h = - 27
Thus C ^ t h attains its maximum at t = 6 hours as E m^x h = 12 b 1 l - 8
3
C m^6 h = ^- 27h < 0 = - 4 = - ve
Thus 6 hours after the drug is administered, C max is Thus E ^x h has maximum value at x = 13 . Thus speed
attained. of water wheel for maximum value is x = 13
(iv) Value of C ^ t hmax (ii) Maximum value of E ^x h in the interval 60, 1@
C (6) = - ^6 h3 + 4.5 ^6 h2 + 54 ^6 h Maximum value of E ^x h
Eb 1 l = 2b 1 l - 4b 1 l + 2b 1 l
3 2
= 270 mg
3 3 3 3
130. The proportion of a river’s energy that can = 2 -4+2
be obtained from an undershot water wheel is 27 9 3
E ^x h = 2x³ - 4x² + 2x units where x is the speed of = 8
27
the water wheel relative to the speed of the river.
(ii) Maximum profit Based on the above information, answer the following
questions.
p ^- 2h = 41 - 72 ^- 2h - 18 ^- 2h
2
(i) If x and y represents the length and breadth of
= 113 units. the rectangular region, then find the relation
between the variable.
133. The relation between the height of the plant (y in cm) (ii) Find the area A of the rectangular region, as a
with respect to its exposure to the sunlight is governed function of x .
by the following equation y = 4x - 12 x2, where x is the
(iii) Find the value of y , for which the area of the floor
number of days exposed tot he sunlight, for x # 3.
is maximum.
Sol :
Given length of the rectangular auditorium is x .
Breadth of the rectangular auditorium is y .
Given perimeter of the rectangle is P .
(i) Relation between the variables
2x + 2y = P
(ii) Area of the floor,
A = length # breadth
= x#y
A = b P - 2x l x
2
(i) Find the rate of growth of the plant with respect = 1 ^Px - 2x2h
2
to the number of days exposed to the sunlight.
Similarly area of floor in terms of y,
(ii) Does the rate of growth of the plant increase or
decrease in the first three days? What will be the P - 2y
A =b
2 l
y
height of the plant after 2 days?
Sol :
= 1 ^Py - 2y2h ...(1)
2
We have y = 4x - 1 x2
2 Differentiating w.r.t. y we have
(i) Rate of growth of the plant with respect to the
dA = 1 P - 4y
2^ h
number of days exposed to sunlight is given by ...(2)
dy
dy
= 4-x For maximum or minimum value of A, letting dA = 0
dx dx
we have
(ii) Rate of growth of the plant in the first three days,
Let rate of growth be represented by the function P - 4y = 0
dy y =P
g ^x h = 4
dx
dy Differentiating eq (2) w.r.t. y we have
Now, gl^x h = d b l
dx dx d2 A = 1 0 - 4
=- 1 < 0 Thus g ^x h decreases. dx2 2^ h
So the rate of growth of the plant decreases for the =- 2
first three days. d2 A = - 2
Height of the plant after 2 days is At y = P
4 dx2
= - ve
y = 4 # 2 - 1 ^2 h2 = 6 cm.
2
Thus area A is maximum at y = P unit
4
134. An architect designs an auditorium for a school for
its cultural activities. The floor of the auditorium is
rectangular in shape and has a fixed perimeter P.
************
CHAPTER 7 Integrals Page 239
CHAPTER 7
INTEGRALS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS = #0
1
tdt : #a f ^x h dx = - #b f ^x h dx D
b a
t2 1
= :2D
dx
1. The integral # is equal to : 0
9 - 4x2 1
= b 2 - 0l = 1
(a) 1 sin-1 c 2x m + c (b) 1 sin-1 c 2x m + c 2
6 3 2 3 Thus (s) is correct option.
2 x
(c) sin-1 c m + c (d) sin-1 c x m + c
3 2
3 2 3 3. Anti-derivative of tan x - 1 with respect to x is
Sol : OD 2024
tan x + 1
p
(a) sec2 a p - x k + c (b) - sec2 a 4 - x k + c
1 4
I = #dx
(c) log sec a p - x k + c (d) - log sec a p - x k + c
9 - 4x2 4 4
= # 1 dx Sol : OD 2023
9 ^1 - 43 x2h
tan x - 1 dx
= # 1 dx
I =
tan x + 1 #
3 1 - ^ 23 x h2
= - # 1 - tan x dx
1 + tan x
=1# 1 dx
3 1 - _ 23 x i = - # tan a p - x k dx
2
4
sin-1 _ 23 x i
=1 +C p
= ln sec a - x k + c
3 2
3 4
= 1 sin-1 c 2 x m + c
2 3
Thus (b) is correct option. 4. If d
dx f ^x h = 2x + x3 and f ^1 h = 1, then f ^x h is
p/2 (a) x 2 + 3 log | x |+ 1 (b) x 2 + 3 log | x |
2. The value of #p/4 cot q cosec2 qdq is
(c) 2 - 32 (d) x 2 + 3 log | x |- 4
(a) 1 (b) - 1 x
2 2 Sol : OD 2023
(c) 0 (d) - p
8 We have
dx
^ h
d f x = 2x + 3
x
Sol : OD 2024
p/2
Integrating on both sides we have
I = #p/4 cot q cosec2 qdq ...(i) d f (x) dx
# dx = # b2x + x3 ldx
Let cot q = t then we have
f ^x h = x 2 + 3 ln | x |+ c ...(1)
2
- cosec qdq = dt
Since f ^1 h = 1, substituting x = 1 in above equation
cosec2 qdq = - dt
we have
When q = p t = cot p = 1 f ^1 h = 1 2 + 3 ln | 1 |+ C
4 4
When q = p p
t = cot = 0 1 = 1+0+C & C = 0
2 2
Hence, given integral become Thus f ^x h = x2 + 3 ln | x |
0 Thus (b) is correct option.
I = - # tdt
1
P =1 = 2# 1 = 2
4 2
xe - 1 + ex - 1 dx is equal to Thus (c) is correct option.
11. # xe + ex
3a # b ax - 1 l dx is equal to
1 2
14.
(a) log (xe + ex ) + C (b) e log (xe + ex ) + C 0 a-1
(c) 1 log (xe + ex ) + C (d) None of these (a) a - 1 + (a - 1) -2 (b) a + a-2
e
Sol : OD 2011 (c) a - a2 (d) a2 + 12
a
xe - 1 + ex - 1 dx Sol : SQP 2020
We have I =
xe + ex
#
1
ax - 1 2 (ax - 1) 3
b a - 1 l dx = (a 1) 2 ;
3a
E
1
1
Substituting xe + ex = t & e (xe - 1 + ex - 1) dx = dt 3a #
0 - 3 # a 0
I = 1 # dt = 1 log t + C 1
e t e = [(a - 1) 3 + 1]
(a - 1) 2
= 1 log (xe + ex ) + C
e = (a - 1) + (a - 1) -2
12. # dx is equal to 1
dx is
x (x7 + 1) 15. The value of #
0 ex + e
7 7
(a) log c 7x m + C (b) 1 log c 7x m + C (a) 1 log b 1 + e l (b) log b 1 + e l
x +1 7 x +1 e 2 2
7 7
(c) log c +7 1 m + C
x (d) log c x +7 1 m + C
1 1
(c) log (1 + e) (d) log b 2 l
x 7 x e 1+e
dx #0
1
We have I = # x (xdx+ 1) 7
We have
ex + e
I =
1
dx
Substituting x7 = t & dx = 1 6 dt we have
=
0 ex 1 + e
#
7x a ex k
1 dt e
I =
7 t (t + 1) # Substituting 1 + x = t
e
e
0 - x dx = dt & 1x dx = - 1 dt we obtain
= 1 # b 1 - 1 l dt e
7 t t+1 e e
1 2 1
= 1 [log t - log (t + 1)] + C I =- #
e 1+e t
dt
7
= 1 log b t l + C = - 1 [log t] 12 + e
7 t+1 e
7 -
= 1 [log 2 - log (1 + e)]
= 1 log c 7x m + C e
7 x +1 -
= 1 log b 2 l
Thus (b) is correct option. e 1+e
= log a
2 k
1 1 +e
p/2
13. #0 cos x2 dx is equal to e
(a) 1 (b) - 2 Thus (a) is correct option.
(c) 2 (d) 0 2
16. The value of #-2 (x cos x + sin x + 1) dx is
Sol : Foreign 2009 (a) 2 (b) 0
(c) - 2 (d) 4
cos a x k dx = cos a x k dx
p/2 p/2
#0 2
#0 2 Sol : Delhi 2015
= 2 9sin a x kC ]
p/2
2 0 2
I = #-2 (x cos x + sin x + 1) dx
= 2 8sin p - sin 0 B
4 2 2 2
= #-2 x cos x dx + #-2 sin x dx + #-2 1 dx
= 2 sin p
4
a -1/2 + 1
(a) 2 #0
f (x) dx (b) 0 = x
- 1/2 + 1
+k
(c) 1 (d) - 1 1/2
= x +k
Sol : Comp 2016
1/2
= 2 x +k
We have f ^x h = - f ^x h
Thus f ^x h is odd function and for odd function
b
a 26. # x5 dx =
# f (x) dx = = 0 a
6 6
(b) b - a
-a
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) b5 - a5

6
6 6
b a (c) a - b (d) a5 - b5
23. #a
f (x) dx + #
b
f (x) dx = 6
b Sol : Delhi 2007
(a) 1 (b) 2 # f (x) dx
a
b
(c) - 2 #
a
f (x) dx (d) 0 Let, I = #a
x5 dx
b
6 b
Sol : OD 2012, Delhi 2010 =x
6 a
b
f ^x h dx we have
a
Using property # f^x hdx =- # 6
= b -a
6
b a 6 6
b a 6 6
I = # f (x) dx + # f (x) dx =b -a
a b 6
f ^x h dx
b b
= # f ^x h dx - # Thus (b) is correct option.
a a
=0 1 (tan-1 x) 2
27. #0 1 + x2
dx =
(a) 1 (b) p
1
64
24. # (x) dx = (c) p2 (d) None of these
0 192
(a) 0 (b) 1
Sol : Delhi 2010
(c) 2 (d) 1
2 1 (tan-1 x) 2
Sol : Comp 2016 Let, I = #
0 1 + x2
dx
1
Let tan-1 x = t & 1 dx = dt
We have I = # xdx
0
1 + x2
2 1 When x = 0 , t =0
=x
2
t =p
0
and x = 1,
4
=1-0 =1
2 2 2 1 (tan-1 x) 2
Thus I = # 0 1 + x2
dx
p
4
dx =
25. # x
= #t 2
dt
0
3 p 4
(a) x +k (b) 2 x + k =t
3 0
(c) x + k (d) 2 x3/2 + k

= 1a p k - 0
3
3
3 4 3
Sol : OD 2008
p 3
=
192
We have I = # dxx Thus (d) is correct option.
= #x -1/2
dx
= # cot q cosec qdq 37. # sin1 x++sincos2xx dx is equal to

= - cos ec q + C (a) sin x (b) x
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) cos x (d) tan x
Sol : SQP 2020
34. # cosec x cot xdx is

(a) - cosec x + c (b) - cot x
# sin1 x++sincos2xx dx = # sin x + cos x
(sin x + cos2 x) + 2 sin x cos x
2
dx
(c) cosec x (d) None sin x + cos x dx

= # (sin x + cos x) 2
Sol : Comp 2008
sin x + cos x dx
I = # cosec x cot xdx
= # sin x + cos x
= - cosec x +c = # dx =x
d x
dx
^ h
=- cosec x + c Thus (b) is correct option.
p/2
Thus (a) is correct option. 38. The value of # log cos x dx
0
is equal to the value of:
p/2 p/2
35. # sin x x dx is equal to (a) # log sin x dx
0
(b) # log sec x dx
0
(a) cos x (b) - cos x p/2 p/2

(c) # log cos x dx (d) # log tan x dx
(c) 2 cos x (d) - 2 cos x 0 0
Sol : OD 2012
Sol : OD 2007
p/2
We have I = # sin x dx We have I = # log cos x dx

0
x
b b
Putting x =t & 1 dx = dt we have Using property # f (x) $ dx = # f (a + b - x) $ dx we get

a a
2 x p/2
I = # log cos a x - x k dx
I = # 2 sin tdt 0 2
p/2
= - 2 cos t + c = # log sin x dx
0
= - 2 cos x + c Thus (a) is correct option.

39. I= # | 1 - x | dx
0
is equal to
36. # log 2x dx is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1

2
(a) x log x - 1 (b) x log 2x + 1 (c) 1 (d) None of these
(c) x log 2x - x (d) x log 2x + 2x Sol : Delhi 2007
We have | 1 - x | = 1 - x , if 0 # x # 1
We have I = # log 2x dx = x - 1, if 1 < x # 2
= # log 2x $ 1dx 2 1 2
Hence # | 1 - x | dx
0
= #0
(1 - x) dx + # (x - 1) dx
1
= log 2x $ # dx - # ' 1 $ 2 # dx 1 dx
2x 2 2 1 2
= bx - x l + b x - x l
1 2 0 2
= x log 2x - # $ xdx 1
x
= ;b1 - l - 0E + ;b - 2 l - b 1 - 1lE
1 4
= x log 2x - x + c 2 2 2
=1
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. = x (log x - 1) + k

(d) (A) is false but (R) is true Formula of Integration by parts:
Sol : OD 2010
# (uv) dx =u # vdx - # &dxd (u) # vdx 0 dx
Therefore both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
p
We have I = #
-
p
2
sin2 x dx
2
Let f (x) = sin2 x Thus (a) is correct option.

f (- x) = sin2 (- x) p
46. Assertion (A) : #

-p
2
sin7 x dx = 0
= sin2 x 2
Reason (R) : Here sin7 x is odd function.

= f (x)
Hence, f (x) is an even function and for even function explanation of (A).
we have
a a
#
-a
f (x) dx = 2 # 0
f (x) dx correct explanation of (A).
p
Therefore, I =2 # 0
2
sin2 xdx (d) (A) is false but (R) is true
1 - cos 2x dx
p
Sol : Delhi 2010
=2 #2 0
2
# 2
p
=x 0- sin 2 xp
2
2
We have I = sin7 x dx
2 0 -p
2
= a p - 0k - 1 (sin p - sin 0) Let, f (x) = sin7 x

2 2
= p Here f (- x) = sin7 (- x)
2
Therefore both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the = (- sin x) 7
= - sin7 x
= - f (x)
45. Assertion (A) : # log xdx = x (log x - 1) + k Hence, f (x) is odd function and we have
p
Reason (R) :
d
# 2
sin7 x dx = 0
# (uv) dx = u # #
& dx (u) vdx 0 dx .
vdx - # -p
2
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
explanation of (A). Thus (a) is correct option.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the p
correct explanation of (A). 47. Assertion (A) : #

- p2
2
` sin x + cos x j dx = 2
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. a a

Reason (R) : #
-a
f (x) dx = 2 #0
f (x) dx ,
Sol : SQP 2020, Foreign 2017

where f (x) is an even function.
We have I = x (log x - 1) + k explanation of (A).
= # 1 log xdx
II I correct explanation of (A).
Using integration by parts, we get (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
I = log x $ # dx - # b dxd log x # 1dx ldx
Sol : Comp 2009
= log x $ x - # b 1 # x l dx p
x
= x $ log x - x + k
Let, I = #
-p
2
` sin x + cos x j dx
2
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct xn = tan2 q
explanation of (A).
nxn - 1 dx = 2 tan q sec2 qdq
p/2
correct explanation of (A). 3
dx = 2
So, # 1 + xn n # tan 1 - 2 + 2/n
dq
0 0
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true p/2
Sol : =2 # tan (2/n) - 1

qdq
OD 2012 n
0
As We know that
In RHS, substituting xn = sin2 q we have
b c b
# f (x) dx = # f (x) dx + # f (x) dx, Where c e nxn - 1 dx = 2 sin q cos q dq
a a c
(a.b) 1 p/2
dx =2
So, given reason is true.
So, # (1 - xn) 1/n n # cos1 2/n
q
$ sin2/n - 1 q cos q dq
0 0
p/2 p/2
Now, # sin x dx sin x, =2 # tan (2/n - 1)
q dq
- p/2 n
0
Since, sin x is an even faction Hence, assertion is true but reason is false.
p/2 p/2 Thus (c) is correct option.
so, # sin x dx = 2 # sin x dx 2p
- p/2 0
p/2
53. Assertion (A) : # sin3 x dx = 0
0
=2 # sin x dx
Reason (R) : sin3 x is an odd function
O
p/2 (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
=2 # sin x dx explanation of (A).
O
= - (cos x) 0p/2 correct explanation of (A).
- 2 (0 - 1) = 2 (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
Hence, both Assertion and reason are true bat reason (d) (A) is false but (R) is true
is not correct explanation for assertion. Sol : SQP 2016
Thus (b) is correct option. 2p
I = #0 sin3 x dx
52. If n 2 1, then 2p
1
Assertion (A) : #
!
dx =
# dx = # (1 - cos2 x) sin x dx
1 + xn (1 - xn) 1/n 0
0 0
Substituting cos x = t we have
b b
Reason (R) : # f (x) dx = # f (a + b + x) dx sin x dx = - dt

a a
1
explanation of (A).
Then I = # (1 - t2) (- dt) = 0
1
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the Thus assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. Thus (b) is correct option.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true 54. Assertion (A) :

Sol :
# sin 3x cos 5x dx = - cos 8x + cos 2x + C
Comp 2015, OD 2011
16 4
As we know that,
Reason (R) : 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A - B)
b b
# f (x) dx = # f (a + b - x) dx correct explanation for Assertion.
a a
So, given Reason is false. (b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a
Now, in L.H.S, put correct explanation for Assertion.
Ch 3 : Matrices
Ch 4 : Determinants

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Ch 13 : Probability

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59. Find # sin2 x - cos2 x dx . = # sec2 xdx

sin2 x cos2 x
Sol : Foreign 2014 = tan x + C
sin2 x - cos2 x dx Write the value of # dx .

We have I = # 64.
x2 + 16
sin2 x cos2 x
sin2 x cos2 x dx Sol : Foreign 2011
= # 2 2 dx - #
sin x cos x sin2 x cos2 x dx
= # sec x dx - # cosec x dx
2 2 We have I = #
x2 + 16
= tan x + cot x + C = # 2 dx 2 # x2dx = 1 tan-1 x + C
x + (4) + a2 a a
60. Find # sin6 x dx . = tan-1 x + C

1
4 4
cos8 x
Sol : Foreign 2014 2 - 3 sin x dx .
65. Write the value of #
cos2 x
6
sin x dx = # tan6 x sec2 x dx Sol : Delhi 2011
We have I = #
cos8 x
Substituting tan x = t & sec2 x dx = dt we have We have I = 2 - 3 sin x dx
#
cos2 x
I = # t6 dt = # b 22 - 3 sin2 x l dx
7
cos x cos x
= t +C = # (2 sec2 x - 3 sec x tan x) dx
7
7
= tan x + C = 2 # sec2 x dx - 3 # sec x tan x dx
7
= 2 tan x - 3 sec x + C
61. Evaluate # cos-1 (sin x) dx .
Sol : Foreign 2014 66. Write the value of # sec x (sec x + tan x) dx .
Sol : Delhi 2011
We have I = # cos-1 (sin x) dx
= # cos-1 9cos a p2 - x kC dx We have I = # sec x (sec x + tan x) dx
= # (sec2 x + sec x tan x) dx
= # a p2 - x k dx cos-1 (cos q) = q
= # sec2 x dx + # sec x tan x dx
= p # dx - # x dx
2 = tan x + sec x + C
2
= px- x +C
2 2 dx .
67. Evaluate #
62. Evaluate # (1 - x) x dx . 1 - x2
We have I = # dx
We have I = # (1 - x) x dx 1 - x2
= # dx
= #( x - x x ) dx
(1) 2 - x2
= # (x1/2 - x3/2) dx = sin-1 x + C # dx = sin-1 x + C
a
a2 - x2
= 2 x3/2 - 2 x5/2 + C
-1
3 5 68. Evaluate # e tan x dx .

1 + x2
63. Evaluate 2
# 1 + cos dx . Sol : OD 2011
2x tan-1 x
Sol : Foreign 2012 We have I =e # dx
1 + x2
2
We have I = # 1 + cos 2x
dx Substituting tan-1 x = t & 1 2 dx = dt we have
1+x
= # 2 dx tan x -1
cos 2q = 2 cos2 q - 1
I = # e dx = # et dt
2 cos2 x
1 + x2
= # sec2 x dx Substituting x2 = t & 2x dx = dt & dx = dt

2x
= tan x + C When x = 0 , then t = 0 and when x = 1, then t = 1,
x et dt
1
dx Thus I = #0 2x
77. Find # .
x2 + 4x + 8
Sol : = 1 # e tdt
1
Delhi 2017
2 0
dx 1
We have I = # = [et] 10
2
x2 + 4x + 8
= # dx = 1 [e1 - e 0]
x2 + 4x + 4 + 4 2
1
= [ e - 1]
= # dx 2
(x + 2) 2 + (2) 2
p/4
82. Evaluate #0 sin 2x dx .
= 1 tan-1 b x + 2 l + C
2 2 Sol : Foreign 2014
78. Find : # 3 - 5 sin x dx . p/4

cos2 x We have I = #0 sin 2x dx
Sol : Foreign 2018
= :- cos 2x D
p/4
3 - 5 sin x dx 2 0
We have I = #
cos2 x = - 1 [cos 2x] r0 /4
2
= # b 32 - 5 sin2 x l dx
cos x cos x = - 1 9cos 2 p - cos 0C
2 4
= 3 # sec x dx - 5 # sec x tan x dx
2
= - 1 9cos p - 1C
= 3 tan x - 5 sec x + C 2 2
= - [0 - 1] = 1
1
3 2 2
79. Evaluate #2 3x dx .
83. Evaluate #0
1 1 dx .
Sol : Delhi 2017
Sol : 1 - x2 Comp 2014, OD 2011
x 3
3 dx = c 3 m
3
#2 x
log 3 2 1 1
We have I = #0 dx
1 - x2
= 1 [3 x] 23
log 3 = [sin-1 x] 10 # 1 dx = sin-1 x + C
1 - x2
= 1 - 2
log 3 [3 2 ] = sin-1 1 - sin-1 0
3
= 1 (27 - 9) = sin-1 a sin p k - sin-1 (sin 0)

log 3 2
= 18 p
= -0 = p
log 3 2 2
p/4
80. Evaluate #0 tan x dx . 84. Evaluate #
2 x3 - 1 dx .
1 x2
Sol : Comp 2014
p/4
#0 tan x dx = [log sec x ] p0 /4 x3 - 1 dx
2
We have I = #
1 x2
= log sec p - log sec 0 = # ax - 12 k dx
2
4 1 x
= log 2 - log 1 2 2
= :x + 1 D
2 x 1
= 1 log 2 (2) 2 1 (1) 2 1
=c + m-c + m
2
1 2 2 2 1
#0
2
81. Evaluate x ex dx .
Sol : = b 2 + 1 l - b 1 + 1l = 1
Foreign 2014 2 2
1
#0
2
We have I = x ex dx
= [log 2 - log 1] Comparing coefficient of x2 we have

= log 2 - 0 A + C = 0 & A = - C = - 34
= log 2 Thus given integral becomes
I= # - 3 dx + 1 # dx + 3 # dx
4 (x + 1) 2 (x + 1) 2 4 (x - 1)
= - 3 log (x + 1) + 1 ; - 1 E + 3 log (x - 1) + C
4 2 (x + 1) 4
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
= - 3 log (x + 1) - 1 + 3 log (x - 1) + C
4 2 (x + 1) 4
e cos x = 3 log b x - 1 l - 1
p
93. Evaluate : #0 e cos x
+ e- cos x
dx 4 x+1 2 (x + 1)
+C
Sol : OD 2024
log 3 1
Let I = #0
p e cos x dx ...(1) 95. Evaluate #log êx + e-x hêx - e-x h
dx
e cos x
+ e- cos x 2
a a Sol : OD 2023
Using #0 f (x) dx = #0 f (a - x) dx we have
log 3 1
I = e cos (p - x)
#0
p
dx
Let I = #log 2 êx + e-x hêx - e-x h
dx
cos (p - x)
e + e- cos (p - x)
log 3 1
I = # - cosex
p - cos x
dx ...(2) I = #log ê2x - e-2x h
dx
0 e + e cos x 2
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get e2x dx

log 3
= #log
2 ê - 1h
4x
2I = #0 e cos x
p
dx + #0
p e- cos x dx
e + e- cos x cos x
e - cos x
+ e cos x Substituting t = e2x & dt = 2e2x dx
e2`log 3j
p cos x - cos x
= # e cos x + e- cos x dx = 3 and e2`log 2j
=2
0 e +e
3 1
= #0
p
dx Now I = #2 2 ^t2 - 1h
dt
= 6x @0p
= 1 ;ln t - 1 E
3
4 t+1 2
2I = p
= 1 ;ln 1 - ln 1 E
I =p 4 2 3
2
= ln b l
1 3
4 2
94. Find : # ^x +21xh2+^x1- 1h dx
sin-1 x
Sol : 96. Find #
^1 - x2h3/2
OD 2024
2x + 1 Sol : OD 2023
We have I = dx #
(x + 1) 2 (x - 1)
sin-1 x dx
2x + 1 = A + B 2+ C
We have I = #
Let
(x + 1) 2 (x - 1) x + 1 (x + 1) (x - 1) ^1 - x2h3/2
sin-1 x
2x + 1 = A (x + 1) (x - 1) + B (x - 1) + C (x + 1) 2 = # dx
^1 - x2h 1 - x2
Substituting x = 1 we have
Let t = sin-1 x & x = sin t , then we have
2
3 = C (1 + 1) & C = 3
4
dt = 1 dx
Substituting x = - 1 = 1 we have 1 - x2
Now substituting above we have
- 1 = B (- 1 - 1)
- 1 = - 2B & B = 1
2
I = # 1 - tsin2 t dt
B =1 I = # t sec2 tdt
2
102. Evaluate # dx . # ex [f (x) + f l (x)] dx = ex f' (x) + C

sin x cos2 x
2
Sol : Delhi 2014C; Foreign 2014

and given integral reduce to
ex $ sec x + C = ex f (x) + C
We have I = # dx
sin2 x cos2 x Comparing both sides, we get
(sin2 x + cos2 x) f (x) = sec x
= # dx sin2 q + cos2 q = 1
sin2 x $ cos2 x
# x + cos 6x dx .
= # (sec2 x + cosec2 x) dx 105. Write the value of
3x2 + sin 6x
= # sec2 x dx + # cosec2 x dx Sol : Comp 2012
= tan x - cot x + C We have x + cos 6x dx

I = #
3x2 + sin 6x
Alternative : Substituting 3x2 + sin 6x = t we have
Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos 4 x
, we get 6x + 6 cos 6x = dt
dx
I = sec2 x $ sec2 x dx
# (x + cos 6x) dx = dt
tan2 x 6
(1 + tan2 x) $ sec2 x Thus I = # dt 1
= log t + C
= # dx 6t 6
tan2 x
2 # x1 dx = log x +C
Substituting tan x = t & sec x dx = dt we have
2 Now Substituting t = 3x2 + sin 6x we get
I = # 1 +2 t dt = # 1 dt + # 1 dt
t t2 I = 1 [log (3x2 + sin 6x) ] + C
1 6
= t- +C
t
106. Write the value of # sec2 x dx .
Substituting t = tan x we obtain
cosec2 x
I = tan x - cot x + C Sol : Delhi 2012C, 2011
1
sec2 x dx =
Write the anti-derivative of c 3 x + 1 m . I = # # cos2 x
103. We have dx
x cosec2 x 1
sin2 x
Sol : Delhi 2014
= # sin2 x dx
cos2 x
I = # c3 x + 1 m dx
x = # tan2 x dx tan2 x = sec2 x - 1
= 3 # x dx + # 1 dx = # (sec2 x - 1) dx
x
= # c3 x + 1
xm
dx = # sec2 x dx - # 1 dx
= 3 # x dx + # 1 dx = tan x - x + C
x
x1/2 + 1 -1/2 + 1
(log x) 2
+ x
1/2 + 1 o =- 1/2 + 1G
= 3e +C 107. Evaluate # dx .
x
Sol : OD 2011
= 2 (x3/2 + x1/2) + C
(log x) 2
104. Given, # ex (tan x + 1) sec x dx = ex f (x) + C . Write We have
x
I = #
dx
f (x) satisfying above.
Sol : OD 2012; Foerign 2011 Substituting log x = t & 1 dx = dt we have
x
(log x) 2
# ex (tan x + 1) sec xdx = ex f (x) + C I = #
x
dx
# ex (tan x sec x + sec x) dx = ex f (x) + C = # t2 dt

# ex (sec x + sec x tan x) dx
= ex f (x) + C 3
= t +C
It may be easily seen that f (x) = sec x and 3
f l (x) = sec x tan x . Thus we may use Substituting t = log x we have
Substituting sin x = t & cos x dx = dt we have I = # (sin x - cos x) dx

I = 2 dt
# = - cos x - sin x + C
t2
= 2 # dt2 = - (cos x + sin x) + C
t
-1
= 2 t +C 116. Find : # sin-1 (2x) dx .
-1 Sol : Delhi 2019
Substituting t = sin x we have
I = - 2 (sin x) -1 + C We have I = # sin-1 (2x) dx
y dy
= -2 + C Substituting 2x = y & x =
2
& dx =
2
we have
sin x
= - 2 cosec x + C I = 1 # sin-1 (y) dy
2
Alternative : Here we will use integration by parts technique.
We have I = # 2 cos x dx I = 1 =sin-1 (y) $ y - 1# $ y dyG

sin2 x 2 1 - y2
= 2 # 1 $ cos x dx = 1 =y sin-1 y + 1 # -
2y
dyG
sin x sin x 2 2 1 - y2
= 2 # cosec x cot x dx
= 1 [y sin-1 y + 1 - y2 + C] # dy = 2 x +C
2 x
= 2 (- cosec x) + C
Now substituting y = 2x we have
= - 2 cosec x + C
I = 1 [2x sin-1 2x + 1 - 4x2 + C]
2
sec x 2
114. Find : # dx .
Sol : tan2 x + 4 Delhi 2019 117. Find the value of # tan2 x $ sec2 x dx .
1 - tan6 x
Sol : Delhi 2019
We have sec2 x
I # dx
tan2 x + 4 We have I = tan2 x $ sec2 x dx
#
Substituting tan x = t we obtain 1 - tan6 x
Substituting tan x = t & 3 tan2 x sec2 x dx = dt
3
we
sec2 x = dt & dx = dt2 have
dx sec x
2
I = # sec x dt
Thus 2 tan2 x sec2 dx = 1 $ dt
t2 + 4 sec x 3
dt Thus I = # 1 dt
= # # dx = log x + x2 + a2 + C 1 - t2 3
t + 22
2 x2 + a2
= log t + t2 + 4 + C = 1 # dt 2 # a2dx = 1 log

a+x
+C
3 1-t - x2 2a a-x
Now substituting t = tan x we have
= 1 ;1 log 1 + t + C E
I = log tan x + tan2 x + 4 + C 3 2 1-t
= 1 log 1 + t + C
115. Find : # 1 - sin 2x dx , p 1 x 1 p . 6 1-t
4 2
Sol : Delhi 2019, Comp 2010 Now substituting the value of t , we get
# tan2 x sec2 x dx = 1 log 1 + tan3 x + C

We have I = # 1 - sin 2x dx
1 - tan6 x 6 1 - tan3 x
Using the facts sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 and
2 sin x cos x = sin 2x we have 118. Find the values of # sin x $ log cos x dx .
Sol : Delhi 2019
I = # sin2 x + cos2 x - 2 sin x cos x dx
= # (sin x - cos x) 2 dx We have I = # sin x $ log cos x dx

Substituting cos x = t & - sin x dx = dt we have
= # (sin x - cos x) dx
In the interval p 1 x 1 p always sin x 2 cos x . Thus I = - # log t dt
4 2
x dx . Substituting x + a = t & dx = dt we have

124. Find #
Sol : a3 - x3 sin (t - a - a)
Delhi 2016, OD 2012
I = # sin t
dt
We have I = # x dx sin (t - 2a)

a3 - x3 = # sin t
dt
x = # sin t cos 2a - cos t sin 2a dt
= # dx sin t
(a3/2) 2 - (x3/2) 2
Substituting x3/2 = a3/2 t we get = # cos 2a dt - # sin 2a $ cot t dt
3 x1/2 dx = a3/2 dt & x dx = 2 a3/2 dt = cos 2a [t] - sin 2a [log | sin t |] + C1
2 3
2 3/2 = (x + a) cos 2a - sin 2a log sin (x + a) + C1
3a
Thus I = # dt
(a ) - (a3/2 t) 2
3/2 2
= x cos 2a - sin 2a log sin (x + a) + C ,
= 2 a3/2 # dt
3 3/2 where, C = a cos 2a + C1
a 1 - t2
= 2# dt (x2 + 1) ex
3 1 - t2 127. Find # dx .
2 sin-1 t + C (x + 1) 2
=
3 b1l # a2dx
- x2
= sin-1 a x k + C
a
Sol : Delhi 2014
3/2 (x2 + 1)
= 2 sin-1 c x3/2 m + C We have I = # ex dx
3/2
t = x3/2
3 a a (x + 1) 2
x3 + C (x2 + 1 + 2x - 2x)
= 2 sin-1 e o = # ex
(x + 1) 2
dx
3 a3
(x + 1) 2 - 2x
125. Evaluate # x sin-1 x dx . = # ex f p dx
(x + 1) 2
Sol : 1 - x2 Foreign 2016; Delhi 2012
= # ex c1 - 2x 2 m dx
x sin x dx -1 (x + 1)
We have I = # x
1 - x2 = # e dx - 2 # ex $
x
dx
Substituting -1
sin x = t we get (x + 1) 2
1 = ex - 2 # ex c x + 1 - 21 m dx
dx = dt (x + 1)
1 - x2 (- 1)
= ex - 2 # ex e 1 +
(x + 1) (x + 1) 2 o
Thus I = # t sin tdt dx
Using integration by parts, taking t as the first (- 1)
function and sin t as the second function, we get Here f (x) = 1 and f l (x) =
x+1 (x + 1) 2
I = # tI sinII t dt The above integrand is of the form ex [f (x) + f' (x)].
Using fact we # ex [f (x) + f l (x)] dx = ex f (x) + C have
= t # sin t dt - # : d (t) $ # sin t dtD dt
dt 1 +C
I = ex - 2ex
= - t cos t - # (1 # - cos t) dt (x + 1)
= - t cos t + # cos tdt = ex b x + 1 - 2 l + C

x+1
= - t cos t + sin t + C = ex b x - 1 l + C
x+1
= - t 1 - sin2 t + sin t + C x3
-1
Substituting t = sin x & x = sin t we have
128. Find # dx .
x + 3x2 + 2
4
Sol : Comp 2014
I = - sin-1 x 1 - x2 + x + C
We have I =x3 # dx
sin (x - a) x + 3x2 + 24
126. Evaluate # dx .
Sol :
sin (x + a) Substituting x2 = t & 2x = dt & x dx = dt we have
Foreign 2015; Delhi 2013 dx 2
1
I = # 2 t dt
sin (x - a) 2 t + 3t + 2
We have I = # sin (x + a)
dx
Substituting t = x3 & dt = 3x2 dx we have = - 1 $ cos 2x - 1 :- cos 6x + cos 4x D + C

4 2 4 6 4
I = # dt
3t (t + 1) = - cos 2x + cos 6x - cos 4x + C
8 24 16
= 1 # :1 - 1 D dt
3 t t+1 1 - sin x e -2x dx .
136. Evaluate # 1 + cos x
= 1 [log t - log t + 1 ] + C Sol : Comp 2013
3
= 1 log t + C 1 - sin x e -2x dx
3 t+1 We have I #
3
1 + cos x
= 1 log 3x +C t = x5
Substituting - x = t & dx = - 2dt we have
3 x +1 2
134. Evaluate # dx . 1 - sin (- 2t) t
x (x3 + 8) I = # $ e (- 2dt)
Sol : OD 2013 1 + cos (- 2t)
Using the fact sin (- q) = - sin q and cos (- q) = cos q
We have I = # dx we have
x (x3 + 8)
I = - 2 # et 1 + sin 2t dt
= # x2 dx 1 + cos 2t
x (x3 + 8)
3
(cos t + sin t) 2
Substituting t = x3 & dt = 3x2 dx we have = - 2 # et e o dt
2 cos2 t
I = # dt = - # et b cos t + 2sin t l dt
3t (t + 8) 2 cos t
= 1 # 1 :1 - 1 D dt = - # et (sec t + tan t sec t) dt
3 8 t t+8
Now, let f (t) = sec t , then f l (t) = sec t tan tdt .
= 1 # :1 - 1 D dt Thus, the given integrand is of the form
24 t t + 8
= 1 [log t - log t + 8 ] + C I = # et [f (t) + f l (t)] dt .
24
Using # et [f (t) + f l (t)] dt = et f (t) + C we have
= 1 log t + C
24 t+8 t
I = - e sec t + C
3
= 1 log 3x +C
= - e-x/2 sec x + C
5
t=x
24 x +1
2
135. Evaluate # sin x $ sin 2x $ sin 3x dx . + sin x ex dx .
137. Evaluate # b 11 + cos x l
Sol : Comp 2012
I = # sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx
+ sin x ex dx
# b 11 + cos x l
We have I =
= 1 # sin x (2 sin 2x sin 3x) dx
2 Using the fact sin x = 2 sin x2 cos x2 and
1
= # sin x [cos (2x - 3x) - cos (2x + 3x)] dx 2x
2 1 + cos x = 2 cos 2 we have
1
= # sin x [cos (- x) - cos 5x] dx 1 + 2 sin x2 cos x2
2 I = # $ ex dx
2 cos2 x2
= 1 # sin x (cos x - cos 5x) dx
= # b 1 sec2 x + tan x l ex dx
cos (- x) = cos x
2
2 2 2
= 1 # sin x cos x dx - 1 # sin x cos 5x dx
2 2 = # ex b tan x + 1 sec2 x l dx
2 2 2
= # 2 sin x cos x dx - 1 # (2 sin x cos 5x) dx
1
4 4 Here, f (x) = tan x and f l (x) = 1 sec2 x
2 2 2
1 1
= # sin 2x - # {sin (x + 5x) + sin (x - 5x)} dx
2 4 Using the fact # ex [f (x) + f l (x)] dx = ex f (x) + C we
have,
= 1 # sin 2x dx - 1 # [sin 6x + sin (- 4x)] dx
4 4 I = ex tan x + C
1 1 2
= # sin 2x dx - # (sin 6x - sin 4x) dx
4 4
Sol : OD 2014
Consider, f (x) = sin3 x .
We have I = #2
4 x dx Then, f (- x) = sin3 (- x)
x2 + 1
= (- sin x) 3
Substituting x2 + 1 = t & 2x dx = dt & x dx = dt
2
When x = 2 , then t = 22 + 1 = 5 = - sin3 x
When x = 4 , then t = 42 + 1 = 17 . = - f (x)
I = # 1 dt
17
Thus Thus f (x) is an odd function.
5 t 2
1 17 1 Thus, the given integrand is an odd function.
= # dt
25 t I =0
= 1 [log t ] 17
2 5
p/2
146. Write the value of the following integral #- p/2 sin5 x dx .
= 1 [log 17 - log 5] Sol :
2 OD 2010
= 1 log a 17 k log m - log n = log m Use, the property

a
#-a f (x) dx = 0 , if f (x) is an odd
2 5 n
function.
143. Evaluate #0
3 dx . p/2
Sol :
9 + x2
Delhi 2014
We have I = #- p/2 sin5 x dx
Consider, f (x) = sin5 x .
I = # dx 2
3
We have
0 9+x Then, f (- x) = sin5 (- x)
= # 2 dx 2
3
0 x + (3) = (- sin x) 5
= :1 tan-1 x D
3
= - sin5 x = - f (x)
3 3 0
Thus f (x) is an odd function.
= 1 ;tan-1 b 3 l - tan-1 (0)E Thus, the given integrand is an odd function.
3 3
= 1 [tan-1 (1) - 0] I =0
3
= 1`pj= p
p
3 4 12
147. Evaluate #- p (1 - x2) sin x $ cos2 x dx .
Sol : Delhi 2019
144. Evaluate #0
1 tan-1 x dx .
p
1 + x2 We have I = #- p (1 - x2) sin x cos2 x dx
Sol : Comp 2014, OD 2009
-1 Here f (x) = (1 - x2) sin x cos2 x

I = # tan x2 dx
1
We have
0 1+x
f (- x) = [1 - (- x) 2] sin (- x) cos2 (- x)
Substituting tan x = t & 1 2 dx = dt
-1
1+x = (1 - x2) (- sin x) cos2 x
When x = 0 , then t = 0
= - (1 - x2) sin x cos2 x
When x = 1, then t = p/4 .
p/4 = - f (x)
Thus I = #0 tdt
Thus f (x) is odd function and for odd function
= :t D
2 r /4
a
2 0 #-a f (x) dx = 0
= 1 8` p j - (0) 2B = p
2
2
Thus I =0
2 4 32
p/4 x
145. Evaluate #- p/4 sin3 x dx . 148. Evaluate #
2
dx .
-1 x
Sol : Comp 2010 Sol : Delhi 2019
a
Use, the property #-a f (x) dx = 0 , if f (x) is an odd 2 x
function. We have I = #-1 x
dx
We have I =
p/4
#- p/4 sin3 x dx 0 x 2 x
= +
#
-1 x dx #
0 x dx
Sol : Delhi 2013 4 2 4

Now I = #0 x dx + #0 (2 - x) dx + #2 (x - 2) dx
For, 2 # x 1 5 , x - 2 = (x - 2) 4
+ # (4 - x) dx
0
For, 2 # x 1 3 , x - 3 = - (x - 3) 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4
= :x D + :2x - x D + :x - 2x D + :4x - x D
2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0
For, 3 # x 1 5 , x - 3 = (x - 3)
and 2 # x 1 5 , x - 5 = - (x - 5)
= (8) + [(4 - 2) - 0] + [(8 - 8) - (2 - 4)] + :16 - 16 D
5
2
Thus I = #2 [ x - 2 + x - 3 + x - 5 ] dx
= 8 + 2 + 2 + (16 - 8) = 20
5 3 5
= #2 (x - 2) dx + #2 (3 - x) dx + #3 (x - 3) dx 3
5 156. Evaluate # [ x - 1 + x - 2 + x - 3 ] dx .
- # (x - 5) dx 1
2 Sol : Delhi 2013
(x - 2) 2 5 (x - 3) 2 3 (x - 3) 2 5 (x - 5) 2 5
=;
2 E ; 2 E ; 2 E ; 2 E
- + - For, 1 # x 1 3 , x - 1 = (x - 1)
2 2 3 2
2 2 2
= : 3 D + :1 D + : 2 D + : 3 D For, 1 # x 1 2 , x - 2 = - (x - 2)
2 2 2 2
9 1
= + +2+ = 9 23 For, 2 # x 1 3 , x - 2 = (x - 2)
2 2 2 2
and 1 # x 1 3 , x - 3 = - (x - 3)
154. Evaluate #0
2p 1 dx .
1 + e sinx 4
Sol : OD 2013 We have I = #
1
( x - 1 + x - 2 + x - 3 ) dx
We have dx I = #0
2p
...(i) =
3 2 3
# (x - 1) dx - 1# (x - 2) dx + #2 (x - 2) dx - 1# (x - 3) dx
3
1 + e sinx 1
a a
Using the fact # f (x) dx = # f (a - x) dx we have (x - 1) 2 3 (x - 2) 2 2 (x - 2) 2 3 (x - 3) 2 3
=;
2 E1 ; 2 E1 ; 2 E2 ; 2 E1
0 0 - + -
I = dx #0
2p
2
2 (- 2)
= : 2 D + :1 D + :1 D + ;
2 E
1 + e sinx (2p - x)
2p dx 2 2 2
= #
0 1 + e- sinx = 2+1+1+2 = 5
2 2
I = #
2p e sin x dx ...(ii)
0 e x+1
sin
157. Evaluate #0
p x tan x dx .
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get sec x $ cosec x
Sol : Delhi 2011C, 2008, OD 2009
I+I = # dx 2p
+#
2p e sin x dx
0 1+e sin x 0 1 + esin x We have I = x tan x
#0
p
dx ...(i)
sin x
sec x $ cosec x
2p (1 + e ) a a
2I = # dx Using the fact # f (x) dx = # f (a - x) dx , we get
0 (1 + e sin x ) 0 0
2p (p - x) tan (p - x)
p
= #0 1 dx I = # dx
0 sec (p - x) cosec (p - x)
= [x] 2r p (p - x) (- tan x)
0
= # dx
0 - sec x cosec x
2I = 2p - 0 = 2p
(p - x) tan x p
= #0
sec x cosec x
dx ...(ii)
I =p
5
155. Evaluate #2 [ x + x - 2 + x - 4 ] dx . p tan x dx
p
Sol : Delhi 2013

2I = #0
sec x cosec x
2
p sin x (cos x)
4 I =p# dx
We have I = #0 [ x + x - 2 + x - 4 ] dx 20 (cos x)
= p # sin2 x dx
p
For, 0 1 x 1 4 , x =x 20
= p # b 1 - cos 2x l dx
p
For 0 1 x # 2 , x - 2 = - (x - 2) cos 2q = 1 - 2 sin2 q
20 2
For 2 # x 1 4 , x - 2 = (x - 2) = p :x - sin 2x D
p
4 2 0
For 0 1 x 1 4 , x - 4 = - (x - 4)
Using the fact sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x and ^2x + 3h dx 3 dx

I =1# 2
2 x + 3x + 2 2 # x2 + 3x + 2
Now -
cos 2x = 1 - 2 sin2 x we have
I = # ex b 2 sin 2x cos 2x - 4 dx = 1 I1 - 3 I2
2 sin2 2x l 2 2
where I1 = # 2 2x + 3 dx
= # ex b 2 sin 2x 2cos 2x - 4
2 sin2 2x l
dx x + 3x + 2
2 sin 2x
and I2 = # 2 dx
= # ex (cot 2x - 2 cosec2 2x) dx x + 3x + 2
Here, f (x) = cot 2x Now, I1 = # 2 2x + 3 dx
x + 3x + 2
f' (x) = - 2 cosec2 2x Substituting x2 + 3x + 2 = t & ^2x + 3h dx = dt we
Using the fact # ex [f (x) + f l (x)] dx = ex f (x) + C we have
have,
I1 = # dtt = log t + C1
I = ex cot 2x + C
4
= log x2 + 3x + 2 + C1
163. Evaluate # ( x - 1 + x - 2 + x - 4 ) dx .
# x2 +dx dx
1
Sol : OD 2017, Comp 2011 and I2 = = #
^x + 2 h + 2 - 4
3 2
3x + 2 9
For, 1 # x 1 4 , x - 1 = (x - 1) dx
= #
^ 2h - ^2h
3 2 1 2
x +
For, 1 # x 1 2 , x - 2 = - (x - 2)
1 log x + 2 - 2 + C
3 1
For, 2 # x 1 4 , x - 2 = (x - 2) = 1
2# 2 x + 2 + 12
3
and 1 # x 1 4 , x - 4 = - (x - 4)
= log x + 1 + C2
4
x+2
We have I = # ( x - 1 + x - 2 + x - 4 ) dx
I = 1 log x2 + 3x + 2 + 1 C1 - 3 log x + 1 - 3 C2
1
4 2 4 4 2 2 2 x+2 2
= #
1
(x - 1) dx - #
1
(x - 2) dx + #2 (x - 2) dx - #
1
(x - 4) dx
(x - 1) 2 4 (x - 2) 2 2 (x - 2) 2 4 (x - 4) 2 4 = 1 log x2 + 3x + 2 - 3 log x + 1 + C
=; 2 2 x+2
2 E ; 2 E ; 2 E ; 2 E
- + -
1 1 2 1
2 2 (- 3) 2 where C = 1 C1 - 3 C2
= : 3 D + :1 D + : 2 D + ;
2 E
2 2
2 2 2
= 9 + 1 + 2 + 9 = 23 3x + 5 dx .
2 2 2 2 165. Find : #
x2 + 3x - 18
Sol : Delhi 2019
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS We have I = 3x + 5 dx

# ...(1)
x2 + 3x - 18
Now 3x + 5 = A d (x2 + 3x - 18) + B
dx
164. Find # x2 + 3xx + 2 dx or 3x + 5 = A (2x + 3) + B ...(2)
Sol : OD 2020
Comparing the coefficient of x on both side, we have
We have I = # x2 + 3xx + 2 dx 2A = 3 & A = 3

2
and comparing the constant on both side, we get
Let x = A d ^x2 + 3x + 2h + B
dx 5 = 3A + B
x = ^2x + 3h A + B
B = 5 - 3A & B = 5 - 3 b 3 l = 1
x = 2Ax + ^3A + B h 2 2
Comparing both side we have Now 3
3x + 5 = (2x + 3) + 1 ...(3
2 2
2A = 1 and 3A + B = 0 3
(2x + 3) + 12
Now I = # 2
dx
x2 + 3x - 18
A = 1 , B =- 3
2 2
2 = A (1 + t2) + (Bt + C) (1 - t) ...(1) Now I =1# 1 dt + t + 1 dt

#
1-t 1 + t2
Substituting t = 1 in eq. (1), we get
2 = A (1 + 1) + 0 & A = 1 ...(2) = # 1 dt + 1 # 2t 2 dt + # 1 2 dt
1-t 2 1+t 1+t
Substituting t = 0 in eq. (2), we get 1 2 -1
= - log 1 - t + log 1 + t + tan t + C
2
2 = A+C & 2 = 1+C & C = 1
Substituting t = - 1 in eq. (1), we get = - log 1 - sin x + 1 log 1 + sin2 x
2
+ tan-1 (sin x) + C
2 = 2A + (- B + C) (2)
1 + sin2 x + C
= tan-1 (sin x) + log
2 = 2 - 2B + 2 1 - sin x
Here we have used the fact log m - log n = log ^ mn h and
2B = 2 & B = 1
n log m = log mn
Thus 2 = 1 + t + 12 4
(1 - t) (1 + t2) 1-t 1+t 170. Find # dx .
(x - 2) (x2 + 4)
1 dt + t + 1 dt Sol : Comp 2018
Now I =1# #
1-t 1 + t2
We have I = # 4 dx
= 1 dt + 1 #
# 1- 2t dt + # 1 dt (x - 2) (x2 + 4)
t 2 1 + t2 1 + t2
Now 4 = A + Bx2 + C
= - log 1 - t + 1 log 1 + t2 + tan-1 t + C (x - 2) (x2 + 4) (x - 2) x +4
2
4 = A (x2 + 4) + (Bx + C) (x - 2)
= - log 1 - sin x + 1 log 1 + sin2 x
2 4 = x2 (A + B) + x (- 2B + C) + 4A - 2C
+ tan-1 (sin x) + C
Equating the coefficients of x2 , x and constant in
2
= tan (sin x) + log 1 + sin x + C
-1 both sides, we get
1 - sin x
Here we have used the fact log m - log n = log ^ mn h and A+B = 0 ...(1)
n log m = log mn - 2B + C = 0 ...(2)
169. Find # 2 cos x dx . and 4A - 2C = 4 ...(3)
(1 - sin x) (1 + sin2 x)
Sol : OD 2018, Foreign 2007 Solving eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get
We have I = # 2 cos x dx A = 1 , B = - 1 and C = - 1

(1 - sin x) (1 + sin2 x) 2 2
Substituting sin x = t & cos x dx = dt we have 4
1
-1x-1
Thus = 2
+ 22
2
(x - 2) (x + 4) (x - 2) x +4
I = # 2 dt
(1 - t) (1 + t2) Now I = # 4 dx
(x - 2) (x2 + 4)
Now, let 2 = A + Bt + C
(1 - t) (1 + t2) 1-t 1 + t2 1
-1x-1
= # 2
dx + # 22 dx
2 = A (1 + t2) + (Bt + C) (1 - t) ...(1) (x - 2) x +4
Substituting t = 1 in eq. (1), we get = 1 # dx - # x + 2 dx
2 (x - 2) 2 (x2 + 4)
2 = A (1 + 1) + 0 & A = 1 ...(2)
= 1 log x - 2 - 1 log x2 + 4 - 1 tan-1 a x k + C
Substituting t = 0 in eq. (2), we get 2 4 2 2
2 = A+C & 2 = 1+C & C = 1 171. Find # 2x dx .
(x2 + 1) (x2 + 2) 2
Substituting t = - 1 in eq. (1), we get Sol : Delhi 2017
2 = 2A + (- B + C) (2) 2x
We have I = # dx
(x2 + 1) (x2 + 2) 2
2 = 2 - 2B + 2
Substituting x2 = t & 2x dx = dt we have
2B = 2 & B = 1 dt
I = #
(t + 1) (t + 2) 2
Thus 2 = 1 + t + 12
(1 - t) (1 + t2) 1-t 1+t
Page 242 Integrals CHAPTER 7
= [x sin x -
2
# sin x dx ] -2 2 + #-2 sin x dx + [x] -2 2 (a) 2m + n (b) m + 2n
2 2 (c) m - n (d) m + n
= 2 sin 2 - 2 sin 2 - #-2 sin x dx + -# 2 sin x dx + (2 + 2) Sol : Comp 2018
=4
2a a

# f (x) dx
0
= # 0
{f (2a - x) + f (x)} dx
a a
= # f (2a - x) dx + # f (x) dx
17. #0 1sin
p/2 x - cos x dx is equal to 0 0
+ sin x cos x = m+n
(a) 0 (b) p
4
(c) p (d) p
2
Sol : OD 2008 20. # 1 + cos 2x dx =
We have I = #0 sin x - cos x dx

p/2
...(1) (a) 2 cos x + c (b) 2 sin x + c
1 + sin x cos x
p/2 sin ^ 2 - x h - cos ^ 2 - x h
p p (c) - cos x - sin x + c (d) 2 sin x + c
2
= # dx
0 1 + sin ^ p2 - x h cos ^ p2 - x h Sol : OD 2014, Comp 2012
p/2 cos x - sin x

= # dx ...(2) We have I = # 1 + cos 2x dx
0 1 + cos x sin x
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get = # 2 cos2 x dx
2I = #0
p/2 0 dx
1 + sin x cos x = # 2 cos xdx
=0
Thus, I = 2 sin x + c
I =0
x
p1 + cos 2x dx is equal to
21. # (x xe
+ 1) 2 dx =
18. # 2
0
(a) ex +c
x
(b) - e + c
(a) 0 (b) 2 (x + 1) 2 x+1
(c) 4 (d) - 2 x x
(c) x e+ 1 + c (d) - e 2 + c
Sol : Foreign 2010, OD 2009 (x + 1)
Sol : Foreign 2007
#0
p 1 + cos 2x dx = #0
p 2 cos2 x dx
2 2 x
= #
p
cos x dx 2 We have I = # ^1 xe
+ xh
dx 2
0 x
p Adding and subtracting e in numerator
= #0 cos x dx x x x
= #0
p/2
cos x dx -
p
#p/2 cos x dx
I = # xe ^1++e x-h e 2
= #e = 1 - 1
1 + x ^1 + x h G
x
= [sin x] p0 /2 - [sin x] pp/2 2
= [1 - 0] - [0 - 1] Let, f ^x h = 1
1+x
= 1+1
f l^x h = -1
=2 ^1 + x h2
x
Thus (b) is correct option. Hence, I = e +c
1+x
a a Thus (c) is correct option.
19. If #
0
f (2a - x) dx = m and # 0
f (x) dx = n , then
2a a
# f (x) dx
0
is equal to 22. If f (- x) = - f (x) then #
-a
f (x) dx =
p
Differentiating both sides with respect to x , we get
40. #
-p
sin3 x cos 4 xdx is equal to
dx = a cos q $ d q
(a) 0 (b) 1
2 Substituting above in given integral we have
(c) 1 (d) None of these
a cos q $ d q
Sol : Delhi 2018 I = # a2 - a2 sin2 q
f (x) = sin3 x cos 4 x a cos q $ d q
We have = # a 1 - sin2 q
3 4
Hence, f (- x) = sin (- x) . cos (- x)
a cos q $ d q
= - sin3 x cos 4 x
= # a cos q
= # dq
= - f (x)
Since f (x) is an odd function = q+c
= sin-1 a x k + c
p
Hence, #
-p
sin3 x cos 4 xdx = 0
a
Thus (a) is correct option. Therefore (A) is false but (R) is true
1
dx
41. # ex + e-x
is equal to
4
dx = log 2
0
(a) p (b) tan e - p

-1
43. Assertion (A) : #
2 x
4 4
# f ^x hdx = F^b h - Fâ h
b
Reason (R) :
(c) cot-1 e - p (d) p
a
4 2
Sol : OD 2014, Foreign 2008 (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
1
dx 1
ex dx
We have # e + e-x
x = # e2x + 1
0 0
Substituting ex = t & ex dx = dt we have (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
1
dx e dt (d) (A) is false but (R) is true
# ex + e-x
= # t2 + 1
-1 e
= (tan t) 1
dx 4
Let, I =
x#
= tan e - p -1 2
4 = log x 24
= log 4 - log 2
dx = tan-1 x + c
42. Assertion (A) : # a2 - x2 a = log 4
2
= log 2
Reason (R) : If we let x = a sin q then given function
becomes constant. Therefore both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Thus (a) is correct option.
explanation of (A).
p
# sin2 xdx = p
2
44. Assertion (A) :
correct explanation of (A). -p 2
2
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. Reason (R) : Here f ^x h is even function
if f ^- x h = f ^x h : f ^x h dx = 2 f ^x h dx .
a a
# #
Sol : Comp 2017 -a 0
dx
We have I = # a2 - x2
explanation of (A).
Let x = a sin q correct explanation of (A).
= - # (log t) $ 1 dt (x - 1) 2
= # ex ) - 3 dx
(x - 1) 3 (x - 1) 3
= - ;log t # 1 dt - # : d (log t) # 1 dtD dtE
= # ex ' 1 2 - 2
(x - 1) 3 1
dt dx
1 (x - 1)
= - :(log t) $ t - # $ tdtD
t = # ex $ {f (x) + f' (x)} dx ,
= - t $ log t + t + C
Now substituting the value of t , we get where f (x) = 1 and f l (x) = - 2 3
(x - 1) 2 (x - 1)
I = - cos x log cos x + cos x + C Thus I = ex $ f (x) + C
119. Find # 3 - 2x - x2 dx . = ex $ 1 +C
Sol : OD 2019
(x - 1) 2
= ex +C
We have I = # 3 - 2x - x2 dx (x - 1) 2
= # - (x2 + 2x - 3) dx 122. Find # x - 5 ex dx .
(x - 3) 3
= # - (x2 + 2x + 1 - 4) dx Sol : OD 2019
= # - ((x2 + 1) 2 - 22) dx (x - 5)
We have I = # $ ex dx
(x - 3) 3
= # 22 - (x + 1) 2 dx (x - 3 - 2) x
Substituting x + 1 = t & dx = dt we have = # $ e dx
(x - 3) 3
(x - 3) 2
I = # 22 - t2 dt = # ex ) - 3 dx
(x - 3) 2 (x - 3) 2
= 1 ;t 22 - t2 + 22 sin-1 b t lE + C = # ex ' 1 2 - 2
(x - 3) 3 1
dx
2 2 (x - 3)
Now substituting the original value of t , we get = # ex {f (x) + f l (x)} dx ,
I = 1 ;(x + 1) 3 - 2x - x2 + 4 sin-1 b x + 1 lE + C where f (x) = 1 and f l (x) = - 2
2 2 (x - 3) 2 (x - 3) -3
sin3 x + cos3 x dx . Thus using the fact # ex [f (x) + f l (x)] dx = ex f (x) + C
120. Find # we have
sin2 x cos2 x
I = ex f (x) + C
3 3
x + cos x dx
# c sin
sin2 x cos2 x m
We have I = ex
= +C
3 3
(x - 3) 2
= # c sin x + cos x
sin x cos x sin x cos2 x m
dx dx
2 2 2
123. Find # .
5 - 8x - x2
Sol : OD 2017
# b sin2x
+ cos x dx
cos x sin2 x l
=
We have I = # dx
= # [(tan x $ sec x) + (cot x $ cosec x)] dx 5 - 8x - x 2
= # dx
= # sec x $ tan x dx + # cot x $ cosec x dx 5 - 2 $ 4 $ x - x2 - (4) 2 + (4) 2
= sec x + (- cosec x) + C = # dx
5 + 16 - [x2 + (4) 2 + 2 $ 4 $ x]
= sec x - cosec x + C dx
= #
21 - (x + 4) 2
121. Find # x - 3 ex dx . dx
(x - 1) 3 = #
Sol : OD 2019
( 21) 2 - (x + 4) 2
Using the fact # 2dx 2 = 1 log a + x + C we have
(x - 3) x a -x 2a a-x
We have I = # e dx
(x - 1) 3
I = 1 log 21 + x + 4 + C
ex (x - 1 - 2) 2 21 21 - x - 4
= # dx
(x - 1) 3
Now 1 = A + B + C 2 1 - t+ 5 1 1 1
(t + 1) (t + 2) 2 t + 1 t + 2 (t + 2) Thus, = 5 + 25
(t + 1) (t2 + 4) t+1 t +4
2
1 A (t + 2) + B (t + 1) (t + 2) + C (t + 1) 1
t 1 1
= = 5
- + 25
5
(t + 1) (t + 2) 2 (t + 1) (t + 2) 2 t+1 2
t +4 t +4
1 = A (t + 2) 2 + B (t + 1) (t + 2) + C (t + 1) (1) dt
Now, I = #
Substituting t = - 1 in eq. (1), we get (t + 1) (t2 + 4)
1 1 1
1 = A (- 1 + 2) 2 + 0 + 0 & 1 = A t
= # t +5 1 dt - 2
5
dt + # 2
5
dt
t +4 t +4
Substituting t = - 2 in eq. (i), we get
1 = 0 + 0 + C (- 2 + 1) & 1 = - C & C = - 1 = 1 # 1 dt - 1 # 2 t dt - 1 # 2 1 dt
5 t+1 5 t +4 5 t +4
Comparing the coefficient of x2 of both side in eq (1)
we have = 1 log t + 1 - 1 ;1 log t2 + 4 - 1 tan-1 b t lE + C
5 5 2 2 2
0 = A+B 2
= 1 log x2 + 1 - 1 :1 log x 4 + 4 - 1 tan-1 b x lE + C
5 5 2 2 2
Thus A =- B =- 1
173. Find # cos q dq .
Now 1 = 1 - 1 - 1 (4 + sin2 q) (5 - 4 cos2 q)
(t + 1) (t + 2) 2 t + 1 t + 2 (t + 2) 2 Sol : OD 2017, Comp 2015
I = # 1 dt - # 1 dt - # 1 dt
cos q
t+1 t+2 (t + 2) 2 We have I = # dq
(4 + sin2 q) (5 - 4 cos2 q)
(t + 2) -1 cos q
= log t + 1 - log t + 2 -
-1
+C = # dq
(4 + sin2 q) [5 - 4 (1 - sin2 q)]
= log t + 1 - log t + 2 + 1 + C cos q
(t + 2) = # dq
(4 + sin2 q) (5 - 4 + 4 sin2 q)
= log x + 1 - log x + 2 + 2 1
2 2
+C cos q
(x + 2) = # dq
2x (4 + sin2 q) (1 + 4 sin2 q)
172. Find # dx .
Substituting sin q = t & cos q dq = dt we have
(x2 + 1) (x 4 + 4)
Sol : Delhi 2017
I = # dt ...(i)
We have I = # 2 2x dx (4 + t2) (1 + 4t2)
(x + 1) (x 4 + 4) Now 1 = A 2+ B 2
Substituting x2 = t & 2x dx = dt (4 + t2) (1 + 4t2) 4+t 1 + 4t
dt 1 = A (1 + 4t2) + B (4 + t2) (1)
I = #
(t + 1) (t2 + 4) Substituting t = 0 in eq (1) we have
Now, 1 = A + Bt2 + C 1 = A + 4B (2)
(t + 1) (t2 + 4) t+1 t +4
Substituting t = 1 in eq (1) we have
1 = A (t2 + 4) + (Bt + C) (t + 1) (1)
Substituting t = - 1 in eq. (1), we get 1 = 5A + 5B (3)
Solving eqs. (2) and (3), we get
1 = A (12 + 4) + 0 & 1 = 5A & A = 1
5
Comparing the coefficient of t2 , t and constant term A = - 1 and B = 4

15 15
both side in eq (1) we obtain
Substituting A = - 1 and B = 4 in eq. (ii), we get
15 15
A+B = 0 ...(2)
1 - 1 4
2 = 2 +
15 15
Thus 2
B+C = 0 ...(3) (4 + t ) (1 + 4t ) 4+t 1 + 4t2
= -1 + 4
4A + C = 1 ...(4) 15 (4 + t2) 15 (1 + 4t2)
=
Substituting A 15 in (2) we get dt
Now I = #
B = - A = - 15 (4 + t2) (1 + 4t2)
Substituting B = - 15 in (3) we get = # -1 + 4
15 (4 + t2) 15 (1 + 4t2)
C =- B = 1
= - 1 # 1 2 dt + 4 # 1 dt
5
15 4 + t 15 1 + 4t2
= (- 1) # ; 1 - x2 + 3x - 2 dx Now, given integral becomes

1 - x2 E
#
I= # (1 - 2x) 2 + x - x2 dx + 2 # 2 + x - x2 dx
= (- 1) ; # 1 - x2 dx + # 3x - 22 dx E
1-x Let I = I1 + I2 ...(ii)
Let I = (- 1) [I1 + I2]
Now I1 = # (1 - 2x) 2 + x - x2 dx
or - I = I1 + I2 ...(1)
Substituting 2 + x - x2 = t we get
Now, I1 = #1 - x2 dx
(1 - 2x) dx = dt
Using # a2 - x2 dx = 1 :x a2 - x2 + a2 sin-1 a x kD + C
2 a Thus I1 = # t dt
I1 = 1 [x 1 - x2 + sin-1 x] + C1 ...(2)
= 2 (t) 2 + C1
3
2
3
3x - 2 dx
= 2 (2 + x - x2) 2 + C1
3
Now, I2 = #
1 - x2 3
= # 3x dx - 2 # dx and I2 = # 2 + x - x2 dx
1 - x2 1 - x2
= # - (x2 - x - 2) dx
= - 3 # - 2x 2 dx - 2 # dx
2 1-x 1 - x2 = # - (x2 - 2 # 12 x + 14 - 14 - 2) dx
= - 3 # 2 1 - x2 - 2 sin-1 x + C2
2 = # - {(x - 12 ) 2 - 94 } dx
= - 3 1 - x2 - 2 sin-1 x + C2 ...(3)
= # 9
4 - (x - 12 ) 2 dx
From eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we have
= # ( 32 ) 2 - (x - 12 ) 2 dx
- I = 1 [x 1 - x2 + sin-1 (x)] + C1
2
Using # a2 - x2 dx = 1 :x a2 - x2 + a2 sin-1 a x k + C ,
- 3 1 - x2 - 2 sin-1 (x) + C2 2 a
x - 12
I2 = 1 >(x - 12 ) 9
- (x - 12 ) 2 + 94 sin- e oH + C2
- I = 1 x 1 - x2 - 3 sin-1 x - 3 1 - x2 + C1 + C2 2 4 3
2 2 2
or I = sin x - x 1 - x2 + 3 1 - x2 + C
3 -1 Now I = I1 + I2
2 2
(2x - 1)
where, C = - C1 - C2 = 2 (2 + x - x2) 3/2 + 2 + x - x2
3 2
182. Evaluate # (3 - 2x) 2 + x - x2 dx . + 9 sin-1 b 2x - 1 l + C E
4 3
Sol : OD 2015 where, C = C1 + C2 .
We have I = # (3 - 2x) 2 + x - x2 dx log x

Given integral is the form of # (px + q) ax2 + bx + c dx 183. Find # dx .
(x + 1) 2
Now (3 - 2x) = A d (2 + x - x2) + B
dx log x
3 - 2x = A (1 - 2x) + B ...(i) We have I = # dx
(x + 1) 2
3 - 2x = A - 2Ax + B 1
= # log x $
dx
(x + 1) 2
3 - 2x = A + B - 2Ax Using integration by parts technique
Comparing the coefficients of x and constant terms, # uI $ vdx = ;u # vdx - # & d u $ # vdx 0 dx E
we get II dx
and choosing its function with the help of ILATE
- 2A = - 2 & A = 1 procedure we have
and A+B = 3 & 1+B = 3 & B = 2 dx - # d log x $ dx
I = log x $ # <dx #
(x + 1) 2 F dx
(x + 1) 2
Thus, 3 - 2x = (1 - 2x) + 2
(- 1) 1
3 - 2x = d (2 + x - x2) + 2
= log x $
x+1
+ # x (x + 1)
dx
dx
I2 = log ^x - 92 h + ^x - 2 h - ^ 2 h + C1
9 2 1 2
= p [tan-1 (1) - tan-1 (- 1)]
2
2
= log x - 92 + x2 - 9 + 20 + C2 ...(3) = p 9 p - a- p kC = p 9 p C = p
2 4 4 4 2 4
Substituting the values of I1 and I2 from Eqs. (2) and 2
(3) in eq. (1), we get = p 9 p - a- p kC = p 9 p C = p
2 4 4 4 2 4
I = 3 [2 x2 - 9x + 20 + C1] a a
214. Prove that #0
f (x) dx = # f (a - x) dx . and hence
+ 34 8log x - 92 + x2 - 9x + 20 + C2B p/2 x
0
evaluate # dx .
0 sin x + cos x
I = 6 x2 - 9x + 20 + 34 log x - 92 + x2 - 9x + 20 + C Sol : OD 2019, Delhi 2007
where, C = C1 - C2 . We have #0
a
f (x) dx = #0
a
f (a - x) dx
2 2
a
Consider RHS # f (a - x) dx
a a 0
213. Prove that #0 f (x) dx = #0 f (a - x) dx , hence evaluate Substituting t = a - x , then dt = - dx
p x sin x dx . Also, when x = 0 , then t = a and when x = a , then
I= #0 t=0
1 + cos2 x
Sol : Delhi 2019
a 0
Thus RHS #0 f (a - x) dx = - # f (t) dt
a
a a
We have #0 f (x) dx = #0 f (a - x) dx a
= # f (t) dt
a
0
0 = LHS Hence proved.

Substituting t = a - x , then dt = - dx
Also, when x = 0 , then t = a and when x = a , then Now, I = x #0
p/2
dx ...(1)
t=0 (sin x + cos x)
^ 2 - xh
p
p/2
Thus RHS #0
a
f (a - x) dx = - # f (t) dt
0 = # dx
a
0 sin ( 2 - x) + cos ( p2 - x)
p
=
a p/2 ( p2 - x)
# f (t) dt I = # dx
0 0 (cos x + sin x)
= LHS Hence proved. p/2 ( p2 - x)
= # dx ...(2)
x sin x dx
p 0 (sin x + cos x)
Now, we have I = #0 ...(i) Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
1 + cos2 x
p (p - x) sin (p - x) dx
2I = p dx
p/2
= # 2
#0
sin x + cos x
0 1 + cos2 (p - x)
p (p - x) sin x dx I = p #0 sin x dx
p/2
= # 4 + cos x
0 1 + cos2 x
=p dx
p/2
#0
= p # sin x dx2 - # x sin x dx
p p
4 2 tan x2 1 - tan2 x2
0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos 2 x > + H
1 + tan2 x2 1 + tan2 x2
= p # sin x dx2 - I
p 2x
sec 2
=p#
p/2
0 1 + cos x dx
4 0 1 - tan2 x2 + 2 tan x2
sin x dx p
1 x
2I = p #
1 + cos2 x Substituting t = tan x & 2 sec2 2 dx = dt
0 2
I =p# sin x dx and x = 0 & t = 0 and x = p & t = 1
p
2 0 1 + cos2 x 2
I = #p 1 2dt
Substituting cos x = t & - sin x dx = dt 4 0 (1 - t2 + 2t)
Also, when x = 0 , then t = 1 and when x = p , then
=p# dt
1
dt
t =- 1 4 0 [( 2 ) 2 - (t - 1) 2]
I =- p #
-1 dt 1
Thus 2 + (t - 1)
2 1 1 + t2 = p $ 1 log
2 2 2 2 - (t - 1)
= p # dt 2
1 0
2 -1 1 + t
= p log 2 +1
= p [tan-1 t] 1-1 4 2 2 -1
2
x
2 -1 tan p/2 tan x2
= 1 =log 1 - log = 1 *=x $ 1 2 G - tan x dx
p/2 p/2
G 2
#0 1 dx 4 + #0 2
2 2 +1 2 0 2
= - 1 log = 2 - 1 # 2 +1
G log 1 = 0
[using integration by parts]
2 2 +1 2 +1
= 9x $ tan x C - tan x dx + tan x dx
p/2 p/2 p/2
- 1 2 - 1 2 0
#0 2
#0 2
= log
2 ( 2 + 1) 2 = p $ tan p - 0
2 4
= - 1 log 1
p p
2 ( 2 + 1) 2 I =
2 9tan 4 = 1C
2I = 2 log ( 2 + 1) 2 5x2
2 226. Evaluate # 2 dx .
x + 4x + 3
I = 1 log ( 2 + 1)
1
Thus Hence proved. Sol : OD 2011
2
1 x4 + 1
We have I = #
2 5x2 dx
224. Evaluate # 2 dx . 2
0 x +1 1 x + 4x + 3
Sol : Foreign 2011
x2
=5# dx
2
4 1 x + 4x + 3 2
We have I = #0x + 1 dx
1
x2 + 1 2 2
1 4- + + = 5 # x + 42x + 3 - 4x - 3 dx
= # x 12 1 1 dx 1 x + 4x + 3
x +1
= 5 # c1 - 2 4x + 3 m dx
0
2
1 4- +
= # x 2 1 2 dx 1 x + 4x + 3
0 x +1
= 5 # dx - 5 # 2 4x + 3 dx
2 2
(x2 - 1) (x2 + 1) + 2
1 1 1 x + 4x + 3
= #0 dx
x2 + 1 2 4x + 3
I = 5 [x] 12 - 5 # dx ...(i)
2 2
1 (x - 1) (x + 1) 1 (x + 3) (x + 1)
= # = + 2 2 G dx 4x + 3 = A + B
2
0 x +1 x +1 Now
(x + 3) (x + 1) x+3 x+1
1 2
= # ;x - 1 + 2 2
x + 1E
dx 4x + 3 = A (x + 1) + B (x + 3)
0
3 1 Substituting x = - 1 we get,
= :x - x + 2 tan-1 x D
3 0 - 4 + 3 = 0 + B2 & B = - 12
= 1 - 1 + 2 tan-1 1 - 0 Substituting x = - 3 we get,
3
=- 2 + 2 # p - 4 # 3 + 3 = A (- 2) + 0 & A = 9
2
3 4
9
- 12
I = 5 (2 - 1) - 5 # c 2 +
x + 3 x + 1m
3p - 4 Thus
2
dx
or I = 6 1
= 5 - 5 : 9 log x + 3 - 1 log x + 1 D
2
225. Evaluate #0
p/2 x + sin x dx .
1 + cos x 2 2 1
Sol : OD 2011, Comp 2008
= 5 - 5 ;b 9 log 5 - 1 log 3 l- b 9 log 4 - 1 log 2 lE
2 2 2 2
We have I = #0
p/2 x + sin x dx
1 + cos x 9 1
= 5 - 5 : (log 5 - log 4) - (log 3 - log 2)D
Using the fact 2 2
x x x 9 5 1
= 5 - 5 : log - log D 3 log m - log n = log m
sin x = 2 sin 2 cos 2 and 1 + cos x = 2 cos2 2 we have 2 4 2 2 n
p/2 x + 2 sin $ cos = 5 - 45 log 5 + 5 log 3

x x
I = # 2 2
dx 2 4 2 2
0 2 cos2 x2
log 1 + x
= 1 # x sec2 x dx + # tan x dx
p/2 p/2 1
2 0 I II 2 2
227. Evaluate #0 dx .
0 1 + x2
Sol : Foreign 2011
= 1 &9x # sec2 x dx C
p / 2
2 2 0
1 log 1 + x
- # : d (x) # a sec2 x dx kD dx 1
p/2
We have I = dx #0
0 dx 2 1 + x2
+ # tan x dx
p/2 Substituting x = tan q we have dx = sec2 qdq
0 2
Now 1 = A + B + C 2 1 - t+ 5 1 1 1
(t + 1) (t + 2) 2 t + 1 t + 2 (t + 2) Thus, = 5 + 25
(t + 1) (t2 + 4) t+1 t +4
2
1 A (t + 2) + B (t + 1) (t + 2) + C (t + 1) 1
t 1 1
= = 5
- + 25
5
(t + 1) (t + 2) 2 (t + 1) (t + 2) 2 t+1 2
t +4 t +4
1 = A (t + 2) 2 + B (t + 1) (t + 2) + C (t + 1) (1) dt
Now, I = #
Substituting t = - 1 in eq. (1), we get (t + 1) (t2 + 4)
1 1 1
1 = A (- 1 + 2) 2 + 0 + 0 & 1 = A t
= # t +5 1 dt - 2
5
dt + # 2
5
dt
t +4 t +4
Substituting t = - 2 in eq. (i), we get
1 = 0 + 0 + C (- 2 + 1) & 1 = - C & C = - 1 = 1 # 1 dt - 1 # 2 t dt - 1 # 2 1 dt
5 t+1 5 t +4 5 t +4
Comparing the coefficient of x2 of both side in eq (1)
we have = 1 log t + 1 - 1 ;1 log t2 + 4 - 1 tan-1 b t lE + C
5 5 2 2 2
0 = A+B 2
= 1 log x2 + 1 - 1 :1 log x 4 + 4 - 1 tan-1 b x lE + C
5 5 2 2 2
Thus A =- B =- 1
173. Find # cos q dq .
Now 1 = 1 - 1 - 1 (4 + sin2 q) (5 - 4 cos2 q)
(t + 1) (t + 2) 2 t + 1 t + 2 (t + 2) 2 Sol : OD 2017, Comp 2015
I = # 1 dt - # 1 dt - # 1 dt
cos q
t+1 t+2 (t + 2) 2 We have I = # dq
(4 + sin2 q) (5 - 4 cos2 q)
(t + 2) -1 cos q
= log t + 1 - log t + 2 -
-1
+C = # dq
(4 + sin2 q) [5 - 4 (1 - sin2 q)]
= log t + 1 - log t + 2 + 1 + C cos q
(t + 2) = # dq
(4 + sin2 q) (5 - 4 + 4 sin2 q)
= log x + 1 - log x + 2 + 2 1
2 2
+C cos q
(x + 2) = # dq
2x (4 + sin2 q) (1 + 4 sin2 q)
172. Find # dx .
Substituting sin q = t & cos q dq = dt we have
(x2 + 1) (x 4 + 4)
Sol : Delhi 2017
I = # dt ...(i)
We have I = # 2 2x dx (4 + t2) (1 + 4t2)
(x + 1) (x 4 + 4) Now 1 = A 2+ B 2
Substituting x2 = t & 2x dx = dt (4 + t2) (1 + 4t2) 4+t 1 + 4t
dt 1 = A (1 + 4t2) + B (4 + t2) (1)
I = #
(t + 1) (t2 + 4) Substituting t = 0 in eq (1) we have
Now, 1 = A + Bt2 + C 1 = A + 4B (2)
(t + 1) (t2 + 4) t+1 t +4
Substituting t = 1 in eq (1) we have
1 = A (t2 + 4) + (Bt + C) (t + 1) (1)
Substituting t = - 1 in eq. (1), we get 1 = 5A + 5B (3)
Solving eqs. (2) and (3), we get
1 = A (12 + 4) + 0 & 1 = 5A & A = 1
5
Comparing the coefficient of t2 , t and constant term A = - 1 and B = 4

15 15
both side in eq (1) we obtain
Substituting A = - 1 and B = 4 in eq. (ii), we get
15 15
A+B = 0 ...(2)
1 - 1 4
2 = 2 +
15 15
Thus 2
B+C = 0 ...(3) (4 + t ) (1 + 4t ) 4+t 1 + 4t2
= -1 + 4
4A + C = 1 ...(4) 15 (4 + t2) 15 (1 + 4t2)
=
Substituting A 15 in (2) we get dt
Now I = #
B = - A = - 15 (4 + t2) (1 + 4t2)
Substituting B = - 15 in (3) we get = # -1 + 4
15 (4 + t2) 15 (1 + 4t2)
C =- B = 1
= - 1 # 1 2 dt + 4 # 1 dt
5
15 4 + t 15 1 + 4t2
and A + 2C = 1 ...(5) and B - 4A = 5 & B = 5 + 4A = 5 + 4 b - 1 l = 11

3 3
=
Substituting A 5 in (3) and (5) we get C = 5 and
3 1
Thus, (2x + 5) = - 1 (- 4 - 6x) + 11

B = 25 . 3 3
x2 + x + 1 (2x + 1) - 1
Thus = 3$ 1 +1 2 Now, I =
3
# (- 4 - 6x) 10 - 4x - 3x2 dx
2
(x + 1) (x + 2) 5 (x + 2) 5 (x + 1)
Now I = 3 # dx + 1 # 2
(2x + 1)
dx + 11 # 10 - 4x - 3x2 dx
5 x+2 5 x +2 3
Let I = - 1 11
I + I ...(ii)
= 3 # dx + 1 # 22x + 1 # 2dx 3 1 3 2
5 x+2 5 x +1 5 x +1
Now I1 = # (- 4 - 6x) 10 - 4x - 3x2 dx
= log x + 2 + 1 log x2 + 1 + 1 tan-1 x + C
3
Substituting 10 - 4x - 3x2 = t & (- 4 - 6x) dx = dt
5 5 5
177. Find #
(2x - 5) e2x
dx . I1 = # t dt = 2 t3/2 + C1
3
(2x - 3) 3
Sol :
= 2 (10 - 4x - 3x2) 3/2 + C1
OD 2016
...(iii)
3
2x
(2x - 5) e Now I2 = # 10 - 4x - 3x2 dx
We have I = # dx
(2x - 3) 3
(2x - 3 - 2) e2x = 3 # - bx2 + 4 x - 10 l dx
= # dx 3 3
(2x - 3) 3
- c x2 + 2 $ 2 x + b 2 l - b 2 l - 10 m dx
2 2
e2x e2x = 3 # 3 3 3 3
= # 2 dx - 2 # dx
(2x - 3) (2x - 3) 3
- ;bx + 2 l - 34 E dx
2
= 3 # 3 9
= # e (2x - 3) dx - 2 # e (2x - 3) dx
2x -2 2x -3
34 - x + 2 dx 2
9 b 3l
Using integration by parts technique we get = 3 #
d
# & dx (2x - 3) # e dx 0 dx
-2 2x
I = (2x - 3) -2 # e2x dx - 2
34 2 2
= 3 # c 3 m - bx + 3 l dx
- 2 # e2x (2x - 3) -3 dx
2
3> x+2 34 2 2
2 b 3l c 3 m - bx + 3 l
2x 2x
= (2x - 3) -2 e - # - 2 (2x + 3) -3 # 2 # e dx =
2 2
- 2 # e2x (2x - 3) -3 dx ^x + 3 h
2
+ 34 sin-1 f p + C2H
e2x (2x - 3) -2
9 ` 334 j
= + 2 # e2x (2x - 3) -3 dx
2 3 x+2 34 - x + 2 2
2 =b 3l 9 b 3l
=
- 2 # e2x (2x - 3) -3 dx
e2x (2x - 3) -2 + 34 sin-1 c 3x + 2 m + C2G ...(iv)
= +C 9 34
2
Now, from Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
178. Find # (2x + 5) 10 - 4x - 3x2 dx .
I = - 2 (10 - 4x - 3x2) 2 +
3
Sol : Foreign 2016
9
+ 11 3 >bx + 2 l 34 - x + 2 2 + 34 sin-1 3x + 2 + C
# (2x + 5) 10 - 4x - 3x2 dx 9 b 3l
We have I = 6 3 9 c 34 mH
Given integral is the form of # (px + q) ax2 + bx + c dx
where, C = - C1 + 11 C2
3 3
Thus 2x + 5 = A d (10 - 4x - 3x2) + B ,
dx
where A and B are constants, (x2 + 1) (x2 + 4)
179. Find # dx .
(x2 + 3) (x2 - 5)
2x + 5 = A (- 4 - 6x) + B ...(i) Sol : Foreign 2016, OD 2007
2x + 5 = - 6Ax + (B - 4A) (x2 + 1) (x2 + 4)

We have I = # dx
Comparing the coefficient of x and the constant term, (x2 + 3) (x2 - 5)
we get Substituting x2 = y we get
- 6A = 2 and - 6A = A & A = - 1
3
CLASS 12

CLASS 10

= (- 1) # ; 1 - x2 + 3x - 2 dx Now, given integral becomes

1 - x2 E
#
I= # (1 - 2x) 2 + x - x2 dx + 2 # 2 + x - x2 dx
= (- 1) ; # 1 - x2 dx + # 3x - 22 dx E
1-x Let I = I1 + I2 ...(ii)
Let I = (- 1) [I1 + I2]
Now I1 = # (1 - 2x) 2 + x - x2 dx
or - I = I1 + I2 ...(1)
Substituting 2 + x - x2 = t we get
Now, I1 = #1 - x2 dx
(1 - 2x) dx = dt
Using # a2 - x2 dx = 1 :x a2 - x2 + a2 sin-1 a x kD + C
2 a Thus I1 = # t dt
I1 = 1 [x 1 - x2 + sin-1 x] + C1 ...(2)
= 2 (t) 2 + C1
3
2
3
3x - 2 dx
= 2 (2 + x - x2) 2 + C1
3
Now, I2 = #
1 - x2 3
= # 3x dx - 2 # dx and I2 = # 2 + x - x2 dx
1 - x2 1 - x2
= # - (x2 - x - 2) dx
= - 3 # - 2x 2 dx - 2 # dx
2 1-x 1 - x2 = # - (x2 - 2 # 12 x + 14 - 14 - 2) dx
= - 3 # 2 1 - x2 - 2 sin-1 x + C2
2 = # - {(x - 12 ) 2 - 94 } dx
= - 3 1 - x2 - 2 sin-1 x + C2 ...(3)
= # 9
4 - (x - 12 ) 2 dx
From eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we have
= # ( 32 ) 2 - (x - 12 ) 2 dx
- I = 1 [x 1 - x2 + sin-1 (x)] + C1
2
Using # a2 - x2 dx = 1 :x a2 - x2 + a2 sin-1 a x k + C ,
- 3 1 - x2 - 2 sin-1 (x) + C2 2 a
x - 12
I2 = 1 >(x - 12 ) 9
- (x - 12 ) 2 + 94 sin- e oH + C2
- I = 1 x 1 - x2 - 3 sin-1 x - 3 1 - x2 + C1 + C2 2 4 3
2 2 2
or I = sin x - x 1 - x2 + 3 1 - x2 + C
3 -1 Now I = I1 + I2
2 2
(2x - 1)
where, C = - C1 - C2 = 2 (2 + x - x2) 3/2 + 2 + x - x2
3 2
182. Evaluate # (3 - 2x) 2 + x - x2 dx . + 9 sin-1 b 2x - 1 l + C E
4 3
Sol : OD 2015 where, C = C1 + C2 .
We have I = # (3 - 2x) 2 + x - x2 dx log x

Given integral is the form of # (px + q) ax2 + bx + c dx 183. Find # dx .
(x + 1) 2
Now (3 - 2x) = A d (2 + x - x2) + B
dx log x
3 - 2x = A (1 - 2x) + B ...(i) We have I = # dx
(x + 1) 2
3 - 2x = A - 2Ax + B 1
= # log x $
dx
(x + 1) 2
3 - 2x = A + B - 2Ax Using integration by parts technique
Comparing the coefficients of x and constant terms, # uI $ vdx = ;u # vdx - # & d u $ # vdx 0 dx E
we get II dx
and choosing its function with the help of ILATE
- 2A = - 2 & A = 1 procedure we have
and A+B = 3 & 1+B = 3 & B = 2 dx - # d log x $ dx
I = log x $ # <dx #
(x + 1) 2 F dx
(x + 1) 2
Thus, 3 - 2x = (1 - 2x) + 2
(- 1) 1
3 - 2x = d (2 + x - x2) + 2
= log x $
x+1
+ # x (x + 1)
dx
dx
= 1 I1 - 9 I2 , (say) ...(i) 2A = 1 & A = 1

2
2 2
and 5A + B = 2 & 5 # 12 + B = 2 & B = - 12
Now I1 = # (2x + 3) x2 + 3x - 18 dx .
(2x + 5) - 12
1
Substituting x2 + 3x - 18 = t we get Thus I = # 2
dx
x2 + 5x + 6
(2x + 3) dx = dt 2x + 5
=1# dx - 1 # 1 dx
2 x2 + 5x + 6 2 x2 + 5x + 6
Thus I1 = # t1/2 dt
= 1 I1 - 1 I2 (say) ...(1)
= 2 t3/2 + C1 2 2
3 2x + 5
Now, I1 = # dx
= 2 (x2 + 3x - 18) 3/2 + C1 t = x2 + 3x - 18 x2 + 5x + 6
3
and I2 = # x2 + 3x - 18 dx Substituting x2 + 5x + 6 = t & (2x + 5) dx = dt we get
I1 = 1 dt = 2 t + C
#
3 2 9
# bx + 2 l - 18 - 4 dx
1
= t
3 2 81 = 2 x2 + 5x + 6 + C1 ...(2)
= # bx + 2 l - 4 dx
and I2 = #1 dx
3 2 9 2 x2 + 5x + 6
= # bx + 2 l - b 2 l dx
= # 1 dx
Using
2 x2 + 2 # 52 # x + 6 + 254 - 254
# x2 - a2 dx = x x2 - a2 - a log x + x2 - a2 + C 1
2 2 = # dx
^x + 2 h 2 ^ 4h + 6 - 4
5 2
3 x + 25
I2 = x + 3x - 18 1
2 = # dx
^ 2h - ^2 h
5 2 1 2
x +
- 81 log bx + 3 l + x2 + 3x - 18 + C2 dx
8 2 Using the fact # = log x + x2 - a2 + C ,
x2 - a2
= 2x + 3 x2 + 3x - 18
I2 = log bx + 5 l + bx + 5 l - b 1 l + C1
2 2
4
2 2 2
- log 2x + 3 + x2 + 3x - 18 + C2
81
8 2
Substituting the values of I1 and I2 in eq. (i), we get = log x + 5 + x2 + 5x + 6 + C2 ...(3)
2
Substituting the values of I1 and I2 from Eqs. (2) and
I = 1 : 2 (x2 + 3x - 18) 3/2 + C1D
2 3 (3) in eq. (1), we get
- 9 :2x + 3 x2 + 3x - 18 I = 1 [2 x2 + 5x + 6 + C1]
2
2 4
- 1 ;log x + 5 + x2 + 5x + 6 + C2E
- log 2x + 3 + x2 + 3x - 18 + C2E
81 2 2
8 2
1 9
I = (x + 3x - 18) - (2x + 3) x2 + 3x - 18
2 3/2 = x2 + 5x + 6 + C1
2 8 2
+ 729 log 2x + 3 + x2 + 3x - 18 + C - log x + 5 + x2 + 5x + 6 - C2

1
16 2 2 2 2
C 9 C 2 1 5 2
I = x + 5x + 6 - log x + + x + 5x + 6 + C
where, C = - 1 2
. 2 2
2 2
187. Evaluate # x+2 dx . 188. Evaluate # (3x - 2) x2 + x + 1 dx .

2
Sol : x + 5x + 6 OD 2014 Sol : Foreign 2014
We have I = # x+2 dx
We have I = # (3x - 2) x2 + x + 1 dx
x2 + 5x + 6 Here, integrand is of the form (px - q) ax2 + bx + c ,
Now x + 2 = A d (x2 + 5x + 6) + B so first write 3x - 2 as
dx
x + 2 = A (2x + 5) + B 3x - 2 = A d (x2 + x + 1) + B
dx
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms 3x - 2 = A (2x + 1) + B
from both sides, we get
3x + 1 = A (x2 + 4x + 3) + B (x + 3) x2 + 1
+ C (x2 + 1 + 2x) (x + 4) (x2 + 25)
2
Sol : Delhi 2013, SQP 2012
2
3x + 1 = (A + C) x + (4A + B + 2C) x
We have x2 + 1
I = # dx
+ 3A + 3B + C (x + 4) (x2 + 25)
2
Comparing like powers of x2 from both sides, we get Substituting x2 = t we have

A+C = 0 x2 + 1 t+1
# dx =
(t + 4) (t + 25)
Substituting C = - 2 we get A = 2 . (x2 + 4) (x2 + 25)
3x + 1 t+1 = A + B
Thus = 2 - 1 - 2 or
(t + 4) (t + 25) t + 4 t + 25
(x + 1) 2 (x + 3) (x + 1) (x + 1) 2 (x + 3)
3x + 1 t + 1 = A (t + 25) + B (t + 4)
Now I = # dx
(x + 1) 2 (x + 3) Substituting t = - 4 we have
= # 2 dx -
# 1 2 dx - # (x +2 3) dx - 4 + 1 = A (- 4 + 25) + 0
(x + 1) (x + 1)
(x + 1) -2 + 1 - 3 = A21 & A = - 17
= 2 log x + 1 - - 2 log x + 3 + C
(- 2 + 1) Substituting t = - 25 we have
= 2 log x + 1 + 1 + C log m - log n = log mn
x+3 (x + 1) - 25 + 1 = 0 + B (- 25 + 4)
2
191. Evaluate # 2x + 1 dx . - 24 = - B21 & B = 24
21 = 8
7
x2 (x2 + 4)
Sol : Delhi 2013
t+1 - 71 8
Thus = + 7
(t + 4) (t + 25) t + 4 t + 25
We have 2x2 + 1 dx
I = #
x (x2 + 4) 2 -1 8
= 2 7 + 2 7 t = x2
2
Substituting x = t we have x + 4 x + 25
2
Thus I = # 2 x +1 dx
# 2x2 + 1 dx = 2t + 1
t (t + 4) (x + 4) (x2 + 25)
x (x2 + 4)
2
-1 8
or 2t + 1 = A + B = # =x2 +7 4 + x2 +7 25G dx
t (t + 4) t t+4
2t + 1 = A (t + 4) + Bt =- 1 1 dx + 8 #
# 1 dx
7
x2 + 4 7 x2 + 25
Substituting t = 0 we have
= - 1 # 1 tan-1 a x k + 8 # 1 tan-1 a x k + C
7 2 2 7 5 5
1 = A (0 + 4) & A = 1
4
1 -1 x 8 -1 x
Substituting t = - 4 we have = - tan a k + tan a k + C
14 2 35 5
- 2 # 4 + 1 = 0 + B (- 4) & B = 7
4
x+2
2t + 1 = +
1
4
7
4 Sol : x2 + 2x + 3 OD 2013
Thus
t (t + 4) t t+4
x+2
= 12 + 7 t = x2 We have I = # dx
4x 4 (x2 + 4) 2
x + 2x + 3
x + 2 = A d (x2 + 2x + 3) + B
2
Thus I = # 22x 2+ 1 dx Now
dx
x (x + 4)
1 7 x + 2 = A (2x + 2) + B
= # < 4x2 + 4 (x2 + 4)Fdx Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms
= 1 # dx2 + 7 # 2dx
4 x 4 x +4
2A = 1 & A = 1
2
1 7 1 tan-1 x + C
=- +
4x 4 # 2 a2k and 2A + B = 2 & 2 # 12 + B = 2 & B = 1
= - 1 + 7 tan-1 a x k + C (2x + 2) + 1
1
4x 8 2 Thus I = # 2
dx
x2 + 2x + 3
Sol : Comp 2012

5 e2x
4 I = 4 (2 sin x - cos x)
We have I = # x2 dx 2x
(x sin x + cos x) 2 I = e (2 sin x - cos x) + C
5
I = # x cos x $ x sec x dx ...(1)
(x sin x + cos x) 2 3x + 5
Substituting x sin x + cos x = t we get 198. Evaluate # dx .
Sol : x2 - 8x + 7 Foreign 2011, Delhi 2008
(x cos x + sin x - sin x) dx = dt
We have I = # 3x + 5 dx
x cos x dx = dt 2
x - 8x + 7
Let I1 = x cos x
# dx Now 3x + 5 = A d (x2 - 8x + 7) + B
(x sin x + cos x) 2 dx
3x + 5 = A (2x - 8) + B
= dt2 = - 1 = -1
t t x sin x + cos x Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms
[Substituting t = x sin x + cos x ] from both sides, we get
Now, integrating eq. (1) by parts, we get
2A = 3 & A = 3
2
I = # x sec x $ x cos x dx
(x sin x + cos x) 2 and - 8A + B = 5 & - 8 # 32 + B = 5 & B = 17
I II
(- 1) (2x - 8) + 17
3
= x sec x $ Thus I = # 2
dx
x sin x + cos x x2 - 8x + 7
- dx
- # (1 $ sec x + x sec x tan x) $
x sin x + cos x =3# 2x - 8 dx + 17 # 1 dx
2 2
x - 8x + 7 2
x - 8x + 7
= - x sec x + # sec x b1 + x sin x l dx
x sin x + cos x cos x x sin x + cos x
= 3 I1 + 17I2 (say) ...(1)
= - x sec x + # sec2 x dx 2
x sin x + cos x 2x - 8
Now, I1 = # dx
= - x sec x + tan x + C x2 - 8x + 7
x sin x + cos x
Substituting x2 - 8x + 7 = t & (2x - 8) dx = dt we get
197. Evaluate # e2x sin x dx .
Sol : Foreign 2011 I1 = 1 dt = 2 t + C
# 1
t
We have I # e2x $ sin xdx = 2 x2 - 8x + 7 + C1 ...(2)
Using integration by parts, we get 1
and I2 = # 2
dx
I = # e sin xdx
2x
...(i) x - 8x + 7
II I
d sin x # e2x dx dx = # 1 dx
= sin x # e2x dx - # & dx 0 x2 - 2 # 4 # x + 16 - 9
2x 2x
= # 1
= sin x $ e - # cos x $ e dx dx
^x - 4h2 - 3
2
2 2
Again integration by parts, we get dx
Using the fact # = log x + x2 - a2 + C ,
2x x2 - a2
I = e sin x - 1 # e2x cos xdx I2 = log ^x - 4h + ^x - 4h2 - 32 + C1
2 2 II I
2x
= e sin x - 1 ;cos x # e2x dx - # & d cos x # e2x dx 0 dx E = log x - 4 + x2 - 8x + 7 + C2 ...(3)
2 2 dx
2x 2x
= e sin x - 1 :e cos x - # (- sin x) # e2x dxdx D
2 2 2 (3) in eq. (1), we get
2x 2x 2x
= e sin x - e cos x - 1 # (sin x) e dx I = 3 [2 x2 - 8x + 7 + C1]
2 4 2 2 2
= e 2x
sin x - e 2x
cos x - 1 # e2x sin xdx + 17 8log x - 4 + x2 - 8x + 7 + C2B
2 4 4
e 2x
sin x e 2x
cos x 1 I = 3 x2 - 8x + 7 + 17 log x - 4 + x 2 - 8x + 7 + C
I = - - I
2 4 4
1 e 2x
Evaluate # 2x dx .
I+ 4I = (2 sin x - cos x) 199.
4 (x2 + 1) (x2 + 3)
Using integration by parts technique Substituting x2 - 5x + 6 = t & (2x - 5) dx = dt we get

# uI $ vdx = ;u # vdx - # & d u $ # vdx 0 dx E 1 dt = 2 t + C
II dx I1 = # 1
and choosing its function with the help of ILATE t
procedure we have = 2 x2 - 5x + 6 + C1 ...(2)
# log (log x) $ II1dx + # 1 dx 1

I= and I2 = # dx
I (log x) 2 x2 - 5x + 6
= log (log x) # 1 dx - # : d log (log x) # 1 dx D dx = # 1 dx
dx
x2 - 2 # 52 # x + 254 - 254 + 6
+# 1 dx 1
(log x) 2 = # dx
^ 2h - 4
5 2
x - 1
= log (log x) $ x - 1 $ 1 $ x dx + #
# 1 dx 1
log x x (log x) 2 = # dx
^ 2h - ^2 h
5 2 1 2
x -
= x log (log x) - # (log x) 1dx + # 1 dx dx
II (log x) 2 Using the fact # 2 2
= log x + x2 - a2 + C ,
I
x -a
Again, applying integration by parts in the middle
I2 = log ^x - 52 h + ^x - 52 h2 - ^ 12 h2 + C1
integral, we get
I = x log (log x) - [(log x) -1] # 1 dx = log x - 52 + x2 - 5x + 6 + C2 ...(3)
- # & d (log x) -1 # 1 dx 0 dx E + # 1 dx + C
dx (log x) 2 (3) in eq. (1), we get
= x log (log x) - ; x - # - (log x) -1 $ 1 $ x dx E I = 1 [2 x2 - 5x + 6 + C1]

log x x 2
+# 1 dx + C + 9 8log x - 52 + x2 - 5x + 6 + C2B
(log x) 2 2
= x log (log x) - x - # 1 dx + # 1 dx + C
I= x2 - 5x + 6 + 9 log x - 52 + x2 - 5x + 6 + C
log x (log x) 2 (log x) 2 2
= x log (log x) - x + C I = (x - 2) (x - 3) + 9 log x - 52 + (x - 2) (x - 3) + C

log x 2
x+2 # 1
203. Evaluate # dx . 204. Evaluate
sin 4 x + sin2 x cos2 x + cos 4 x
dx .
Sol : (x - 2) (x - 3) OD 2010 Sol : OD 2014, Delhi 2010
x+2 I = # 1
We have I = # dx We have
sin 4 x + sin2 x cos2 x + cos 4 x
dx
(x - 2) (x - 3)
x+2 Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 4 x ,
= # 2
dx
x - 5x + 6 sec 4 x
I = # dx
x + 2 = A d (x2 - 5x + 6) + B tan x + tan2 x + 1
4
Now
dx
(sec2 x) (sec2 x)
x + 2 = A (2x - 5) + B = # dx
tan 4 x + tan2 x + 1
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms
Substituting tan x = t & sec2 x dx = dt we have
2A = 1 & A = 1 sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1 + t2
2
and - 5A + B = 2 & - 5 # 12 + B = 2 & B = 9

Thus I = # 1 + t2 dt
2
t + t2 + 1
4
(2x - 5) + 92
1
1+ 1
Thus I = # 2
dx = # 2 1 t dt
2
x2 - 5x + 6 t +t +1 2
=1# 2x - 5 dx + 9 # 1 dx 1 + t1
= # 2 1
2
2 x2 - 5x + 6 2 x2 - 5x + 6 dt
t +t -2+2+1
2
1 + t1
= 1 I1 + 9 I2 (say) ...(1) = # dt
2
2 2 ^t - t h + 3
1 2
I1 = # 2 x-5
Now,
x2 - 5x + 6
dx Again, substituting u = t - 1 we have
t
- 4 = - 3B & B = 4
2 2
3 = 2 =sin-1 t $ t - # 1 $ t dtG
2 1-t 2 2
Substituting t = - 1, we get
(1 - t2) - 1
- 1 = 3A & A = - 1 = t2 sin-1 t + # dt
3 1 - t2
Thus, t = -1 + 4 = t2 sin-1 t + # 1 - t2 dt - # 1 dt
(t + 4) (t + 9) 3 (t + 1) 3 (t + 4) 1 - t2
-1 + 4 2
=
3 (x2 + 1) 3 (x2 + 4) = t2 sin-1 t + t 1 - t + 1 sin-1 t - sin-1 t + C1
2 2
x2
Now I = # 2
(x + 4) (x2 + 9)
dx = bt2 - 1 l sin-1 t + 1 t 1 - t2 + C1
2 2
= # c -2 1 + 4
3 (x + 1) 3 (x2 + 4) m
dx
= 1 [(2x - 1) sin-1 x + x 1 - x ] + C1
2
= # - 1 dx + # 4 dx
3 (x2 + 1) 3 (x2 + 4) = 1 [(2x - 1) sin-1 x + x + x - x2 ] + C1
2
= - 1 # 2dx + 4 # 2dx
3 x +1 3 x +4 Substituting the value of I1 in eq. (i), we get
Using the fact # 2 1 2 dx = 1 tan-1 x + C we have I = 2 [(2x - 1) sin-1 x + x - x2 ] - x + C ,
x +a a a p
I = - $ tan x + $ $ tan-1 a x k + C
1 -1 4 1
where, C = 4 C1
3 3 2 2 p
= - 1 tan-1 x + 2 tan-1 x + C 209. Find # x2 + x + 1 dx .
3 3 2
(x + 1) 2 (x + 2)
Sol : Comp 2014, OD 2010
208. Find # sin-1 x - cos-1 x dx , x d [0, 1].
Sol : sin-1 x + cos-1 x x2 + x + 1 dx
OD 2014 We have, I = #
(x + 1) 2 (x + 2)
We have I = # sin-1 x - cos-1 x dx
Now x2 + x + 1 = A + B 2+ C
sin-1 x + cos-1 x x + 1 (x + 1) x+2
(x + 1) 2 (x + 2)
Using the fact sin-1 x + cos-1 x = p2 we have
x2 + x + 1 = A (x + 1) (x + 2) + B (x + 2) + C (x + 1) 2
cos -1
x = p - sin-1 x Substituting x = - 1 in above equation we have
2
sin-1 x ` p2 - sin-1 x j 1 - 1 + 1 = 0 + B (- 1 + 2) + 0 & B = 1
Thus I = # p dx
2 Substituting x = - 2 in above equation we have
2 sin-1 x - p2
= # p 4 - 2 + 1 = 0 + 0 + C (- 2 + 1) 2 & C = 3
2
= 2 # `2 sin -1 x - p j dx Comparing the coefficients of x2 powers from both

p 2 sides, we get
p
= # sin -1
x dx - # 1 dx
4 A + C = 1,
= 4 # sin -1 x dx - x Substituting C = 3 in above we obtain A = - 2 .

p
Thus x2 + x + 1 = -2 + 1 + 3
4
I = I1 - x x + 1 (x + 1) 2 x + 2
p (x + 1) 2 (x + 2)
2
where, I1 = # sin-1 x dx Now, I = # x + 2x + 1 dx
(x + 1) (x + 2)
Substituting x = t we have = - 2 # 1 dx + # dx 2 + 3 # dx
x+1 (x + 1) (x + 2)
x = t2 and dx = 2t dt
= - 2 log x + 1 - 1 + 3 log x + 2 + C
x+1
Thus I1 = # sin -1
t 2t dt = 2 # sin t $ t dt
I
-1
II
Now using integration by part technique we have x2 + 1 ` log x2 + 1 - 2 log x j

210. Find # dx .
I1 = 2 ;sin-1 t # t dt - d (sin-1 t) # t dt dt x4
# & dt 0 E
I2 = log ^x - 92 h + ^x - 2 h - ^ 2 h + C1
9 2 1 2
= p [tan-1 (1) - tan-1 (- 1)]
2
2
= log x - 92 + x2 - 9 + 20 + C2 ...(3) = p 9 p - a- p kC = p 9 p C = p
2 4 4 4 2 4
Substituting the values of I1 and I2 from Eqs. (2) and 2
(3) in eq. (1), we get = p 9 p - a- p kC = p 9 p C = p
2 4 4 4 2 4
I = 3 [2 x2 - 9x + 20 + C1] a a
214. Prove that #0
f (x) dx = # f (a - x) dx . and hence
+ 34 8log x - 92 + x2 - 9x + 20 + C2B p/2 x
0
evaluate # dx .
0 sin x + cos x
I = 6 x2 - 9x + 20 + 34 log x - 92 + x2 - 9x + 20 + C Sol : OD 2019, Delhi 2007
where, C = C1 - C2 . We have #0
a
f (x) dx = #0
a
f (a - x) dx
2 2
a
a a 0
213. Prove that #0 f (x) dx = #0 f (a - x) dx , hence evaluate Substituting t = a - x , then dt = - dx
p x sin x dx . Also, when x = 0 , then t = a and when x = a , then
I= #0 t=0
1 + cos2 x
Sol : Delhi 2019
a 0
Thus RHS #0 f (a - x) dx = - # f (t) dt
a
a a
We have #0 f (x) dx = #0 f (a - x) dx a
= # f (t) dt
a
0
0 = LHS Hence proved.

Substituting t = a - x , then dt = - dx
Also, when x = 0 , then t = a and when x = a , then Now, I = x #0
p/2
dx ...(1)
t=0 (sin x + cos x)
^ 2 - xh
p
p/2
Thus RHS #0
a
f (a - x) dx = - # f (t) dt
0 = # dx
a
0 sin ( 2 - x) + cos ( p2 - x)
p
=
a p/2 ( p2 - x)
# f (t) dt I = # dx
0 0 (cos x + sin x)
= LHS Hence proved. p/2 ( p2 - x)
= # dx ...(2)
x sin x dx
p 0 (sin x + cos x)
Now, we have I = #0 ...(i) Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
1 + cos2 x
p (p - x) sin (p - x) dx
2I = p dx
p/2
= # 2
#0
sin x + cos x
0 1 + cos2 (p - x)
p (p - x) sin x dx I = p #0 sin x dx
p/2
= # 4 + cos x
0 1 + cos2 x
=p dx
p/2
#0
= p # sin x dx2 - # x sin x dx
p p
4 2 tan x2 1 - tan2 x2
0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos 2 x > + H
1 + tan2 x2 1 + tan2 x2
= p # sin x dx2 - I
p 2x
sec 2
=p#
p/2
0 1 + cos x dx
4 0 1 - tan2 x2 + 2 tan x2
sin x dx p
1 x
2I = p #
1 + cos2 x Substituting t = tan x & 2 sec2 2 dx = dt
0 2
I =p# sin x dx and x = 0 & t = 0 and x = p & t = 1
p
2 0 1 + cos2 x 2
I = #p 1 2dt
Substituting cos x = t & - sin x dx = dt 4 0 (1 - t2 + 2t)
Also, when x = 0 , then t = 1 and when x = p , then
=p# dt
1
dt
t =- 1 4 0 [( 2 ) 2 - (t - 1) 2]
I =- p #
-1 dt 1
Thus 2 + (t - 1)
2 1 1 + t2 = p $ 1 log
2 2 2 2 - (t - 1)
= p # dt 2
1 0
2 -1 1 + t
= p log 2 +1
= p [tan-1 t] 1-1 4 2 2 -1
2
a a p
Using the fact #0 f (x) dx = #0 f (a - x) dx we have = #0 (1 + cos 2ax + 1 - cos 2bx) dx
p(p - x) p
I = # dx = #0 (2 + cos 2ax - cos 2bx) dx
0 1 + sin a sin (p - x)
p
= #
p (p - x)
dx ...(ii) = b 2x + sin 2ax - sin 2bx l
0 1 + sin a sin x 2a 2b 0
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = 2p + sin 2ap - sin 2bp
2a 2b
2I = #
p p dx
0 1 + sin a sin x and I2 is an odd function, thus
=p#
r dx p
1 + sin a sin x I2 = 2 # (cos ax sin bx) dx
0 -p
=p#
p dx =0
0 1 + sin a sin x
dx I = I1 - I2 = 2p + 2ap - sin 2bp

p
=p# Thus
2a
0 2 tan x2 2b
1 + sin a e o
1 + tan2 x2 If f (x) is even, #
a a
f (x) = 2 # f (a)
-a 0
(1 + tan2 x2 ) dx
p
=p#
a
0 (1 + tan 2 x ) + 2 sin a tan x

If f (x) is odd then, # f (x) = 0
2 2 -a
p (sec2 x2 ) dx p/4 dx
=p# 220. Find #0 .
0 tan 2 x + 2 sin a $ tan x + 1
2 2
Sol : cos3 x 2 sin 2x OD 2015
x 2x
Substituting tan = t & sec $ dx = dt 1
2 2 2 p/4 dx
x We have I = #0 sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
or sec2 dx = 2dt cos3 x 2 sin 2x
2
Also, when x = 0 , then t = 0 and when x = p , then = #
p/4 dx
t"3
0 cos3 x 2 (2 sin x cos x)
2dt =1#
p/4 dx
2I = p #
3
Thus 2 2 0 cos3 x cos1/2 sin1/2 x
0 t + 2 sin a $ t + 1
I =p# 2
3 dt =1#
p/4 dx
0 t + 2 sin a $ t + sin2 a + cos2 a 2 0 cos7/2 x sin1/2 x
=p# dt sec 4 x
=1#
3 p/4
0 (t + sin a) 2 + (cos a) 2 dx
2 0 cos 72 - 4 sin1/2 x
= p ;tan-1 b t + sin a lE
3
cos a cos a =1#

p/4 sec 4 x dx
0 2 0 cos-1/2 x sin1/2 x
= p [tan-1 (3) - tan-1 (tan a)]
cos a 2 2
p/4 sec x (1 + tan x)
=1# dx sec2 x - tan2 x = 1
= p 9 p - aC
20 1
tan x / 2
cos a 2
p
Substituting tan x = t & sec2 x dx = dt
219. Evaluate #- p (cos ax - sin bx) 2 dx . When x = 0 , then t = tan 0 = 0
Sol : Delhi 2015
When x = p , then t = tan p = 1
p
4 4
I = #- p (cos ax - sin bx) 2 dx 1 1 1 + t2
I = # c 1/2 m dt
p
20 t
= #- p (cos2 ax + sin2 bx - 2 cos ax sin bx) dx
= 1 # (t-1/2 + t3/2) dt
1
p p 20
= #- p (cos2 ax + sin2 bx) dx - 2 #- p cos ax sin bxdx
= 1 :2t-1/2 + 2 t5/2D
1
= I1 - I2 2 5 0
Now I1 is an even function thus = :t + 1 t5/2D

1
1/2
5 0
p
I1 = #- p (cos2 ax + sin2 bx) dx
= (1) 1/2 + 1 (1) 5/2 - 0
p 5
= 2 # (cos2 ax + sin2 bx) dx
0
= 1+ = 61
5 5
= 2 # b 1 + cos 2ax + 1 - cos 2bx l dx
p
0 2 2
x
2 -1 tan p/2 tan x2
= 1 =log 1 - log = 1 *=x $ 1 2 G - tan x dx
p/2 p/2
G 2
#0 1 dx 4 + #0 2
2 2 +1 2 0 2
= - 1 log = 2 - 1 # 2 +1
G log 1 = 0
[using integration by parts]
2 2 +1 2 +1
= 9x $ tan x C - tan x dx + tan x dx
p/2 p/2 p/2
- 1 2 - 1 2 0
#0 2
#0 2
= log
2 ( 2 + 1) 2 = p $ tan p - 0
2 4
= - 1 log 1
p p
2 ( 2 + 1) 2 I =
2 9tan 4 = 1C
2I = 2 log ( 2 + 1) 2 5x2
2 226. Evaluate # 2 dx .
x + 4x + 3
I = 1 log ( 2 + 1)
1
Thus Hence proved. Sol : OD 2011
2
1 x4 + 1
We have I = #
2 5x2 dx
224. Evaluate # 2 dx . 2
0 x +1 1 x + 4x + 3
Sol : Foreign 2011
x2
=5# dx
2
4 1 x + 4x + 3 2
We have I = #0x + 1 dx
1
x2 + 1 2 2
1 4- + + = 5 # x + 42x + 3 - 4x - 3 dx
= # x 12 1 1 dx 1 x + 4x + 3
x +1
= 5 # c1 - 2 4x + 3 m dx
0
2
1 4- +
= # x 2 1 2 dx 1 x + 4x + 3
0 x +1
= 5 # dx - 5 # 2 4x + 3 dx
2 2
(x2 - 1) (x2 + 1) + 2
1 1 1 x + 4x + 3
= #0 dx
x2 + 1 2 4x + 3
I = 5 [x] 12 - 5 # dx ...(i)
2 2
1 (x - 1) (x + 1) 1 (x + 3) (x + 1)
= # = + 2 2 G dx 4x + 3 = A + B
2
0 x +1 x +1 Now
(x + 3) (x + 1) x+3 x+1
1 2
= # ;x - 1 + 2 2
x + 1E
dx 4x + 3 = A (x + 1) + B (x + 3)
0
3 1 Substituting x = - 1 we get,
= :x - x + 2 tan-1 x D
3 0 - 4 + 3 = 0 + B2 & B = - 12
= 1 - 1 + 2 tan-1 1 - 0 Substituting x = - 3 we get,
3
=- 2 + 2 # p - 4 # 3 + 3 = A (- 2) + 0 & A = 9
2
3 4
9
- 12
I = 5 (2 - 1) - 5 # c 2 +
x + 3 x + 1m
3p - 4 Thus
2
dx
or I = 6 1
= 5 - 5 : 9 log x + 3 - 1 log x + 1 D
2
225. Evaluate #0
p/2 x + sin x dx .
1 + cos x 2 2 1
Sol : OD 2011, Comp 2008
= 5 - 5 ;b 9 log 5 - 1 log 3 l- b 9 log 4 - 1 log 2 lE
2 2 2 2
We have I = #0
p/2 x + sin x dx
1 + cos x 9 1
= 5 - 5 : (log 5 - log 4) - (log 3 - log 2)D
Using the fact 2 2
x x x 9 5 1
= 5 - 5 : log - log D 3 log m - log n = log m
sin x = 2 sin 2 cos 2 and 1 + cos x = 2 cos2 2 we have 2 4 2 2 n
p/2 x + 2 sin $ cos = 5 - 45 log 5 + 5 log 3

x x
I = # 2 2
dx 2 4 2 2
0 2 cos2 x2
log 1 + x
= 1 # x sec2 x dx + # tan x dx
p/2 p/2 1
2 0 I II 2 2
227. Evaluate #0 dx .
0 1 + x2
Sol : Foreign 2011
= 1 &9x # sec2 x dx C
p / 2
2 2 0
1 log 1 + x
- # : d (x) # a sec2 x dx kD dx 1
p/2
We have I = dx #0
0 dx 2 1 + x2
+ # tan x dx
p/2 Substituting x = tan q we have dx = sec2 qdq
0 2
a a
= 1 [- log 4-1] log mn = n log m Using the fact #0 f (x) dx = #0 f (a - x) dx we have
30
= 1 log 4 I = #0
p (p - x)
dx
30
a cos (p - x) + b2 sin2 (p - x)
2 2
231. Evaluate #0
p/4 sin x + cos x dx . (p - x) p
9 + 16 sin 2x = #0 dx ...(ii)
Sol : Foreign 2014; Delhi 2014, 2011 a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x
We have I = sin x + cos x dx
#0
p/4
9 + 16 sin 2x p (x + p - x)
2I = #0 dx
p/4 sin x + cos x a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x
= # dx
0 9 + 16 (1 + sin 2x - 1) p dx
=p#
p/4 sin x + cos x 0 a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x
= # dx
0 9 + 16 [1 - (1 - sin 2x)] Here, a2 cos2 (p - x) + b2 sin2 (p - x) = a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x
= #
p/4 sin x + cos x dx Using the fact
0 9 + 16 61 - (cos2 x + sin2 x - 2 sin x cos x)@
2a a
p/4 sin x + cos x #0 f (x) dx = 2 # f (x) dx , if f (2a - x) = f (x)
I = #0 dx 0
9 + 16 [1 - (cos x - sin x) 2] dx p
We have 2I = 2p #
Substituting cos x - sin x = t a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x 0
2
= 2p # 2 sec2 x 2 dx
p
(- sin x - cos x) dx = dt 0 a + b tan x
(sin x + cos x) dx = - dt Substituting tan x = t & sec2 x dx = dt

When x = 0 , then t = cos 0 - sin 0 = 1 and When x = 0 , then t = tan 0 = 0 and
when x = p , then when x = p , then t = tan p = 3.
4 2 2
t = cos p - sin p = 1 - 1 = 0 . I = p # 2 dt 2 2
3
4 4 2 2 0 a +b t
Thus I = #
1 - dt dt
=p#
3
0 9 + 16 (1 - t 2) 0 a2 + (bt) 2
I = #
1 dt
= p2dt 3
0 9 + 16 (1 - t 2) #
`b j t
a 2+ 2
b 0
= #
1 dt
0 25 - 16t 2
I = p :tan-1 bt D
3
a # a2dx = 1 tan-1 x + C
ab + x2 a a
= 1 # 5 dt
1 0
16 0 ^ 4 h2 - t2
= p [tan-1 3 - tan-1 0]
ab
1 log 5 + 4t E
1
= ; 2
5 - 4 t = p 9 p - 0C = p
5
2 # # 16 4 0
ab 2 2ab
1
= ;log 5 + 4 5
- log E
40 5-4 5 p x tan x dx .
233. Evaluate #0 sec x + tan x
= 1 ;log b 9 l - log b 5 lE Sol : Foreign 2014; Delhi 2014C, 2010, 2008; OD 2008
40 1 5
x tan x dx p
= 1 (log 9 - log 1) = 1 (log 9) We have I =
sec x + tan x #0 ...(i)
40 40
a a
1 Using the fact # f (x) dx = # f (a - x) dx we have
I = log (3) 2 0 0
40
(p - x) tan (p - x) p
I = # dx
= 2 log 3 log an = n log a 0 sec (p - x) + tan (p - x)
40
p - (p - x) tan x
I = 1 log 3 = #
0 - sec x - tan x
dx
20
p (p - x) tan x
232. Evaluate #0
p x dx . = # dx ...(ii)
0 sec x + tan x
a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Sol : Foreign 2014; OD 2009
2I = p tan x dx
#0
p
We have I = #0
p x dx ...(i) sec x + tan x
a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x
=p#
p/2 tan x dx + p #
p tan x dx
0 sec x + tan x p/2 sec x + tan x
= 1 log 2 - 1 b p - p - 1 l
4 2 2 4 2
= 1 log 2 - 1 b p - 1 l
4 2 4 2
= 1 log 2 - p + 1
4 8 4
p/2
237. Evaluate #0 2 sin x cos x tan-1 (sin x) dx .
Sol : Delhi 2011
p/2
We have I = #0 2 sin x cos x tan-1 (sin x) dx
Substituting sin x = t & cos x dx = dt
When x = 0 , then t = sin 0 = 0 The price p (dollars) of each unit of a particular
commodity is estimated to be changing at the rate
when x = p , then t = sin p = 1.
2 2 dp
1 = - 135x2
I = 2 # t # tan-1 t dt dx 9+x
0
Using integration by parts technique where x (hundred) units is the consumer demand (the
number of units purchased at that price). Suppose 400
# uI $ vdx = ;u # vdx - # & d u $ # vdx 0 dx E
II dx units ^x = 4h are demanded when the price is $30 per
and choosing tan-1 t as 1st function and t as 2nd unit.
function, we get (i) Find the demand function p ^x h .
2 1
t2 dt (ii) At what price will 300 units be demanded? At
I = 2 :t # tan-1 tD - 2 # 1
1
2 0 1+t 2 # 2 what price will no units be demanded?
0
2 1
t2 dt (iii) How many units are demanded at a price of $20
= 2 :t # tan-1 tD -
1
2
#0 per unit?
0 1 + t2
2 Sol :
= 2 # 1 # tan-1 (1) - # 1 + t -2 1 dt
1
2 0 1+t dp
p 1 1 + t2 1 (i) p ^x h = # dx dx
= 1# - # c
4 0 1 + t2 1 + t2 m
- dt
Let u = 9 + x2 then we have du = 2x dx or xdx = 12 du
= p - # c1 - 1 2 m dt
1
Thus p ^x h = # - 135x dx
4 0 1+t 9 + x2
= p - [t - tan-1 t] 10 - 135 1 du
4 = # b l
u1/2 2
p
= - 1 + tan-1 1
4 = - 135 # u-1/2 du
2
= - 1 + p = 2p - 1
p 1 = tan p
4 4 4 4 1/2
p = - 135 e u 1 o + C
I = a - 1k 2
2 2
= - 135 9 + x2 + C
Since p = 30 when x = 4 , we have
CASE BASED QUESTIONS 30 = - 135 9 + 42 + C
C = 30 + 135 25 = 705
238. Commodity prices are primarily determined by the
forces of supply and demand in the market. For So, p ^x h = - 135 9 + x2 + 705
example, if the supply of oil increases, the price of (ii) When 300 units are demanded, x = 3 and the
one barrel decreases. Conversely, if demand for oil corresponding price is
increases (which often happens during the summer),
the price rises. Gasoline and natural gas fall into the p ^3 h = - 135 9 + 32 + 705
energy commodities category.
= $132.24 per unit
No units are demanded when x = 0 and the
corresponding price is
In a certain chemical reaction, a substance is converted

into another substance at a rate proportional to the
square of the amount of the first substance present at
any time t . Initially ^t = 0h 50 g of the first substance
was present; 1 hr later, only 10 g of it remained.
(i) Find an expression that gives the amount of the
first substance present at any time t .
(ii) What is the amount present after 2 hr?
Sol :
Since rate is proportional to the square of the amount
of the first substance present at any time t , we are led
to the differential equation
The manager of BATA show room at Jaipur determines
dQ
= kQ2 that the price p (dollars) for each pair of a popular
dt
brand of sports sneakers is changing at the rate of
The differential equation is separable. Separating the
variables and integrating, we obtain pl^x h = -2 300x3/2
^x + 9h
# dQ2= # k dt when x (hundred) pairs are demanded by consumers.
Q When the price is $75 per pair, 400 pairs ^x = 4h are
and - 1 = kt + C demanded by consumers.
Q
(i) Find the demand (price) function p ^x h .
Therefore, Q =- 1
kt + C (ii) At what price will 500 pairs of sneakers be
demanded? At what price will no sneakers be
Now, Q = 50 when t = 0 , therefore, 50 = - C1 and
demanded?
C = - 501 . (iii) How many pairs will be demanded at a price of
1 $90 per pair?
Therefore, Q =-
kt - 501 Sol :
Since Q = 10 when t = 1,
(i) p ^x h = # pl^x h dx
10 = - 1
k - 501 = # - 300x dx
^x2 + 9h3/2
10 ck - 1 m = - 1 Let u = x2 + 9 , then we have du = 2x , or 1 du = x dx .
50 2
dx
10k - 1 = - 1 Thus p ^x h = - 300 # 2 1 3/2 x dx
5
^x + 9h
10k = - 1 + 1 = - 4 = - 150 # u-3/2 du
5 5
= 300 + C
k =- 4 =- 2 x2 + 9
50 25
When the price is $75, 4 hundred pair are demanded,
Therefore, Q^t h = 1 so
2
25 t + 501
75 = 300 +C
1 = 50
=
4t + 1 4t + 1 ^4h2 + 9
50 or C = 15
and Q ^2 h = 50 . 5.56 grams
8+1 So, p ^x h = 300 + 15
x2 + 9
241. Bata India is the largest retailer and leading (ii) When x = 5 hundred,
manufacturer of footwear in India and is a part of the
p ^5 h = 300 + 15
Bata Shoe Organization. Incorporated as Bata Shoe ^5h2 + 9
Company Private Limited in 1931, the company was
= $66.45 per pair
set up initially as a small operation in Konnagar (near
Calcutta) in 1932. In January 1934, When x = 0 hundred
Let u = e0.01t + 1 On the basis of above information, answer the

Then du = 0.01e0.01t
dt (i) Evaluate #
2 x dx
1 x + 3-x
or 100 du = e0.01t dt p
3
1
(ii) Evaluate #p log tan x dx
= - 0.01 # e0.01t dt
ê + 1h2
0.01t 6
1
b xn
iii) Evaluate #a 1 1 dx ]
= - # 12 du x + (a + b - x) n
n
u b f (x)
(iv) Evaluate # dx
1 a f (x) + f (a + b - x)
= +C
e0.01t + 1
When the shot is initially administered, t = 0 and Sol :
0.5 = 1 + C or C = 0 2 x
e0 + 1
(i) Let, I = # dx ...(i)
1 x+ 3 -x
So, C^t h = 1
I = # 3-x
2
dx ...(ii)
e0.01t + 1 3-x + x
1
(ii) After one hour, when t = 60 minutes, the Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
concentration is
2
2I = # 1dx = [x] 12 = (2 - 1) = 1
C ^60h = 1 . 0.3543 mg/cm 3 1
e0.01^60h + 1
After three hours, when t = 180 minutes, the I =1
2
concentration is
p
3
C ^180h = 1 . 0.1419 mg/cm3 (ii) Let, I = #p log (tan x) dx ...(i)
e0.01^180h + 1 6
p
log tan a p - x k dx
3
244. In mathematics, a continuous function is a function

I = #p 2
6
such that a continuous variation of the argument p
log tan a p - x k dx
3
induces a continuous variation of the value of the = #p
function. This means that there are no abrupt changes 6
2
in value, known as discontinuities. p
3
= #p log cot x dx ...(ii)
6
p
3
2I = #p log [(tan x) (cot x)] dx
6
p
3
= #p 0dx = 0 [log 1 = 0]
6
I =0
(iii) Let, I = #
b x1/n dx ...(i)
1/n
a x + (a + b - x) 1/n
(a + b - x) 1/n
b
I = # dx ...(ii)
(a + b - x) 1/n + x1/n
a

b
Let f (x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b], 2I = #
a
1dx = [x] ba
then 2I = b - a
b b
#a f (x) dx = #0 f (a + b - x) dx
I =b-a
2
(iv) Let,
b f (x)
I = #
a f (x) + f (a + b - x)
dx ...(i)
b f (a + b - x)
= #
a f (a + b - x) + f (a + b - (a + b - x)
dx
f (a + b - x)
b
= #
f (a + b - x) + f (x)
a
dx ...(ii)

b
2I = #
a
1dx = [x] ba = b - a
I = 1 (b - a)
2
***********
CHAPTER 8 Application of Integrals Page 303
CHAPTER 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 3. The area of the region bounded by the lines y = mx,
x = 1, x = 2 and x -axis is 6 sq units, then m is equal
to
1. The area of enclosed by y = 3x - 5 , y = 0 , x = 3 and (a) 3 (b) 1
x = 5 is (c) 2 (d) 4
(a) 12 sq units (b) 13 sq units Sol : Delhi 2015
(c) 13 1 sq units (d) 14 sq units Given, equation of line is y = mx and bounded by

2
Sol : OD 2017 x = 1, x = 2 and X -axis.
The region is bounded by the curves y = 3x - 5 , y = 0
, x = 3 and x = 5 .
Required area,
5
A = # (3x - 5) dx
3
2 5
= : 3x - 5x D
2 3
= b - 25 l - b 27 - 15 l
75
2 2
= 75 - 25 - 27 + 15
2 2
= 48 - 10 = 14 sq units
2
2. The area bounded by y = log x , x -axis and ordinates

x = 1, x = 2 is 2
(a) 1 (log 2) 2 (b) log (2/e)

Required area, A = #
1
mx dx
2 2 2
(c) log (4/e) (d) log 4 6 = m :x D
2 1
Sol : Delhi 2018
6 = mb 4 - 1 l
2 2
Required area,
6 =m 3
2 2
A = # log x dx
1
m =4
= [x log x - x] 12
= 2 log 2 - 1
4. Area of a curve xy = 4 , bounded by the lines x = 1
= log 4 - log e and x = 3 and x -axis will be
= log b 4 l (a) log 12 (b) log 64
e
(c) log 81 (d) log 27
7. The area bounded by y = sin x , x -axis and the lines Required area,
x = p is 2
(a) 2 sq units (b) 3 sq units A = #0 y dx
(c) 4 sq units (d) None of these = x2 dx sq units
#0
2
2
Sol : OD 2010
3 2
x
= : D = 4 sq units
The region bounded by y = sin x , x -axis and the 6 0 3
lines x = p is shown shaded in figure below. Thus (d) is correct option.
9. Area of the region satisfying x # 2 , y # x and

x $ 0 is
(a) 4 sq units (b) 1 sq unit
(c) 2 sq units (d) None of these
Sol : Foreign 2006
Area of the region satisfying x # 2 , y # x and

x $ 0 is shown shaded in figure below.
Required area
p
A = 2 # sin x dx
0
= 2 [- cos x] p0 sq unit
= 2 [1 + 1] = 4 sq unit
8. The area bounded by the curve y = 1 x2 , the x -axis

2
and the ordinate x = 2 is
Required area
(a) 1 sq unit (b) 2 sq unit
3 3 2
A = #0 xdx sq units
(c) 1 sq unit (d) 4 sq unit
3 2 2
Sol : Delhi 2014, OD 2010 = :x D = 2 sq units
2 0
The area bounded by the curve y = 12 x2 , the x -axis
and the ordinate x = 2 is shown shaded in figure Thus (c) is correct option.
below.
10. The area bounded by the parabola y2 = 8x and its
latusrectum is
(a) 16/3 sq units
(b) 32/3 sq units
(c) 8/3 sq units
(d) 64/3 sq units
Sol : OD 2010
The area bounded by the parabola y2 = 8x and its

latusrectum is shown shaded in figure below.
= mb 4 - 1 l
2 2
= m b2 - 1 l
2
3
= m sq units
2
14. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded
by the curves y = x + 1 + 1, x = - 3, x = 3 and
y = 0.
Sol : Delhi 2014
Given, curves are

y = x+1 +1
Required area
^x + 1h + 1, if x + 1 $ 0
=* ...(i) A = #0
2
y dx
- ^x + 1h + 1, if x + 1 < 0
2
x + 2, if x $ - 1 = #0 4 - x2 dx
=*
- x, if x < - 1
= :x 4 - x2 + 4 sin-1 a x kD
2
x =- 3 ...(ii) 2 2 2 0
= 0 + 2 sin-1 ^1 h - 0
x =3 (iii)
and, y =0 ...(iv) = 2# p
2
We have sketch the region bounded by above line in = p sq units
following figure.
16. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y2 = 4x, y -axis and the line y = 3.
Sol : Foreign 2010
The area bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, y -axis and

y = 3 is shown in the figure by shaded region.
Required area is the area of region ABCDEA.
#-1 ^x + 2hdx
-1
_- x i dx +
3
A = #-3
2 -1 2 3
= - ;x E + ;x + 2x E
2 -3 2 -1
= - ]1 - 9g + ;b + 6 l - b 1 - 2 lE
1 9
2 2 2
= 4+ + 21 3
2 2 Area of the shaded region,
= 16 sq units. 3
Hence, the required area is 16 sq units.

A = #0 x dy
y2 3
15. Find the area lying in the first quadrant and bounded = #04
dy
by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the lines x = 0 and x = 2.
y3 3
Sol : Comp 2015, OD 2013 = 1< F
4 3 0
The area bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the = 1 ^33 - 0h
lines x = 0 and x = 2 in the first quadrant is shown in 12
the figure by shaded region.
Ch 3 : Matrices
Ch 4 : Determinants

Ch 7 : Integrals
Ch 13 : Probability

Class 12th
Class 11th

Class 10th

् तृ
Class 9th

् तृ
Class 8th
Class 7th
Class 6th
Class 5th
Class 4th
Class 3th
Class 2th
Class 1th
Prep/KG 3rd Year
Prep/KG 2nd Year
Prep/KG 1st Year

Sol : Delhi 2018 3 2 3

= ;- x + 2x + 3x E
The area of the region bounded by the curve 3 2 -1
y = x - 2 , , x = 1, x = 3 and x -axis is shown in the 1

= ;- 9 + 9 + 9 b + 1 - 3 lE
figure by shaded region. 3
= 32 sq units
3
22. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola

y2 = 4ax, its axis and two ordinates x = 4 and x = 9
in first quadrant.
Sol : Comp 2008
Given equation of parabola is y2 = 4ax . Its axis is

y = 0 and vertex is (0,0).
The area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax, its axis
and two ordinates x = 4 and x = 9 is shown in the
figure by shaded region.
Area of the shaded region,

3
A = #1 x - 2 dx
- ]x - 2g dx + ]x - 2g dx
2 3
= #1 #2
]2 - x g dx + ]x - 2g dx
2 3
= #1 #2
22 2 3
= ;2x - x E + ;x - 2x E
2 1 2 2
3
= 2- - +2 3
2 2
= 1 sq unit.
21. Find the area bounded by y = - x2 + 2x + 3 and y = 0.
9
Sol : SQP 2019, OD 2017 A = #4 y dx
9
We have y = - x2 + 2x + 3 = #4 4ax dx
Substituting y = 0 and then solving we get x = - 1 9
and x = 3 . Thus intersection points of given curves =2 a #4 x dx
with x -axis are ^- 1, 0h and ^3, 0h . 3 9
= 2 a =x3 G
2
The area bounded by the curve y = - x2 + 2x + 3 and

2 4
x -axis is shown in the figure by shaded region.
= 2 a # 2 6]9g - ]4g @
3 3
2 2
3
= 4 a 8^32h - ^22h B
3 3
2 2
3
= 4 a 627 - 8@
3
= 4 a ]19g = 76 a sq units
3 3
Hence, the required area is 76 a sq units.
3
23. Find the area bounded by the line y = x, the x -axis

and the lines x = - 1 and x = 2 .
Sol : OD 2009
The area bounded by the line y = x, the x -axis and
#-1 ^- x2 + 2x + 3hdx
3
A = the lines x = - 1 and x = 2 is shown in the figure by
shaded region.
= - 2 # 2 8^4 - x h B0 It is clear from the figure that, the region for which we
3
2
4
3 have to find area is OBCAO. Also, the region OCAO
= - 7]4 - 4g - ]4 - 0g A
4 is symmetrical about x - axis.
3 3
2 2
3
Now, let us find the intersection point of curve and
= - 4 70 - ]4g A
3
2
line.
3
Substituting x = 4 in parabola y2 = 4x we get y = ! 4
= # ]4g
4 3
. Thus, line and curve intersect at two points (4,4)

2
3
and ^4, - 4h . So, coordinates of point A are (4,4) as
= 4 # ^22h
3
2
3 it is in I quadrant.
Now, area of bounded region OABCO is the required
= 4 # 8 = 32 sq units
3 3 area which is shown shaded in figure below.
Hence,the required area is 32 sq units. 4
3 A = #-4ydx
ALTERNATIVE METHOD :
4
Substituting y = 0 in given equation x = 4 - y2 we = 2 # ydx
0
get y = 2 and y = - 2 . Thus given curve intersect the 4
y - axis at y = 2 and y = - 2 . = 2 # 2 x dx
0
Area of the shaded region, 4
= 4 # x dx
1
2
2 0
A = #-2xdy 3
4
= 4 =x3 G
2
2 2
= 2 # xdy 0
= 4 $ 2 6x @0
0 4 3
2
2 3
= 2 # (4 - y2) dy
= 8 7]4g - 0A
3
0 2
3
y3 2
= 2 ;4y -
3 E0 = 8 # ^22h
3
2
3
3
= 2 :4 # 2 - 2 D - 2 60@ = 8 # 8 = 64 sq units
3 3 3
8
= 2 :8 - D 64
3 Hence, the required area is sq units.
3
= 2 # 8 :1 - 1 D
3 27. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded
= 2 # 8 # 2 = 32 by the triangle whose vertices are ^- 1, 0h , ^1, 3h and
3 3 ^3, 2h .
26. Find the area of region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x Sol : OD 2009
and the line x = 4 .
Let A ^- 1, 0h , B ^1, 3h and ^3, 2h be the vertices of the
TABC .
The given curve y2 = 4x is a parabola which is of the
form of Y2 = 4aX having vertex (0,0) and given line is
x = 4 . We have sketch the curves as shown in figure.
x + 3, if x $ - 3
y = x+3 =*
- x - 3, if x 1 - 3
So, we have y = x + 3 for x $- 3 and y = - x - 3 for
x 1- 3 .
A sketch of y = x + 3 is shown below:
Equation of the line AB is given by

y - y1 y-5 x-2
= x - x1 & =
y2 - y1 x2 - x1 7-5 4-2
or y = x+3 ...(i)
Similarly, equation of the line BC is
Here, y = x + 3 is the straight line which cuts X
y-7
= x - 4 & y = 1 (- 5x + 34) and Y -axis at (- 3, 0) and (0, 3), respectively. Thus
2-7 6-4 2
y = x + 3 for x $- 3 is the parts of line which lies on
or 5 x
y = - + 17 ...(ii) the right side of x = - 3 .
2
Equation of line AC is Similarly, y = - x - 3 , x 1- 3 is the part of line
y = - x - 3 , which lies on left side of x = - 3 .
y-5
= x-2 Clearly, required area
2-5 6-2
or y = 1 (- 3x + 26) = Area of region ABPA + Area of region PCOP
4
-3 0
-
y = 3 x + 13 ...(iii) = #-6 (- x - 3) dx + #
-3
(x + 3) dx
4 2
2 -3 2 0
Now, required area,
= :x - 3x D + :x + 3x D
2 -6 2 -3
= (Area under line segment AB )
= ;b- + 9 l - (- 18 + 18)E;0 - b 9 - 9 lE
9
+ (Area of under line segment BC ) 2 2
- (Area under line segment AC ) = b- 9 - 9 l + (9 + 9)
2 2
Here we considered the small strip area trip dx
parallel to y axis. Thus = 18 - 9 = 9 sq units
4 6 5x
A = #2 (x + 3) dx + #4 b- 2 + 17 l dx
- # b- 3 x + 13 l dx
6
***********
2 4 2
2 4 2 6 2 6
= :x + 3x D + :- 5x + 17x D - :- 3x + 13 x D
2 2 4 4 8 2 2
= 12 + 9 - 14 = 7 sq units
30. Sketch the graph of y = x + 3 and evaluate the area

under the curve y = x + 3 above x -axis and between
x = - 6 to x = 0 .
Sol : OD 2011
The given y = x + 3 can be written as

x + 3, if x + 3 $ 0
y = x+3 =*
- (x + 3), if x + 3 1 0
CHAPTER 9 Differential Equations Page 315
CHAPTER 9
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS We have ^1 - y2hdx + yx = ay ^- 1 1 y 1 1h

dy
dx + yx = ay
1. The general solution of the differential equation dy 1 - y2 1 - y2
dy dx + y ay
dy c 1 - y2 m
= ex + y is : x =
dx 1 - y2
(a) ex + e-y = c (b) e-x + e-y = c dy + Px = Q . Thus
The given equation in form of dx
(c) ex + y = c (d) 2ex + y = c
I.F. = e # Pdy
Sol : OD 2024
y
#c mdy
dy =e 1 - y2
We have = ex + y
dx # - 1e
-2y
ody
= e x ey =e 2 1-y2
- 1 log (1 - y 2)
dy =e 2
= ex dx
ey 1
log
e-y dy = ex dx =e 1 - y2
Integrating both sides, we get 1

log
1 - y2
-e -y x
= e +k =e
ex + e-y = c
Thus (a) is correct option. dy 3/2 d3 y
1. Order of the equation b1 + 5 l = 10 3 is
dx dx
2. Degree of the differential equation sin x + cos ` dx
dy
j = y2 (a) 2 (b) 3
is (c) 1 (d) 0
(a) 2 (b) 1 Sol : Delhi 2017
(c) not defined (d) 0
dy 3/2 d3 y
Sol : OD 2023 We have b1 + 5 dx l = 10 3
dx
Squaring both sides, we get
sin x + cos a dx k = y 2
dy
We have
dy 3 d3 y 2
The order of the differential equation is 1. b1 + 5 dx l = 100 c 3 m
dx
The given differential equation cannot be written as
dy 3 dy dy d3 y 2
a polynomial equation. The degree of the differential 1 + 125 b l + 15 b1 + 5 l = 100 c 3 m
dx dx dx dx
equation is not defined.
Clearly, the order of highest derivative occurring in
Thus (c) is correct option. the differential equation is 3. Hence, the order of given
3. The integrating factor of the differential equation differential equation is 3.
(1 - y2) dx Thus (b) is correct option.
dy + yx = ay , (- 1 1 y 1 1) is
(a) 1 (b) 1 2. The order and degree of the differential equation

y2 - 1 y2 - 1 dy 2 are
1 1 y = x + dy
(c) (d) dx dx
1 - y2 1 - y2
Sol : OD 2023 (a) 1, 2 (b) 1, 3
(c) 2, 1 (d) 1, 1
(c) e-y = - e-x - ex - x2 + C

2 2
(c) ( e ) (logx) (d) ex
(d) ey = e-x + ex + x2 + C Sol : Delhi 2010, OD 2007
Sol : OD 2012, Comp 2010

dy 1
We have x + y log x = xex x- 2 log x
dy dx
We have = ey (ex + e-x + 2x) dy
dx + y 1 log x = ex x- (1/2)log x
dy dx x
= dx (ex + e-x + 2x) 1
ey IF = e x log x dx
Integrating both sides, we have
(logx)2
=e
# dy
2
= # dx (ex + e-x + 2x)
ey
= ( e ) (logx)
2
e-y = ex - e-x + x2 + C
e-y = e-x - ex - x2 + C
12. Integrating factor (IF) of the following differential
equation is
9. Solution of the differential equation xdy - ydx = 0 dy 3x2 y sin2 (x)
represents a - =
dx 1 + x3 1+x
(a) parabola (b) circle (a) e 1+x3
(b) log (1 + x3)
(c) hyperbola (d) straight line 1
(c) 1 + x3 (d)
Sol : Foreign 2009 1 + x3
We have x dy = y dx
dy 3x2 y 2
dy We have - = sin x
= dx dx 1 + x 3 1+x
y x From the given equation,
# dy
y
= # dx
x
2 2
P = - 3x 3 , Q = sin x
1+x 1 + x
log e y = log e x + log e C -3x2
IF = e # P dx = e # 1 + x dx
3
y = Cx
Substituting 1 + x3 = t & 3x2 dx = dt we get
which is a straight line.
1
dy ax + g IF = e # - t dt = e- log t = e- log (1 + x3)
10. The solution of = represents a circle, when
dx by + f = e log ^1 + x3h-1
(a) a = b (b) a = - b
(c) a = - 2b (d) a = 2b Hence, IF = (1 + x3) -1 = 1
Sol : Foreign 2018
1 + x3
dy ax + g dy 3/2 d2 y
We have = 13. The order of the DE ;1 + b lE = 2 is
dx by + f dx dx
(by + f) dy = (ax + g) dx (a) 1 (b) 2
Integrating both sides, we have (c) 3 (d) 4
by 2 2 Sol : OD 2007
+ fy = ax + gx + C
2 2 Given differential equation can be rewritten as
ax2 - by2 + 2gx - 2fy + C = 0
dy 3 d2 y 2
which represents a circle, if a = - b . :1 + dx D = c 2 m
dx
Thus (b) is correct option. Here, degree is 2.
11. An integrating factor of the deferential equation Thus (b) is correct option.
dy 1 14. The degree of the differential equation
x + y log x = xex x- 2 log x (x 2 0) is
dx d2 y 2 dy 2 d2 y
(a) xlogx (b) ( x ) logx c 2 m + b dx l = x sin c 2 m
dx dx
y Integrating both sides, we get

log a
cx k
=x
y y
- - 2 log a1 - k + c = log x
y = cxex x x
Thus (a) is correct option. y
+ 2 log (x - y) + c = log x
x
20. The order of the differential equation of all conics Thus (b) is correct option.
whose centre lie at the origin is given by
(a) 2 (b) 3 23. If m and n are the order and degree of the differential
equation
(c) 4 (d) 5
d2 y 3
Sol : Foreign 2015 2 5 c 2m
dy dx d3 y
c 2m +4 3 + 3 = x2 - 1, then
The general equation of all conics whose centre lie at dx d y dx
the origin is dx3
(a) m = 3, n = 2 (b) m = 3, n = 3
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 1
(c) m = 3, n = 5 (d) m = 3, n = 1
Since, it has three arbitrary constants. Hence, order of Sol : SQP 2016, OD 2009
the differential equation obtained is 3.
Thus (b) is correct option. Given differential equation can be rewritten as
d2 y 5 d3 y d2 y 3 d3 y 2 d2 y
c 2 m 3 + 4c 2 m +c 3 m = (x - 1)
2
21. The order of the differential equation of all circles of
dx dx dx dx dx2
radius a is
(a) 2 (b) 3 Here, order m =3
(c) 4 (d) 1 degree n =2
Sol : Comp 2012 Thus (a) is correct option.
The general equation of all circles of radius a is dy
24. The solution of the differential equation 2x - y = 3
(x - h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = a2 . dx
represents
Since, it has two arbitrary constants. (a) straight line (b) circle
Hence, order of the differential equation obtained is 2. (c) parabola (d) ellipse
Sol : Delhi 2010
22. Solution of (x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx is

dy
We have 2x = y+3
y dx
(a) log x = log (x - y) + + c
x dy
2 = dx
y y+3 x
(b) log x = 2 log (x - y) + + c
x 2 log (y + 3) = log x + log c
x
(c) log x = log (x - y) + + c
y (y + 3) 2 = cx
(d) none of the above which is an equation of parabola.
Sol : SQP 2020
We have (x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx 25. The integrating factor of the differential equation
dy
dy x2 + y2 (x log x) + y = 2 log x is given by
= 2 dx
dx x + xy (a) ex (b) log x
This is homogeneous equation. Thus putting y = vx
we have (c) log log x (d) x
2 Sol : Delhi 2014
v + x dv = 1 + v
dx 1+v The given differential equation can be rewritten as
2
x dv = 1 + v - v = 1 - v dy
+
y
=2
dx 1+v 1+v dx x log x x
2 dx dy
b- 1 + 1 - v l dv = x It is of the form
dx
+ Py = Q . Here
y+1 (c) y = - 12 (log x) 2 + log x

30. The number of solutions of yl = , y (1) = 2 is
x-1
(d) y = - 12 (log x) 2 - log x
(a) zero (b) one
Sol : OD 2009
(c) two (d) infinite
Sol : Delhi 2010 d2 y
We have x2 = log x
dx2
dy y+1 d2 y log x
We have =
dx x-1 2 =
dx x2
dy
= dx dy
=-
log x
+ # 1 dx + c
y+1 x-1 dx x x2
Integrating, we get
dy log x 1
=- - +c
log (y + 1) = log (x - 1) + log c dx x x
y + 1 = c (x - 1)
33. Which of the following is a solution of the differential
For x = 1, y =2 dy 2 dy
equation b l - x + y = 0
dx dx
3 = c (0)
(a) y = 2x - 4 (b) y = 2x2 - 4
3 =0 which is not possible. (c) y = 2 (d) y = 2x
Hence, given equation has zero solution. Sol : Delhi 2015, OD 2011
dy 2 dy
We have b
dx l
-x +y = 0
31. The general solution of the differential equation dx
dy x+y x-y Taking option (a) we have
+ sin = sin is
dx 2 2
y y = 2x - 4
(a) log tan a k = c - 2 sin x
2
dy
y =2
(b) log tan a k = c - 2 sin x dx
4 2 Substituting above in given equation we get
y
(c) log tan a + p k = c - 2 sin x (2) 2 - x (2) + 2x - 4 = 0
2 4
y p 0 =0
(d) log tan a + k = c - 2 sin a x k
4 4 2
Sol : Comp 2008
dy x+y x-y 34. The differential equation of all non-horizontal lines in

We have + sin = sin a plane is
dx 2 2
d2 y 2
dy x-y
- sin b
x+y (b) d x2 = 0
2 l
= sin a 2 = 0
2 k
(a)
dx dx dy
dy
= - 2 cos x sin
y (c) =0 (d) dx = 0
2 2 dx dy
Sol : SQP 2015
# 12 cosec y2 dy = - # cos x2 dx
The general equation of all non-horizontial lines in a
y sin x plane is
log tan = - 1 2 x + c
4 2
ax + by = 1, where a ! 0
y
log tan a k = c - 2 sin x Differentiating w.r.t x we have
4 2
a dx + b = 0
2 dy
dy
32. Solution of the equation, x2 = log x , when
dy dx2 a dx + b = 0
x = 1, y = 0 and =- 1 dy
dx
(a) y = 12 (log x) 2 + log x 2
a d x2 = 0
(b) y = 12 (log x) 2 - log x dy

dy
We have = e-2y
2 2
dx
We have (x - xy) dy = (xy + y ) dx
# e2y dy = # dx + c
dy xy + y2
= 2
dx x - xy e2y = x + c (1)
This is homogeneous equation. Thus putting y = vx 2
we have When x = 5 and y = 0 we have
2
v + x dv = v + v 1 = 5+c
dx 1-v 2
c =- 9
2 2
x dv = v + v - v = 2v 2
dx 1-v 1-v
Thus eq(1) becomes,
1 - v dv = 2 dx
v2 x e2y = x - 9
2 2
1 1 dx
b v2 - v l dv = 2 x When y = 3 , e6 = x - 9
2 2
- 1 - log v = 2 log x + cons tan t 6
v x = 9+e
2
y Thus (c) is correct option.
- x - log = log x2 + log c1
y x
43. Equation to the curve through (2, 1) whose slope at
y
- x = log a $ x2 $ c1k = log c1 xy x2 + y2
y x the point (x, y) is , is
2xy
xy = 1 e-x/y = ce-x/y b take, c1 = 1 l (a) 2 (x2 - y2) = 3x (b) 2 (y2 - x2) = 6y
c1 c
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) x (x2 - y2) = 6 (d) none of these
dy y Sol : SQP 2018
41. The solution of the differential equation + = x2
dx x
is dy x2 + y2
2 We have =
(a) x + y = x + c (b) x - y = 1 x3 + c dx 2xy
2 3
This is homogeneous equation. Thus putting y = vx
1 4
(c) xy = x + c 1
(d) y - x = x 4 + c we have
4 4
Sol : 2
v + x dv = 1 + v
Comp 2009
dx 2v
dy y
We have + = x2 2
dx x v + x dv = 1 + v
dx 2v
Here, P = 1 and Q = x2
x 2
# x1 dx
x dv = 1 + v - v
Now IF = e dx 2v
= e logx = x 2v dv = dv
1 - v2 dx
Solution is, yx = # x2 $ x dx log (1 - v2) + log x = log c
4
= x +c y2
4 log x c1 - m = log c
Thus (c) is correct option. x2
x2 - y2 = cx (1)
42. If dy/dx = e-2y and y = 0 , when x = 5 , then the value
of x , when y = 3 is It passes through (2, 1), we get,
(a) e5 (b) e6 + 1 4 - 1 = 2c & c = 3

2
6
(c) e + 9 (d) log e 6 Thus eq(1) becomes,
2
Sol : Delhi 2017, OD 2015 2 (x2 - y2) = 3x
dy
dx
=-
1 - y2 # 1 dy
-y
= # dx
1 - x2
- log (1 - y) = x
1 - x2 dy + 1 - y2 dx = 0
1 - y = e-x
dy/dx
49. The solution of e = x + 1, y (0) = 3 , is
(a) y = x log x - x + 2 yex = ex + c
Since, order of differential equation is the number of
(b) y = (x + 1) log (x + 1) - x + 3
arbitrary Constants, so given Reason is true.
(c) y = (x + 1) log (x + 1) + x + 3 Hence, Both Assertion and reason are true but reason
(d) y = x log x + x + 3 is not a correct explanation for assertion.
Sol : Delhi 2010 Thus (b) is correct option.
We have edy/dx = x + 1 52. Assertion : The elimination of four arbitrary constants

in y = (c1 + c2 + c3 ec ) x results into a differential
4
dy dy
= log (x + 1) equation of the first order x =y
dx dx
y = (x + 1) log (x + 1) - x + c Reason : Elimination of n arbitrary constants requires
in general a differential equation of the n th order.
At x = 0 , y = 3 then c = 3 .
(a) Assertion is true, reason is true, reason is a correct
Thus y = (x + 1) log (x + 1) - x + 3 explanation for assertion.
Thus (b) is correct option. (b) Assertion is true,reason is true, reason is not a
correct explanation for assertion.
50. Order of the differential equation of the family of all
concentric circles centred at (h, k), is (c) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(a) 2 (b) 3 (d) Assertion is false, reason is true.
(c) 1 (d) 4 Sol : Delhi 2007
Sol : OD 2008 Here given Reason is standard property.

We have (x - h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = r2 So, given Reason is true.
Here only one arbitrary constant r . Let c1 + c2 + c3 ec = A (constant)
4
So, order of differential equation is 1. Then, y = Ax

Differentiating, we get
dy dy
51. Assertion : The general solution of + y = 1 is =A
x x dx dx
ye = e + c
So given equation can be expressed as
Reason : The number of arbitrary constants is in the
general solution of the differential equation is equal to dy
y =x
the order of differential equation. dx
dy
(a) Assertion is true, reason is true, reason is a correct x =y
dx
explanation for assertion. Hence, both assertion and reason are true and reason
(b) Assertion is true,reason is true, reason is not a is correct explanation for assertion.
correct explanation for assertion. Thus (a) is correct option.
(c) Assertion is true, reason is false.
53. Assertion: The equation of curve passing through (3,
(d) Assertion is false, reason is true. dy
9) which satisfies differential equation = x + 12 is
Sol : Comp 2015, OD 2007 dx x
6xy = 3x3 + 29x - 6
dy Reason: The solution of differential equation
Given that, +y = 1 dy 2 dy
dx
b dx l - b dx l (e + e ) + 1 = 0 is y = c1 e + c2 e
x -x x -x
dy .
= 1-y
dx (a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a
dy correct explanation for Assertion.
= dx
1-y
Sol : OD 2019
Sol : Delhi 2013
d2 y 3 dy 4
We have y = ae2x + 5 ...(1) We have xc 2 m + y b dx l + x = 0
3
dx
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get 2
Here, highest order derivative is ddxy , whose degree is

2
y' = ae2x $ 2 three. So, the degree of differential equation is 3.

y'
ae2x = 64. Write the degree of the differential equation
2
y' dy 4 d2 y
y-5 =
2
y = ae2x + 5 b dx l + 3y 2 = 0 .
dx
Sol : Foreign 2013
2y - 10 = y' ,
y' - 2y + 10 = 0 dy 4 d2 y
We have b dx l + 3y 2 = 0 .
dx
which is the required equation. 2

2
one. So, the degree of differential equation is 1.

60. Write the sum of the order and degree of the differential
equation 65. Write the differential equation representing the family
2
dy 2
dy 3 of curves y = mx , where m is the arbitrary constant.
c 2 m + b dx l + x = 0 .
4
dx Sol : OD 2013
We have y = mx . ...(1)
d2 y 2 dy 3
c 2 m + b dx l + x = 0 . Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
4
We have
dx
d2 y dy
Here, we see that the highest order derivative is =m
dx2 dx
, whose degree is 2. dy
Substituting m = in Eq. (1), we get
Sum of the order and degree = 2 + 2 = 4 dx
dy
y =x
61. Write the differential equation obtained by eliminating dx
the arbitrary constant C is the equation representing which is the required differential equation.
the family of curves xy = C cos x .
66. What is the degree of the following differential
Sol : Delhi 2015
equation?
We have xy = C cos x ...(1) dy 2 d2 y
5x b
dx l dx2
- - 6y = log x
Sol : Delhi 2010
dy
1$y+x = C (- sin x) Here, highest order derivative is d2 y
, whose degree is
dx dx2
dy xy one. So, the degree of differential equation is 1.
= -a
cos x k
y+x sin x xy = C cos x
dx
67. Write the sum of the order and degree of the differential
dy
y + x + xy tan x = 0 dy 3
dx equation d 'b l 1 = 0 .
dx dx
62. Write the degree of the differential equation Sol : OD 2015
dy 4 d2 y The degree of the differential equation is the degree of

b dx l + 3x 2 = 0 . the highest order derivative, when differential coefficients
dx
Sol : Delhi 2013 are made free from radicals and fractions sign.
d dy 3 = 0
dx 'b dx l 1
dy 4 d2 y We have
We have b dx l + 3x 2 = 0
dx 2
dy 3 - 1 d dy
3b
dx l dx b dx l
2 =0
one. So, the degree of differential equation is 1.
dy 2 d2 y
3b l 2 = 0
63. Write the degree of the differential equation dx dx
d2 y 3 dy 4 Here, order is 2 and degree is 1.
xc 2 m + y b dx l + x = 0
3
dx Sum of the order and degree = 2 + 1 = 3
d2 V = - 2 dV Sol : OD 2018
or
dr2 r dr
We have, y = aebx + 5
Thus, the required differential equation is
Differentiating above equation wrt x , we have
d2 V + 2 dV = 0 .
dr2 r dr dy
= aebx + 5 $ b
dx
74. Form the differential equation representing the = y$b
family of curves y = e2x (a + bx), where 'a' and 'b' are
arbitrary constants. Again, differentiating above wrt x , we get
Sol : Delhi 2019, OD 2017 d2 y dy
=b
dx2 dx
We have, y = e2x (a + bx) ...(1) dy dy
= c 1 $ mb l [using Eq. (1)]
Differentiating above equation wrt x , we have y dx dx
d2 y 1 dy 2
2 = y b dx l
dy
= e2x d (a + bx) + (a + bx) d e2x dx
dx dx dx
2
dy dy 2
yc 2 m - b l = 0 ,
2x 2x
= e (b) + (a + bx) 2 $ e or
dx dx
= b $ e2x + 2 $ e2x (a + bx) which is the required differentiating equation.
= be2x + 2 $ y -2 x
y dx
77. Find the integrating factor of DE e e - o = 1.
or y' = 2y + be 2x
...(2) x x dy
Sol : Delhi 2015
Again differentiating eq (2) wrt x , we get
y" = 2y' + 2be2x ...(3) e-2 x - y dx = 1
We have e o
Multiplying Eq. (2) by 2 and then subtracting from x x dy
Eq. (3), we get dy -2 x
y
=e -
dx x x
y" - 2y' = 2y' - 4y
dy y e-2 x
+ =
y" = 2y' + 2y' - 4y dx x x
y" - 4y' + 4y = 0 , which is linear differential equation of the form
dy -2 x
which is the required equation. + Py = Q , were P = 1 and Q = e .
dx x x
75. Find the differential equation of the family of curves
y = Ae2x + Be-2x , where A and B are arbitrary Integrating Factor, IF = e # Pdx
constants. = e#
1
x
dx
= e2 x
Sol : OD 2019
78. Write the integrating factor of the following differential

We have y = A $ e2x + B $ e-2x ...(1) equation.
Differentiating above equation wrt x , we have dy
(1 + y2) + (2xy - cot y) = 0.
dy dx
= 2A $ e2x - 2B $ e-2x ...(2) Sol : OD 2015, SQP 2011
dx
Again differentiating eq. (2) w.r.t. x , we get
dy
d2 y We have (1 + y2) + (2xy - cot y)
= 0.
= 4Ae2x + 4Be-2x dx
dx2 The above equation can be rewritten as
= 4 (Ae2x + Be-2x ) dy
(cot y - 2xy) = 1 + y2
2 2 dx
dy dy
= 4y & 2 - 4y = 0 , cot y - 2xy
dx2 dx = dx
which is the required equation. (1 + y2) dy
dx = cot y - 2xy
76. Find the differential equation representing the family
dy 1 + y2 1 + y2
of curves y = aebx + 5 , where a and b are arbitrary
constants. dx + 2y $ x = cot y
dy 1 + y2 1 + y2
= sec x + # (sec2 x - 1) dx = - v ^1 + v h
or y (sec x + tan x) = sec x + tan x - x + C v + xdv = - v - v2

dx
83. Solve the following differential equation. xdv = - 2v - v2
dx
ex tan y dx + (1 - ex ) sec2 y dy = 0 dv
- = dx
Sol : Delhi 2011 2v + v2 x
- # 2 dv = # dx
We have ex tan y dx + (1 - ex ) sec2 y dy = 0 v + 2v x
which can be rewritten as # dxx =- # dv
^v + 1h2 - 1
ex tan y dx = (ex - 1) sec2 y dy log x = - # dv
^v + 1h2 - 1
sec2 y x
dy = x e dx = - 1 log v + 1 - 1 + c
tan y e -1 2 v+1+1
sec2 y x
# dy = # x e dx = - log v + c
1
tan y e -1 2 v+2
y/x
tan tan y = log ex - 1 + C = - 1 log +c
f' (x)
2 y/x + 2
# dx = log f (x) + C
y
= - 1 log
f (x)
+c
2 y + 2x
log tan y - log ex - 1 = C
tan y 85. Find the general solution of the differential equation:
log
ex - 1
=C ^xy - x2h dy = y2 dx
tan y Sol : Delhi 2017
= eC
ex - 1
We have ^xy - x2h dy = y2 dx
tan y = eC (ex - 1)
Above equation can be written as
tan y = C1 (ex - 1)
dy y2
y = tan-1 [C1 (ex - 1)] =
dx ^xy - x2h
( yx ) 2
=
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS ^ - 1h y
x
which is a homogeneous differential equation as
dy
84. Solve the following differential equation: = F ( yx )
dx
x2 dy + y ^x + y h dx = 0 Now substituting y = vx & dy
= v + x dx
dv
we have
dx
Sol : OD 2024
2 2
v + x dv = v2 x 2
We have x dy + y ^x + y h dx = 0
2 dx vx - x
x2 dy = - y ^x + y h dx
2
x dv = 2v - v
dx v -1
dy - y ^x + y h
= ...(1) v2 - v ^v - 1h
dx x2 x dv =
dx v-1
Substituting y = vx we have
x dv = v
dy dx v-1
= v + xdv
dx dx bv -
v l
1 dv = dx
x
Substituting this in equation (1) we have,
- vx ^x + vx h # b1 - v1 l dv = # dx
v + xdv = x
dx x2 v - ln v = ln x + ln C
- vx2 ^1 + v h where C is an arbitrary constant.
=
x2
ey - 2 = - 1 90. Solve the differential equation

x+1
dy
1 (1 + x2) + 2xy - 4x2 = 0 ,
ey = b 2 -
x + 1l dx
subject to the initial condition y (0) = 0 .
y = log b 2 - 1
x + 1l Sol : Delhi 2019
which is the required solution.
dy
We have, (1 + x2)
+ 2xy - 4x2 = 0
89. Solve the following differential equation. dx
xdy - ydx = x2 + y2 dx , given that y = 0 when x = 1. dy 2
+ 2x 2 y = 4x 2
Sol : Delhi 2019, OD 2011 dx 1 + x 1+x
which is the equation of the form
We have, x dy - y dx = x2 + y2 dx dy
+ Py = Q ,
2 2
dx
(y + x + y ) dx = x dy 2
where P = 2x 2 and Q = 4x 2
1+x 1+x
dy y y2 2x
= + 1+ 2 ...(1) Now, IF = e # 1 + x dx 2
dx x x
which is a homogeneous differential equation as = e log(1 + x ) = 1 + x2
2
dy y
= Fa k. Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution
dx x
dy is
Substituting y = vx & = v + x dv in eq (1) we
dx dx 4x2 dx + C
have y $ (1 + x2) = # (1 + x2)
(1 + x2)
v + x dv = v + 1 + v2
(1 + x2) y = # 4x2 dx + C
dx 3
x dv = 1 + v2 & dv 2 = dx (1 + x2) y = 4x + C
dx x 3
1+v
y = 4x3 + C (1 + x2) -1 ...(1)
3 (1 + x2)
# dv = # dx Now, y (0) = 0
1 + v2 x
0 = 4 $ 03 + C (1 + 02) -1
log v + 1 + v2 = log x + C 3 (1 + 02)
y y2 C =0
y
log + 1+ = log x + C v=
x x2 x
Substituting the value of C Eq. (1), we get
2 2
y+ x +y 4x3 ,
log - log x = C y =
x 3 (1 + x2)
y+ x2 + y2 which is the required solution.
x
log =C 91. Solve the differential equation
x
dy 2xy
y+ x2 + y2 - y = x2 + 2
= eC log y = x & y = ex dx 1 + x2
x2 Sol : Delhi 2019
y + x2 + y2 = x2 $ eC
dy
y+ x2 + y2 = Ax2 ...(3) We have, - 2x y = x2 + 2 ...(1)
dx 1 + x2
where A = eC This is linear differential equation with
Now, as y = 0 , when x = 1 P = - 2x 2 and Q = x2 + 2
1+x
0 + 12 + 02 = A $ 1 & A = 1 -2x 2x
Thus IF = e # x + 1 dx = e- # x + 1 dx
2 2
Substituting the value of A, in Eq. (3), we get

= e- log(x + 1)
2
2 2 2
y+ x +y = x ,
= 1
which is the required solution. x2 + 1
Also, given that y = 0 , when x = p . 96. Find the particular solution of the differential
3 dy
equation (1 + x2) + 2xy = 1 2 , given that y = 0 ,
Substituting y = 0 and x = p in Eq. (1), we get dx 1+x
3 when x = 1.
2p
0 # sec = sec p + C Sol : OD 2018 C; Foreign 2011
3 3
0 = 2 + C & C =- 2 dy
We have (x2 + 1) + 2xy = 2 1
Substituting the value of C in Eq. (1), we get dx x +1
dy
y sec2 x = sec x - 2 + 2x y = 2 1 2
dx x2 + 1 (x + 1)
y = cos x - 2 cos2 x which is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
which is the required particular solution of the given + Py = Q , here P = 22x and Q = 2 1 2
differential equation. dx x +1 (x + 1)
Now, integrating factor,
95. Solve the differential equation IF = e # Pdx
2 2
(x - y ) dx + 2xy dy = 0 . 2x
= e # x + 1 dx
2
Sol : Foreign 2018

= e log x + 1
2
2 2
We have (x - y ) dx + 2xydy = 0 ,
= x2 + 1
which can be re-written as
Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution
(x2 - y2) dx = - 2xy dy is
dy x2 - y2 y2 - x2 1
= = y (x2 + 1) = # 2
# (x + 1) dx + C
dx - 2xy 2xy (x2 + 1) 2
^ yx h2 - 1
= y (x2 + 1) = # 2 1 dx + C
2^ x h x +1
y
In RHS, degree of numerator and denominator is y (x2 + 1) = tan-1 x + C ...(1)

same. It is a homogeneous differential equation and when x = 1, then y = 0
can be written as
0 = tan-1 1 + C & C = - p
dy y 4
= fa k
dx x Now, y (x2 + 1) = tan-1 x - p [from Eq. (1)]
dy 4
Substituting y = vx & = v + x dv in eq (1) we have which is the required differential equation.
dx dx
2
v+x dv = v - 1 dy x2 + y2
dx 2v 97. Show that the family of curves for which =
dx 2xy
2 , is given by x2 - y2 = cx .
x dv = -1-v
v
Sol :
dx 2v Delhi 2017, OD 2007
v 2
- 1 - 2v2
= dy x2 + y2
2v We have =
2 dx 2xy
or x dv = - v - 1 In RHS, degree of numerator and denominator is
dx 2v
same. It is a homogeneous differential equation and
2v dv = - dx
x can be written as
v2 + 1
dy y
# 22v dv = - # dx x dx
= fa k
x
v +1
2
log v + 1 = - log x + log C + ^ yx h2
=1 y
2^ x h
y2
log + 1 = - log x + log C dy
x2 Substituting y = vx & = v + x dv in eq (1) we
dx dx
y2 + x2 have
log = log C
x2 2
y2 + x2 v + x dv = 1 + v
= C & y2 + x2 = Cx , dx 2v
x 2
which is the required solution. x dv = # 1 + v - v
dx 2v
Also, given that at x = p ; y = 1 Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution

2 is
Substituting x = p and y = 1 in Eq. (1), we get
2
y $ e-x = # e-x sin x dx + C ...(1)
1 = 1+C$ 2 & C = 0
p Let I = # e-x sin x $ dx ...(2)
Substituting the value of C in Eq. (1), we get II I
By using the method of integration by parts, we get
y = sin x
-x x
which is the required solution of given differential I = sin x e - # cos x e dx
(- 1) (- 1)
equation.
= - sin x e-x + # e-x cos x dx
II I
100. Solve the differential equation Again, by using integration by parts, we get
(tan-1 x - y) dx = (1 + x2) dy . -x -x
I = - sin x e-x + cos x e - # (- sin x) e dx
Sol : OD 2017 (- 1) (- 1)
= - sin x e-x - cos x e-x - # e-x sin x dx
We have, (tan-1 x - y) dx = (1 + x2) dy
= - sin x e-x - cos x e-x - I [from Eq. (2)]
dy tan-1 x - y
= 2I = - e-x (sin x + cos x)
dx (1 + x2)
dy -1
= tan x2 - 1 2 y
x
dx 1+x 1+x I = - e (sin x + cos x)
2
dy 1 tan -1
x Thus from Eq. (1), we get
+ y = ...(1)
dx 1 + x2 1 + x2 -x
which is a linear differential equation of the form y $ e-x = - e (sin x + cos x) + C
2
dy -1
+ Py = Q , here P = 1 2 and Q = tan x2 1
dx 1+x 1+x y = - (sin x + cos x) + Cex
2
tan-1 x dx -1
Now, IF = e # P dx = e # 1 + x2 = e tan x
102. Find the general solution of the following differential
Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution equation
is -1 dy
(1 + y2) + (x - e tan y) =0
-1 dx
= # tan x2 $ e tan x dx + C
-1 -1
tan x
y$e Sol : Delhi 2016
1+x
Substituting tan x = t & 1 2 dx = dt we have
-1
-1 dy
1+x We have (1 + y2) + (x - e tan y) =0
dx
ye tan x = # t $ et dt + C
-1
(1 + y2) dx + x - e tan y = 0
-1
dy
= t $ et - # 1 $ e dt + C
t
-1
dy 1 x = e tan y
or +
= t $ et - et + C dx (1 + y2) 1 + y2
-1 -1 It is linear differential equation of the form
= tan-1 x $ e tan x
- e tan x
+C
-1 -1
dx + Px = Q .
or ye tan x
= (tan-1 x - 1) e tan x
+C dy
-1
tan y
101. Find the general solution of the differential equation Here, P = 1 2 and Q = e
1+y 1 + y2
dy Now, integrating factor,
- y = sin x
dx IF = e # P dy
Sol : OD 2017
Using x $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dy + C the general solution
dy is
We have - y = sin x
dx -1
x # e tan
-1
y
= # e tan y tan y
dy + C
-1
which is a linear differential equation of the form #e

1 + y2
dy 2 tan-1 y
+ Py = Q , where P = - 1 and Q = sin x xe tan
-1
y
dy + C = ...(1)#e
dx
1 + y2
IF = e # P dx = e # (- 1) dx = e-x
Substituting tan-1 y = t & 1 2 dy = dt in Eq. (1),
1+y
we get
2 vx = e tan
x dv = 1 - v - v = 1 - v - v - v
-1
v
dx 1 + v 1 + v C
2 y -1
= 1 - 2v - v C
= e tan (y/x)
1+v -1
1 + v dv = - 1 dx or y = Ce tan (y/x) ,
v2 + 2v - 1 x
# 1 + v dv = - # 1 dx 107. Solve the following differential equation

v2 + 2v - 1 x
1 log v2 + 2v - 1 = - log x + log C (cot-1 y + x) dy = (1 + y2) dx
2 Sol : Foreign 2016
1 log v2 + 2v - 1 + log x = log C
2 We have, (cot-1 y + x) dy = (1 + y2) dx
log v2 + 2v - 1 + 2 log x = 2 log C -1
dx = cot y + x
y2 2y dy 1 + y2
log + - 1 + log x2 = log C2
x2 x dx + - 1 cot-1 y
dy c 1+y 2 m x =
1 + y2
y2 2y
log c 2 + - 1m x2 = log C2
x x This is a linear differential equation of the form
-1
y2 + 2xy - x2 = C2 dx + Px = Q , here P = - 1 and Q = cot y .
dy 1+y 2
1 + y2
y2 + 2xy - x2 = C1 where C1 = C2 1 -
IF = e- # 1 + y dy = e cot 2
y
106. Solve the following differential equation Using x $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dy + C the general solution
is
y2 dx + (x2 - xy + y2) dy = 0
Sol : cot-1 y cot y
-1
#
-1
y
Foreign 2016 xe cot =
e dy + C ...(1)
(1 + y2)
We have, y2 dx + (x2 - xy + y2) dy = 0 Substituting cot-1 y = t & 1 2 dy = - dt in Eq. (1),
1+y
we get
dy - y2
= 2 ...(1) -1
dx x - xy + y2 xe cot y
= - # tet dt + C
This is homogeneous differential equation.
= - et (t - 1) + C
dy
Substituting y = vx & = v + x dv in eq (1) we -1 -1
dx dx xe cot y
= e cot y (1 - cot-1 y) + C
have
2 2
v + x dv -v x
=
dx
x2 - vx2 + v2 x2 108. Solve the following differential equation.
- v2 dy
v + x dv
= x + y - x + xy cot x = 0 , x ! 0
dx
1 - v + v2 dx
- v2 Sol : OD 2015, Comp 2011, Foreign 2012
x dv
= -v
dx
1 - v + v2 dy
3 We have x+ y - x + xy cot x = 0 , x ! 0
= -v - v 2
x dv dx
dx
1-v+v dy
2
1 - v + v dv = - 1 dx x + y (1 + x cot x) = x
dx
v (1 + v2) x dy
Integrating both sides, we have + y b 1 + x cot x l = 1
dx x
1 + v2 dv - # dy 1
# v dv = - # 1 dx + y b + cot x l = 1
v (1 + v2) v (1 + v2) x dx x
which is a linear differential equation of the form
# v1 dv - # 1 2 dv = - # x1 dx dy
+ Py = Q ,
1+v dx
log v - tan-1 v = - log x + log C
where, P = 1 + cot x and Q = 1.
x
log vx = tan-1 v IF = e # P dx
C
Also, given that at x = 0 , y = 1. 2 2

y sin y = x2 log | x |- x + x + C
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1 in Eq. (1), we get 2 2
y sin y = x2 log x + C ...(1)
(1 + 1) (2 + sin 0) = C & C = 4
Substituting C = 4 in Eq. (1), we get Also, given that y = p , when x = 1.
2
4 Substituting y = p and x = 1 in Eq. (1), we get
1+y = 2
2 + sin x p sin p = (1) 2 log (1) + C
4 2 a2k
y = -1
2 + sin x
4 - 2 - sin x C =p
= 2
2 + sin x
Substituting the value of C in Eq. (1), we get
= 2 - sin x
2 + sin x
y sin y = x2 log x + p
2 - sin p2 2
Now, at x = p , ya p k = which is the required particular solution.
2 2 2 + sin p2
ya p k = 1 112. Solve the following differential equation

2 3
dy
111. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (x2 - 1) + 2xy = 2 2 , x ! 1
dx x -1
x (2 log x + 1) Sol : Delhi 2014; OD 2014C, 2010
dy
= ,
dx sin y + y cos y dy
We have (x2 - 1) + 2xy = 2 2
given that y = p , when x = 1. dx x -1
2
dy
Sol : Delhi 2014 + 2x y = 2 1 2
dx x2 - 1 (x - 1)
dy x (2 log x + 1) which is a linear differential equation of the form
We have = dy
dx sin y + y cos y + Py = Q , here P = 22x and Q = 2 1 2
dx x -1 (x - 1)
Separating the variables, we get
Now, integrating factor,
(sin y + y cos y) dy = x (2 log x + 1) dx
IF = e # Pdx
sin y dy + y cos y dy = 2x log x dx + x dx 2x
= e # x - 1 dx
2

= e log x - 1
2
# sin ydy + # y cos ydy = 2 # x log | x | dx + # xdx

2 = x2 - 1
- cos y + # y cos ydy = 2 # x log | x | dx + x
2 Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution
We find the integral as below. is
d (y) # cos ydy dy y (x2 - 1) = 1
# 2
# y cos ydy = y # cos ydy - # ' dy 1 # (x - 1) dx + C
(x2 - 1) 2
= # 2 1 dx + C
= y sin y - # sin ydy x -1
= y sin y + cos y y (x - 1) = log x - 1 + C
2
x+1
d (log | x |)
# x log | x | dx = log | x | # xdx - # ' dx
# xdx 1 dx 113. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
y
2 2 ex 1 - y2 dx + dy = 0 ,
= x log x - # & 1 $ x 0 dx x
2 x 2 given that y = 1, when x = 0 .
2
x 1
= log | x |- # xdx Sol : Delhi 2014
2 2
2 2
x
= log | x |- x y
2 4 We have ex
1 - y2 dx + dy = 0
x
Now substituting all integrals we have x 2 -y
e 1 - y dx = dy
2 2 2
x
- cos y + y sin y + cos y = 2 :x log | x |- x D + x + C Separating the variables, we get
2 4 2
# cos v dv = # dx
x
117. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dy
sin v = log x + C = 1 + x + y + xy ,
dx
y y given that y = 0 when x = 1.
sin a k = log x + C [put v = ]
x x Sol : OD 2014
which is the required solution of given differential
equation. dy
We have = 1 + x + y + xy
dx
116. Find the particular solution of the differential equation dy
= 1 (1 + x) + y (1 + x)
dy y dx
x - y + x cosec = 0
dx x dy
Sol : OD 2014C, 2011 = (1 + x) (1 + y) ...(1)
dx
dy y
We have x - y + x cosec a k = 0 1 dy = (1 + x) dx
dx x ...(2)
dy y y (1 + y)
- + cosec a k = 0
dx x x Integrating both sides of above equation, we have
dy y y
= - cosec a k ...(1) # 1 +1 y dy = # (1 + x) dx
dx x x
which is a homogeneous differential equation as 2
log 1 + y = x + x + C ...(3)
dy y 2
= Fa k Also, given that y = 0 , when x = 1.
dx x
dy Substituting x = 1, y = 0 in Eq. (3), we get
dx dx
have log [1 + 0] = 1 + 1 + C & C = - 3
2 2
Now, substituting the value of C in Eq. (3), we get
v + x dv = vx - cosec a vx k
dx x x 2
dv log 1 + y = x + x - 3
v+x = v - cosec v 2 2
dx which is the required particular solution of given
x dv = - cosec v differential equation.
dx
dv = - dx 118. Solve the differential equation
cosec v x
Integrating both sides, we have dy -1
(1 + x2) + y = e tan x .
dx
# dv = # - dx Sol : OD 2014
cosec v x
# sin v dv = # - dx
x We have (1 + x2)
dy
+ y = e tan
-1
x
dx
- cos v = - log x + C dy tan x -1
+ 1 2y = e
y dx 1 + x 1 + x2
= - log x + C
- cos which is a linear differential equation of the form
x -1
dy tan x
y
cos = (log x - C) ...(2) + Py = Q , here P = 1 2 and Q = e
x dx 1+x 1 + x2
Also, given that x = 1 and y = 0 . Now, integrating factor,
Substituting above values in Eq. (2), we get
IF = e # Pdx
cos 0 = log 1 - C 1
= e # 1 + x dx 2
1 = 0 - C & C =- 1 -1
x
= e tan
y
cos = log x + 1 [from Eq. (2)] Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution
x
which is required particular solution of given is
differential equation. -1
ye tan
-1
x
= # e tan x tan x
dx + C
-1
#e
(1 + x2)
= 2 :- 1 log x + 1 dx x2 (1 - y) dy + y2 (1 + x2) dx = 0
x2 D
2
#
- x2 (1 - y) dy = y2 (1 + x2) dx
or y log x = - 2 log x - 2 + C ,
x x
x2 (y - 1) dy = y2 (1 + x2) dx
y-1 1 + x2 dx
2 dy =
dy y x2
122. Solve the differential equation + y cot x = 2 cos x ,
p dx Integrating both sides, we have
given that y = 0 , when x = .
2
# y -2 1 dy
2
Sol : Foreign 2014 = # 1 +2 x dx
y x
dy
We have
dx
+ y cot x = 2 cos x # y1 dy - # 1 dy = # 1 dx + # 1 dx
y2 x2
dy log y + 1 = - 1 + x + C ...(1)
+ Py = Q y x
dx
Also, given that y = 1, when x = 1
Were, P = cot x and Q = 2 cos x
Substituting y = 1 and x = 1 in Eq. (1), we get
IF = e # P dx
log 1 + 1 = - 1 + 1 + C
=e # cotx dx
C =1
=e log sinx
Substituting the value of C in Eq. (1), we get
IF = sin x log y + 1 = - 1 + x + 1
y x
Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution which is the required solution.
is
124. Solve the following differential equation :
y sin x = # 2 sin x cos x dx + C y y
x cos a k (y dx + x dy) = y sin a k (x dy - y dx).
x x
y sin x = # sin 2x dx + C Or
Solve the following differential equation.
y sin x = - cos 2x + C ...(1)
2 y y y y dy
Also, given that y = 0 , when x = p . ax cos x + y sin x k y - ay sin x - x cos x k x dx = 0
2
Sol :
Substituting x = p and y = 0 in Eq. (1), we get
Comp 2013, Foreign 2010
2
cos ^2 p2 h We have
0 sin p = - +C y y y y dy
2 2 ax cos x + y sin x k y - ay sin x - x cos x k x dx = 0
C - cos p = 0 dy 6x cos x + y sin x @ $ y
y y
2 = ...(1)
dx ^y sin x - x cos x h $ x
y y
C+1 = 0
2
C =- 1
2 dy y
Substituting the value of C in Eq. (1), we get = Fa k
dx x
dy
y sin x = - cos 2x - 1 Substituting y = vx & = v + x dv in eq (1) we
2 2 dx dx
have
2y sin x + cos 2x + 1 = 0
(x cos v + vx sin v) $ vx
which is the required equation. v + x dv =
dx (vx sin v - x cos v) $ x
123. Solve the differential equation 2
v+x dv = cos v + v sin v
v
(x2 - yx2) dy + (y2 + x2 y2) dx = 0 , given that y = 1, dx v sin v - cos v
2
when x = 1. x dv = v cos v + v sin v - v
Sol : Foreign 2014 dx v sin v - cos v
2 2
= v cos v + v sin v - v sin v + v cos v
We have (x2 - yx2) dy + (y2 + x2 y2) dx = 0 v sin v - cos v
Sol : Delhi 2012

y $ sin x = # (2x + x2 $ cot x) sin x dx + C
= 2 # x sin x dx + # x2 cos x dx + C dy
We have, = (x + 2) (y + 2)
xy
dx
= 2 # x sin x dx + x2 sin x - # 2x sin x dx + C Separating the variables, we get
y dy
y $ sin x = x2 sin x + C ...(1) = x + 2 dx
y+2 x
Substituting x = p and y = 0 in Eq. (1), we get y+2-2 2
2 c y + 2 m dy = b1 + x l dx
2
p
0 $ sin = a k $ sin p + C & C = - p
p 2
2 2
2 2 2 4 b1 - y + 2 l dy = b1 + x l dx
2
Substituting C = - p in Eq. (1), we get Integrating both sides, we have
4
# b1 - y +2 2 l dy # b1 + x2 l dx
2
y $ sin x = x2 sin x - p =
4
2
y - 2 log y + 2 = x + 2 log x + C ...(1)
y = x2 - p cosec x
4 Given that y = - 1, when x = 1
128. Solve the following differential equation Substituting x = 1 and y = - 1 in Eq. (1), we get
dy - 1 - 2 log (1) = 1 + 2 log 1 + C
+ y cot x = 4x cosec x ,
dx
given that y = 0 , when x = p . -1 = 1 + C & C =- 2
2
Sol : Delhi 2012C; OD 2012; Foreign 2011 Substituting C = - 2 in Eq. (1), we get
dy y - 2 log y + 2 = x + 2 log x - 2
We have + y cot x = 4x cosec x
dx which is required particular solution.
dy 130. Solve the following differential equation
dx + Py = Q , here P = cot x and Q = 4x cosec x
dy
IF = e # P dx = e # cot x dx 2x 2 - 2xy + y2 = 0
dx
Sol : Delhi 2012
= e log sinx = sin x
Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution dy
We have - 2xy + y2 = 0
2x2
is dx
dy y y2
y sin x = # 4x cosec x $ sin x dx + C dx = - ...(1)
x 2x2
= # 4x $ sin1 x $ sin x dx + C
dy y
= Fa k
= # 4x dx + C dx x
dy
or y sin x = 2x2 + C ...(1) Substituting y = vx & = v + x dv in eq (1) we
dx dx
have
Also, given that y = 0 , when x = p .
2
Substituting y = 0 and x = p in Eq. (1), we get
2
2 v + x dv = v - v
dx 2
2 2
0 = 2 # + C & C = -p
p 2
4 2 x dv = - v & 2dv = - 1 dx
dx 2 v2 x
2
Substituting C = - p in Eq. (1), we get Integrating both sides, we have
2
2 2 # v-2 dv = - log x + C
y sin x = 2x2 - p
2
2
2v-1 = - log x + C
y = 2x cosec x - p cosec x
2 -1
2 -2
which is the required solution. = - log x + C
v
129. Find the particular solution of the differential equation - 2x = - log x + C
y
dy - 2x = y (- log x + C)
xy = (x + 2) (y + 2) y = - 1 when x = 1.
dx
cot x - 2xy
dy = dx 2 9cosec a p k - cot a p kC = C & C = 2
1 + x2 2 2
dy 2xy Substituting C = 2 in Eq. (2), we get
+ = cot x2
dx 1 + x2 1+x y y
which is a linear differential equation of 1st order and x :cosec a k - cot a kD = 2
x x
is of the form which is the required particular solution.
dy 135. Solve the following differential equation :

+ Py = Q
dx 2 y
:x sin a x k - yD dx + x dy = 0
Here, P = 2x 2 and Q = cot x2
1+x 1+x Sol : Foreign 2011
# 2x 2 dx log 1 + x2 2
IF = e 1+x =e = 1+x
2 y
Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution
We have :x sin a x k - yD dx + x dy = 0
is dy y y
= - sin2 a k ...(1)
dx x x
y (1 + x2) = # cot x 2
# (1 + x ) dx + C which is a homogeneous differential equation as
1 + x2
y (1 + x2) = # cot x dx + C dy y
= Fa k
dx x
y (1 + x2) = log sin x + C dy
Dividing both sides by (1 + x2), we get dx dx
have
log sin x
y = + C 2 v + x dv = v - sin2 v
1 + x2 1+x dx
x dv = - sin2 v
dx
134. Find the particular solution of the following differential
dy
equation x dx - y + x sin yx = 0 , given that when x = 2 cosec v dv = - dx
2
x
, y = p. Integrating both sides, we have
Sol : OD 2012
# cosec2 v dv + # dx
x
=0
dy y
We have, x - y + x sin a k = 0 - cot v + log x = C
dx x
dy y y
- + sin a k = 0 ...(1) y y
dx x x - cot a k + log x = C
x 9v = x C
y = x $ cot-1 (log x - C)
dy y
= Fa k which is the required solution.
dx x
dy
Substituting y = vx & = v + x dv in eq (1), 136. Solve the following differential equation.
dx dx
dv (1 + y2) (1 + log x ) dx + x dy = 0
v + x - v + sin v = 0
dx Sol : Delhi 2011
dv
x dx + sin v = 0 We have (1 + y2) (1 + log x ) dx + x dy = 0
cosec v dv + dx = 0 Separating the variables, we get
x
Integrating both sides, we have 1 + log x dy
dx = -
x 1 + y2
# cosec v dv + # dx
x
= log C Integrating both sides, we have
log cosec v - cot v + log x = log C 1 + log x dy

# x
dx = - #
1 + y2
x (cosec v - cot v) = C
# 1 dx + # log x dx = - # dy
y y x x 1 + y2
x :cosec a k - cot a kD = C ...(2)
x x log x + I1 + K = - tan-1 y ...(1)
Substituting x = 2 and y = p in Eq. (2) we get
139. Solve the following differential equation. or IF = x

2
x dy - (y + 2x ) dx = 0 Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution
Sol : OD 2011
is
y#x = # ^x2 # x hdx
We have x dy - (y + 2x2) dx = 0
yx = # x3 dx
xdy = (y + 2x2) dx
3
dy (y + 2x2) yx = x + C
= 4
dx x 3
dy y y = +C
x
= + 2x 4 x
dx x
dy y 141. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
- = 2x
dx x (1 + e2x ) dy + (1 + y2) ex dx = 0
given that y = 1, when x = 0 .
dy Sol :
+ Py = Q . Foreign 2011
dx
were, P = - 1 and Q = 2x We have (1 + e2x ) dy + (1 + y2) ex dx = 0
x
1 Separating the variables, we get
IF = e # P dy = e # - x dx
dy - ex dx
= e- log x = e log x 2 =
-1
1+y 1 + e2x
or IF = x-1 = 1
x dy ex dx
Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution # 2 =- #
1+y 1 + e2x
is Substituting ex = t & ex dx = dt in RHS, we get
y # 1 = # b 2x # 1 l dx tan-1 y = - # 1 dt
x x 1 + t2
y y tan-1 y = - tan-1 t + C
= # 2dx & = 2x + C
x x
2
y = 2x + Cx tan-1 y = - tan-1 (ex ) + C ...(1)
which is the required solution. Also, given that y = 1, when x = 0 .
Substituting above values in Eq. (1), we get
140. Solve the following differential equation :
tan-1 1 = - tan-1 (e0) + C
3
x dy + (y - x ) dx = 0
Sol : OD 2011
tan-1 1 = - tan-1 1 + C
2 tan-1 1 = C
We have x dy + (y - x3) dx = 0
xdy = - (y - x3) dx 2 tan-1 a tan p k = C
4
dy (y - x3) C = 2#p = p
=- 4 2
dx x
p
Substituting C = in Eq. (1), we get
dy y 2
= - + x2
dx x
dy y tan y = - tan-1 ex + p
-1
+ =x 2 2
dx x p
which is a linear differential equation of the form y = tan 9 - tan-1 (ex )C = cot [tan-1 (ex )]
2
dy
+ Py = Q . = cot ;cot-1 b 1x lE
dx e
1
were, P = 1 and Q = x2 y = x
x e
1 which is the required solution.
IF = e # P dy = e # x dx
= e log x = x
Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution = 1 # dx + 3 # 2 x dx - 1 # 2dx

is 2 x+1 2 x +1 2 x +1
= #1 dx 3
+ # 2 x dx - 1 # 2dx
x2 + 4 (x2 + 1) dx 2 x + 1 4 x2 + 1 2 x +1
y (x2 + 1) = #
x2 + 1
y = log x + 1 + log x + 1 - 1 tan-1 x + C
1 3 2
2 4 2
= # x2 + 4 dx which is the required solution.
= # x2 + (2) 2 dx 146. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dy
(x - y) dx = x + 2y , given that when x = 1, y = 0 .
= x x2 + 4 + 4 log x + x2 + 4 + C
2 2 Sol : OD 2017, Foreign 2013
or y (x2 + 1) = x x2 + 4 + 2 log x + x2 + 4 + C We have,

dy
= x + 2y
(x - y)
2
dx
dy x + 2y
= ...(1)
145. Solve the following differential equation. dx x-y
This is a homogeneous differential equation.
dy
(x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 2x2 + x dy
dx Substituting y = vx & = v + x dv in eq (1) we
Sol : OD 2010, Delhi 2007 dx dx
have
dy
We have (x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 2x2 + x v + x dv = x + 2vx
dx dx x - vx
x dv = 1 + 2v - v
2x2 + x dx 1-v
dy = dx
x + x2 + x + 13 2
Integrating both sides, we get = 1 + 2v - v + v

1-v
2
# dy 2x 2 + x
= # dx x dv = 1 + v + v
x + x2 + x + 1 3 dx 1-v
2x2 + x 1 - v dv = 1 dx
y = # 2 dx + C v2 + v + 1 x
x (x + 1) + 1 (x + 1)
y = # 2x2 + x dx ...(1)
(x + 1) (x2 + 1) # 1 - v dv = # 1 dx
Using partial fractions method, v2 + v + 1 x
I = log x + C
Now 2x2 + x = A + Bx2 + C ...(2)
(x + 1) (x2 + 1) x+1 x +1 1 - v dv
Now I = #
A (x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 1) v2 + v + 1
2x2 + x =
2
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1) - 12 (2v + 1) - 32
= # dv
2x2 + x = A (x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 1) v2 + v + 1
(2v + 1) dv 3
2x2 + x = A (x2 + 1) + B (x2 + x) + C (x + 1) -1 # 2 + # 2 dv = # 1 dx
2 v +v+1 2 v +v+1 x
Substituting x = - 1 we have 1 3 dv
= - log (v + v + 1) + #
2
2 - 1 = A (1 + 1) + 0 & A = 1 2 2 (v + 12 ) 2 + 34
2
Comparing the coefficients of x2 we have = - 1 log (v2 + v + 1) + 3 # dv

2 2 (v + 1 ) 2 + ( 3
)2
A+B = 2 & 1
2 +B = 2 & B = 3
2
2 2
(v + 2 ) 1
Comparing the constant terms from sides, we get = - 1 log (v2 + v + 1) + 3 13 tan-1
2 2 3
2 2
A + C = 0 & C = - A = - 12 (2v + 1)
= - 1 log (v2 + v + 1) + 3 tan-1
2 3
2x- 2
1 3 1
Thus 2x2 - x = 2
+
(x + 1) (x2 + 1) x + 1 x2 + 1 ( 2xy + 1)
y2 y
Integrating both sides, we have = - 1 log c 2 + + 1m + 3 tan-1
2 x x 3
y = # 2x2 + x dx Thus substituting I we have general solution,
(x + 1) (x2 + 1)
Substituting this value of C in Eq. (2), we get Sol : OD 2015
y We have, (tan-1 y - x) dy = (1 + y2) dx

- cot a k + log x = - 1
x
-1
y dx = tan y - x
1 + log x - cot a k = 0 dy 1 + y2
x
which is the required particular solution of given dx + 1 x = tan y
-1
differential equation. dy 1 + y 2
1 + y2
149. Solve the differential equation This is a linear differential equation of the form
-1
dx + Px = Q , here P = 1 and Q = tan y .
dy dy 2
- 3y cot x = sin 2x , 1+y 1 + y2
dx
given y = 2 when x = p2 . IF = e # 1 + y dy = e tan
1
2
-1
y
Sol : OD 2015
Using x $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dy + C the general solution
dy is
We have, - 3y cot x = sin 2x ...(1)
dx
tan-1 y tan y
-1
#
-1
This is a linear differential equation of the form xe tan y
e = dy + C ...(1)
dy (1 + y2)
dx + Py = Q , where P = - 3 cot x and Q = sin 2x .
IF = e # P dx = e-3 # cot x dx Substituting tan-1 y = t & 1 2 dy = dt in Eq. (1),

1+y
we get
= e-3 log sin x = e log sin x
-3
-1
xe tan y
= # tet dt + C
= sin x -3
= et (t - 1) + C
Using y $ (IF) = # Q $ (IF) dx + C the general solution -1 -1
is xe cot y
= e tan y (tan-1 y - 1) + C
y $ (sin x) -3 = # (sin x) -3 (sin 2x) dx + C It is given that x = 1, when y = 0 .
Therefore, we have 1 $ e0 = e0 (0 - 1) + C
2 sin x cos x dx + C
= #
sin3 x 1 =- 1 + C & C = 2
y $ (sin x) -3 = # 2 cos2 x dx + C ...(1) Hence, the required solution is
sin x -1 -1
Substituting sin x = t & cos x dx = dt in Eq. (1), we xe tan y

= e tan y (tan-1 y - 1) + 2
get
dy y2
-1 151. Show that the differential equation = is
y $ (sin x) = 2 # dt2 + C = 2 # t + C
-3
homogeneous and also solve it.
dx xy - x2
t -1
-3 2 Sol : OD 2015
y (sin x) = - + C
t
dy y2
y (sin x) -3 = - 2 + C We have
dx
= ...(1)
sin x xy - x2
y = - 2 sin x + C sin3 x
2
...(2) y2
p Let F (x, y) =
Substituting x = and y = 2 in Eq. (2), we get xy - x2
2
Now, replacing x by lx and y by ly , we get
2 = - 2 sin2 p + C sin3 p
2 2 l2 y2
2 =- 2 $ 1 + C $ 1 F (lx, ly) =
l (xy - x2) 2
y2
C =4 = l0 = l0 F (x, y)
xy - x2
y = - 2 sin2 x + 4 sin3 x , which is a homogeneous differential equation as
dy y
which is required particular solution. = Fa k
dx x
dy
150. Find the particular solution of the differential equation Substituting y = vx & = v + x dv in eq (1) we
(tan-1 y - x) dy = (1 + y2) dx , given that x = 1 when dx dx
have
y = 0.
From Eq. (1), we get
dy 3xy + y2 155. Find the particular solution of the following differential

=- 2 ...(1)
dx x + xy equation given that y = 0 , when x = 1..
2
y y
dy 3 x + x (x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx .
=-
2
...(1)
dx 1 + yx Sol : Delhi 2013

We have, (x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx
dy y
= Fa k dy x2 + y2
dx x =e 2 o ...(1)
dy dx x + xy
dx dx which is a homogeneous differential equation.
have dy
dx dx
2 have
v + x dv = - 3v + v
dx 1+v 2 2 2
2 2 v + x dv = c x2 + v x m
x dv = - c 3v + v + v + v m dx x + x $ xv
dx 1+v
1 + v2
dv = -c 2 v 2
+ 4v x dv = + - v
1+v m
x dx 1 v
dx 2 2
(1 + v) dv = 1+v -v-v = 1-v
= - dx 1+v 1+v
2 (v2 + 2v) x
1+v 1
Integrating both sides, we get b 1 - v l dv = x dx
# 1 + v dv = - # dx Integrating both sides, we have

2 (v2 + 2v) x
Again, substituting v2 + 2v = z & (2v + 2dv) = dz # b 11 + v dv
-vl
= # 1 dx
x
(1 + v) dv = dz # :- 1 + 1 -2 v Ddv = log x + log C
2
Then, Eq. (2) becomes,
- v - 2 log (1 - v) = log x + log C
# 12 # dz
2z
= - # dx
x - v = 2 log (1 - v) + log x + log C
1 log z = - log x + log C
- v = log (1 - v) 2 + log {C x }
4
1 [log z + 4 log x ] = log C - v = log {C x (1 - v) 2}
4
log zx 4 = 4 log C C x (1 - v) 2 = e-v
y 2
zx 4 = C 4 & zx 4 = C1 , C x a1 - k = e-y/x ...(2)
x
where C1 = C 4 Substituting x = 1 and y = 0 in Eq. (2), we get
x 4 (v2 + 2v) = C1 z = v2 + 2v C $ 1 (1 - 0) = e0 & C = 1
y2 2y y Thus, the required solution is
x4 c
+ m = C1 [put v = ] ...(3)
x2 x x y 2
x a1 - k = e-y/x
Also, given that y = 1 for x = 1. x
Substituting x = 1 and y = 1 in Eq. (3), we get (x - y) 2 = x e-y/x
which is the required particular solution.
1 b 1 + 2 l = C1 & C1 = 3
1 1
Thus substituting C1 = 3 in Eq. (3), we get 156. Show that the differential equation
dy y y
y2 2y x sin a k + x - y sin a k = 0
x4 c + m =3 dx x x
x2 x is homogeneous. Find the particular solution of this
y2 x2 + 2yx3 = 3 differential equation, given that x = 1, when y = p .
2
which is the required particular solution. Sol : Delhi 2013
dy y y
We have x sin a k = y sin a k - x
dx x x
any time t . Initially ^t = 0h 50 g of the first substance

was present; 1 hr later, only 10 g of it remained.
(i) Find an expression that gives the amount of the
first substance present at any time t .
(ii) What is the amount present after 2 hr?
Sol :
Since rate is proportional to the square of the amount
of the first substance present at any time t , we are led
to the differential equation
dQ
= kQ2
dt
The differential equation is separable. Separating the Radha has a fond of flying kites. Today after taking
variables and integrating, we obtain math exam she is flying kite to release the exam stress.
Her kite is flying along the curve having differential
# dQ2 = # k dt dy
equation dx + 2y = sin x.
Q
and - 1 = kt + C (i) What type of differential equation is it ? Find its
Q
order and degree.
Therefore, Q =- 1 (ii) Find the general solution of the differential
kt + C
equation along which kite is flying.
Now, Q = 50 when t = 0 , therefore, 50 = - C1 and Sol :
C = - 501 .
dy
We have + 2y = sin x
dx
Therefore, Q =- 1 1
kt - 50
(i) Type of differential equation
Since Q = 10 when t = 1,
dy
From dx + Py = Q we get that this is a linear
10 = - 1 1 differential equation of the type where
k - 50
P = P ^x h = 2
10 ck - 1 m = - 1
50 Q = Q ^x h = sin x
10k - 1 = - 1 It degree is 1 and order is also .1
5
(ii) General solution:
10k = - 1 + 1 = - 4 Here IF = e # 2dx
5 5
= e2x
k =- 4 =- 2
50 25
ye2x = # sin xe2x dx + c
Therefore, Q ^ t h = 2 1 1
25 t + 50 ye2x = I + c
1 = 50
=
4t + 1 4t + 1
Now I = # sin xe2x dx
50 2x
= e sin x - 1 # e2x cos xdx
and Q ^2 h = 50 . 5.56 grams 2 2
8+1
2x
= e sin x - e2x 1 cos x - 1 # e2x sin xdx
2 4 4
159. A kite is a tethered heavier-than-air or lighter-than- 2x
air craft with wing surfaces that react against the air = e 1 2x
sin x - e cos x - I1
2 4 4
to create lift and drag forces. A kite consists of wings, 2x
tethers and anchors. Kites often have a bridle and tail 1
I+ I = e 1 2x
sin x - e cos x
4 2 4
to guide the face of the kite so the wind can lift it. 2x
5 I = e sin x - 1 e2x cos x
4 2 4

questions:
(i) What are the values of P and Q respectively?
(ii) What is the value of I.F.?
(iii) Find the solution of given equation.
Sol :
dy
We have cos2 x
+ y = tan x
dx
Dividing on both side by cos2 x , we have
dy
+ 1 y = tan2x
dx cos2 x cos x
dy
+ sec2 xy = tan x $ sec2 x
dx
(i) Comparing this differential equation with
dy
+ Py = Q
dx
we have P = sec2 x
and Q = tan x sec2 x
(ii) I.F. (Integrating Factor)
IF = e # Pdx
= e # sec x.dx
2
= e tanx
= e tanx
(iii) Solution of given equation
y (IF) = # Q (IF) dx + C
y ê tanx h = # tan x sec2 xe tanx + C
Substituting tan x = t we have
sec2 x.dx = dt
Thus y e tanx = # et tdt

Integrating by part, we have
y e tanx = t # et dt - # b dt
dt #
et dt l dt
= tet - # et dt + C
= tet - et + C
= ^t - 1h et + C
y e tanx = ^tan x - 1h e tanx + C
***********
CHAPTER 10 Vector Algebra Page 363
CHAPTER 10
VECTOR ALGEBRA
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS $
PQ = 22 + 32 + ^- 6h2 = 7
$
Unit vector along PQ is
1. The position vectors of points P and Q are pv and qv $
PQ t 3tj t
respectively. The point R divides line segment PQ in at = $ = 2i + - 6k
PQ 7 7 7
the ratio 3 : 1 and S is the mid-point of line segment
PR. The position vector of S is : Thus (d) is correct option.
pv + 3qv pv + 3qv
(a) (b) 3.
$ $
If in TABC , BA = 2a and BC = 3 b , then AC is
" " $
4 8
" "
5pv + 3qv 5pv + 3qv
" "
(c) (d) (a) 2a + 3 b (b) 2a - 3 b
4 8 " "
(c) 3 b - 2a (d) - 2a - 3 b
" "
Sol : OD 2024
Position vector of point P, Sol : Delhi 2015
By triangle law of addition,

OP = pv
$ $ $
Position vector of point Q, BA + AC = BC
OQ = qv $
AC = BC - BA
$ $
Point R divides line segment PQ in the ratio 3 : 1. "

= 3 b - 2a
"
Thus position vector of point R
3qv + pv 3qv + pv Thus (c) is correct option.
OS = =
3+1 4 " " " "
Thus position vector of point S 4. If a # b = 3 and a $ b = - 3 , then angle between
" "
a and g is
OS = OP +2 OR
(a) 2p (b) p
3 6
3qv + pv
p +c m (c) p (d) 5p
4 3 6
=
2 Sol : OD 2023
5pv + 3qv
=
8 We have
"
a#b =
"
3
" "
$ and a $ b =- 3
2. Unit vector along PQ , where coordinates of P and Q
respectively are (2, 1, –1) and (4, 4, –7), is "
a | | b | sin q =
"
3
(a) 2it + 3tj - 6kt (b) - 2it - 3tj + 6kt "
a | | b | cos q = - 3
"
t 3tj t t 3tj t and
(c) - 2i - + 6k (d) 2i + - 6k Dividing both equations, we get
7 7 7 7 7 7
Sol :
tan q = - 1
OD 2023
3
$ $ $
q = 5p
We have PQ = OQ - OP 6
= ` 4it + 4tj - 7ktj - `2it + tj - ktj
= 2it + 3tj - 6kt 5. If it, tj , kt are unit vectors along three mutually
perpendicular directions, then
av - bv
2
=7 2 2 2
xv $ yv = xv + yv + 2 (xv $ yv)
2 2
av + bv - 2av $ bv = 7 xv + yv 2 = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2
2
( 1 + 4 + 9 ) 2 + bv - 2 bv
2
=7 xv + yv = 2
2 Thus (a) is correct option.
14 - bv =7
2 8. The projection of av = 3it - tj + 5kt on bv = 2it + 3tj + kt
bv =7
is
bv = 7 (a) 8 (b) 8
35 39
(c) 8 (d) 14
14
5. If av $ bv = - av bv , then the angle between a and b is Sol : Comp 2017
(a) 45c (b) 180c The projection of av on bv ,

(c) 90c (d) 60c (3it - tj + 5kt) $ (2it + 3tj + kt)
av $ bv
Sol : Comp 2018 v =
b 22 + 32 + 12
= 8
We have av $ bv = - av bv 14
av bv cos q = - av bv
cos q = - 1 & q = 180c 9. If at, bt and ct are unit vectors such that av + bv + cv = 0
. Then, which one of the following is correct?
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) av # bv = bv # cv = cv # av = 0
6. Suppose av = lit - 7tj + 3kt, bv = lit + tj + 2lkt. (b) av # bv = bv # cv = cv # av ! 0
If the angle between av and bv is greater than 90c, then (c) av # bv = bv # cv = av # cv = 0
l satisfies the inequality (d) av # bv , bv # cv , cv # av are mutually perpendicular.
(a) - 7 1 l 1 1 (b) l 2 1
Sol : SQP 2019
(c) 1 1 l 1 7 (d) - 5 1 l 1 1
We have av + bv + cv = 0
Sol : SQP 2020
Taking cross product of both sides, we get
We have av = lit - 7tj + 3kt (av + bv + cv) # av = 0 # av
bv = lit + tj + 2lkt av # av + bv # av + cv # av = 0
v v
cos q = a $ b 0 + bv # av + cv # av = 0
av bv
l2 - 7 + 6l - av # bv + cv # av = 0
= 1
l2 + 49 + 9 l2 + 1 + 4l2
Since angle q is greater than 90c i.e. cos q < 0 , we av # bv = cv # av
have Similarly, bv # cv = cv # av
(l + 7) (l - 1) 1 0
av # bv = bv # cv = cv # av ! 0
-7 1 l 1 1
2 2
10. If av # bv + av $ bv = 144 and av = 4 , then bv is
7. If xv and yv are unit vectors and xv $ yv = 0 , then equal to
(a) xv + yv = 1 (b) xv + yv = 3 (a) 16 (b) 8
(c) xv + yv = 2 (d) xv + yv = 2 (c) 3 (d) 12
Sol : OD 2011, Delhi 2007 Sol : OD 2015, Comp 2011
2 2
We have xv = yv = 1 and xv $ yv = 0 We have av # bv + av $ bv = 144
(c) âv $ tj h it + âv $ kth tj + âv $ ith kt 20. If av = it + tj , bv = 2tj - kt and rv # av = bv # av,
(d) âv $ avhìt + tj + ktj rv # bv = av # bv , then r is equal to
v
rv
Sol :
(a) 1 ìt + 3tj - ktj (b) 1 ìt - 3tj + ktj
Delhi 2018, OD 2012
11 11
Let, av = xit + yjt + zkt 1
(c) ìt - t
j + ktj (d) none of these
av $ it = xit $ it = x 3
Sol : Comp 2010, OD 2007
Similarly, y = av $ tj and z = av $ kt
Since, rv # av + rv # bv = bv # av + av # bv = v0
av = âv $ ith it + âv $ tj h tj + âv $ kth kt
rv # âv + bvh = v0
Thus rv is parallel to av + bv and we get
18. it $ ` tj # ktj + tj $ ^kt # ith + kt $ ît # tj h is equal to
rv = t âv + bvh , where t is some scalar
(a) 0 (b) -3
(c) -1 (d) 3 = t ìt + 3tj - ktj
Sol : Delhi 2013 rv = t ^1 + 9 + 1h = 11 t
it $ ` tj # ktj + tj $ ^kt # ith + kt $ ît # tj h rv = it + 3tj - kt = 1 it + 3tj - kt
` j
= it $ it + tj $ tj + kt $ kt rv 11 11
= 1+1+1 = 3
Thus (d) is correct option. 21. If av is perpendicular to bv and pv is a non-zero vector
such that prv + ^rv $ bvh av = cv , then rv is equal to
19. If the position vectors of the vertices A, B, C of a triangle v ^v vh v v ^cv $ avh bv
ABC are 7tj + 10kt, - it + 6tj + 6kt and - 4it + 9tj + 6kt (a) c - b $ c2 a (b) a -
p p p p2
respectively, then triangle is v ^ v vh v v ^v vh v
(a) equilateral (c) b - a $ b2 c (d) c2 - b $ c a
p p p p
(b) isosceles Sol : Foreign 2013
(c) scalene
We have prv + ^rv $ bvh av = cv ...(1)
(d) right angled and isosceles also
Sol : Foreign 2015 p ^rv $ bvh + ^rv $ bvhâv $ bvh = cv $ bv
Since av is perpendicular to bv , thus av $ bv = 0 and we

We have AB = - it - tj - 4kt,
get
BC = - 3it + 3tj
p ^rv $ bvh = cv $ bv
and CA = 4it - 2tj - 4kt
v v
rv $ bv = c $ b
Now AB = ^- 1h + ^- 1h + ^- 4h
2 2 2 p
From Eq. (1), we get
=3 2
^v vh
prv + c $ b av = cv
^- 3h + 3 = 3 2 p
2
BC = 2
v v v
and CA 42 + ^- 2h2 + ^- 4h2 = 6 rv = c - c $2b av
p p
2 2 2
Now, AB + BC = CA Thus (a) is correct option.
18 + 18 = 36 22. Value of a for which 2it - tj + kt, it + 2tj - 3kt and

3it + ajt + 5kt are coplanar, is
36 = 36
(a) 4 (b) 2
Hence, 3ABC is right angled and isosceles also. (c) - 4 (d) - 2
(a) 5 (b) 5 2 (a) 6 (b) 19

19 6
(c) 5 3 (d) 2
Sol : OD 2012, Delhi 2010 (c) 9 (d) 19
19 9
Sol : OD 2008
6av + bv + cv@
2
= av2 + bv2 + cv2 + 2av $ bv + 2bv $ cv + 2cv $ av We have av = it - 2tj + kt

= a2 + b2 + c2 + av $ ^bv + cvh + bv $ ^cv + avh + cv $ âv + bvh and bv = 4it - 4tj + 7kt
= 9 + 16 + 25 + 0 + 0 + 0 Projection of av on bv ,
= 50
av $ bv = ì - 2j + k j $ ` 4i - 4j + 7k j
t t t t t t
av + bv + cv = 5 2
bv 16 + 16 + 49
= 19
9
29. The area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are Thus (d) is correct option.
it - 2tj + 3kt and 2it + tj - 4kt, is
(a) 5 3 (b) 10 3 32. If av = - 3it + 7tj + 5kt, bv = - 3it + 7tj - 3kt and
(c) 5 6 (d) 10 6 c = 7i - 5tj - 3kt are the three coterminous edges of a
v t
parallelepiped, then its volume is
Sol : Foreign 2017
(a) 108 (b) 210
it tj kt (c) 272 (d) 308
We have v
av # b = 1 - 2 3 Sol : Delhi 2011, OD 2010
2 1 -4 -3 7 5
= it^8 - 3h - tj ^- 4 - 6h + kt^1 + 4h Required volume = - 3 7 - 3
7 -5 -3
= 5it + 10tj + 5kt
= ^- 3h^- 21 - 15h - 7 ^9 + 21h + 5 ^15 - 49h
= 25 + 100 + 25 = 5 6
= 108 - 210 - 170
Required area = av # bv = 5 6
= 272
33. If av = it + tj + kt, bv = 4it + 3tj + 4kt and cv = it + atj + bkt
30. Let a, b, c be distinct non-negative numbers. If the
are linearly dependent vectors and cv = 3 , then
vectors ait + ajt + ckt, it + kt, cit + cjt + bkt lie in a plane,
then c is (a) a = 1, b = - 1 (b) a = 1, b = ! 1
(a) the AM of a and b (b) the GM of a and b (c) a = - 1, b = ! 1 (d) a = ! 1, b = 1
(c) the HM of a and b (d) equal to zero Sol : Comp 2017
Sol : SQP 2019 Since, vectors av, bv and cv are linearly dependent.
Since, the given vectors are coplanar. 1 1 1
a a c 4 3 4 =0
1 0 1 =0 1 a b
c c b (3b - 4a) - (4b - 4) + (4a - 3) = 0
a (0 - c) - a (b - c) + c (c - 0) = 0
3b - 4a - 4b + 4 + 4a - 3 = 0
0 - ac - ab + ac + c2 - 0 = 0
-b + 1 = 0
- ab + c2 = 0
b =1
ab = c2
Thus c is a GM between a and b . Now, cv = 1 + a2 + b2
Thus (b) is correct option. 3 = 1 + a2 + b2
31. The projection of vector it - 2tj + kt on the 4it - 4tj + 7kt 3 = 1 + a2 + b2
is
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39. Assertion (A) : The vectors Reason (R) : area of the parallelogram whose adjacent
sides are represented by the vectors av and bv is av - bv
av = 6it + 2tj - 8kt
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
bv = 10it - 2tj - 6kt the Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
cv = 4it - 4tj + 2kt
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
represent the sides of a right-angled triangle. Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Reason (R) : Three non-zero vectors of which none of Assertion (A).
two are collinear forms a triangle if their resultant is zero
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
vector or sum of any two vectors is equal to the third.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. 19.
the Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A) : The vectors
Assertion (A). Sol : Delhi 2009
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Area of the parallelogram whose adjacent side are
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the represented by the vectors av is bv is av×bv . So, given
Assertion (A). reason is false.
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. Let av = it + tj - kt and bv = 2it - tj + kt
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. 19. Rt t tV
Assertion (A) : The vectors Si j kW
then v v
a ×b = 1 1 - 1W
S
Sol : OD 2024 S W
S2 - 1 1W
T X
We have av = 6it + 2tj - 8kt = it(1 - 1) - tj (1 + 2) + kt(- 1 - 2)
bv = 10it - 2tj - 6kt = 3tj - 3kt
cv = 4it - 4tj + 2kt now av×bv = - 3tj - 3kt
Let ABC be a triangle such that
= (- 3) 2 + (- 3) 2
AB = av = 6 + 2 + ^- 8h = 104
2 2 2
= 9+9
BC = bv = 10 + ^- 2h + ^- 6h = 140
2 2 2
= 18
AC = cv = 4 + ^- 4h + 2 =
2 2 2
36 = 6 = 3 2 square units
As, we can observe that Hence, Assertion is true; reason is false,
AB2 + AC 2 = 104 + 36 Thus (c) is correct option.
= 140
= BC 2 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
So, TABC is a right-angled triangle
41. The vector equation of a line which passes through
Also, av = 6it + 2tj - 8kt
the points ^3, 4, - 7h and ^1, - 1, 6h is ..........
and cv = 4it - 4tj + 2kt Sol : OD 2020
Thus sum of two vectors av and cv is equal to third Any line passing through the points av and bv has
vector bv . vector equation
Hence, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
rv = av + l ( bv - av ) .
and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A). Vector equation of the line passing through the points
Thus (b) is correct option. av = 3it + 4tj - 7kt and bv = it - tj + 6kt is given by
40. Assertion (A) : Area of the parallelogram whose rv = 3it + 4tj - 7kt + l 9ìt - tj + 6ktj - `3it + 4tj - 7ktjC
adjacent sides are it + tj - kt and 2it - j + kt is 3 2 rv = 3it + 4tj - 7kt + l `- 2it - 5tj + 13ktj
square units.
50. If vectors av and bv are two unit vectors such that av + bv Substituting av = 3 , bv = 2 and q = 60c, we get
is also a unit vector, then find the angle between av
av $ bv = 3 # 2 cos 60c
and bv .
Sol : Delhi 2014
= 1#2 3 = 3 cos 60c = 1
2 2
We have av + bv = cv (1) v
a $b = 3
v
where av = 1 bv = 1 and cv = 1 54. Find the value of l , if the vectors 2it + ltj + 3kt and
Squaring both side of eq (1)we have 3it + 2tj - 4kt are perpendicular to each other.
Sol : Foreign 2010
2 2 2 2
av + bv + 2 av bv cos q = cv
We have av = 2it + ltj + 3kt
1 + 1 + 2 # 1 # 1 cos q = 1
and bv = 3it + 2tj - 4kt
2 + 2 cos q = 1
Since, vectors are perpendicular.
2 cos q = - 1
av $ bv = 0
cos q = - 1 (2it + ltj + 3kt) $ (3it + 2tj - 4kt) = 0
2
2p 6 + 2l - 12 = 0
cos q = cos 3
2l - 6 = 0
Thus q = 2p
2 .
l-3 = 0
51. Find the value of [it, kt, tj ].
Sol : OD 2018, SQP 2016
l =3
it kt tj = it $ (kt # tj ) = - it $ (tj # kt) 55. If av = 2 , bv = 3 and av $ bv = 3 , then find the

projection of bv on av .
1 0 0 Sol : Delhi 2010
t t t
= - [i j k] = - 0 1 0 = - 1
0 0 1 We have av = 2 , bv = 3 and av $ bv = 3
52. For what value of l are the vectors it + 2ltj + kt and Projection of bv and av is given by,
2it + tj - 3kt perpendicular?
bv $ av = av $ bv av $ bv = bv $ av
Sol : OD 2015
av av
We have av = it + 2ltj + kt =3
2
and bv = 2it + tj - 3kt 56. If av and bv are two vectors, such that av $ bv = av # bv
Since, vectors are perpendicular. , then find the angle between av and bv .
Sol : Comp 2010, OD 2008
av $ bv = 0
(it + 2ltj + kt) $ (2it + tj - 3kt) = 0 We have av $ bv = av # bv
2 + 2l - 3 = 0 If q is the angle between av and bv the we have
2l - 1 = 0 av bv cos q = av bv sin q
l = 1 cos q = sin q
2
tan q = 1
53. If av = 3 , bv = 2 and angle between av and bv is
60c, then find av $ bv . tan q = tan p 1 = tan p
4 4
Sol : Foreign 2011
q = p
We know that, 4
So, the angle between av and bv is p .
av $ bv = av $ bv cos q 4
If av $ av = 0 and av $ bv = 0 , then what can be concluded at = a

65. v
about the vector bv ? av
Sol : Foreign 2011 2it + 3tj + 6kt
=
7
We have, av $ av = 0
= 2 it + 3 tj + 6 kt
2 7 7 7
av =0
69. If av = 7it + tj - 4kt and bv = 2it + 6tj + 3kt, then find the
av = 0 ...(1) projection of av on bv .
and av $ bv = 0 Sol : Delhi 2015
av bv cos q = 0 ...(2) We have av = 7it + tj - 4kt

From eq (1) and eq (2), it may be concluded that bv is and bv = 2it + 6tj + 3kt
either zero or non-zero perpendicular vector.
Now, the projection of av and bv is given by
66. Write the projection of vector it - tj on the vector av $ bv (7it + tj - 4kt) $ (2it + 6tj + 3kt)
it + tj . v =
b 22 + 62 + 32
Sol : OD 2011
= 14 + 6 - 12 = 8
49 7
We have av = it - tj
70. Find the projection of the vector it + 3tj + 7kt on the
and bv = it + tj vector 2it - 3tj + 6kt.
Now, the projection of av and bv is given by Sol : Delhi 2014
av $ bv (it - tj ) $ (it + j) We have av = it + 3tj + 7kt

v =
b 12 + 12 + 02
and bv = 2it - 3tj + 6kt
= 1-1 = 0
2 Now, the projection of av and bv is given by
67. If av and bv are two vectors, such that av = 2 , bv = 1 av $ bv (it + 3tj + 7kt) $ (2it - 3tj + 6kt)
and av $ bv = 1, then find (3av - 5bv) $ (2av + 7bv). =
bv 22 + 32 + 62
Sol : Delhi 2007
= 2 - 9 + 42
49
We have av = 2 , bv = 1 and av $ bv = 1 ...(1) 35
= =5
Now, 7
(3av - 5bv) $ (2av + 7bv) = 6av $ av + 21av $ bv - 10bv $ av - 35bv $ bv 71. If av = 8 , bv = 3 and av # bv = 12 , find the angle
between av and bv .
2 2
= 6 av + 21av $ bv - 10av $ bv - 35 bv Sol : Comp 2014, OD 2010
2
= 6 av + 11av $ bv - 35 bv
2
Let q be the angle between av and bv .
= 6 (2) 2 + 11 (1) - 35 (1) 2 [from Eq. (1)] We have av = 8 , bv = 3 and av # bv = 12

If q is the angle between av and bv , the we have
= 24 + 11 - 35 = 0
av # bv = av bv sin q
Hence, (3av - 5bv) $ (2av + 7bv) = 0
12 = av bv sin q
68. Find a unit vector in the direction of vector
av = 2it + 3tj + 6kt. sin q = 12 = 12
av bv 8#3
sin q = 1 & q = p
We have av = 2it + 3tj + 6kt 2 6
Hence, the required angle between av and bv is p .
av = 22 + 32 + 62 6
= 49 = 7 72. Write the projection of the vector a = 2i - j + kt on

v t t
the vector bv = it + 2tj + 2kt.
Required unit vector in the direction of vector av ,
^2, 3, - 5h and having Dr’s ^1, 1, 1h is Sol : OD 2020
rv = 2it + 3tj - 5kt + l ît + tj + kth We have av = it + 2tj + 3kt
79. Given av = 2it - tj + kt, bv = 3it - kt and cv = 2it + tj - 2kt. and bv = 2it + 4tj - 5kt
Find a vector dv which is perpendicular to both av and Diagonals of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides
bv and cv : dv = 3 . are av and bv are given by
Sol : OD 2024
pv = av + bv and qv = av - bv
We have av = 2it - tj + kt Now, pv = ìt + 2tj + 3ktj + `2it + 4tj - 5ktj
bv = 3it - kt = 3it + 6tj - 2kt
Vector which is perpendicular to both av and bv must
and qv = ît + 2tj + 3kth - ^2it + 4tj - 5kth
be parallel to av # bv .
= - it - 2tj + 8kt
it tj kt
Thus v
av # b = 2 - 1 1 pv 3iv + 6vj - 2kt
pt = =
3 0 -1 pv 9 + 36 + 4
= it(1) - tj (2 - 3) + 3kt 3i + 6j - 2kt 3 t 6 t 2 t
t t
= = i+ j- k
7 7 7 7
av # bv = it + 5tj + 3kt
Since dv is parallel to av # bv , then qv - it - 2tj + 8kt
and qt = =
qv 1 + 4 + 64
dv = l (av # bv)
- it - 2tj + 8kt
=
= l (it + 5tj + 3kt) 69
Now Cv = 2it + tj - 2kt = - 1 it - - 2 tj + 8 kt
69 69 69
Since cv $ dv = 3 we have
82. If av = 2it + 3tj + kt, bv = it - 2tj + kt and cv = - 3it + tj + 2kt
cv $ dv = `2it + tj - 2ktj $ (l) ìt + 5tj + 3ktj
, find [av bv cv].
3 = 2l + 5l - 6l Sol : Delhi 2019, OD 2011
3 =l We have av = 2it + 3tj + kt,

Thus dv = 3 ìt + 5tj + 3ktj bv = it - 2tj + kt
Hence, the vector dv which is perpendicular to both av
and cv = - 3it + tj + 2kt
and bv is given by 3 ìt + 5tj + 3ktj .
a1 a2 a3
80. If av , bv , cv are three non-zero unequal vectors such Now 6av bv cv@ = b1 b2 b3
that av : bv = av : cv , then find the angle between av
c1 c2 c3
and bv - cv .
2 3 1
Sol : OD 2023
= 1 -2 1
We have av : bv = av : cv -3 1 2
av : ^bv - cvh = 0 = 2 (- 4 - 1) - 3 (2 + 3) + 1 (1 - 6)
av = ^bv - cvh or bv = cv = - 10 - 15 - 5 = - 30
But it’s given that av , bv , cv are three non-zero unequal
83. If av = 2 , bv = 7 and av # bv = 3it + 2tj + 6kt, find the
vectors. Therefore av = ^bv - cvh and bv ! cv
angle between av and bv .
Hence, the angle between av and bv - cv is p . Sol : OD 2019
2
81. t t t v t t t
If av = i + 2j + 3k and b = 2i + 4j - 5k represent two We have, av # bv = 3it + 2tj + 6kt
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors
parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram. Now, av # bv = 32 + 22 + 62 = 49 = 7
cos q = 20 = 1 90. Find the position vector of a point which divides the
60 3 join of points with position vectors av - 2bv and 2av + bv
q = cos-1 b 1 l externally in the ratio 2 1.
3
Sol : Delhi 2016
88. Let av = 4it + 5tj - kt, bv = it - 4tj + 5kt and cv = 3it + tj - kt Given position vectors are
. Find a vector dv which is perpendicular to both cv $
and bv and dv $ av = 21. OA = av - 2bv and
Sol : OD 2018 $
OB = 2av + bv
av = 4it + 5tj - kt,
$
We have, Let OC be the position vector of a point C which
$
bv = it - 4tj + 5kt divides the join of points, with position vectors OA
$
and OB , externally in the ratio 2 1.
and cv = 3it + tj - kt
Using externally section formula we have
Since, dv is perpendicular to both cv and bv . $ $
OC = 2OB - 1OA
$
dv = l (cv # dv) 2-1

it jt kt 2 (2av + bv) - 1 (av - 2bv)
=
1
= l 3 1 -1
1 -4 5 = 4av + 2b - av + 2bv
v
= l [i (5 - 4) - tj (15 + 1) + kt(- 12 - 1)]

t = 3av + 4bv
dv = l (it - 16tj - 13kt) ...(1)
91. If av = 4it - tj + kt and bv = 2it - 2tj + kt, then find a unit
Since dv $ av = 21 we have vector parallel to the vector av + bv .
l (it - 16tj - 13kt) $ (4it + 5tj - kt) = 21 Sol : OD 2016, Foreign 2014
l (4 - 80 + 13) = 21 We have av = 4it - tj + kt,

l (- 63) = 21 bv = 2it - 2tj + kt
l = -1 Now, av + bv = (4it - tj + kt) + (2it - 2tj + kt)

3
Now, from Eq. (1), we get = 6it - 3tj + 2kt
dv = - 1 (it - 16tj - 13kt) and av + bv = (6) 2 + (- 3) 2 + (2) 2
3
89. Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors av and = 36 + 9 + 4
bv , having the same magnitude such that the angle
= 49 = 7 units
between them is 60c and their scalar product is 92 .
Sol : OD 2018 The unit vector parallel to the vector av + bv is
Given, two vectors av and bv such that av = bv , av + bv = 6it - 3tj + 2kt

av + bv 7
av $ bv = 92 and angle between them is 60c.
If q is angle between av and bv then we have 92. Find a vector in the direction of vector 2it - 3tj + 6kt
which has magnitude of 21 units.
av $ bv = av bv cos q ,
Sol : Foreign 2014
Substituting values we obtain
9 = av $ av cos 60c We have av = 2it - 3tj + 6kt
2
1 $ av 2 = 9 Now av = 22 + (- 3) 2 + 62
cos 60c = 1
2 2 2
2
= 4 + 9 + 36
av = 9
= 49 = 7 units
av = 3 magnitude cannot be negative]
The unit vector in the direction of the given vector
Thus, av = bv = 3 av is
9at = 9 # 1 (it - 2tj + 3kt) 99. Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of
3 vectors av = 2it - tj + 2kt and bv = - it + tj + 3kt.
= 3it - 6jt + 6kt Sol : Foreign 2013
$ We have av = 2it - tj + 2kt and

97. Write the unit vector in the direction of vector PQ
, where P and Q are the points (1, 3, 0) and (4, 5, 6) bv = - it + tj + 3kt
, respectively.
Sum of two vectors,
Sol : Foreign 2014
av + bv = (2it - tj + 2kt) + (- it + tj + 3kt)
Given points are P (1, 3, 0) and Q (4, 5, 6).
= it + 5kt
Here, x1 = 1, y1 = 3 , z1 = 0
Required unit vector,
and x2 = 4 , y2 = 5 , z2 = 6
av + bv = it + 5kt = it + 5kt
So, position vector, av + bv 12 + 52 1 + 25
$ t t t
PQ = (x2 - x1) it + (y2 - y1) tj + (z2 - z1) kt = i + 5k = 1 it + 5k
26 26 26
= (4 - 1) it + (5 - 3) tj + (6 - 0) kt
100. P and Q are two points with position vectors 3av - 2bv
= 3it + 2tj + 6kt and av + bv , respectively. Write the position vector of
Magnitude of given vector a point R which divides the line segment PQ in the
ratio 2 1 externally.
$
PQ = 32 + 22 + 62 Sol : OD 2013
= 9 + 4 + 36 Given position vectors are

$
= 49 = 7 units. OP = 3av - 2bv and
$ $
Hence, the unit vector in the direction of PQ is OQ = av + bv
$
$
PQ 3it + 2tj + 6kt Let OR be the position vector of a point R which
= $
divides the join of points, with position vectors OP
$
PQ 7
$
and OQ , externally in the ratio 2 1.
= 3 it + 2 jt + 6 kt
7 7 7 Using externally section formula we have
$ $
98. If a unit vector av makes angle p3 with it, p4 with tj and $ 2OQ - 1OP
OR =
an acute angle q with kt, then find the value of q with 2-1
kt, then find the value of q . 2 (a + bv) - 1 (3av - 2bv)
v
Sol : =
Delhi 2013, Comp 2009 1
If a line/vector makes angles a , b and g with the x = 2av + 2bv - 3av + 2bv
-axis, y -axis and z -axis, respectively, then we have
= - av + 4bv
cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1
p p 101. L and M are two points with position vectors 2av - bv
Here, we have a = 3 , b = 4 and g = q and av + 2bv , respectively. Write the position vector of
a point N which divides the line segment LM in the
cos2 p + cos2 p + cos2 q = 1
3 4 ratio 2 1 externally.
1 2 1 2 + cos2 q = 1 Sol : Comp 2013
b2l +c
2m Given position vectors are
1 + 1 + cos2 q = 1 $
4 2 OL = 2av - bv and
1
cos q = 1 - 1 - 1 = 4 & cos q = ! 1
$
OM = av + 2bv
2
4 2 2
$
1 Let ON be the position vector of a point N which
Since q is an acute angle, therefore cos q = and
2 $
divides the join of points, with position vectors OL
q = p $
3 and OM , externally in the ratio 2 1.
The unit vector in the direction of the given vector Sol : OD 2010
av is
We have av = - 2it + tj + 2kt
at = a = 1 (2it - tj + 2kt)
v
av 3 Now av = 22 + (1) 2 + 22
= 2 it - 1 tj + 2 kt = 4+1+4
3 3 3
The vector of magnitude equal to 6 units and in the = 9 = 3 units
direction of av is given by The unit vector in the direction of the given vector
6at = 6 b 2 it - 1 tj + 2 ktl av is
3 3 3
at = a = 1 (- 2it + tj + 2kt)
v
t t
= 4i - 2j + 4k t 3
av
The vector of magnitude equal to 9 units and in the
107. Find the vector of vector of mid-point of the line direction of av is given by
segment AB , where A is point (3, 4, - 2) and B is
point (1, 2, 4). 3at = 9 (- 2it + tj + 2kt)
3
Sol : Delhi 2010
= 3 (- 2it + tj + 2kt)
Mid-point of the position vectors av = a1 it + a2 tj + a3 kt
and bv = b1 it + b2 tj + b3 kt is given by = - 6it + 3tj + 6kt
av + bv = (a1 + b1) it + (a2 + b2) tj + (a3 + b3) kt . 110. Write a vector of magnitude 15 units in the direction
2 2 of vector it - 2tj + 2kt.
Here points are A (3, 4, - 2) and B (1, 2, 4) whose Sol : Delhi 2010
position vectors are
av = 3it + 4tj - 2kt and bv = it + 2tj + 4kt. We have av = it - 2tj + 2kt
Now, position vector of mid-point of vector joining Now av = 12 + 22 + 22
points A (3, 4, - 2) and B (1, 2, 4) is
= 9 = 3 units
t t t t t t
av + bv = (3i + 4j - 2k) + (i + 2j + 4k) The unit vector in the direction of the given vector
2 2
av is
4it + 6tj + 2kt
=
at = a = 1 (it - 2tj + 2kt)
2 v
av 3
= 2i + 3jt + kt
t
The vector of magnitude equal to 15 units and in the
direction of av is given by
108. Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of
vectors 2it + 3tj - kt and 4it - 3tj + 2kt. 3at = 15 (it - 2tj + 2kt)
3
= 5 (it - 2tj + 2kt)
We have av = 2it + 3tj - kt and
= 5it - 10tj + 10kt
bv = 4it - 3tj + 2kt
111. What is the cosine of angle which the vector
Sum of two vectors,
2 it + tj + kt makes with Y -axis?
av + bv = (2it + 3tj - kt) + (4it - 3tj + 2kt) Sol : Comp 2010
= 6it + kt We have a2 = 2 it + tj + kt
Required unit vector Unit vector in the direction of av is
av + bv = 6it + kt = 6it + kt 2 it + tj + kt
at = a =
v
av + bv 62 + 12 36 + 1
av 2 + 12 + 12
t t t
= 6i + k = 6 it + k 2 it + tj + kt
37 37 37 =
4
109. Write a vector of magnitude 9 units in the direction of
vector - 2it + tj + 2kt. 2 i + tj + kt
t
=
2
117. If at, bt and ct are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, Area of parallelogram is give by
then find the value of 2at + bt + ct .
av # bv = (2it - 3kt) # (4tj + 2kt)
Sol : OD 2015
Given, at, bt and ct are mutually perpendicular unit it tj kt

vector, i.e. = 2 0 -3
0 4 2
at $ bt = bt $ ct = ct $ at = 0 ...(1)
= i (0 + 12) - tj (4 + 0) + kt(8 - 0)
t
and at = bt = ct = 1 ...(2)
= 12it - 4tj + 8kt
2
Now, 2at + bt + ct = (2at + bt + ct) $ (2at + bt + ct)
= 122 + (- 4) 2 + (8) 2
= 4 (at $ at) + 2 (at $ bt) + 2 (at $ ct) + 2 (bt $ at)
= 144 + 16 + 64
+ (bt $ bt) + (bt $ ct) + 2 (ct $ at) + (ct $ bt) + (ct $ ct)
2 2
= 224 = 4 14 sq units
= 4 ( at + 2 (0) + 2 (0) + 2 (0) + bv + (0)
+ 2 (0) + (0) + ct
2 120. If av and bv are perpendicular vectors, av + bv = 13
and av = 5 , then find the value of bv .
= 4 (1) + 1 + 1 Sol : OD 2014
=6
We have av + bv = 13
Thus 2at + bt + ct = 6 as length is always positive.
av = 5
118. Write a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors
Now,(av + bv) $ (av + bv) = av $ av + av $ bv + bv $ av + bv $ bv
av = it + tj + kt and bv = it + tj .
2
Sol : OD 2015 2 2
av + bv = av + 0 + 0 + bv
First, determine perpendicular vectors of av and bv , i.e. 2
(13) 2 = (5) 2 + bv
av # bv . Further, determine perpendicular unit vector
v v 2
by using formula a # b . 169 = 25 + bv
av # bv 2
169 - 25 = bv
We have av = it + tj + kt
2
and bv = it + tj 144 = bv & bv = 12
as length is always positive.
it tj kt
Now v
av # b = 1 1 1 121. If av and bv are two unit vectors such that av + bv is also
1 1 0 a unit vector, then find the angle between av and bv .
= i (0 - 1) - tj (0 - 1) + kt(1 - 1)
t Sol : Delhi 2014
= - it + tj Since av , bv and av + bv are unit vector, we have
Unit vector perpendicular to both av and bv is given by av = 1, bv = 1 and av + bv = 1
av # bv = - it + tj Now,
2
av + bv = (av + bv) $ (av + bv)
av # bv (- 1) 2 + (1) 2
1 = av $ av + bv $ av + av $ bv + bv $ bv
- it + tj t tj
= = -i + 2 2
2 2 2 1 = av + 2av $ bv + bv
119. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides
1 = 1 + 2av $ bv + 1
represented by the vectors 2it - 3kt and 4it + 2kt.
Sol : Foreign 2015, OD 2007 2av $ bv = - 1
We have av = 2it - 3kt av bv cos q = - 1 av $ bv = av bv cos q

2
and bv = 4tj + 2kt cos q = - 1 av = bv = 1
2
where av and bv are sides of a parallelogram
Since projection of av on bv is 4 unit, thus

2
Now at - bt = (at - bt) $ (at - bt)
av $ bv = (lit + tj + 4kt) $ (2it + 6tj + 3kt) 2
= at - 2at $ bt + bt
2
bv (2) 2 + (6) 2 + (3) 2

(lit + tj + 4kt) $ (2it + 6tj + 3kt) = 1 - (- 1) + 1 [from Eq. (1)]
4 =
(2) 2 + (6) 2 + (3) 2 =3
4 = 2 l + 6 + 12
49 at - bt = 3 Hence proved.
4 = 2l + 18 As magnitude is always positive.
7
28 = 2l + 18 130. If av # bv = cv # dv and av # cv = bv # dv , then show that
2l = 10 & l = 5 av - dv is parallel to bv - cv , where av ! dv and bv ! cv .
128. Write the angle between vectors av and bv with
magnitude 3 and 2 respectively, having av $ bv = 6 . We have, av # bv = cv # dv ...(1)
Sol : OD 2011
and av # cv = bv # dv ...(2)
Let q be the angle between av and bv , then use the
following formula Subtracting eq (2) from eq (1), we get
v v (av # bv) - (av # cv) = (cv # dv) - (bv # dv)

cos q = a $ b
av bv (av # bv) - (av # cv) + (bv # dv) - (cv # dv) = 0
We have av = 3 , bv = 2 and av $ bv = 6 .
av # (bv - cv) + (bv - cv) # dv = v0
If q is the angle between av and bv , then angle between
av and bv is given by av # (bv - cv) - dv # (bv - cv) = v0
v v (av - dv) # (bv - cv) = v0

cos q = a $ b
av bv Thus, we have that cross-product of vectors av - dv and
6 bv - cv is a zero vector, so av - dv is parallel to bv - cv .
=
3 #2
3# 2 131. If rv = xit + yjt + zkt, find (rv # it) $ (rv # vj ) + xy .
=
3 #2 Sol : Delhi 2015
2
or cos q = 2 = 1 = cos p cos p = 1 We have rv = xit + yjt + zkt
2 4 4 2
Thus q = p Now, rv # it = (xit + yjt + zkt) # it

4
= x (it # it) + y (tj # it) + z (kt # it)
129. If the sum of two unit vectors at and bt is a unit vector
, show that the magnitude of their difference is 3 . = x $ 0 + y (- kt) + z (tj )
= - ykt + zjt
Let cv = av + bv . Then, according to given condition cv
is a unit vector, i.e. cv = 1. and (rv # tj ) = (xit + yjt + zkt) # tj
Now cv = at + bt = x (it # tj ) + y (tj # tj ) + z (kt # tj )
cv = at + bt = xkt + y $ 0 + z (- it)
1 = at + bt = xkt - zit
2
at + bt = 1 (rv # it) $ (rv # tj ) = (- ykt + zjt) $ (xkt - zit)
(at + bt) $ (at + bt) = 1 = - yx + yz $ 0 + 0 $ zx - z2 $ 0
2
2
at + 2at $ bt + bt = 1 = - xy
1 + 2at $ bt + 1 = 1 (rv # it) $ (rv # tj ) + xy = - xy + xy = 0
2at $ bt = - 1 ...(2)
3 2 5 2 Sol : OD 2010
b2l +b2l
$
AD =
First, find the vector 2av - bv + 3cv , then find a unit
34 vector in the direction of 2av - bv + 3cv . After this, the
= 1 9 + 25 =
2 2 unit vector is multiplying by 6.
= 17 # 2 = 17 units We have av = it + tj + kt,
2 2
136. If it + tj + kt, 2it + 5tj , 3it + 2tj - 3kt and it - 6tj - kt
respectively, are the position vectors of points A, B and cv = it - 2tj + kt
, C and D , then find the angle between the straight
$ $ Now dv = 2av - bv + 3cv
lines AB and CD . Find whether AB and CD are
collinear or not. = 2 (it + tj + kt) - (4it - 2tj + 3kt) + + 3 (it - 2tj + kt)
Sol : Delhi 2019
= 2it + 2tj + 2kt - 4it + 2tj - 3kt + 3it - 6tj + 3kt
$
We have OA = (it + tj + kt),
= i - 2tj + 2kt
$
OB = (2it + 5tj ), v
Now, unit vector dt in the direction of dv is d
$ dv
OC = (3it + 2tj - 3kt) 2 a
v - v
b + 3 c
v
dt =
$
2av - bv + 3cv
and OD = (it - 6tj - kt)
it - 2tj + 2kt
=
Here,
$
AB = (2 - 1) it + (5 - 1) tj + (0 - 1) kt (1) + (- 2) 2 + (2) 2
2
it - 2jt + 2kt
= it + 4tj - kt, =
9
$
CD = (1 - 3) it + (- 6 - 2) tj + (- 1 - (- 3)) kt i - 2j + 2kt
t t
=
3
= it + 4tj - kt,
= 1 it - 2 jt + 2 kt
$
2 2 2 3 3 3
AB = 1 + 4 + (- 1) = 18
Hence, vector of magnitude 6 units parallel to the
= 9#2 = 3 2, vector 2av - bv + 3cv is given by
6dt = 6 b 1 it - 2 tj + 2 ktl
$
and CD = (- 2) 2 + (- 8) 2 + 22
3 3 3
= 72 = 36 # 2 = 6 2 t t
= 2i - 4j + 4k t
$ $
Angle between AB and CD is given by
138. Find the position of a point R , which divides the line
$
AB $ CD
$
joining two points P and Q whose position vectors
cos q = $ $ ....(1)
are 2av + bv and av - 3bv respectively, externally in the
AB $ CD
ratio 1 2. Also, show that P is the mid-point of line
(it + 4tj - kt) $ (- 2it - 8tj + 2kt) segment RQ .
=
3 2 #6 2 Sol : Delhi 2010, OD 2008
1 (- 2) + 4 (- 8) + (- 1) (2)
= =- 1
3#6#2 Position vector of P ,
$
OP = 2av + bv
cos q = - 1 & q = 180c = p
$
$ $ Position vector of Q , OQ = av - 3bv
So angle between AB and CD is p . Also, since angle
$
Let OR be the position vector of point R , which
$ $
between AB and CD is 180c, they are in opposite
directions. divides PQ in the ratio 1 2 externally. as shown
$ $ below.
Since, AB and CD are parallel to the same line m ,
they are collinear.
137. Let av = it + tj + kt, bv = 4it - 2tj + 3kt and cv = it - 2tj + kt

. Find a vector of magnitude 6 units, which is parallel
to the vector 2av - bv + 3cv .
Sol : Delhi 2017, 2013C, 2011 $

and OC = 4it + 5tj - kt
If three vectors av , bv and cv are mutually perpendicular $ $ $
to each other, then av $ bv = bv $ cv = cv $ av = 0 and if all Now, AB = OB - OA
three vectors av , bv and cv are equally inclined with the
= (2it - tj + 4kt) - (it + 2tj + 3kt)
vector (av + bv + cv), that means each vector av , bv and cv
makes equal angle with (av + bv + cv) by using formula = it - 3tj + kt
v v
cos q = a $ b $ $ $
av bv and AC = OC - OA
We have av = bv = cv = l (say) ...(1)
= (4it + 5tj - kt) - (it + 2tj + 3kt)
and av $ bv = 0 , bv $ cv = 0 and cv $ av = 0 ...(2)
= (3it + 3tj - 4kt)
Now,
2 2 2 2
av + bv + cv = av + bv + cv + 2 (av $ bv + bv $ cv + cv $ av) it tj kt
$ $
Now, AB # AC = 1 - 3 1
= l2 + l2 + l2 + 2 (0 + 0 + 0) 3 3 -4
= 3l2 = it(12 - 3) - tj (- 4 - 3) + kt(3 + 9)
av + bv + cv = 3 l as length cannot be negative. = 9it + 7tj + 12kt

Suppose (av + bv + cv) is inclined at angles q 1 , q 2 and q 3 and
$ $
AB # AC = (9) 2 + (7) 2 + (12) 2
respectively with vectors av , bv and cv , then
= 81 + 49 + 144 = 274
(av + bv + cv) $ av = av + bv + cv av cos q 1 av $ bv = av bv cos q
2 Area of TABC is given by

av + av $ bv + av $ cv = 3 l # l cos q 1
T = 1 AB # AC
$ $
l2 + 0 + 0 = 3 l2 cos q 1 from eq (1) and (2) 2
(av $ bv $ cv) $ bv = av + bv + cv bv cos q 2 = 1 274 sq units

2
2
av $ bv + bv + cv $ bv = 3 l $ l cos q 2 143. Let av = it + tj + kt, bv = it and cv = c1 iv + c2 tj + c3 kt, then
0 + l2 + 0 = 3 l2 cos q 2 from eq (1) and (2) (a) Let c1 = 1 and c2 = 2 , find c3 which makes av , bv
and cv coplanar.
cos q 2 = 1 (b) If c2 = - 1 and c3 = 1, show that no value of c1
3
Similarly, can make av , bv and cv coplanar.
Sol : Delhi 2017
(av + bv + cv) $ cv = av + bv + cv cv cos q 3
We have av = it + tj + kt
cos q 1 = 1
3
bv = it + 0 $ tj + 0 $ kt
Thus, cos q 1 = cos q 2 = cos q 3 = 1
3 and cv = c1 it + c2 tj + c3 kt
Hence, it is proved that (av + bv + cv) is equally inclined
with the vectors av , bv and cv . The given vectors are coplanar iff av bv cv = 0
1 1 1
142. Using vectors, find the area of the TABC , whose 1 0 0 =0 ...(1)
vertices are A (1, 2, 3), B (2, - 1, 4) and C (4, 5, - 1).
c1 c2 c3
Sol : Delhi 2017; OD 2013
(a) If c1 = 1 and c2 = 2 from eq (1), we get
We have a traingle whose vertices are A (1, 2, 3), 1 1 1
B (2, - 1, 4) and C (4, 5, - 1). 1 0 0 =0
Position vectors of the vectors A, B and C of TABC 1 2 c3
are
0 0 1 0 1 0
$ 1 -1 +1 =0
OA = it + 2tj + 3kt, 2 c3 1 c3 1 2
$
- 1 (c3 - 0) + 1 (2 - 0) = 0
OB = 2it - tj + 4kt
= 0it - tj - kt - (4it + 5tj + kt) = 6tj + 8kt

$
= - 4it - 6tj - 2kt Now, the unit vector along AC is given by
4it - 2tj - 2kt
$
$ $
AC = OC - OA
$
AC =
$
AC 16 + 4 + 4
= 3it + 9tj + 4kt - (4it + 5tj + kt) 4i - 2tj - 2kt
t
=
= - it + 4tj + 3kt 24
4i - 2tj - 2kt
t
and
$ $
AD = OD - OA
$ =
2 6
= - 4it + 4tj + 4kt - (4it + 5tj + kt) = 1 (2it - tj - kt)
6
= - 8it - tj + 3kt
$
and the unit vector along BD is given by
Four points are coplanar, if :AB AC ADD = 0 . Thus
$ $ $
BD = 6tj + 8kt
$
$
-4 -6 -2 BD 36 + 64
:AB AC ADD = - 1 4 3
$ $ $
6jt + 8kt
-8 -1 3 =
10
= - 4 (12 + 3) + 6 (- 3 + 24) - 2 (1 + 32)
= 1 (3jt + 4kt)
5
= - 60 + 126 - 66 = 0
Hence, the four points A, B , C and D are coplanar. it tj kt
$ $
Here, AC # BD = 4 - 2 - 2
147. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 0 6 8
2it - 4tj - 5kt and 2it + 2tj + 3kt. Find the two unit = i (- 16 + 12) - tj (32 - 0) + kt(24 - 0)
t
vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal
vectors, find the area of the parallelogram. = - 4it - 32tj + 24kt
Sol : OD 2016 $ $
and AC # BD = (- 4) 2 + (- 32) 2 + (24) 2
Let ABCD be the given parallelogram with
$ $
AB = 2it - 4tj - 5kt and AD = 2it + 2tj + 3kt. As per = 42 (1 + 82 + 62)
question we have shown figure below.
= 4 1 + 64 + 36 = 4 101
Now, area of parallelogram ABCD is give by
AC # BD = 1 # 4 101
$ $
1
2 2
= 2 101 sq units
148. If av = it + 2tj + kt, bv = 2it + tj and cv = 3it - 4tj - 5kt,

then find a unit vector perpendicular to both of the
$
vectors (av - bv) and (cv - bv).
Using parallelogram law of addition diagonal AC is Sol : OD 2015
given by
$ $ $ We have av = it + 2tj + kt,
AC = AB + AD
bv = 2it + tj
= 2it - 4tj - 5kt + 2it + 2tj + 3kt
and cv = 3it - 4tj - 5kt
= 4it - 2tj - 2kt
$ Now, av - bv = (it + 2tj + kt) - (2it + tj )
and the diagonal BD is given by
$ $ $ = - it + tj + kt
BD = BC + BA
$ $ and cv - bv = (3it - 4tj - 5kt) - (2it + tj )
= AD - AB
= it - 5tj - 5kt
= 2it + 2tj + 3kt - (2it - 4tj - 5kt)
151. Vectors av , bv and cv are such that av + bv + cv = v0 and = 4 + l2 + 4l + 36 + 4

av = 3 , bv = 5 and cv = 7 . Find the angle between
= l2 + 4l + 44
a and bv .
v
Sol : Delhi 2014, 2008; OD 2008 Since scalar product of (it + tj + kt) with unit vector
bv + cv is 1.
We have av + bv + cv = 0
v v
(it + tj + kt) $ bv + c = 1
av + bv = - cv b + cv
(av + bv) 2 = (- cv) 2 (2 + l) i + 6tj - 2kt
t
(it + tj + kt) $ =1
l2 + 4l + 44
(av + bv) (av + bv) = (- cv) $ (- cv) 1 (2 + l) + 1 (6) + 1 (- 2)
=1
av $ av + av $ bv + bv $ av + bv $ bv = cv $ cv l2 + 4l + 44
(2 + l) + 6 - 2
2 2 2 =1
av + 2av $ bv + bv = cv l2 + 4l + 44
2 2 2 l + 6 = l2 + 4l + 44
av + 2 av bv cos q + bv = cv
Substituting av = 3 , bv = 5 and cv = 7 in above we (l + 6) 2 = l2 + 4l + 44
get l2 + 36 + 12l = l2 + 4l + 44
32 + 2 # 3 # 5 # cos q + 52 = 72
8l = 8 & l = 1
9 + 30 cos q + 25 = 49
Hence, the value of l is 1.
30 cos q = 49 - 9 - 25 = 15 Now, the unit vector along bv + cv is,
cos q = 15 = 1 bv + cv
=
(2 + l) it + 6tj - 2kt
30 2
bv + cv l2 + 4l + 44
q = cos-1 b 1 l (2 + 1) it + 6tj - 2kt
2 =
p (1) 2 + 4 (1) + 44
=
3 3it + 6tj - 2kt
=
152. The scalar product of the vector av = it + tj + kt with a 1 + 4 + 44
unit vector along the sum of vectors bv = 2it + 4tj - 5kt 3it + 6tj - 2kt
and cv = lit + 2tj + 3kt is equal to one. Find the value =
49
of l and hence, find the unit vector along bv + cv .
Or = it + tj - 2 kt
3 6
7 7 7
The scalar product of vector it + tj + kt with the unit 153. Find the vector pv which is perpendicular to both
vector along the sum of vectors 2it + 4tj - 5kt and v = 4it + 5tj - kt and bv = it - 4tj + 5kt and pv $ qv = 21,
a
lit + 2tj + 3kt is equal to one. Find the value of l where qv = 3it + tj - kt.
Sol : OD 2014, Delhi 2009, Foreign 2008
Sol : Comp 2014
v v
First, determine the unit vector of bv + cv , i.e. bv + c We have v = 4it + 3tj - kt,
a
(bv + cv) b + cv
. Further put av $ v = 1 and then determine the bv = it - 4tj + 5kt
value of l . b + cv
and qv = 3it + tj - kt
We have av = it + tj + kt,
Since vector pv is perpendicular to a and b we have
bv = 2it + 4tj - 5kt
v # bv)
pv = l (a ...(1)
and cv = lit + 2tj + 3kt.
it tj kt
Now, bv + cv = 2it + 4tj - 5kt + lit + 2tj + 3kt v # bv = 4 5 - 1
Now, a
= (2 + l) it + 6tj - 2kt 1 -4 5
= i (25 - 4) - tj (20 + 1) + kt(- 16 - 5)
t
bv + cv = (2 + l) 2 + (6) 2 + (- 2) 2
= it(21) - tj (21) + kt(- 21)
Also, let bv = it - tj + kt, l (2l - 1) 1 0

Either l 1 0 , 2l - 1 2 0 or l 2 0 , 2l - 1 1 0
cv = 2it + tj - 3kt
Either l 1 0 , l 2 1 or l 2 0 , l 1 1
and dv = it + tj + kt 2 2
Clearly, first option is impossible. Therefore
We have, av $ bv = 4 , av $ cv = 0 and av $ bv = 2
l 2 0, l 1 1
Now, av $ bv = 4 2
01l1 1
(a1 it + a2 tj + a3 kt) $ (it - tj + kt) = 4 2
1
l d b 0, l
a1 - a2 + a3 = 4 ...(1) 2
av $ cv = 0 158. If av , bv and cv are three vectors such that each one
is perpendicular to the vector obtained by sum of
2a1 + a2 - 3a2 = 0 ...(2)
the order two and av = 3 , bv = 4 and cv = 5 , then
and av $ dv = 2 prove that av + bv + cv = 5 2 .
Or
(a1 it + a2 tj + a3 kt) $ (it + tj + kt) = 2 v
If a , b and c are three vectors, such that av = 3
v v
a1 + a2 + a3 = 2 ...(3) , bv = 4 and cv = 5 and each one of these is
Subtracting eq (3) from eq (1), we obtain perpendicular to the sum of other two, then find
av + b + cv .
- 2a2 = 2 & a2 = - 1 Sol : Foreign 2013, OD 2011, Delhi 2010
Substituting a2 = - 1 in eq. (2) and (3), we get
We have av = (bv + cv), bv = (cv + av), cv = (av + bv)
2a1 - 3a3 = 1 ...(4)
a1 + a3 = 3 ...(5) and av = 3 , bv = 4 , cv = 5
2
Multiplying Eq. (5) by 3 and then adding with Eq. Now, av + bv + cv = (av + bv + cv) $ (av + bv + cv)
(4), we get
= av $ av + av $ bv + av $ cv + bv $ av + bv $ bv
5a1 = 1 + 9 = 10 & a1 = 2
+ bv $ cv + cv $ av + cv $ bv + cv $ cv
Substituting a1 = 2 in Eq. (5), we get a3 = 1
2 2 2
Hence, the vector is av = 2it - tj + kt. = av + bv + cv + av $ (bv + cv) +
157. Find the values of l for which the angle between the + bv $ (av + cv) + cv $ (av + bv)
vectors av = 2l2 it + 4ltj + kt and bv = 7it + 2tj + lkt is 2 2 2
obtuse. = av + bv + cv + 0 + 0 + 0
Sol : OD 2013 = 32 + 42 + 52
We have av = 2l2 it + 4ltj + kt = 9 + 16 + 25
and bv = 7it - 2tj + lkt = 50

If q is the obtuse angle between the vectors, then we 2
or av + bv + cv = 50
have
v v Thus av + bv + cv = 5 2 as length cannot be negative.
cos q = a $ b
av bv Since av = (bv + cv), therefore av $ (bv $ cv) = 0 Similarly,
= 14l2 + 8l + l bv $ (av + cv) = 0 and cv $ (av + bv) = 0 .
4l 4 + 16l2 + 1 49 + 4 + l2
159. If av = 3it - tj and bv = 2it + tj - 3kt, then express bv in
Since q is an obtuse angle, cos q 1 0 an we have
the form bv = bv1 + bv2 , where bv1 | | av and bv2 = av .
14l2 - 7l 10 Sol : Comp 2013
4l + 16l2 + 1 53 + l2
4
14l2 - 7l 1 0 We have av = 3it - tj
2l2 - l 1 0 and bv = 2it + tj - 3kt

162. If av , bv and cv are three vectors, such that av = 5 , Multiplying Eq. (1) by 3 and subtracting it from Eq.
bv = 12 , cv = 13 and av + bv + cv = 0 , then find the (2), we get
value of av $ bv + bv $ cv + cv $ av . - 14y + z = 0 ...(4)
Sol : Delhi 2012
Now, multiplying Eq. (1) by 2 and subtracting it from
Eq. (3), we get
We have av = 5, bv = 12, cv = 13
- 9y = 18 & y = - 2
and av + bv + cv = 0v
Substituting y = - 2 in Eq. (4), we get
Consider av + bv + cv = 0v - 14 (- 2) + z = 0
(av + bv + cv) 2 = (v0) 2 28 + z = 0 & z = - 28
(av + bv + cv) $ (av + bv + cv) = v0 $ v0 Substituting y = - 2 and z = - 28 in Eq. (1), we get
x + 4 (- 2) + 2 (- 28) = 0
av $ av + av $ bv + av $ cv + bv $ av + bv $ bv + bv $ cv + cv $ av
x - 8 - 56 = 0 & x = 64
+ cv $ bv + cv $ cv = 0
2
Hence, the required vector is
2 2
av + bv + cv + 2 (av $ bv + bv $ cv + cv $ av) = 0
pv = xit + yjt + zkt
5 + 12 + 13 + 2 (av $ bv + bv $ cv + cv $ av) = 0
2 2 2
i.e. pv = 64it - 2tj - 28kt
25 + 144 + 169 + 2 (av $ bv + bv $ cv + cv $ av) = 0
164. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the
169 + 169 + 2 (av $ bv + bv $ cv + cv $ av) = 0 vectors av + bv and av - bv , where av = 3it + 2tj + 2kt and
bv = it + 2tj - 2kt.
169 + (av $ bv + bv $ cv + cv $ av) = 0
Sol : Delhi 2011
av $ bv + bv $ cv + cv $ av = - 169
We have av = 3it + 2tj + 2kt
163. Let av = it + 4tj + 2kt, bv = 3it - 2tj + 7kt and
t and bv = it + 2tj - 2kt
cv = 2it - tj + 4k . Find a vector pv , which is
perpendicular to both av and bv and pv $ cv = 18 . Now, av + bv = 3it + 2tj + 2kt + (it + 2tj - 2kt)
Sol : OD 2012, Comp 2010
= 4it + 4tj + 0kt
We have av = it + 4tj + 2kt,
and av - bv = 3it + 2tj + 2kt - (it + 2tj - 2kt)
= 2it + 0tj + 4kt
and cv = 2it - tj + 4kt Now, a vector cv perpendicular to (av + bv) and (av - bv)
is given by
Let pv = xit + yjt + zkt where pv is perpendicular to both
av and bv . Thus cv = (av + bv) # (av - bv)
pv $ av = 0 it tj kt
= 4 4 0
(xit + yjt + zkt) $ (it + 4tj + 2kt) = 0 2 0 4
x + 4y + 2z = 0 ...(1) = i (16 - 0) - tj (16 - 0) + kt(0 - 8)
t
and pv $ bv = 0 = 16it - 16tj - 8kt
(xit + yjt + zkt) $ (3it - 2tj + 7kt) = 0 cv = 8 (2it - 2tj - kt)

and unit vector ct along (av + bv) # (av - bv) is given by
3x - 2y + 7z = 0 ...(2)
8 (2it - 2tj - kt)
Since pv $ cv = 18 we have cv =
8 22 + 22 + 1
(xit + yjt + zkt) $ (2it - tj + 4kt) = 18 2it - 2tj - kt
=
2x - y + 4z = 18 ...(3) 9
Based on the above information, answer the following Total distance travelled by Lavanya
questions. $ $ $
(i) What is the distance between House and ATM ? = AB + BC + CD

(ii) What is the distance between ATM and school? = (3 2 + 3 2 + 3 2 ) units.
(iii) What is the total distance travelled by Lavanya?
=9 2
(iv) What is the extra distance travelled by Lavanya
in reaching the shopping mall? (iv) Distance between house and shopping mall is
$
Sol : AD
$
We can redraw the given diagram as below. Now, AD = it + tj + 4kt
$
AD = 12 + 12 + 42 = 1 + 1 + 16
= 18 = 3 2
Thus, extra distance travelled by Lavanya is reaching
shopping mall = (9 2 - 3 2 ) units = 6 2 units.
168. If two vectors are represented by the two sides of a

triangle taken in order, then their sum is represented
by the third side of the triangle taken in opposite order
and this is known as triangle law of vector addition.
questions.
(i) If pt , qt, rt are the vectors represented by the side
of a triangle taken in order, then find qv + rv .
(ii) If ABCD is a parallelogram and AC and BD are
$ $ $
(i) AB = (- 2it + 4tj + kt) - (it + tj + kt) its diagonals, then find AC + BD .
$
=- 3i + 3j (iii) If ABCD is a parallelogram, where AB = 2av and
$ $ $
$ BC = 2bv , then find AC - BD .
AB = (- 3) 2 + 32 = 9+9 18 (iv) If ABCD is a quadrilateral, whose diagonals are
$ $ $ $
=3 2 AC and BD , then find BA + CD .
Distance between House (A) and ATM (B) is 3 2
units.
$
(ii) BC = (- it + 5tj + 5kt) - (2it + 4tj + kt)
= it + tj + 4kt
$
BC = 12 + 12 + 42 = 1 + 1 + 16
= 18 s = 3 2 Sol :
Distance between ATM (B) and School (C) is 3 2 (i) Let OAB be a triangle such that
units. $ $ $
$ AO = - pv, AB = qv, BO = rv
(iii) CD = (2it + 2tj + 5kt) - (- it + 5tj + 5kt) $ $
Now, qv + rv = AB + BO
= (3it - 3tj )
$
$
2 2
= AO = - pv
CD = 3 + (- 3) = 9+9
(ii) From the triangle law of vector addition,
=3 2 $ $ $ $ $ $
AC + BD = AB + BC + BC + CD
Distance between School (C) and Shopping mall (D)
is 3 2 units.
(iv) Direction of the ring getting pulled (ii) Vector representing the flight path from R to Q is
$ $ $ $
F = - it + tj RQ = PQ - PR
q = p - tan-1 b 1 l = `5it + 3tj - 4ktj - `5it + tj - 2ktj

1
= 2tj - 2kt
= p - p = 3p ; (iii) Let q be the angle between the vectors representing
4 4
where q is the angle made by the resultant force with the flight paths of Airplane 1. then we have
$ $
the + ve direction of the x - axis. PQ $ PR
cos q = $ $
PQ PR
170. The flight path of two airplanes in a flight simulator
game are shown below. The coordinates of the airports _5it + 3tj - 4kti $ _5it + tj - 2kti
=
P and Q are given. 50 $ 30
= 18
5 15
Angle between the flight paths,
q = cos-1 d 18 n
5 15
(iv) Considers a point S which divides PQ internally
in the ratio 1:2.
Position vector of point S ,
$ $
$ 1OQ + 2OP
Airplane 1 flies directly from P to Q . OS =
1+2
Airplane 2 has a layover at R and then flies to Q .
1 _3it + 4tj - kti + 2 _- 2it + tj + 3kti
The path of aeroplane 2 from P to R can be =
1+2
represented by the vector 5it + tj - 2kt.
Assume that the flight path is straight and fuel is 3it + 4tj - kt - 4it + 2tj + 6kt
=
3
consumed uniformly throughout the flight Based on
t t
- i + 6j + 5k t
the above information answer the following: =
3
(i) Find the vector that represents the flight path of
Airplane 1. = - 13 it + 2tj + 53 kt
(ii) Write the vector representing the path of Airplane
2 from R to Q . Show your steps.
(iii) What is the angle between the flight paths of
Airplane 1 and Airplane 2 just after take off? ***********
(iv) Consider that Airplane 1 started the flight with
a full fuel tank. Find the position vector of the
point where a third of the fuel runs out if the
entire fuel is required for the flight.
Sol :
(i) Vectors for points P and Q are as follows
$
OP = - 2it + tj + 3kt
$
OQ = 3it + 4tj - kt
Vector representing the flight path of Airplane 1 as:
$ $ $
PQ = OQ - OP
= `3it + 4tj - ktj - `- 2it + tj + 3ktj
= 5it + 3tj - 4kt

CHAPTER 11 Three Dimensional Geometry Page 405
CHAPTER 11
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS The vector equation of the line passing through A âvh
and parallel to bv is rv = av + lbv where l is a scalar.
The required vector equation of the line is
y
The angle which the line x = = z makes with the
rv = ît - 3tj + 2kth + l ît + tj + 2kth
1.
1 -1 0
positive direction of y -axis is:
and required Cartesian equation of the above line is
(a) 5p (b) 3p
6 4 x-1 = y+3 = z-2
5p 7p 1 1 2
(c) (d) Thus (d) is correct option.
4 4
Sol : OD 2024
3. Equation of line passing through origin and making
y
We have x = =z 30°, 60° and 90° with x, y, z axes respectively is :
1 -1 0
y 2y
Direction ratio of y-axis is (0, 1, 0) and direction ratio (a) 2x = = z (b) 2x = =z
2 0 1 0
of the given line is ^1, - 1, 0h 3 3
2y 2y z
^0h^1 h + ^1 h^- 1h + ^0h^0h (c) 2x = =z (d) 2x = =
cos q = 3 1 3 1 1
02 + 12 + 02 12 + ^- 1h2 + 02 Sol : OD 2023
cos q = - 1 Direction cosines is given by

2
(cos a, cos b, cos g) / (cos 30°, cos 60°, cos 90°)
q = cos-1 d - 1 n
2
/c 3 , 1, 0
q = 3p 2 2 m
4 Equation of the line is
x-0 = y-0 = z-0
2. The Cartesian equation of the line passing through 3 1 0
the point ^1, - 3, 2h and parallel to the line :
2 2
2x = 2y = z
rv = ^2 + lh it + ltj + ^2l - 1h kt is 3 1 0
y+3 z-2
(a) x - 1 = = Thus (b) is correct option.
2 0 -1
x + 1 y-3 z+2 4. The lines x -1 2 = y -1 3 = 4 -k z and x -k 1 = y -2 4 = z-5
are
(b) = = -2
1 1 2 mutually perpendicular, if the value of k is
x + 1 y-3 z+2
(c)
2
=
0
=
-1 (a) - 2 (b) 2
3 3
y + 3
(d) x - 1 = = z-2 (c) - 2 (d) 2
1 1 2
Sol : OD 2024 Sol : OD 2020
Since line passes through the point A ^1, - 3, 2h , y-3 4-z

We have, x - 2 = =
position vector of the point is av = it - 3tj + 2kt 1 1 k
Also, the required line is parallel to the line x - 2 y-3 z-4
or = = L1
1 1 -k
rv = ^2 + lh it + ltj + ^2l - 1h kt
and x-1 = y-4= z-5
or rv = 2it - kt + l ît + tj + 2kth k 2 -k
x - 1 y-4 z-5
It is parallel to the vector or = = L2
k 2 -2
bv = it + tj + 2kt Since, the lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular, we have
L1 : 1 - x = y - 2 = z - 3 and 13. The foot of the perpendicular from (0, 2, 3) to the line
3 2a 2 x + 3 = y = 1 = z + 4 is
x-1 = y-1 = 6-z 5 2 3
L2 :
3a 1 5 (a) (- 2, 3, 4) (b) (2, - 1, 3)
(a) - 10 (b) 10 (c) (2, 3, - 1) (d) (3, 2, - 1)
7 7
Sol : Delhi 2009
(c) - 10 (d) 10
11 11 Let N be the foot of the perpendicular from the point
(0, 2, 3) on the given line
Given lines can be rewritten as x + 3 = y - 1 = z + 4 = l (say) ...(1)
x - 1 = y - 2 = z - 3 and 5 2 3
L1 : Any point on the line is P (5l - 3, 2l + 1, 3l - 4). If
-3 3a 2
y - 1 this point is N , then direction ratios of NP are
L2 : x-1 = = z-6
3a 1 -5 < 5l - 3 - 0, 2l + 1 - 2, 3l - 4 - 3 >
Since, lines are perpendicular. i.e. < 5l - 3, 2l - 1, 3l - 7 >
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0 Since, PN is perpendicular to line (1), we have
(- 3) (3a) + 2a (1) + 2 (- 5) = 0 5 (5l - 3) + 2 (2l - 1) + 3 (3l - 7) = 0
- 9a + 2a - 10 = 0 38l - 38 = 0
l =1
a = - 10
7 Substituting l = 1 we get the required point as
Thus (a) is correct option. (2, 3, - 1).
11. Which of the following triplets gives the direction Thus (c) is correct option.
cosines of a line?
14. A straight line which makes an angle of 60c with each
(a) < 1, 1, 1 > (b) < 1, - 1, 1 > of y and z axes, inclined with x -axis at an angle of
(c) < 1, - 1, - 1 > (d) < 1 , 1 , 1 > (a) 30c (b) 45c
3 3 3
Sol : SQP 2020
(c) 75c (d) 60c
For direction cosines of a line l 2 + m2 + n2 must be
equal to 1. cos2 a + cos2 60c + cos2 60c = 1
l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
cos2 a = 1 - 1 - 1 = 1
This is possible when 4 4 2
a = 45c
l = 1 , m = 1 and n = 1
3 3 3 Thus (b) is correct option.
1 2
1 2
1 2
l 2 + m2 + n2 = c m +c m +c m =3=1 15. The points (5, 2, 4), (6, - 1, 2) and (8, - 7, k) are
3 3 3 3 collinear, if k is equal to
Thus (d) is correct option. (a) - 2 (b) 2
12. If a, b, g are the angles which a half ray makes (c) 3 (d) - 1
with the positive directions of the axes, then Sol : OD 2013
sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g is equal to
Since, points are collinear, we have
(a) 2 (b) 1
5 2 4
(c) 0 (d) - 1
6 -1 2 = 0
Sol : OD 2007
8 -7 k
Since, cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1 8 (4 + 4) + 7 (10 - 24) + k (- 5 - 12) = 0
Hence, 1 - sin2 a + 1 - sin2 b + 1 - sin2 g = 1 64 - 98 - 17k = 0
sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g = 2 k =- 2

Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.
Sol : Foreign 2009 Sol : Delhi 2011, Comp 2010
If line makes equal angles with the axes, then Any vector av along z axis can be written as
`0it + 0t
j + 1ktj
l = m = n =! 1
3 Direction cosine is coefficient of it, tj , kt components.
Since, the line lies in the octant OXYZ , therefore we Therefore,
take + ve sign.
Direction cosine of z = ^0, 0, 1h
i.e. l =m =n= 1
3 26. Let l1 ,m1 ,n1 and l2 ,m2 ,n2 be the direction cosines of
Thus (a) is correct option. two st- lines. Both the lines are perpendicular to each
other, if
23. If A (1, 2, 3), B (0, 1, 2) and C (2, 1, 0) are vertices of a
triangle then the length of the median through A is (a) l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0
(a) 5 (b) 2 5 (b) l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 1
(c) 5 (d) 10 (c) l1 = m1 = n1
l2 m2 n2
Sol :
(d) l1 + m1 + n1 = 0
SQP 2017
2+0 1+1 0+2 l2 m2 n2

Mid point of BC is b 2 , 2 , 2 l , ie, D (1, 1, 1) . Sol : Delhi 2010
Hence, Length of median, The angle between two lines having direction cosine l1
AD = 2 2
(1 - 1) + (2 - 1) + (3 - 1) 2 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 is given by,
cos q = l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2
= 1+4
If both lines are perpendicular then q = 90° .
= 5
Hence, cos 90° = l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2
l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0
24. The distance between (4, 3, 7) and (1, - 1, - 5) is
(a) 13 (b) 15
(c) 12 (d) 5 27. Let a ,b ,c be the direction ratios of a line then
direction cosines are
(a) a , b , c (b) , 1 2 , 1 2
Distance between two points ^x1, y1, z1h and ^x2, y2, z2h is Sa 2 Sa 2 Sa 2 Sa Sa
given by distance formula
(c) 1 , 1 , 1 (d) , b , c
^x1 - x2h2 + ^y1 - y2h + ^z1 - z2h2
d = 2 a b c Sb 2 Sc 2
Sol : Foreign 2018
Here, x1 = 4 , y1 = 3 , z1 = 7
Any three numbers a, b, c proportional to the direction
x2 = 1 , y2 = - 1 , z2 = - 5 cosine of a line are called direction ratios of the line.
Using distance formula, If l, m, n, are the direction cosine of line and a, b, c are
direction ratios, then
d = ^4 - 1h2 + ^3 - ^- 1hh2 + ^7 - ^- 5hh2
l = a = a
= 32 + 42 + 122 a2 + b2 + c2 /a2
= 9 + 16 + 144 b b
m = =
a2 + b2 + c2 /a2
= 144 + 25
n = c = c
= 169
a2 + b2 + c2 /a2
= 13
Thus (a) is correct option. 28. A line is passing through (a, b, g) and its direction
cosines are l , m , n then the equations of the line are
25. The direction cosines of z -axis are y
(a) x = =z
(a) (0, 0, 0) (b) (1, 0, 0) l m n
(c) (0, 0, 1) (d) (0, 1, 0)
Therefore, l = 1 ,m = 3 and n = 5 (c) 2l + 3m + 6n = 0 (d) lmn = 36

35 35 35 Sol : Delhi 2010
Two lines are parallel to each other when their
33. The direction ratios of two straight lines are l , m , n direction ratio are proportional to each other.
and l1 , m1 , n1 . The lines will be perpendicular to each l =m =n
other if Hence,
2 3 6
(a) l = m = n (b) l + m + n = 0 3l = 2m = n
l1 m1 n1 l1 m1 n1
(c) ll1 + mm1 + nn1 = 0 (d) ll1 + mm1 + nn1 = 1 Thus (b) is correct option.
Sol : OD 2013
36. The coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment
joining the points (2, 3, 4) and (8, - 3, 8) are
Direction ratio of line L1 is ^l, m, n h
" (a) (10, 0, 12) (b) (5, 6, 0)
Vector parallel to L1 is p = lit + mjt + nkt
(c) (6, 5, 0) (d) (5, 0, 6)
Direction ratio of line L2 is ^l1, m1, n1h Sol : OD 2008
"
Vector parallel to L2 is q = l1 it + m1 tj + n1 kt
" " We have A = (2, 3, 4) B (8, - 3, 8)
Since p = q , Therefore,
Mid point of line segment joining (x1, y1, z1) and
" "
p$q = 0 (x2, y2, z2) is
y1 + y2 z1 + z2
P = b x1 + x2 ,
p $ q = ^lit + mjt + nkth $ ^l1 it + m1 tj + n1 kth 2 l
" "
,
2 2
= ll1 + mm1 + nn1 Here, x1 = 2 y1 = 3 z1 = 4
=0 x2 = 8 y2 = - 3 z2 = 8
P = b 2 + 8, 3 - 3, 4 + 8 l
2 2 2
34. A line passing through (2, - 1, 3) and its direction
ratios are 3, - 1, 2. The equation of the line is P = (5, 0, 6)
y-1 z+3
(a) x + 2 = = Thus (d) is correct option.
3 -1 2
y+1 z-3
(b) x - 2 = = 37. The direction cosines of the y - axis are
3 -1 2
(a) (0, 0, 0) (b) (1, 0, 0)
y + 1
(c) x - 3 = = z-2 (c) (0, 1, 0) (d) (0, 0, 1)
2 -1 3
x - 3 y+1 z-2 Sol : Comp 2018, Foreign 2015
(d) = =
2 -1 3
$
Sol : Foreign 2014, OD 2012 If a , b and g are the angles which a vector OP makes
with the positive direction of coordinate axes OX ,
Line passing through point â, b, c h with direction OY , OZ respectively, then cos a , cos b and cos g are
ratios l , m , n is given by $
known as the direction of cosines of OP and generally
x-a = y-b = z-c denoted by l1 m and n respectively.
l m n
Here, a = 2 , b = - 1, c = 3
l = 3 , m = - 1, n = 2
Therefore, required line L :
x-2 = y+1 = z-3
3 -1 2
35. The lines x -l 1 = y m+ 2 = z-4

n and x+3
2 = y-4
3 = z
6 are
parallel to each other if
(a) 2l = 3m = n (b) 3l = 2m = n
xit + yjt + zkt = 3it + 4tj - 7kt + l `- 2it - 5tj + 13ktj it tj kt

" "
b # b = 2 0 1 = - it + 3tj + 2kt
^x - 3h it + ^y - 4h tj + ^z + 7h kt = l `- 2it - 5tj + 13ktj
1 2
1 1 -1
" "
43. Assertion:: If a line makes angles a , b , g with b1 # b2 = (- 1) 2 + (3) 2 + (2) 2
positive direction of the coordinate axes, then
= 1+9+4
sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g = 2 .
Reason : The sum of squares of the direction cosines = 14
of a line is 1.
(a2 - a1) $ `b1 # b2j
" " " "
(a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a SD =
`b1 # b2 j
" "
(b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a (it + tj - kt) $ (- it + 3tj + 2kt)
correct explanation for Assertion. =
14
(c) Assertion is true; Reason is false.
= -1 + 3 - 2 = 0
Sol : OD 2023 14
Thus assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a
If a line makes angles a , b , g with positive direction
of the coordinate axes, then
cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1
^1 - sin2 ah + ^1 - sin2 b h + ^1 - sin2 g h = 1 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

2 2 2
3 - sin a - sin b - sin g = 1
2 - sin2 a - sin2 b - sin2 g = 0 45. If the equation of a line is x = ay + b , z = cy + d , then
find the direction ratios of the line and a point on the
sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g = 2 line.
Thus both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Sol : OD 2023
explanation of (A).
Thus (a) is correct option. Given equation of the line is x = ay + b , z = cy + d
x - b = y, z - d = y
44. Assertion: The pair of lines given by a c
" "
r = it - tj + l (2it + k) and r = 2it - k + m (it + tj - kt) x-b = y-0 = z-d
intersect. a 1 c
Direction ratios are (a, 1, c) and a point on the given
Reason : Two lines intersect each other, if they are
line is (b, 0, d).
not parallel and shortest distance = 0 .
(a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a 46. The line of shortest distance between two skew lines is
correct explanation for Assertion. ............ to both the lines.
(b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a Sol : OD 2020
correct explanation for Assertion. For skew lines, the line of the shortest distance will be
(c) Assertion is true; Reason is false. perpendicular to both the lines and it is unique also.
(d) Assertion is false; Reason is true. 47. If a line makes angles 90c, 135c, 45c with then x , y
Sol : Delhi 2011 and z axes respectively, find the direction consines.
" "
Sol : Delhi 2019
Here, a1 = it - tj , b1 = 2it + kt
Let l , m and n be direction cosines of the lines.
"
a = 2it - kt,bt2 = it + tj - kt
2 We have a = 90c, b = 135c and g = 45c
" "
b ! lb2 , for any scalar l
1 Now l = cos a = cos 90c = 0 ,
Given lines are not parallel.
m = cos b = cos 135c = - 1
" " 2
a - a (2it - kt) - (it - tj ) = it + tj - kt
2 1
and n = cos g = cos 45c = 1

2
is the required equation of the given line in Cartesian x-4 = y = z-1

-2 6 -3
form.
Here, DR’s of the line are (- 2, 6, - 3).
53. If a line makes angles a , b , g with the position
Now (- 2) 2 + 62 + (- 3) 2 = 49 = 7
direction of coordinates axes, then write the value of
sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g . Thus direction cosines of the line are - 2 , 6 and - 3
7 7 7
Sol : Delhi 2015
57. Write the vector equation of a line passing through
If a line makes angles a , b and g with the x -axis, y
point (1, - 1, 2) and parallel to the line whose equation
-axis and z -axis, respectively, then we have y-1 z+1
is x - 3 = = .
cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1 1 2 -2
Sol : OD 2013
1 - sin2 a + 1 - sin2 b + 1 - sin2 g = 1 Vector equation of a line passing through a point with
3 - sin2 a - sin2 b - sin2 g = 1 position vector av and parallel to a given vector bv is
- sin2 a - sin2 b - sin2 g = 1 - 3 = - 2 rv = av + lbv , where l d R .

Vector for point (1, - 1, 2) is
sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g = 2
av = it - tj + 2kt
54. Write the distance of a point P (a, b, c) from x -axis.
y-1 z+1
Sol : Delhi 2014, Comp 2010 and vector for line x - 3 = = is
1 2 -2
Let any point on x -axis be Q (x, 0, 0). If we want to bv = it + 2tj - 2kt. DR’s are 1, 2 and - 2
find out the distance of point P (a, b, c) from x -axis, Required vector equation of line is
we have to take x = a .
Using distance formula for points P (a, b, c) and rv = (it - tj + 2kt) + l (it + 2tj - 2kt), where l d R .
Q (x, 0, 0) we have
58. Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes
D = (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2 + (z2 - z1) 2 through the point (- 2, 4, - 5) and is parallel to the
4-y z+8
= (a - a) 2 + (0 - b) 2 + (0 - c) 2 line x + 3 = = .
6 5 6
= 0 + b2 + c2
We have x+3 = 4-y = z+8
= b2 + c2 3 5 6
or x+3 = y-4 = z+8
55. Write the equation of the straight line through the 3 -5 6
point (a, b, g) and parallel to Z -axis.
DR of above line are (3, - 5, 6). If two lines are parallel,
Sol : OD 2014
then direction ratios of both lines are proportional.
The vector equation of a line parallel to z -axis is The required equation of the line passing through
v = 0it + 0tj + kt. (- 2, 4, - 5) having DR’s (3, - 5, 6) is
m
The line passing through the point A (a, b, g) whose x+2 = y-4 = z+5
3 -5 6
position vector is rv1 = ait + btj + gkt and is parallel to
the vector mv = (0it + 0tj + kt) is given by 59. If a line has direction ratios (2, - 1, - 2), then what
are its direction cosines?
rv = rv1 + lm
v
Sol : Delhi 2012
= (ait + btj + gkt) + l (0it + 0tj + kt) If (a, b, c) are DR’s of a line then direction cosines of
= (ait + btj + gkt) + l (kt) line is given by
a
l =! 2
y a + b2 + c2
56. Find the direction cosines of the line 4 - x = = 1 - z .
2 6 3 b
Sol : Delhi 2013 m =!
a2 + b2 + c2
We have 4-x = y = 1-z n =! 2
c
2 6 3 a + b2 + c2
Rewriting the given equation in standard form, we get Here DR’s of the line are (2, - 1, - 2).
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x - 3 = y + 4 = z - 3 = l (let) rv = (5it - 4tj + 6kt) + l (3it + 7tj - 2kt)

-5 7 2
which is the required equation of line in vector form.
or x = - 5l + 3 , y = 7l - 4 and z = 2l + 3
Now, 68. Find the vector equation of the line passing through
the point A (1, 2, - 1) and parallel to the line
xit + yjt + zkt = (- 5l + 3) it + (7l - 4) tj + (2l + 3) kt 5x - 25 = 14 - 7y = 35z .
= 3it - 4tj + 3kt + l (- 5it + 7tj + 2kt) Sol : Delhi 2017
rv = (3it - 4tj + 3kt) + l (- 5it + 7tj + 2kt) We have 5x - 25 = 14 - 7y = 35z .

which is the required equation of line in vector form. x-5 = 2-y = z
1 1 1
5 7 35
66. The equation of a line is x-5 = y-2 = z
5x - 3 = 15y + 7 = 3 = 3 - 10z
1
5 - 71 1
35
Write the direction cosines of the line. Direction ratio of the given line are 1 , - 1 , 1 .
5 7 35
Sol : OD 2015 Direction ratio of a line parallel to the given line are
1, -1, 1 .
We have 5x - 3 = 15y + 7 = 3 - 10z ...(1) 5 7 35
The required equation of a line passing through the
Here coefficients of x , y and z are 5, 15 and 10. point A (1, 2, - 1) and parallel to the given line is
LCM (5, 15, 10) = 30 . Thus dividing by 30 we have eq.
x - 1 = y - 2 = z + 1.
(1) becomes 1
5 - 71 1
35
5x - 3 = 15y + 7 = 3 - 10z 69. Find the direction cosines of the line
30 30 30
5 ^x - 35 h 15 ^y + 157 h - 10 ^z - 103 h x + 2 = 2y - 7 = 5 - z
= = 2 6 6
30 30 30
x - 35 y + 157 z - 103 Also, find the vector equation of the line through the
= = ...(2) point A (- 1, 2, 3) and parallel to the given line.
6 2 -3
The standard form of equation is given as Sol : Comp 2014, Delhi 2012
x - x1 = y - y1 = z - z1 ...(3) x + 2 = 2y - 7 = 5 - z
a c We have
b 2 6 6
Comparing the above standard equation with Eq. (2), This equation can be written as
we get 6, 2, - 3 are the direction ratios of the given
x + 2 = y - 7/2 = z - 5
line. 2 3 -6
Now 62 + 22 + (- 3) 2 = 49 = 7 So, direction ratios of line are (2, 3, - 6).
Now, the direction cosines of given line are 6 , 2 , - 3 . Now (22 + 32 + (- 6) 2 = 49 = 7

7 7 7
Thus direction cosines of given line are b 2 , 3 , - 6 l .
67. Write the vector equation of the following line 7 7 7
Here, DR’s of a line parallel to given line are (2, 3, - 6)
x-5 = y+4 = 6-z .
3 7 2 . So, the required equation of line passes through the
Sol : Delhi 2010, OD 2008 point A (- 1, 2, 3) and parallel to given line is
x+1 = y-2 = z-3.
We have x-5 = y+4 = 6-z 2 3 -6
3 7 2
Rewriting the given equation in standard form, we get 70. The x -coordinate of point on the line joining the points
P (2, 2, 1) and Q (5, 1, - 2) is 4. Find its z -coordinate.
x - 5 = y + 4 = z - 6 = l (let) Sol : OD 2017
3 7 -2
or x = 3l + 5 , y = 7l - 4 and z = - 2l + 6 The equation of the line joining the points P (2, 2, 1)
and Q (5, 1, - 2) is
Now,
x-2 = y-2 = z-1
xit + yjt + zkt = (3l + 5) it + (7l - 4) tj + (- 2l + 6) kt 5-2 1 - 2 -2 - 1
x-2 = y-2 = z-1
= 5it - 4tj + 6kt + l (3it + 7tj - 2kt) 3 -1 -3
DR’s of PR is (12 - 4, 4 - 2, 5 - (- 6)) where a, b and c are the direction ratios of line (1).
Now, the line (1) is perpendicular to the lines
= (8, 2, 11)
x+2 = y-3 = z+1 (2)
Equation of PR, 1 2 4
x-4 = y-2 = z+6 x-1 = y-2 = z-3
8 2 11 and (3)
2 3 4
DR’s of QS is (11 - 5, 9 - (- 3), - 2 - 1) DR’s of these two lines are (1, 2, 4) and
(2, 3, 4), respectively.
= (6, 12, - 3)
If two lines having DR’s (a1, b1, c1) and (a2, b2, c2) are
Equation of QS, perpendicular, then a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0 .
x-5 = y+3= z-1 Since Line (1) is perpendicular to line (2) and (3) we
6 12 -3 have
Let the point of intersection of PR and QS be A. i.e.
A lies on both the lines PR and QS. a + 2b + 4c = 0 ...(2)
From PQ we have and 2a + 3b + 4c = 0 ...(3)
x-4 = y-2 = z+6 = k By cross-multiplication method, we get

8 2 11 a = b = c
(x, y, z) = (8k + 4, 2k + 2, 11k - 6) ...(1) 8 - 12 8-4 3-4
a =b = c
From QS we have -4 4 -1
x-5 = y+3 = z-1 = s Thus DR’s of line (1) are –4, 4, –1
6 12 -3 The required cartesian equation of line (1) is
(x, y, z) = (6s + 5, 12s - 3, - 3s + 1) ...(2) x-1 = y-1 = z-1
Equating (1) and (2) to get A we get -4 4 -1
and vector equation is
8k + 4 = 6s + 5 "
r = it + tj + kt + l (- 4it + 4tj - kt)
8k - 6s - 1 = 0 ...(3)
Again, let q be the angle between the given lines (2)
2k + 2 = 12s - 3 and (3). Then we have
2k - 12s + 5 = 0 ...(4) cos q = 1 # 2 + 2 # 3 + 4 # 4

1 + 4 + 16 4 + 9 + 16
11k - 6 = - 3s + 1 = 24
21 29
11k + 3s - 7 = 0 ...(5)
= 24
Solving eq (3) and (4) we have k = and s = 12
1
2
609
. Substituting k = 12 in 2 we get A ^8, 3, - 12 h which q = cos-1 c 24 m
is the point of intersection of the diagonals of the 609
parallelogram PQRS.
75. Find the value of l , so that the lines
74. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line
1 - x = 7y - 14 = z - 3 and 7 - 7x = y - 5 = 6 - z
which is perpendicular to the lines with equations 3 l 2 3l 1 5
x+2 = y-3 = z+1 are at right angles. Also, find whether the lines are
1 2 4 intersecting or not.
and x-1 = y-2 = z-3 Sol : Delhi 2019, Foreign 2014
2 3 4
Writing the given line in standard form as
and passes through the point (1, 1, 1). Also, find the
angle between the given lines. x - 1 = y - 2 = z - 3 = r (let) ...(1)
Sol : OD 2020 -3 l
7
2 1
and x - 1 = y - 5 = z - 6 = r (let) ...(2)

Any line through the point (1, 1, 1) is given by -3l 1 -5 2
7
x-1 = y-1 = z-1 ...(1) Two lines with DR’s a1 , b , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 are
a b c perpendicular if
= 4+1 = 5 79. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line
through the point (1, 2, - 4) and perpendicular to the
Now, the shortest distance between the given lines,
lines
(bv1 # bv2) $ (av2 - av1)
d = rv = (8it - 19tj + 10kt) + l (3it - 16tj + 7kt)
bv1 # bv2
and rv = (15it + 29tj + 5kt) + m (3it + 8tj - 5kt).
(2it - tj ) $ (- 3it + 2kt)
= Sol : Delhi 2016, Delhi 2015
5
-6
= = 6 units We have rv = (8it - 19tj + 10kt) + l (3it - 16tj + 7kt)
5 5
78. Find the shortest distance between the lines
and rv = (15it + 29tj + 5kt) + m (3it + 8tj - 5kt)
Comparing with rv = av + lbv we get
x - 1 = y - 2 = z - 3 and x - 2 = y - 4 = z - 5 .
2 3 4 3 4 5 bv1 = 3it - 16tj + 7kt
Sol : Delhi 2018
and bv2 = 3it + 8tj - 5kt
y-2 z-3
We have x - 1 = =
2 3 4 it tj kt
x-2 = y - 4 v v v
and = z-5 Now b = b 1 # b 2 = 3 - 16 7
3 4 5 3 8 -5
Comparing the given equations of lines with standard
form we have = i (80 - 56) - j (- 15 - 21) + kt(24 + 48)
t t
x - x1 = y - y1 = z - z1 = 24it + 36tj + 72kt = 12 (2it + 3tj + 6kt)

a1 b1 c1 Since, the required line is perpendicular to the given
and x - x2 = y - y2 = z - z2 . lines. So, it is parallel to bv1 # bv2 . Now, the equation
a2 b2 c2
of a line passing through the point (1, 2, - 4) and
we get x1 = 1, y1 = 2 , z1 = 3 ; a1 = 2 , b1 = 3 , c1 = 4 parallel to 24it + 36tj + 72kt or (2it + 3tj + 6kt) is
and x2 = 2 , y2 = 4 , z2 = 5 ; a2 = 3 , b2 = 4 , c2 = 5 rv = (it + 2tj - 4kt) + l (2it + 3tj + 6kt)
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1 2-1 4-2 5-3 which is required vector equation of a line.
Now a1 b1 c1 = 2 3 4 For Cartesian equation, substituting rv = xit + yjt + zkt
a2 b2 c2 3 4 5 , we get
1 2 2 xit + yjt + zkt = (1 + 2l) it + (2 + 3l) tj + (- 4 + 6l) kt
= 2 3 4 Comparing the coefficients of it, tj and kt, we get
3 4 5
= 1 (15 - 16) - 2 (10 - 12) + 2 (8 - 9) x = 1 + 2l , y = 2 + 3l
=- 1 + 4 - 2 = 1 and z = - 4 + 6l
x-1 = y-2 = z+4
Now, (b1 c2 - b2 c1) 2 + (c1 a2 - c2 a1) 2 + (a1 b2 - a2 b1) 2 Thus
2 3 6
= (3 # 5 - 4 # 4) 2 + (4 # 3 - 5 # 2) 2 + (2 # 4 - 3 # 3) 2
which is the required Cartesian equation of a line.
Alternative :
= (15 - 16) 2 + (12 - 10) 2 + (8 - 9) 2
Let the equation of line passing through (1, 2, - 4) is
2 2 2
= (- 1) + (2) + (- 1) rv = (it + 2tj - 4kt) + l 1 (b1 it + b2 tj + b3 kt) ...(1)
= 1+4+1 = 6 Since, the line (1) is perpendicular to the given lines
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1 rv
a1 b1 c1 = (8i - 19j + 10kt) + l (3it - 16tj + 7kt)
t t
a2 b2 c2
SD = and rv = (15it + 29tj + 5kt) + m (3it + 8tj - 5kt)
(b1 c2 - b2 c1) 2 + (c1 a2 - c2 a1) 2 + (a1 b2 - a2 b1) 2
Therefore, we have
= 1 units,
6 (b1 it + b2 tj + b3 kt) $ (3it - 16tj + 7kt) = 0
which is the required shortest distance.
3b1 - 16b2 + 7b3 = 0 ...(2)
82. Show that the line lines and rv = (7it - 6tj - 6kt) + m (it + 2tj + 2kt) ...(2)
rv = (it + tj - kt) + l (3it - tj ) and Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2) with vector form of
rv = (4it - kt) + m (2it + 3kt) equation of line, i.e. rv = av + lbv , we get
intersect. Also, find their point of intersection. av1 = 2it - 5tj + kt, bv1 = 3it + 2tj + 6kt
Sol : Delhi 2014
and av2 = 7it - 6tj - 6kt, bv2 = it + 2tj + 2kt
We have rv = (it + tj - kt) + l (3it - tj ) Angle between two lines,
and rv = (4it - kt) + m (2it + 3kt) bv1 $ bv2

cos q = v v
b1 b2
Above lines can be rewritten as
(3it + 2tj + 6kt) $ (it + 2tj + 2kt)
=
rv = (3l + 1) it + (1 - l) tj - kt ...(1) (3) 2 + (2) 2 + (6) 2 $ (1) 2 + (2) 2 + (2) 2
and rv = (4 + 2m) it + 0it + (3m - 1) kt ...(2) = 3 + 4 + 12
49 # 9
Clearly, any point on line (1) is of the form
P (3l + 1, 1 - l, - 1) and any point on line (2) is of or cos q = 19 & cos q = 19
7#3 21
the form Q (4 + 2m, 0, 3m - 1) Hence, the angle between given two lines is
If line (1) and (2) intersect, then these points must q = cos-1 b 19 l .
coincide for some l and m . 21
y+3 z+5
Consider, 3l + 1 = 4 + 2m 84. Show that the lines x + 1 = = and
3 5 7
x - 2 = y - 4 = z - 6 intersect. Also, find their point
2l - 2m = 3 ...(3) 1 3 5
intersection.
1-l = 0 ...(4) Sol : Delhi 2014
and 3m - 1 = - 1 ...(5) x + 1 = y + 3 = z + 5 = l (let)

We have ...(1)
From Eq. (4), we get l = 1 and put the value of l in 3 5 7
Eq. (3), we get x-2 = y - 4
and = z - 6 = m (let) ...(2)
1 3 5
3 (1) - 2m = 3
Then, any point on line (1) is of the form
- 2m = 3 - 3 & m = 0
P (3l - 1, 5l - 3, 7l - 5) ...(3)
Substituting the value of m in Eq. (5), we get
and any point on line (2) is of the form
3 (0) - 1 = - 1 & 0 - 1 = - 1
Q (u + 2, 3m + 4, 5m + 6) ...(4)
- 1 = - 1, which is true If lines (1) and (2) intersect, then these points must
coincide for some l and m .
Hence, both lines intersect each other.
Consider, 3l - 1 = m + 2
The point of intersection of both lines can be obtained
by putting l = 1 in coordinates of P . So, the point of 5l - 3 = 3m + 4
intersection is (3 + 1, 1 - 1, - 1), i.e. (4, 0, - 1). and 7l - 5 = 5m + 6
83. Find the angle between the lines 3l - m = 3 ...(5)
rv = 2it - 5tj + kt + l (3it + 2tj + 6kt) 5l - 3m = 7 ...(6)
and rv = 7it - 6tj - 6kt + m (it + 2tj + 2kt). and 7l - 5m = 11 ...(7)

Sol : Foreign 2014, OD 2008 Multiplying Eq. (5) by 3 and then subtracting Eq,
(6), we get
If vector form of lines are rv = av1 + lbv1 and rv = av2 + lbv2
bv1 $ bv2 9l - 3m - 5l + 3m = 9 - 7
, then angle between them is cos q = v v .
b1 b2 4l = 2 & l = 1
We have rv = (2it - 5tj + kt) + l (3it + 2tj + 6kt) ...(1) 2
Substituting the value of l in Eq. (5), we get

= it(- 3 - 6) - tj (1 - 4) + kt(3 + 6)
We have rv = (it + tj ) + l (2it - tj + kt) ...(1) = - 9it + 3tj + 9kt
and rv = (2it + tj - kt) + m (3it - 5tj + 2kt) ...(2) bv1 # bv2 = - 9it + 3tj + 9kt ...(4)
Comparing above equations with vector equation
rv = av + lbv we get and bv1 # bv2 = (- 9) 2 + (3) 2 + (9) 2
av1 = it + tj , bv1 = 2it - tj + kt = 171 ...(5)
and av2 = 2it + tj - kt, bv2 = 3it - 5tj + 2kt Also, av2 - av1 = (4it + 5tj + 6kt) - (it + 2tj + 3kt)
= 3it + 3tj + 3kt ...(6)

it tj kt
Now, v v
b1 # b2 = 2 -1 1 Shortest distance between two lines is given by
3 -5 2 (bv1 # bv2) $ (av2 - av1)
d = ...(3)
= i (- 2 + 5) - tj (4 - 3) + kt(- 10 + 3)
t bv1 # bv2
bv1 # bv2 = 3it - tj - 7kt ...(4) (- 9it + 3tj + 9kt) $ (3it + 3tj + 3kt)
=
171
and bv1 # bv2 = (3) 2 + (- 1) 2 + (- 7) 2
= - 27 + 9 + 27 = 9
= 9 + 1 + 49 = 59 ...(5) 171 171
Hence, required shortest distance is 9 units.
Also, av2 - av1 = (2it + tj - kt) - (it + tj ) 171
89. Find the shortest distance between the following lines.
= it - kt ...(6)
x - 3 = y - 5 = z - 7 , x + 1 = y + 1 = z + 1.
Shortest distance between two lines is given by 1 -2 1 7 -6 1
Sol : Foreign 2014; Delhi 2008
(bv1 # bv2) $ (av2 - av1)
d = ...(3) x-3 = y-5 = z-7
bv1 # bv2 We have ...(1)
1 -2 1
(3it - tj - 7kt) $ (it - kt) x+1 = y+1 = z+1
= and ...(2)
59 7 -6 1
3-0+7 Comparing above equations with one point form of
= = 10 equation of line, i.e.
59 59
Hence, required shortest distance is 10 units. x - x1 = y - y1 = z - z1 ,
59 a b c
88. Find the shortest distance between the tow lines we get a1 = 1, b1 = - 2 , c1 = 1, x1 = 3 , y1 = 5 , z1 = 7
whose vector equations are
and a2 = 7 , b2 = - 6 , c2 = 1, x2 = - 1, y2 = - 1,
rv = (it + 2tj + 3kt) + l (it - 3tj + 2kt) and
z2 = - 1
rv = (4it + 5tj + 6kt) + m (2it + 3tj + kt). Shortest distance between two lines is given by
Sol : Delhi 2014 x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1
a1 b1 c1
We have rv = (it + 2tj + 3kt) + l (it - 3tj + 2kt) (1)
a2 b2 c2
and rv = (4it + 5tj + 6kt) + m (2it + 3tj + kt). (2) d=
(b1 c2 - b2 c1) 2 + (c1 a2 - c2 a1) 2 + (a1 b2 - a2 b1) 2
-1 - 3 -1 - 5 -1 - 7
rv = av + lbv we get
1 -2 1
av1 = it + 2tj + 3kt, bv1 = it - 3tj + 2kt 7 -6 1
d =
and av2 = 4it + 5tj + 6kt, bv2 = 2it + 3tj + kt (- 2 - 6) 2 + (7 - 1) 2 + (- 6 + 14) 2
-4 -6 -8
it tj kt 1 -2 1
Now, v v
b1 # b2 = 1 -3 2 7 -6 1
2 3 1 =
(4) 2 + (6) 2 + (8) 2
x - 16
=
y + 13
= z-1 = - 80 - 16 - 12 = 108 = 9
1 2 3 12 12
Here, DR’s of the line are (1, 2, 3). Hence, required shortest distance is 9 units.
Now (1) + (2) + (3)
2 2
= 14
2
94. Show that the lines
Direction cosines of the line are 1 , 2 , 3 rv = 3it + 2tj - 4kt + l (it + 2tj + 2kt);
14 14 14
The equation of a line passing through (2, - 1, - 1) rv = 5it - 2tj + m (3it + 2tj + 6kt)
and parallel to the given line is
are intersecting. Hence, find their point of intersection.
x - 2 = y + 1 = z + 1 = l (say) Sol : OD 2013
1 2 3
x = 2 + l , y = - 1 + 2l and z = - 1 + 3l We have rv = 3it + 2tj - 4kt + l (it + 2tj + 2kt);
Now,
rv = 5it - 2tj + m (3it + 2tj + 6kt)
xit + yjt + zkt = (2 + l) it + (- 1 + 2l) tj + (- 1 + 3l) kt
Above lines can be rewritten as
rv = (2it - tj - kt) + l (it + 2tj + 3kt)
rv = (3 + l) it + (2 + 2l) tj - 2 (2 - l) kt (1)
which is the required equation of line in vector form.
and rv = (5 + 3m) it + (- 2 + 2m) tj + (6m) kt (2)
93. Find the shortest distance between the two lines
Clearly, any point on line (1) is of the form
whose vector equations are
P (3 + l, 2 + 2l, - 4 + 2l) and any point on line (2)
rv = (6it + 2tj + 2kt) + l (it - 2tj + 2kt) is of the form Q (5 + 3m, - 2 + 2m, 6m)
If line (1) and (2) intersect, then these points must
and rv = (- 4it - kt) + m (3it - 2tj - 2kt).
coincide for some l and m .
Thus 3 + l = 5 + 3m (3)
We have rv = (6it + 2tj + 2kt) + l (it - 2tj + 2kt) (1)
2 + 2l = - 2 + 2m ...(4)
and rv = (- 4it - kt) + m (3it - 2tj - 2kt) (2)
- 4 + 2l = 6m ...(5)
rv = av + lbv we get Subtracting eq (4) from (5) we get
av1 = 6it + 2tj + 2kt, bv1 = it - 2tj + 2kt - 4 - 2 = 6m + 2 - 2m
and av2 = - 4it - kt, bv2 = 3it - 2tj - 2kt - 6 = 4m + 2 & m = - 2

Substituting m = - 2 in eq (5) we have
it tj kt
Now, v v
b1 # b2 = 1 -2 2 - 4 + 2l = 6 # (- 2) = - 12
3 -2 -2
2l = - 8 & l = - 4
= i (4 + 4) - tj (- 2 - 6) + kt(- 2 + 6)
t
Substituting l = - 4 and m = - 2 in eq (3) we have
= 8it + 8tj + 4kt
3 - 4 = 5 + 3 # (- 2)
bv1 # bv2 = 8it + 8tj + 4kt ...(4)
- 1 = - 1, which is true
and bv1 # bv2 = (8) 2 + (8) 2 + (4) 2
Hence, both lines intersect each other.
= 144 = 12 ...(5) The point of intersection of both lines can be obtained
Also, av2 - av1 = (- 4it - kt) - (6it + 2tj + 2kt) by putting l = - 4 in coordinates of P . So, the
point of intersection is (3 - 4, 2 - 8, - 4 - 8), i.e.
= - 10it - 2tj - 3kt ...(6) (- 1, - 6, - 112).
Shortest distance between two lines is given by
95. Using vectors, show that the points A (- 2, 3, 5),
(bv1 # bv2) $ (av2 - av1) B (7, 0, - 1), C (- 3, - 2, - 5) and D (3, 4, 7) are such
d = ...(3)
bv1 # bv2 that AB and CD intersect at the point P (1, 2, 3).
Sol : Comp 2012
(8it + 8tj + 4kt) $ (- 10it - 2tj - 3kt)
=
12 The vector equation of line AB is
In Eqs. (4) and (5), by cross-multiplication, we get 99. Find the shortest distance between lines whose vector
a b equations are
= = c
10 - 6 -9 - 5 2 + 6 rv = (1 - t) it + (t - 2) tj + (3 - 2t) kt
a = b =c
4 - 14 8 rv = (s + 1) it + (2s - 1) tj - (2s + 1) kt.
a = b = c = l (say) Sol : OD 2011
2 -7 4
a = 2l , b = - 7l and c = 4l We have rv = (1 - t) it + (t - 2) tj + (3 - 2t) kt ...(1)
Substituting the values of a , b and c in Eq. (3), we
and rv = (s + 1) it + (2s - 1) it - (2s + 1) kt ...(2)
get
Firstly, we convert both equations in the vector form
x+1 = y-3 = z+2 as
2l - 7l 4l
x+1 = y - 3 rv = av + lbv ...(3)
= z+2 ...(6)
2 -7 4 So, Eq. (1) can be written as
98. Find the angle between following pair of lines. rv = (it - 2tj + 3kt) + t (- it + tj - 2kt) ...(4)
- x + 2 = y - 1 = z + 3 and x + 2 = 2y - 8 = z - 5 and Eq. (2) can be written as
-2 7 -3 -1 4 4
rv = (it - tj - kt) + s (it + 2tj - 2kt) ...(5)
and check whether the lines are parallel or
From Eqs. (3), (4) and (5), we get
perpendicular.
Sol : Delhi 2011 av1 = it - 2tj + 3kt, bv1 = - it + tj - 2kt
-x + 2 = y - 1 = z + 3 av2 = it - tj - kt, bv2 = it + 2tj - 2kt

We have
-2 7 -3
x + 2 = 2y - 8 = z - 5 it tj kt
and Now, v v
b1 # b2 = -1 1 -2
-1 4 4
Above equations can be written as 1 2 -2
x-2 = y-1 = z+3 = it(- 2 + 4) - tj (2 + 2) + kt(- 2 - 1)

...(1)
2 7 -3
bv1 # bv2 = 2it - 4tj - 3kt
x+2 = y - 4
and = z-5 ...(2)
-1 2 4 bv1 # bv2 = (2) 2 + (- 4) 2 + (- 3) 2
Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2) with one point form of
equations of line = 4 + 16 + 9 = 29
x - x1 = y - y1 = z - z1 , we get Also, av2 - av1 = (it - tj - kt) - (it - 2tj + 3kt)

a b c
= tj - 4kt
a1 = 2 , b1 = 7 , c1 = - 3
Shortest distance between the lines,
and a2 = - 1 , b2 = 2 , c2 = 4
(bv1 # bv2) $ (av2 - av1)
Angle between two lines is given by d =
bv1 # bv2
cos q = a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2
(2it - 4tj - 3kt) $ (tj - 4kt)
a12 + b12 + c12 $ a22 + b22 + c22 =
29
(2) (- 1) + (7) (2) + (- 3) (4)
= = 0 - 4 + 12 = 8
8 (2) + (7) 2 + (- 3) 2 $ (- 1) 2 + (2) 2 + (4) 2 B
2
29 29
cos q = - 2 + 14 - 12 = 0 =0 Thus d = 8 29 units
62 # 21 62 # 21 29
cos q = cos p
2 100. Find shortest distance between the lines
q =p rv = (it + 2tj + kt) + l (it - tj + kt) and
2
Hence, the angle between them is p . Therefore, the rv = (2it - tj - kt) + m (2it + tj + 2kt).
2
given pair of lines are perpendicular to each other.
Since, QP = AB we have Either 17l = 0 or l - 2 = 0

a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0 ...(1) Thus l = 0 or 2. Substituting l = 0 and l = 2 in
Eq. (1), we get the required point as (- 2, - 1, 3) or
2 (2l) - 3 (- 3l - 1) + 8 (8l - 10) = 0 (4,3,7)
4l + 9l + 3 + 64l - 80 = 0 104. Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular and
the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point
77l - 77 = 0 & l = 1
P (5, 4, 2) to the line rv = - it + 3tj + kt + l (2it + 3tj - kt).
Thus foot of perpendicular is Also, find the image of P in this line.
P = (2 + 1, - 3 - 1, 8 - 10) Sol : OD 2012
= (3, - 4, - 2) We have rv = - it + 3tj + kt + l (2it + 3tj - kt)

Now, equation of perpendicular QP , where Q (1, 0, 0)
= (2l - 1) it + (3l + 3) tj + (- l + 1) kt
and P (3, - 4, - 2), is
So, any point on above line is the form
x - x1 y - y1
= = z - z1 (2l - 1, 3l + 3, - l + 1)
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1
x-1 y-0
i.e = = z-0 Let foot of the perpendicular drawn from point P (5, 4, 2)
3-1 -4 - 0 -2 - 0 to the given line be T (2l - 1, 3l + 3, - l + 1) .
x-3 y
= = z Now, DR’s of line PT is
2 -4 -2
x-3 y (2l - 1 - 5, 3l + 3 - 4, - l + 1 - 2)
or = =z
-1 2 2
or (2l - 6, 3l - 1, - l - 1).
Now, length of perpendicular QP = distance between
Since, PT is perpendicular to given line, using
points Q (1, 0, 0) and P (3, - 4, - 2)
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0 we have
= (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2 + (z2 - z1) 2
2 (2l - 6) + 3 (3l - 1) - 1 (- l - 1) = 0
2 2 2
= (3 - 1) + (- 4 - 0) + (- 2 - 0)
4l - 12 + 9l - 3 + l + 1 = 0
= 4 + 16 + 4 = 24 14l - 14 = 0 & l = 1
Hence, length of perpendicular is 24 . Coordinate of foot of perpendicular is
T (2 - 1, 3 + 3, - 1 + 1) or T (1, 6, 0).
y+1 z-3
103. Find the points on the line x + 2 = = at a Let Q (x, y, z) be the image of a point P with respect
3 2 2
distance of 5 units from the point P (1, 3, 3). to the given line So, point T is the mid-point of PQ .
Sol : OD 2010 Coordinates of T = Coordinates of mid-point of PQ
Given equation of line is y+4 z+2
(1, 6, 0) = b x + 5 ,
2 l
,
x + 2 = y + 1 = z - 3 = l (say) 2 2
3 2 2 Equating the corresponding co-ordinates, we get
x = 3l - 2 , y = 2l - 1, z = 2l + 3 x + 5 = 1 # 2 = 2 & x =- 3
So, we have a point on the line is y + 4 = 6 # 2 = 12 & y = 8
Q (3l - 2, 2l - 1, 2l + 3) ...(1)
z + 2 = 0 # 2 = 0 & z =- 2
Now, given that distance between two points P (1, 3, 3)
Hence, coordinates of the foot of perpendicular is
and Q (3l - 2, 2l - 1, 2l + 3) is 5 units, i.e. PQ = 5 .
T (1, 6, 0) and image of the point P is Q (- 3, 8, - 2)
(3l - 2 - 1) 2 + (2l - 1 - 3) 2 + (2l + 3 - 3) 2 = 5 Length of perpendicular i.e. distance between P (5, 4, 2)
and T (1, 6, 0),
(3l - 3) 2 + (2l - 4) 2 + (2l) 2 = 5
d = (5 - 1) 2 + (4 - 6) 2 + (2 - 0) 2
Squaring both sides, we get
(3l - 3) 2 + (2l - 4) 2 + (2l) 2 = 25 = 42 + 22 + 22
9l2 + 9 - 18l + 4l2 + 16 - 16l + 4l2 = 25 = 24 = 2 6 units.
17l2 - 34l = 0 & 17l (l - 2) = 0

Substituting l = 1 in Eq. (2), we get Now, av2 - av1 = (3it + 3tj - 5kt) - (it + 2tj - 4kt)
Q = (1, 2 + 1, 3 + 2) = (1, 3, 5) = 2it + tj - kt ...(3)
Let image of a point P be T (x, y, z). Then, Q will be
the mid-point of PT . it tj kt
v v
and b 1 # b 2 = 2 3 6
By using mid-point formula,
4 6 12
Q = mid-point of P (1, 6, 3) and T (x, y, z)
= i (36 - 36) - tj (24 - 24) + kt(12 - 12)
t
y+6 z+3
= b x + 1,
2 l
, = 0it - 0tj + 0kt = v0
2 2
But Q = (1, 3, 5) bv1 # bv2 = v0 ,
x+1 y+6 z+3 i.e. vector bv1 is parallel to bv2 .
b 2 , 2 , 2 l = (1, 3, 5)
Thus, two lines are parallel.
Equating corresponding coordinates, we get
bv = (2it + 3tj + 6kt) ...(4)
x + 1 = 1, y + 6 = 3 , z + 3 = 5
2 2 2 Since, the two lines are parallel, we use the formula
for shortest distance between two parallel lines
x = 2 - 1, y = 6 - 6 , z = 10 - 3
bv # (av2 - av1)
x = 1, y = 0 , z = 7 d =
bv
Coordinates of T = (x, y, z) = (1, 0, 7)
Hence, coordinates of image of point P (1, 6, 3) is (2it + 3tj + 6kt) # (2it + tj - kt)
d = ...(5)
T (1, 0, 7). (2) 2 + (3) 2 + (6) 2
Now, equation of line joining P (1, 6, 3) and T (1, 0, 7) is [from Eqs. (3) and (4)]
Now, (2i + 3j + 6k) # (2i + j - kt)
t t t t t
x-1 = y-6 = z-3
1-1 0-6 7-3 it tj kt
x-1 = y-6 = z-3 = 2 3 6
0 -6 4 2 1 -1
Also, length of segment PT
= i (- 3 - 6) - tj (- 2 - 12) + kt(2 - 6)
t
= (1 - 1) 2 + (6 - 0) 2 + (3 - 7) 2
= - 9it + 14tj - 4kt
= 0 + 36 + 16 = 52 units From Eqs. (5), we get
107. Write the vector equations of following lines and hence - 9it + 14tj - 4kt
d =
find the distance between them. 49
x-1 = y-2 = z+4, (- 9) 2 + (14) 2 + (- 4) 2
2 3 6 =
7
x-3 = y-3 = z+5
4 6 12 = 81 + 196 + 16 units
Sol : Foreign 2010, Comp 2009 7
= 293 units
Given equations of lines are 7
x-1 = y-2 = z+4
2 3 6 108. The points A (4, 5, 10), B (2, 3, 4) and C (1, 2, - 1)
x - 3 y-3 z+5 are three vertices of parallelogram ABCD . Find the
and = = vector equations of sides AB and BC and also find
4 6 12
Now, the vector equation of given lines are coordinates of point D .
rv = (it + 2tj - 4kt) + l (2it + 3tj + 6kt) ...(1) Sol : Delhi 2009
The vector equation of a side of a parallelogram,

and rv = (3it + 3tj - 5kt) + m (4it + 6tj + 12kt) ...(2)
when two points are given, is rv = av + l (bv - av). Also,
Here, av1 = it + 2tj - 4kt, bv1 = 2it + 3tj + 6kt diagonals of a parallelogram intersect each other at
mid-point.
and av2 = 3it + 3tj - 5kt, bv2 = 4it + 6tj + 12kt Given points are A (4, 5, 10), B (2, 3, 4) and C (1, 2, - 1)
and the distance measured is in kilometers. - 133 11 - 44 - 20 - 15 - 18

b 13 + 1, 13 - 2, 13 + 2 l i.e., b 13 , 13 , 13 l
questions.
(i) What is the path of the rocket? Which of the
following points lie on the path of the rocket?
(ii) At what distance will the rocket be from the ***********
starting point (0, 0, 0) in seconds?
(iii) At certain instant of time, if the rocket is above
sea level, where equation of surface of sea is given
by 3x - y + 4z = 2 and position of rocket at that
instant of time is (1, -2, 2), then find the image
of position of rocket in the sea.
Sol :
(i) Eliminating t form the given equations, we get
equations of path as,
x = y =z
2 -4 4
or x = y =z
1 -2 2
Thus, the path of the rocket represent a straight line.
Since, only (1, - 2, 2) satisfy the equation of path of
rocket therefore (1, - 2, 2) lie on the path of rocket.
(ii) For t = 10 sec , we have x = 20 , y = - 40 , z = 40
Now, required distance
x2 + y2 + z2 = 202 + (- 40) 2 + (40) 2
= 400 + 1600 + 1600
= 3600
= 60 km
(iv) Let Q be the image of point P (1, - 2, 2) in the

plane 3x - y + 4z = 2 . Then equation of PQ is
x-1 = y+2 = z-2
3 -1 4
Let the coordinate of Q be (3r + 1, - r - 2, 4r + 2).
Let R be the mid-point of PQ . Then, coordinate of R
are b 3r + 2 , - r - 4 , 4r + 4 l or b 3 r + 1, - r - 2, 2r + 2 l
2 2 2 2 2
Since, R lies on 3x - y + 4z = 2
3 b 3 r + 1l - a - r - 2k + 4 (2r + 2) = 2
2 2
9r + 3 + r + 2 + 8r + 8 = 2
2 2
13r + 13 = 2
11
r = - 13
Hence, the coordinate of Q are
CHAPTER 12 Linear Programming Page 437
CHAPTER 12
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (c) whole XOY -plane excluding the points on the
line 2x + 3y = 6
(d) entire XOY plane
1. The objective function Z = ax + by of an LPP has
maximum value 42 at (4, 6) and minimum value 19 at Sol : OD 2020
(3, 2). Which of the following is true ? The inequality 2x + 3y > 6 represent half plane that
(a) a = 9, b = 1 (b) a = 5, b = 2 neither contains the origin nor the points of the line
2x + 3y = 6
(c) a = 3, b = 5 (d) a = 5, b = 3
Sol : OD 2023
Objective function Z = ax + by has maximum value
42 at (4, 6) and minimum value 19 at (3, 2).
We can use these two points to form a system of two
equations in two unknowns a and b as follows :
42 = 4a + 6b
and 19 = 3a + 2b
Solving above equations, we get a = 3 and b = 5 .
2. The corner points of the feasible region of a linear 4. The corner points of the feasible region determined
programming problem are (0,4), (8,0) and ^ 203 , 43 h . If by the system of linear constraints are O (0, 0),
Z = 30x + 24y is the objective function, then (maximum A (3, 0), B (2, 3) and C (0, 6). The objective function
value of Z – minimum value of Z ) is equal to : is Z = 7x + 4y .
(a) 40 (b) 96 Compare the quantity in Column A and Column B.
(c) 120 (d) 144
Column A Column b
Sol : OD 2023
Maximum of Z 30
We have Z = 30x + 24y (a) The quantity in column A is greater
Corner Point Corresponding value of Z (b) The quantity in column B is greater.
(0, 4) 96 (minimum) (c) The two quantities are equal
(8, 0) 240 (maximum) (d) The relationship can not be determined on the
basis of the information supplied
b 20
3 3l
,4 232
Sol : Delhi 2017
The values of objective function at corner points are
maximum value of Z – minimum value of given below
Z = 240 - 96 = 144 Corner points Z = 7x + 4y
Thus (c) is correct option. O ^0, 0h Z = 0+0 = 0
3. The graph of the inequality 2x + 3y > 6 is A ^3, 0h Z = 7 # 3 + 0 = 21
(a) half plane that contains the origin B ^2, 3h Z = 7 # 2 + 4 # 3 = 26
(b) half plane that neither contains the origin nor the C ^0, 6h Z = 7 # 0 + 4 # 6 = 24
points of the line 2x + 3y = 6
At point A (2, 0), p = 10 + 0 = 10 20

(c) (0, 5), (2, 0), ( 19 , 45
19 ), (0, 3)
At point B (0, 5), p = 0 + 15 = 15 . (b) (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 5), (5, 0), (0, 3)
Sol : OD 2008
Hence, maximum value of P is 15.
Thus (c) is correct option. Corner points are the corner of bounded region.
9. Which of the term is not used in a linear programming
problem ? 12. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Optimal solution (a) Every linear programming problem admits an
optimal solution
(b) Feasible solution
(b) A linear programming problem admits a unique
(c) Concave region
solution
(d) Objective function
(c) If a linear programming problem admits two
Sol : Foreign 2018 optimal solutions, then it has an infinite number
Concave region term is not used in a linear of optimal solutions
programming problem. (d) A linear programming problem admits two
Thus (b) is correct option. optimal solutions
10. The optimal value of the objective function is attained Sol : OD 2013
at the point is If a linear programming problem admits two optimal

(a) given by intersection of inequations with axes solutions, then it has an infinite number of optimal
only solutions
(b) given by intersection of inequations with X -axis Thus (c) is correct option.
only
13. Objective function of a linear programming problem
(c) given by corner points of the feasible region is
(d) None of the above (a) a constraint
Sol : SQP 2013, Comp 2007 (b) a function to be optimized
(c) The optimal value of the objective function is (c) a relation between the variables
attained at the points given by corner points of the (d) none of the above
feasible region.
Sol : Delhi 2015
11. For the feasible solution shown in the figure, the Objective function of linear programming problem is
corner points of feasible region are a function to be optimized.
14. Solution set of the inequality x $ 0 is

(a) half plane on the left of y -axis
(b) half plane on the right of y -axis excluding the
points of y -axis
(c) half plane on the right of y -axis including the
points on y -axis
(d) none of the above
Solution set of the given inequality is "(x, y): x $ 0, ie,

the set of all points whose abscissa are non-negative.
All these points lie either on y -axis or on the right of
y -axis.
20
(a) (5, 0), (2, 0), ( 19 , 45
), (0, 3) Thus (c) is correct option.
19
20 45
(b) (0, 0), (2, 0), ( ,19 19 ), (0, 3)
Line x + 2y = 100 Thus the minimum value of Z is 400 at the point

D (0, 200).
x 0 100 Point ^0, 0h is false for x + 2y $ 100
. So, the region is away from the 17. Maximize Z = 3x + 4y , subject to the constraints;
y 50 0
origin. x+y # 4, x $ 0, y $ 0.
Sol : Foreign 2018
(ii) Region corresponding to 2x - y # 0 :
We have the following LPP,
Line 2x - y = 0
Maximize Z = 3x + 4y
x 0 0 Point ^0, 5h is true for 2x - y # 0 .
y 0 0 So, the region is towards the y axis. Subject to x+y # 4 (i)
(iii) Region corresponding to 2x + y # 200 : and x $ 0, y $ 0

Region corresponding to x + y # 4 :
Line 2x + y = 200
Line x + y = 4
x 0 100 Point ^0, 0h is true for 2x + y # 200 .
y 200 0 So, the region is towards the origin. x 0 4 Point (0, 0) is true for
x + y # 4 . So, the region is
y 4 0
towards the origin.
Since x $ 0 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the first
quadrant. Since x $ 0 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the first
Now we draw all line on the graph and find the quadrant.
common area. Clearly, feasible region is ABCDA. Now we draw all line on the graph and find the
Solving equations 2x - y = 0 and 2x + y = 200 , we get common area. Clearly, feasible region is OABO which
C ^50, 100h . The corner points of the feasible region is bounded The corner points of the feasible region are
are A (0, 50), B (20, 40), C (50, 100) and D (0, 200). O (0, 0), A (4, 0) and B (0, 4).
Since, the feasible region is a bounded region, we can

check the objective function at all the corner to find
Since, the feasible region is a bounded region, we can the maxima. The values of objective function Z at
check the profit function at all the vertices to find these points are as follows.
the maxima. The values of Z at these points are as Corner points Z = 3x + 4y
follows
O (0, 0) Z = 0+0 = 0
Corner point Z = x + 2y
A (4, 0) Z = 3 # 4 + 4 # 0 = 12
A (0, 50) Z = 0 + 2 # 50 = 100
B (0, 4) Z = 3 # 0 + 4 # 4 = 16
B (20, 40) Z = 20 + 2 # 40 = 100 The maximum value of Z is 16 at B (0, 4) and the
C (50, 100) Z = 50 + 2 # 200 = 250 optimal solution is x = 0 , y = 4 .
D (0, 200) Z = 0 + 2 # 200 = 400

quadrant.
Now we draw all line on the graph and find the
common area. Clearly, feasible region is ABC which
is open and unbounded region. Solving equations
x + 3y = 3 and x + y = 2 , we get B ( 32 , 12 ). The corner
points of the feasible region are A (3, 0), B ( 32 , 12 ) and
C (0, 2).

check the objective function at all the corner to find
the maxima. The values of objective function Z at
these points are as follows.
Corner Z = 5x + 3y
O (0, 0) Z = 0+0 = 0
B ^0, 3h Z = 5#0+3#3 = 9
20 45 20 45 The values of objective function Z at these points
E( , )
19 19 Z = 5# 19 +3# 19 = 12.37
are as follows.
C ^2, 0h = 5 # 2 + 3 # 0 = 10 Corner points Z = 3x + 5y
Hence the maximum value of Z is 12.37 is at E ( 1920 , 1945 ) A (3, 0) Z = 3#3+0 = 9
and the optimal solution is x = 20
19 and y= 45
19 .
B ( 32 , 12 ) Z = 3 # 23 + 5 # 1
2 =7
C (0, 2) Z = 3 # 0 + 5 # 2 = 10
20. Minimize Z = 3x + 5y such that x + 3y $ 3 , x + y $ 2
, x , y $ 0. Hence the minimum value of Z is 7 at B ( 32 , 12 ).
Sol : SQP 2012
21. Maximize Z = 3x + 2y subject to x + 2y # 0 ,
We have the following LPP, 3x + y # 15, x , y $ 0 .
Minimize Z = 3x + 5y Sol : Delhi 2017, OD 2011
Subject to x + 3y $ 3 (i) We have the following LPP,

x+y $ 2 (ii)
Subject to x + 2y # 10 (i)
and x $ 0, y $ 0
(i) Region corresponding to x + 3y H 3 : 3x + y # 15 (ii)
Line x + 3y = 3 and x $ 0, y $ 0
x 0 3 Point (0, 0) is false for x + 3y H 3 (i) Region corresponding to x + 2y # 10 :
. So, the region is away from the
y 1 0 Line x + 2y = 10
origin.
(ii) Region corresponding to x + y H 2 : x 0 10 Point (0, 0) is true for
x + 2y # 10 . So, the region is
Line x + y = 2
y 5 0
towards the origin.
x 0 2 Point (0, 0) is false for x + y H 2 (ii) Region corresponding to 3x + y # 15 :
. So, the region is away from the
y 2 0
origin.
x + 2y $ 6 (ii) The resulting feasible region has points in common

with the feasible region. Hence, Z = 1 is not the
and x $ 3, y $ 0 maximum value or Z has no maximum value.
(i) Region corresponding to x + y $ 5 :
24. Maximize Z = x + y , subject to x - y # - 1 , x + y # 0
Line x + y = 5 , x , y $ 0.
x 0 5 Point (0, 0) is false for x + y $ 5 Sol : Comp 2015, Delhi 2009
. So, the region is away from the We have the following LPP,
y 5 0
origin.
Maximize Z = x+y
(ii) Region corresponding to x + 2y $ 6 :
Subject to x - y #- 1 (i)
Line x + 2y = 6
x 0 3 Point (0, 0) is false for x + 2y $ 6 x+y # 0
. So, the region is away from the and x $ 0, y $ 0
y 6 0
origin.
(i) Region corresponding to x - y # - 1 :
(iii) Region corresponding to x $ 3 is away from the
origin. Line x - y = - 1
Since x $ 3 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the first x 0 -1 Point (0, 0) is false for
quadrant and away from the origin and other side of x - y # - 1. So, the region is
the line x = 3 . y 1 0
away from the origin.
Now we draw all line on the graph and find the (ii) Region corresponding to x + y # 0 :
common area. Clearly, feasible region is CBA. The
corner points of the feasible region are A (6, 0), Line x + y = 0
B (4, 1) and C (3, 2).
x 0 2 Point (0, - 2) is true for x + y # 0
. So, the region includes point
y 0 2
(0, - 2).
quadrant.
The values of objective function Z at these points

are as follows.
Corner points Z = - x + 2y
A (6, 0) Z =- 6 + 2 # 0 =- 6 Now we draw all line on the graph and find the common
area. Here we get no feasible region (constraints are
B (4, 1) Z =- 4 + 2 # 1 =- 2 inconsistent). Hence, Z has no maximum value.
C (3, 2) Z =- 3 + 2 # 2 = 1
25. Solve the following LPP graphically :
Since the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, Minimise Z = 5x + 10y
Z = 1 may or may not be the maximum value. For
this, we graph the inequality - x + 2y 2 1 and check Subject to the constraints
weather the resulting region has points in common x + 2y # 120
with the feasible region or not.
x + y $ 60 ,
the feasible region of the given LPP. The point of 2x + y # 200 ...(iii)
intersection of the lines x + 2y = 4 and 3x + y = 6
is B ( 85 , 65 ). The corner points are O (0, 0), A (2, 0) and x $ 0, y $ 0
B ( 85 , 65 ) and C (0, 2). (i) Region corresponding to x + 2y $ 100 :
Line x + 2y = 100
x 0 100 Point ^0, 0h is false for
y 50 0 x + 2y $ 100 . So, the region is
away from the origin.
(ii) Region corresponding to 2x - y # 0 :
Line 2x - y = 0
x 0 10 Point ^0, 5h is true for 2x - y # 0
y 0 20 , thus region includes ^0, 5h and
towards y axis.
(iii) Region corresponding to 2x + y # 200 :

Line 2x + y = 200
x 0 100 Point ^0, 0h is true for
y 200 0 2x + y # 200 . So, the region is
towards the origin.
check the objective function at all the vertices to find Since x $ 0 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the first
the maxima. The values of P at corner points are quadrant.
given below. Now we draw all line on the graph and find the
common area. Clearly, feasible region is ABCDA.
Corner Points Z = 2x + 5y Solving equations 2x - y = 0 and x + 2y = 100 , we
O (0, 0) Z = 0+0 = 0 get B ^20, 40h . Again, solving equations 2x - y = 0 and
2x + y = 200 , we get C ^50, 100h . The corner points of
A (2, 0) Z = 2#2+5#0 = 4
the feasible region are A ^0, 50h , B ^20, 40h , C ^50, 100h
Z = 2 # 85 + 5 # 65 = = 9.2 and D ^0, 200h .
8 6 46
B( , )
5 5 5
C (0, 2) Z = 2 # 0 + 5 # 2 = 10
Hence, the maximum value of Z is 10.
27. Maximise and minimise Z = x + 2y subject to the

constraints
x + 2y $ 100
2x - y # 0
2x + y # 200
x, y $ 0
Solve the above LPP graphically.
We have to minimise and maximise

Z = x + 2y
Subject to constraints,
x + 2y $ 100 ...(i)
2x - y # 0 ...(ii)
Clearly x $ 0 and y $ 0 30. Maximise P = 40x + 50y subject to the constraints

(i) Region corresponding to 2x + y # 40 : 3x + y # 9
Line 2x + y = 40 x + 2y # 8
x 0 20 Point ^0, 0h is true for
and x $ 0, y $ 0
y 40 0 2x + y # 40 . So, the region is
towards the origin. Sol : Delhi 2016, Comp 2012
(ii) Region corresponding to 2x + 3y # 80 : We have the following LPP,

Maximize P = 40x + 50y
Line 2x + 3y = 80
x 0 40 Point ^0, 0h is true for 3x + y # 9 (i)
y 80
0 2x + 3y # 80 , So, the region is x + 2y # 8 (ii)
3
towards the origin.
Since x $ 0 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the first and x $ 0, y $ 0
quadrant. (i) Region corresponding to 3x + y # 9 :
Line 3x + y = 9
common area. Clearly, feasible region is OABCO .
Solving equation 2x + y = 40 and 2x + 3y = 80 we get x 0 3 Point (0, 0) is true for 3x + y # 9
B ^10, 20h . The corner points of the feasible region are y 9 0 . So, the region is towards the
A ^0, 803 h , B ^10, 20h , C ^20, 0h , O ^0, 0h . origin.
(ii) Region corresponding to x + 2y # 8 :
Line x + 2y = 8
x 8 0 Point (0, 0) is true for x + 2y # 8
y 0 4 , thus region includes (0, 0) and
towards the origin.
quadrant.
common area. Clearly, feasible region is ODEAO
. Solving equation 3x + y = 9 and x + 2y = 8 we get
E (2, 3). The coordinates of the corner points of this
region are O ^0, 0h , A ^3, 0h , E ^2, 3h and D ^0, 4h .

check the objective function at all the vertices to find
the maxima. The values of Z at corner points are
given below
Corner points Z = x + 2y
A ^0, h
80
3 Z = 15 ^0 h + 10 ^ 803 h = 800
3
B ^10, 20h Z = 15 ^10h + 10 ^20h = 350

C ^20, 0h Z = 15 ^20h + 10 ^0 h = 300
O ^0, 0h Z = 15 ^0 h + 10 ^0 h = 0
Thus, the maximum value is 350 is at point B ^10, 20h .
Line 3x + y = 9 subject to x + y = 50000 ...(i)
x 0 3 Point (0, 0) is true for 3x + y # 9 , x-y $ 0 ...(ii)

y 9 0 thus region is towards the origin.
x $ 20000 ...(iii)
Since x $ 0 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the first and y $ 10000 ...(iv)
quadrant.
(i) Region corresponding to x + y = 50000 :
common area. Clearly, feasible region is OCBAO . Line x + y = 50000
Solving equation 3x + 2y = 12 and 3x + y = 9 we get
x 0 50000 This is not in equation but
B (2, 3). The coordinates of the corner points of this
y 50000 0 equation of line and solution lie
region are O (0, 0), A (3, 0), B (2, 3) and C (0, 6).
on line x + y = 50000 only
(ii) Region corresponding to x - y $ 0 :
Line x - y = 0
x 0 50000 Point (50000, 0) is true for
y 0 50000 x - y $ 0 , thus region include
(50000, 0) and towards x axis.
Since x $ 20000 , y $ 10000 the feasible region lies in
the first quadrant.
Now we draw all line on the graph. Solving equation
x + y = 50000 and x - y = 0 we get F (25000, 25000)
. From the graph, it is clear that feasible region lies
on the line segment BF . The corner points of feasible
region are B ^40000, 10000h and F ^25000, 25000h .

the maxima. The values of P at corner points are
given below
Corner points Z = 7x + 4y
O ^0, 0h Z = 0+0 = 0
A ^3, 0h Z = 7 # 3 + 0 = 21
B ^2, 3h Z = 7 # 2 + 4 # 3 = 26
C ^0, 6h Z = 7 # 0 + 4 # 6 = 24
The maximum value of P is 26 at B (2, 3).
33. Maximise R = 0.1x + 0.09y subject to the constraints

x + y = 50000
x-y $ 0 The values of R at corner points are given below
x $ 20000 Corner Points R = 0.1x + 0.09y
and y $ 10000 B _40000, 10000i R = 0.1 # 40000 + 0.09 # 10000

Sol : SQP 2020
= 4900
F (25000, 25000) R = 0.1 # 25000 + 0.09 # 25000
= 4750
Maximize R = 0.1x + 0.09y Here the maximum value of R is 4900 at
B (40000, 10000).
quadrant. 36. Maximise Z = 24x + 18y subject to the constraints

Now we draw all line on the graph and find the 2x + 3y # 10
common area. The shaded region AGHF represents
the feasible region of the given LPP. The point of 3x + 2y # 10
intersection of the lines 3x + y = 9 and x + y = 7 is
G (1, 6). Also, the point of intersection of the lines and x $ 0, y $ 0
x + y = 7 and x + 2y = 8 is H (6, 1). The corner points Sol : OD 2015, SQP 2013
of the feasible region are A ^0, 9h , G ^1, 6h , H ^6, 1h and We have the following LPP,
F ^8, 0h .
Subject to constraints
2x + 3y # 10
3x + 2y # 10
Also x $ 0, y $ 0
(i) Region corresponding to 2x + 3y # 10 :
Line 2x + 3y = 10
x 0 5 Point (0, 0) is true for 2x + 3y # 10
y 10
0 So, the region is towards the origin.
3
(ii) Region corresponding to 3x + 2y # 10 :
Line 3x + 2y = 10
x 0 10
3 Point (0, 0) is true for 3x + 2y # 10
y 5 0 So, the region is towards the origin.

The values of the objective function Z at these points quadrant.
are given in the following table : Now we draw all line on the graph and find the
Corner Points Z = 2x + y common area. The shaded region OBPCO represents
the feasible region of the given LPP. The point of
A ^0, 9h Z = 2#0+9 = 9 intersection of the lines 3x + 2y = 10 and 2x + 3y = 10
G ^1, 6h Z = 2#1+6 = 8 is P (2, 2). The corner points are O (0, 0), B (0, 103 ),
C ( 103 , 0) and P (2, 2).
H ^6, 1h Z = 2 # 6 + 1 = 13
F ^8, 0h Z = 2 # 8 + 0 = 16
From the table, we find that minimum value of Z is
8 at point G ^1, 6h . Since, the region is unbounded,
therefore, 8 may or may not be the minimum value
of Z . For this we have to check, that the open region
2x + y 1 8 has any point common or not with the
feasible region.
Since, it has no point in common with the feasible
region. So, Z is minimum at G ^1, 6h and the minimum
value of Z is 8.

38. Maximise Z = x + y subject to the constraints Since, the feasible region is a bounded region, we can
2x + y # 50
x + 2y # 40 given below.
and x $ 0, y $ 0 Corner points Z = x+y

Sol : OD 2008 O (0, 0) Z = 0+0 = 0
We have the following LPP, A (25, 0) Z = 25 + 0 = 25
Maximize Z = x+y D (0, 20) Z = 0 + 20 = 20
Subject to 2x + y # 50 ...(i) E (20, 10) Z = 20 + 10 = 30
x + 2y # 40 ...(ii) From the table, maximum value is 30 at point

E (20, 10).
and x $ 0, y $ 0
39. Maximise Z = 22x + 18y subject to the constraints
(i) Region corresponding to 2x + y # 50 :
3x + 2y # 48
Line 2x + y = 50
x + y # 20
x 0 25 Point (0, 0) is true for 2x + y # 50
y 50 0 So, the region is towards the origin. and x $ 0, y $ 0
Sol : Foreign 2012
(ii) Region corresponding to x + 2y # 40 :
Line x + 2y = 40 Maximize Z = 22x + 18y
x 0 40 Point (0, 0) is true for x + 2y # 40 Subject to 3x + 2y # 48 ...(i)
x + y # 20 ...(ii)
quadrant. and x $ 0, y $ 0
Now we draw all line on the graph and find the (i) Region corresponding to 3x + 2y # 48 :
common area. The shaded region OAEDO represents
the feasible region of the given LPP. The point of Line 3x + 2y = 48
intersection of the lines 2x + y = 50 and x + 2y = 40
x 0 16 Point (0, 0) is true for 3x + 2y # 48
is E (20, 10). The corner points are O (0, 0), A (25, 0)
, E (20, 10) and D (0, 20).
(ii) Region corresponding to x + y # 20 :
Line x + y = 20
x 0 20 Point (0, 0) is true for x + y # 20

quadrant.
common area. The shaded region OABCO represents
intersection of the lines 3x + 2y = 48 and x + y = 20
is B (8, 12). The corner points are O (0, 0), A (16, 0),
B (8, 12) and C (0, 20).
Sol : OD 2010
Corner Points P = 25x + 15y
O (0, 0) P = 0+0 = 0
Maximise, P = 25x + 15y
A (6, 0) P = 25 # 6 + 0 = 150
Subject to 2x + y # 12 B (4, 4) P = 25 # 4 + 15 # 4 = 160
3x + 2y # 20 C (0, 10) P = 0 + 15 # 10 = 150
and x $ 0, y $ 0 From table, maximum value of P is 160 at B (4, 4).
Line 2x + y = 12
(ii) Region corresponding to 3x + 2y # 20 :

42. Maximise P = 50x + 28y subject to the constraints
Line 3x + 2y = 20 2x + y # 100
x 0 20
3 Point (0, 0) is true for 3x + 2y # 20 x + y # 80
and x $ 0, y $ 0
Since x $ 0 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the first Sol : Foreign 2016, OD 2012
quadrant.
common area. The shaded region OABCO represents Maximise P = 50x + 28y
intersection of the lines 2x + y = 12 and 3x + 2y = 20 Subject to 2x + y # 100 (i)
is B (4, 4). The corner points are O (0, 0), A (6, 0), x + y # 80 (ii)
B (4, 4) and C (0, 10).
and x $ 0, y $ 0
Line 2x + y = 100
Line x + y = 80

quadrant.
common area. The shaded region OBECO represents
intersection of the lines 2x + y = 100 and x + y = 80
is E (20, 60). The corner points are O (0, 0), B (50, 0)
, E (20, 60) and C (0, 80).
the maxima. The values of P at corner points are
given below.
44. Maximize Z = 4500x + 5000y subject to the Since, the feasible region is a bounded region, we can
constraints check the objective function at all the vertices to find
Subject to 5x + 8y # 1400 (i) given below.
x + y # 250 (ii) Corner Points Z = 4500x + 5000y
and x $ 0, y $ 0 O (0, 0) Z = 0+0 = 0
Sol : Delhi 2015 A (250, 0) Z = 4500 # 250 + 0 = 1125000
We have the following LPP, E (200, 50) Z = 4500 # 200 + 5000 # 50
Maximize Z = 4500x + 5000y = 1150000
D (0, 175) Z = 0 + 5000 # 175 = 875000
Subject to 5x + 8y # 1400 (i)
From the table, maximum value of Z is 1150000 at
x + y # 250 (ii) E ^200, 50h .
and x $ 0, y $ 0 45. Maximize Z = 300x + 190y subject to the constraints
(i) Region corresponding to 5x + 8y # 1400 :
2x + y # 32
Line 5x + 8y = 1400 x + y # 24
and x $ 0, y $ 0
y 0 175 5x + 8y # 1400 . So, the region is Sol :
towards the origin. Foreign 2014, Delhi 2008

Line x + y = 250
Subject to 2x + y # 32
So, the region is towards the x + y # 24
y 250 0
origin.
and x $ 0, y $ 0
Since x $ 0 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the first (i) Region corresponding to 2x + y # 32 :
quadrant.
Now we draw all line on the graph and find the Line 2x + y # 32
common area. The shaded region OAEDO represents x 16 0 Point (0, 0) is true for 2x + y # 32 .
the feasible region of the given LPP. The point So, the region is towards the origin.
of intersection of the lines 5x + 8y = 1400 and y 0 32
x + y = 250 is E (200, 50). The corner points are
O (0, 0), A (250, 0), E (200, 50) and D (0, 175). (ii) Region corresponding to x + y # 24 :
Line x + y = 24
y 24 0 So, the region is towards the
origin.
quadrant.
common area. The shaded region OCBAO represents
intersection of the lines 2x + y # 32 and x + y = 24 is
B (8, 16). The corner points are O (0, 0), A (0, 24),
B (8, 16) and C (16, 0).
Sol : OD 2012
Corner Z = 2.5x + 1.5y + 410
We have the following LPP, Points
Minimize Z = 2.5x + 1.5y + 410 A (60, 0) Z = 2.5 # 60 + 410 = 560
Subject to the constraints: B (60, 40) Z = 2.5 # 60 + 1.5 # 40 + 410 = 620
x + y # 100 ...(1) C (50, 50) Z = 2.5 # 50 + 1.5 # 50 + 410 = 610
x + y $ 60 ...(2) D (10, 50) Z = 2.5 # 10 + 1.5 # 50 + 410 = 510
Thus Z is minimum at D (10, 50) and the minimum
x # 60 , y # 50
value is 510.
x, y $ 0
48. Minimize Z = 0.3x + 0.1y + 3950 subject to the
(i) Region corresponding to x + y # 100 : constraints
Line x + y = 100 x + y # 7000
x 0 100 Point (0, 0) is true for x + y # 100 . x + y $ 3500
x # 4500
(ii) Region corresponding to x + y $ 60 : y # 3000
Line x + y = 60 and x, y $ 0
x 0 60 Point (0, 0) is false for x + y $ 60 Sol : SQP 2017, OD 2013
y 60 0 So, the region is away from the We have the following LPP,
origin.
Minimize Z = 0.3x + 0.1y + 3950
(iii) Region corresponding to y # 50 and x # 60 is Subject to the constraints:
the region corresponding to the rectangle made by
x + y # 7000 ...(1)
both line.
(iv) Since x $ 0 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the x + y $ 3500 ...(2)
first quadrant.
x # 4500 ...(3)
common area. The shaded region ABCDA represents y # 3000 ...(4)
the feasible region of the given LPP. The corner points
are A (60, 0), B (60, 40), C (50, 50) and D (10, 50). x, y $ 0
(i) Region corresponding to x + y # 7000 :
Line x + y = 7000
y 7000 0 x + y # 7000 . So, the region is
towards the origin.
(ii) Region corresponding to x + y $ 3500 :
Line x + y = 3500
x 0 3500 Point (0, 0) is false for
x + y $ 3500 So, the region is
y 3500 0 away from the origin.
(iii) Region corresponding to y # 4000 and x # 4500

is the region corresponding to the rectangle made by
Since, the feasible region is a bounded region, we can both line.
check the objective function at all the vertices to find (iv) Since x $ 0 , y $ 0 the feasible region lies in the
the maxima. The values of Z at corner points are first quadrant.
given below.
Corner Points Z = 3x + 4y + 370

A (10, 0) Z = 3 # 10 + 0 + 370 = 400
B (40, 0) Z = 3 # 40 + 0 + 370 = 490
C (40, 20) Z = 3 # 40 + 4 # 20 + 370 = 570
D (20, 40) Z = 3 # 20 + 4 # 40 + 370 = 590
E (0, 40) Z = 0 + 4 # 40 + 370 = 530
F (0, 10) Z = 0 + 4 # 10 + 370 = 410
Thus Z is minimum at (10, 0) and the minimum value
is 400.
************
CHAPTER 13 Probability Page 465
CHAPTER 13
PROBABILITY
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS be the event that card drawn is a queen. We have a

total of 13 spades and 4 queen and one queen is from
spade.
1. If A and B are events such that P Â/B h = P ^B/Ah ! 0,
P (A) = 13 = 1 ,
then : 52 4
(a) A 1 B , but A ! B (b) A = B P (B) = 4 = 1
52 13
(c) A + B = f (d) P Âh = P ^B h
and P (A + B) = 1
Sol : OD 2024 52
P (A + B)
Pb A l =
Pb A l = Pc B m ! 0 B P (B)
B A
P Â + B h P Â + B h
1
= !0 = =1
52
P ^B h P Âh 4
1
13
P Âh = P ^B h ! 0 Thus (s) is correct option.

4. A die is thrown once. Let A be the event that the
2. If A and B are two events such that P ^ h = 2 # P ^ h
A
B
B
A
number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the
and P Âh + P ^B h = 23 , then P ^B h is equal to : event that the number obtained is less than 5. Then
P Â , B h is
(a) 2 (b) 7
9 9 (a) 2 (b) 3
4 5 5 5
(c) (d)
9 9 (c) 0 (d) 1
Sol : OD 2023
Sol : OD 2020
We have P b A l = 2 # P c B m We have, A = "4, 5, 6,

B A
P (A + B)
= 2#
P (A + B) B = "1, 2, 3, 4,
P (B) P (A)
P (A) = 2 # P (B) A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
P (A) + P (B) = 2 Thus P Â , B h = 6 = 1

3 6
Alternative :
3P (B) = 2
3
Now, A + B = "4,
P ^B h = 2
9 Now, P Â , B h = P Âh + P ^B h - P Â + B h
3. A card is picked at random from a pack of 52 playing =3+4-1

6 6 6
cards. Given that the picked card is a queen, the
probability of this card to be a card of spade is =6 =1
6
(a) 1 (b) 4 Thus (d) is correct option.
3 13
(c) 1 (d) 1 5. Out of 50 tickets numbered 00, 01, 02, ..., 49, one
4 2
Sol : OD 2020 ticket is drawn randomly, the probability of the ticket
having the product of its digits 7, given that the sum
Let A be the event that card drawn is a spade and B of the digits is 8, is
CLASS 12

CLASS 10

10. It is given that the events A and B are such that =1

P (A) = 14 , P ( BA ) = 12 and P ( BA ) = 23 . Then P ^B h is 2
equal to Thus (d) is correct option.
(a) 1 (b) 1
2 6 12. If P Âh = 121 , P ^B h = 5
12 and P ^ BA h = 1
15 , then P Â j B h
(c) 1 (d) 2
3 3 is equal to
Sol : SQP 2020 (a) 89 (b) 90
180 180
P b B l $ P Âh (c) 91 (d) 92
A 180 180
We have P ^B h =
Pb A l Sol : OD 2014
2 1
B
= 5 1$ 4 = 1 P Â k B h
2 3 We have P b B l =
A P Âh
1 = P Â k B h
15 1
For two events A and B , if P Âh = P ( BA ) = 1 12
11. and
PÂ k B h = 180
4 1
P ( BA ) = 12 , then
(a) A and B are independent events Now P Â j B h = P Âh + P ^B h - P Â k B h
(b) P b Al l = 3
B 4 = 1 + 5 - 1 = 89
12 12 180 180
B
(c) P b l = 1
l
A 2 Thus (a) is correct option.
(d) All of the above
13. If A and B are any two events, then the probability
Sol : Comp 2017
that exactly one of them occur is :
(a) P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
We have Pb B l = 1
A 2 (b) P (A) + P (B) - 2P (A + B)
P ^B k Ah = P b B l P (A) (c) P (A) + P (B) - P (A , B)
A
(d) P (A) + P (B) - 2P (A , B)
= #1=1
1
2 4 8 Sol : Delhi 2018, Comp 2015
and Pb A l = 1
B 4 P = P (A + B ) + P (A + B)
P ^B k Ah
P ^B h = = P (A) - P (A + B) + P (B) - P (A + B)
Pb A l
1 B = P (A) + P (B) - 2P (A + B)
= 18 = 1
4
2 Thus (b) is correct option.
P Â k B h = 1
8 14. If P Âh = 45 , and P Â k B h = 107 , then P ^ BA h is equal
P Âh $ P ^B h = 1 # 1 = 1 to
4 2 8
(a) 1 (b) 1
Since P Â k B h P Âh $ P ^B h events are independent. 10 8
P Â' k B h (c) 7 (d) 17
Now, P b A' l = 8 20
B P ^B h Sol : OD 2012
P Â k B h
=
P ^B h We have, P Âh = 4 ,
5
= 3
4 P Â k B h = 7
10
P Â k Blh
and P b Bl l = P Â k B h
A P Âh Pb B l =
P Âh - P Â k B h A P Âh
= 7
P Âh = 104 = 7
5
8
Sol : Comp 2015

P ^B k Ah = P b B l $ P Âh
A
= 0.6 # 0.4 We have P ^B h = 3 ,
5
= 0.24 A
Pb l = 1
B 2
P Â j B h = P Âh + P ^B h - P Â k B h and P Â j B h = 4
5
= 0.4 + 0.8 - 0.24
P Â k B h = P b A l $ P ^B h
= 0.96 B
Thus (d) is correct option. = $3= 3
1
2 5 10
20. If A and B are two events and A ! f , B ! f , then Now P Â j B h = P Âh + P ^B h - P Â k B h
(a) P b A l = P Âh $ P ^B h 4 =P A +3- 3
B
5 ^ h 5 10
P Â k B h
(b) P b A l =
B P ^B h P Âh = 4 - 3 + 3 = 1
5 5 10 2
(c) P b A l $ P b B l = 1 Thus (c) is correct option.
B A
P Âh If P ^B h = 35 , P ^ BA h = 12 and P Â j B h = 45 , then
(d) P b A l =
23.
B P ^B h P Â k B hl+ P Âl j B h =
(a) 1 (b) 4
5 5
(b) If A ! f and B ! f , then
(c) 1 (d) 1
P Â k B h 2
Pb A l = Sol : Delhi 2008
B P ^B h
We have P ^B h = 3
5
21. A and B events such that P ^ h = 0.4 , P ^B h = 0.3
A
A 1
Pb l =
B
and P Â j B h = 0.5 . Then P ^Bl k Ah equals B 2
(a) 2 (b) 1
3 2 P Â k B h = P b A l $ P ^B h
B
(c) 3 (d) 1 = $3 = 3
1
10 5 2 5 10
Sol : OD 2017
Now, P Â j B h = P Âh + P ^B h - P Â k B h
We have, P Âh = 0.4 ,
P Âh = 4 - 3 + 3 = 1
P ^B h = 0.3 5 5 10 2
and P Â j B h = 0.5 P Â j B h ' = 1 - P Â j B h
Now, P Â j B h = P Âh + P ^B h - P Â k B h = 1- 4 = 1
5 5
P Â k B h = 0.4 + 0.3 - 0.5 = 0.2 and P Â' j B h = 1 - P Â - B h
P ^Bl k Ah = P Âh - P Â k B h = 1 - 8P Âh - P Â k B hB
= 0.4 - 0.2 = 0.2 = 1 = 1 -b1 - 3 l = 4

5 2 10 5
P Â j B h ' + P Â' j B h = 1 + 4 = 1
22. You are given that A and B are two events such that 5 5
P ^B h = 35 , P ^ BA h = 12 and P Â j B h = 45 , then P Âh
equals 24. Let P Âh = 157 , P ^B h = 9
13 and P Â k B h = 4
13 . Then
(a) 3 (b) 1 P ^ Al
B h is equal to
10 5
(a) 6 (b) 4
(c) 1 (d) 3 13 13
2 5
29. Two events E and F are independent. If P Ê h = 0.3 , Let E1 be the event for getting an event number on the
P Ê j F h = 0.5 , then P ^ EF h - P ^ EF h equals die and E2 be the event that a spade card is selected.
(a) 2 (b) 3 Now P Ê1h = 3 = 1
7 35 6 2
(c) 1 (d) 1 and P Ê2h = 13 = 1
70 7 52 4
Sol : Comp 2016, OD 2010
Then, P Ê1 k E2h = P Ê1h $ P Ê2h
We have, P Ê h = 0.3 and P Ê j F h = 0.5
Also E and F are independent. =1$1 =1
2 4 8
Now P Ê j F h = P Ê h + P ^F h - P Ê k F h Thus (c) is correct option.
0.5 = 0.3 + P ^F h - 0.3P ^F h 32. Two dice are thrown. If it is known that the sum of
numbers on the dice was less than 6, the probability
P ^F h = 0.5 - 0.3 = 2 of getting a sum 3, is
0.7 7
As E and F are independent, we have (a) 1 (b) 5
18 18
1 (d) 2
P b E l - P b F l = P Ê h - P ^F h (c)
5 5
F E
= 3 -2= 1
10 7 70 Let E1 be the event that the sum of numbers on the
dice was less than 6 and E2 be the event that the sum
30. Assume that in a family, each child is equally likely of numbers on the dice is 3.
to be a boy or a girl. A family with three children E1 = "^1, 1h, ^1, 2h, ^1, 3h, ^1, 4h, ^2, 1h, ^2, 2h, ^2, 3h, (3, 1)
is chosen at random. The probability that the eldest
child is a girl given that the family has at least one ^3, 2h, ^4, 1h,
girl is
n Ê1h = 10
(a) 1 (b) 1
2 3 E2 = "^1, 2h, ^2, 1h,
(c) 2 (d) 4
3 7 n Ê2h = 2
Sol : Foreign 2015
Required probability,
We have n (S) = 8 P b E2 l = 2 = 1
E1 10 5
where S is {(B, B, B), (G, B, B), (B, G, B), (B, B,
G), (G, G, B), (G, B, G), (B, G, G), (G, G, G)} Thus (c) is correct option.
Let E1 be the event that a family has at-least one girl, 33. If Al and Bl are independent events then
then and E2 be the event that the eldest child is a girl.
(a) P (AlBl) = P (A) $ P (B )
and E2 is {(G, B, B), (G, G, B), (G, B, G), (G, G, G)}
(b) P (AlBl) = P (Al) + P (Bl)
E1 k E2 = {(G, B, B), (G, G, B), (G, B, G), (G, G, G)}
(c) P (AlBl) = P (Al) $ P (Bl)
P Ê1 k E2h
P b E2 l = (d) P (AlBl) = P (Al) - P (Bl)
E1 P Ê1h
4
Sol : SQP 2017
= =4 8
Two events A and B are said to be independent only
7
8
7
Thus (d) is correct option. and only if happening of B will have no effect on A.
Conversely, happening of Bl will have no effect on Al
31. A dice is thrown and a card is selected at random
from a deck of 52 playing cards. The probability of P ÂB h = P Âh $ P ^B h
getting an even number on the die and a spade card is P ÂlBlh = P Âlh $ P ^Blh
(a) 1 (b) 1 Thus (c) is correct option.
2 4
(c) 1 (d) 3
8 34. If events A and B are mutually exclusive then
4
Sol : Delhi 2007 (a) P (A + B) = P (A) $ P (B)
Page 474 Probability CHAPTER 13
= 3+1-1 = 3+1-1 = 5
8 2 4 8 2 4 8
= + 12 - 6 = 15
9
P c Al m =
P (A l + B l)
24 24 Bl P (Bl)
(B A )
Pc B m = P 1 - P (A , B)
l l + l
Now =
Al P (Al) 1 - P (B)
(A , B ) 1 - 58 3
3
=P = 1 = 1 = 4
8
P (Al) 1- 2 2
1 - P (A , B)
= ...(1)
1 - P (A) 47. If A and B are any two events such that
1 - 24
11 P (A) + P (B) - P (A +B) = P (A) then
= =3
1 - 38 5 (a) P b B l = 1 (b) P b B l = 0
A A
(c) P b A l = 1 (d) P b A l = 0
45. If P (A) = 38 , P (B) = 1
and P (A + B) = 1
then B B
3 4
P (Al + Bl) = Sol : SQP 2020
(a) 1 (b) 1
4 3 We have P (A) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
(c) 3 (d) 3
4 8 P (B) = P (A + B)
P (A + B)
=1
P (B)
We have P (A) = 3
8
Pb A l = 1
B
P (B) = 1 Thus (c) is correct option.
3
P (A + B) = 1 48. If A and B are events such that P (A , B) = 34 ,

4 P (A + B) = 14 , P (A) = 23 , then P (Al + Bl) is
Now P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) 3
(a) (b) 5
8 8
= 3 + 1 - 1 = 11 5
8 3 4 24 (c) (d) 1
12 4
Now P (Al + Bl) = P (A , B ) Sol : OD 2010
= 1 - P (A , B)
We have P (A , B) = 3
4
= 1 - 11 = 13
24 24
P (A + B) = 1
Thus (c) is correct option. 4
46. If P (A) = 38 , P (B) = 1

and P (A + B) = 1
then P (A) = 2
2 4 3
P ` BAll j =
P (Al + Bl) = P (A , B )
(a) 1 (b) 1
4 3 = 1 - P (A , B)
(c) 3 (d) 3
4 8 = 1- 3 = 1
Sol : SQP 2019 4 4
We have P (A) = 3 49. If P (A) = 38 , P (B) = 5

and P (A , B) = 34 , then P ^ BA h
8 8
is
P (B) = 1
2
(a) 1 (b) 1
4 3
P (A + B) = 1
4 2 1
(c) (d)
3 2
Now P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
Reason (R) : P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) P (A , B) = 2

and P (A + B) = P (A) P (B) 3
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A , B)
explanation of (A).
=1+1-2 =1
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the 2 3 3 6
correct explanation of (A). Moreover if A and B are two independent event, then
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. P (A + B) = P (A) $ P (B)
=1$1
Sol : Delhi 2012, OD 2009 2 3
= 1
Since A and B are two independent event 6
P (A + B) = P (A) $ P (B) Thus both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
We know that explanation of (A).
P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
= P (A) + P (B) - P (A) $ P (B) 55. Assertion (A) : If 2P (A) = P (B) = 5
13 and P ^ BA h = 25 ,
then P (A j B) is 11
20 .
= P Âh + P ^B h - `1 - P Â hj`1 - P ^B hj
Reason (R) : E1 and E2 are two events. then
= P Âh + P (B) - 81 - P ^B h - P (A) P (E1 j E2)
P b E1 l = , 0 1 P (E2) # 1
+ P (A) $ P ^B h E2 P (E2)
= P Âh + P (B) - 1 + P ^B h + P (A) explanation of (A).
- P (A) $ P ^B h (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
= 1 - 1 + 1 - P (A) $ P (B )
(Since P (A) + P (A) = 1 (d) (A) is false but (R) is true
and P (B) + P (B ) = 1) Sol : Foreign 2010, Delhi 2008
= 1 - P (A) $ P (B )
Given that,
= R.H.S.
2P (A) = P (B) = 5
Thus both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct 13
explanation of (A). P (A j B)
P (A) =
Thus (a) is correct option. P (B)
2 = A j B)
P (
54. If A and B be two events such that P (A) = 12 , 5 5
13
P (B) = 13 , P (A , B) = 23
Assertion (A) : A and B are independent. P (A k B) = 2 # 5 = 2
5 13 13
Reason (R) : P (A + B) = P (A) : P (B) Again,
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct P (A j B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A k B)
explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the = 5 + 5 - 2
26 13 13
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. = 5 + 10 - 4
26
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true = 11
26
Sol : Comp 2017
If E1 and E2 are two events, then
We have P (A) = 1 P b E1 l =
P (E1 k E2)
, 0 # P (E2) # 1
2 E2 P (E2)
P (B) = 1 Hence, Assertion is true, reason is true and reason is
3
a correct explanation for Assertion.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS = qqqqp and so on..

Probability that A wins the game
59. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls, Bag II contains P Âh = 1 + 5 : 5 : 1 + 5 : 5 : 5 : 5 : 1 + ...
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are transferred at 1
random from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn = 6
2 = 11
6
at random from Bag II. Find the probability that the 1 - _ 56 i

drawn ball is red in colour. Probability that B wins the game
Sol :
P ^B h = 1 - P Âh = 5
OD 2024
11
Let the following event be defined
E1 = one red and one black ball is transferred 61. Given two independent events A and B such that
E2 = two red balls are transferred P Âh = 0.3 and P ^B h = 0.6 , find P Âl + Blh .
Sol : OD 2020
E3 = two black balls are transferred
Since A and B are independent events, we have
E = drawn ball is red.
P Â + B h = P Âh P ^B h
4
P Ê1h = C17# C1 = 3 # 4 = 4 We have P Âh = 0.3 , P ^B h = 0.6
3
Now
C2 21 7
3
C 3 1 Now
P Ê2h = 7 2 = = ,
C2 21 7 P Âl + Blh = P Â , B hl= 1 - P 6A , B@
P Ê3h = 7 C2 = 6 = 2
4
C2 21 7 = 1 - 6P Âh + P ^B h - P Â + B h@
E 6
Pc E m = , = 1 - 6P Âh + P ^B h - P Âh P ^B h@
1 9
E
Pc E m = ,7 = 1 - "0.3 + 0.6 - 0.3 # 0.6,
2 9
E 5 = 1 - "0.9 - 0.18,
Pc E m =
9
= 1 - "0.72, = 0.28
3
Now required probability
E E E
P (E) = P Ê1h $ P c E m + P Ê2h $ P c E m + P Ê3h $ P c E m 62. In a shop X, 30 tins of ghee of type A and 40 tins
1 2 2
of ghee of type B which look alike, are kept for sale.
= 4#6+1#7+2#5 While in shop Y, similar 50 tins of ghee of type A and
7 9 7 9 7 9
60 tins of ghee of type B are there. One tin of ghee is
= 4 # 6 + 1 # 7 + 2 # 5
purchased from one of the randomly selected shop and
7#9
is found to be of type B. Find the probability that it
= 24 + 7 + 10
7#9 is purchased from shop Y.
Sol : OD 2020
= 41
63 Let the following event be defined
60. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them E 1 = Getting ghee from shop X
gets a ‘6’ and wins the game. Find their respective
probabilities of winning, if A starts the game first. E 2 = Getting ghee from shop Y
Sol : OD 2023
A= Getting type B ghee
Probability of getting a 6 when a dice is rolled = 16 Since both shop have equal chances, we have
Let S denote the success (getting a ‘6’) and F denote
the failure (not getting a ‘6’). P Ê 1h = P Ê 2h = 1
2
Probability that type B ghee is purchased from shop
P ^S h = 1 = p and P ^F h = 5 = q
6 6 X
P(A wins in first throw) = P ^S h = p
P c A m = 40 = 4
E1 70 7
P(A wins in third throw) = P ^FFS h = qqp
Probability that type B ghee is purchased from shop
P(A wins in fifth throw) = P ^FFFFS h Y
Now P Ê1h = 1 , Thus n ^S h = 6

2
1 Let, A Event that number is even and
P Ê2h = ,
2
B Event that number of red
W
Pc E m = 4 ,
1 7 Now A = "2, 4, 6, and B = "1, 2, 3, and
W
and Pc E m = 3 , A k B = "2,
2 10
Now, required probability, n Âh = 3 , n ^B h = 3 and n Â k B h = 1
W
P Ê1h $ P c E m n Âh 1
E1 Now, P Âh = =
P bW l =
1
n ^S h 2
W W
P Ê1h $ P c E m + P Ê2h $ P c E m n ^B h 3 1
1 2
P ^B h = = =
1 4
2 $ 7 n ^S h 6 2
= 1 4 1 3
2 $ 7 + 2 $ 10 n Â k B h 1
4 and P Â k B h = =
= 4 7 3 = = 4 # 70 n ^S h 6
7 + 10
7 61
Now, P Âh # P ^B h = 1 # 1 = 1 ! 1 = P Â k B h
= 40 2 2 4 6
61
Thus P Â k B h ! P Âh # P ^B h
67. If P Â h = 0.7 , P ^B h = 0.7 and P ^B/Ah = 0.5 , then Hence A and B are not independent events.
find P Â/B h .
Sol : OD 2019 69. A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the
conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given
We have P Â'h = 0.7 , P ^B h = 0.7 and P b B l = 0.5 that the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
A
Sol : OD 2018
Now P Âh = 1 - P Â'h
Let the numbers on black die is denoted by B1, B2 ,..,
= 1 - 0.7 = 03 B6 and the numbers on red die is denoted by R1, R2
P Â k B h ,..., R6 .
Now, Pb B l = Now we have following sample space.
A P Âh
S = *^
P Â k B h B1, R1h, ^B1, R2h, ..., ^B1, R6h, ^B2, R1h, ^B2, R2h
4
0.5 =
0.3 , ..., ^B2, R6h, ..., ^B6, R1h, ^B6, R2h, ..., ^B6, R6h
P Â k B h = 0.15 Now n ^S h = 36
Let A be the event that sum of number obtained on
P Â k B h 0.15
Pb A l = = the die is 8 and B be the event that red die shows a
B P ^B h 0.7 number less than 4.
Thus Pb A l = 3 A = "^B2, R6h, ^B6, R2h, ^B3, R5h, ^B5, R3h, ^B 4, R 4h,
B 14
68. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is and
B = *^
tossed. Let A be the event ‘number is tossed’ and B B1, R1h, ^B1, R2h, ^B1, R3h, ^B2, R1h, ^B2, R2h
be the event ‘number is marked red’. Find whether 4
the events A and B are independent or not. ^B2, R3h, ..., ^B6, R1h, ^B6, R2h, ^B6, R2h, ^B6, R3h
A k B = "^B6, R2h, ^B5, R3h,
Or
A die, whose faces are marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, Now, required probability,
5, 6 in green, is tossed. Let A be the event “number P Â k B h 2
Pb A l = = 36
= 2 =1
obtained is even” and B be the event “number B P ^B h 18
36
18 9
obtained is red”. Find if A and B are independent
events. 70. Evaluate P Â j B h , if 2P Âh = P ^B h = 5 and
A 13
Sol : Delhi 2019, OD 2017 Pb B l = 2 .
5
When a die is thrown, the sample space is Sol : Delhi 2017
S = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, We have 2P Âh = P ^B h = 5

13
P Âh = 5 , P ^B h = 5 and P b A l = 2 n ^B h
26 13 5 and P ^B h = = 3 = 1
B n ^S h 36 12
P Â k B h
Now Pb A l = P Â h = 1 - 1 = 5
B P ^B h 6 6
2 = P Â k B h and P ^B h = 1 - 1 = 11
5 5 12 12
13
Now, the probability that if A start the game, then
P Â k B h = 2 # 5 = 2 B wins,
5 13 13
P Â j B h = P Âh + P ^B h - P Â k B h P ^B wins h = P Â k B h + P Â k B k A k B h
+ P Â k B k A k B k A k B h + ...
= 5 + 5 - 2
26 13 13
= P Â h P ^B h + P Â h P ^B h P Â h P ^B h
= 5 + 10 - 4 = 11
26 26
+ P Â h P ^B h P Â h P ^B h P Â h P ^B h + ...
71. Prove that if E and F are independent events, then [events are independent]
the events E and F' are also independent.
Sol : Delhi 2017, OD 2013 = 5 # 1 + 5 # 11 # 5 # 1
6 12 6 12 6 12
Since event E and F are independent, we have + # # # 11 # 5 # 1 + ...
5 11 5
6 12 6 12 6 12
P Ê k F h = P Ê h $ P ^F h 5 5 55 5 55 2
72 72 # 72 72 # b 72 l
= + + + ...
Now, P Ê k F'h + P Ê k F h = P Ê h
= 5 ;1 + 55 + b 55 l + ...E
2
P Ê k F'h = P Ê h - P Ê k F h 72 72 72
= P Ê h - P Ê h P ^F h = 5 c 1 55 m
72 1 - 72
= P Ê h61 - P ^F h@ = 5 c 17
1 = 5
72 72 m 17
or P Ê k F'h = P Ê h P ^F'h
Thus E and F' are also independent events. 73. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately, till one of
them gets a total of 10 and wins the game. Find their
Hence proved.
respectively probabilities of winning, if A starts first.
Sol : OD 2016
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS Here, n ^S h = 6 # 6 = 36

Let E be event of getting a total 10
72. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the E = "^4, 6h, ^5, 5h, ^6, 4h,
game, if he gets a total of 7 and B wins the game, if
he gets a total of 10. If A starts the game, then find n Ê h = 3
the probability that B wins. Probability of getting a total of 10,
Sol : Delhi 2016 n Ê h
PÊ h = = 3 = 1
n ^S h 36 12
Here n ^S h = 6 # 6 = 36
Probability of not getting a total of 10,
Let A be event of getting a sum of 7 in pair of dice
P Ê h = 1 - P Ê h
A = "^1, 6h, ^2, 5h, ^3, 4h, ^6, 1h, ^5, 2h, ^4, 3h,
n Âh = 6 = 1 - 1 = 11
12 12
and B be event of getting a sum of 10 in pair of dice Thus, P (A getting 10) = P (B getting 10)
A = "^4, 6h, ^5, 5h, ^6, 4h,
= 1
12
n ^B h = 3
and P (A is not getting 10) = P (B is not getting 10)
n Âh
P Âh = = 6 =1 = 11
n ^S h 36 6 12
Let B be event that at-least one of the children is a and A k E1 = "Gg , & n Â k E1h = 1
boy
n Â k E1h 1
B = "Bb, Gg, Gb , and n ^B h = 3 so P Â k E1h = =
n ^S h 4
n ^B h 3 P Â k E1h
1
Now, P ^B h = = ...(i) Now, Pb A l = = 14 = 1
n ^S h 4 E1 P Ê1h 2
2
Thus required probability is 12 .
Here, A k B = "Bb , , then n Â k B h = 1
(ii) atleast one a girl?
n Â k B h 1
P Â k B h = = ...(ii) Let E2 be the event that atleast one is girl.
n ^S h 4
P Â k B h 1 E2 = "Bg, Gg, Gb , & n Ê2h = 3 ,
A
Now Pb B l = = =1 4
...(iii)
P ^B h 33 n Ê2h 3
4
so P Ê2h = =
1
Hence, the required probability is . n ^S h 4
3
(ii) the older child is a boy. and Â k E2h = "Gg ,
Let C be the event that the older child is a boy. n Â k E2h = 1
Then, C = "Bb, Bg , P Â k E2h 1
so P Â k E2h = =
n ^C h = 2 n ^S h 4
P Â k E2h 1
n ^C h 2 1 Now, Pb A l = = 4
=1
and P ^C h = = = ...(iv) E2 P Ê2h 3 3
n ^S h 4 2 4
Here, A k C = "Bb , , then n Â k C h = 1

1
Thus required probability is 3 .
n Â k C h 1 77. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases, while B in 90% of

and P Â k C h = = ...(v)
n ^C h 4 the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to
A P Â k C h 14 1 contradict each other in stating the same fact? Do you
Now, P bC l = = 1 = think that statement of B is true?
P ^C h 2
2
1 Sol : Delhi 2013, OD 2007
Hence, the required probability is .
2 Let A be event that A speaks truth and B be event
76. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a that B speaks truth.
boy or a girl. If a family has two children, then what is
the conditional probability that both are girls? Given We have P Âh = 75 ,
100
that then PÂ h = 1 - PÂh
(i) the youngest is a girls?
(ii) atleast one a girl? = 1 - 75 = 25
100 100
Sol : 90
P ^B h =
Delhi 2014
and ,
100
Let B and b represent elder and younger boy child.
Also, G and g represent elder and younger girl child. Then, P ^B h = 1 - 90 = 10
100 100
If a family has two children, then all possible cases are Here event A and B are independent events.
S = "Bb, Bg, Gg, Gb , P (A and B are contradict to each other)
n ^S h = 4 = P Â k B h + P Â k B h
Let us define event A Both children are girls, = P Âh $ P ^B h + P Â h $ P ^B h

then A = "Gg , & n Âh = 1 = 75 # 10 + 25 # 90
100 100 100 100
(i) the youngest is a girls?
Let E1 be the event that youngest child is a girl. = 750 + 2250 = 3000 = 3
10000 10000 10
Now E1 = "Gg, Gg , and = n Ê1h = 2 Percentage of P (A and B are contradict to each
other) = 3 # 100 = 30%
n Ê1h 2 1 10
so P Ê1h = = = Since, B speaks truth in only 90% (i.e. not 100%) of
n ^S h 4 2
Now, If P ^B h = 1 , then Now,

6
A = "^T, 5h, ^T, 6h, ,
P Âh = 1 + 1 = 1 + 5 = 6 = 1 .
30 6 30 30 5
B = "^H, T h, ^T, 1h, ^T, 2h, ^T, 3h,^T, 4h, ^T, 5h, ^T, 6h,
4
and if P ^B h = , then P Âh = 1 + 4
5 30 5 and A k B = "^T, 5h, ^T, 6h,
= 1 + 24 = 25 = 5
30 30 6 P ^B h = P ^^H, T h + P ^T, 1h + P ^T, 2hh
81. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin + P ^^T, 3hh + P ^^T, 4hh + P ^^T, 5hh + P ^^T, 6hh
shows head, toss it again, but if is shows tail, then
throw a die. Find the conditional probability of the P ^B h
event that ‘the die shows a number greater than 4’,
=1+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 =3
given that ‘there is atleast one tail’. 4 12 12 12 12 12 12 4
Sol : Comp 2014 and P Â k B h = P ^^T, 5hh + P ^^T, 6hh
The sample space S of the experiment is given as = 1 + 1 =1
12 12 6
S = "^H, H h, ^H, T h, ^T, 1h, ^T, 2h, ^T, 3h , ^T, 4h, ^T, 5h, ^T, 6h, Required probability
The probabilities of these elementary events are P Â k B h 1
Pb A l = = 6
= 4 =2
P "^H, H h, = 1 # 1 = 1 , B P ^B h 3
4
18 9
2 2 4
82. Suppose a girls throws a die. If she gets 1 or 2, she
P "^H, T h, = 1 # 1 = 1 , tosses a coin three times and notes the number of
2 2 4
tails. If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a coin once
P "^H, 1h, = # = 1 ,
1 1
2 6 12 gets notes whether a ‘head’ or ‘tail’ is obtained. If she
obtained exactly one ‘tail’, what is the probability
P "^T, 2h, = # = 1 ,
1 1
2 6 12 that she threw 3, 4 ,5 or 6 with the die?
P "^T, 3h, = # = 1 ,
1 1 Sol : OD 2018
2 6 12
Let E1 be the event that the girl gets 1 or 2, E2 be the
P "^T, 4h, = # = 1 ,
1 1
event that the girl gets 3, 4, 5 or 6 and A be the event
2 6 12
that the girl gets exactly a tail.
P "^T, 5h, = # = 1 and
1 1
2 6 12
Then, P Ê1h = 2 = 1
P "^T, 6h, = # = 1
1 1 6 3
2 6 12
The outcomes of the experiment can be represented in and P Ê2h = 4 = 2
6 3
the following tree diagram. Probability of getting exactly one tail when a coin is
tossed three times)
Pb A l = 3
E1 8
Probability of getting exactly a tail when a coin is
tossed once
Pb A l = 1
E2 2
Now, required probability
P Ê2h $ P b A l
P a A2 k =
E E2
A
P Ê1h $ P b l + P Ê2h $ P b A l
E1 E2
2 1 1
$
= 1 33 22 1 = 1 3 1 = 8
3 $ 8 + 3 $ 2 8 + 3
11
Let the following event be defined 83. Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of manager
A = the die shows a number greater than 4 and in a private company.
Chances of their selection ( A, B and C ) are in the
B = there is atleast one tail. ratio 1 2 4. The probabilities that A, B and
8k = 1 & k = 1 P Ê h = P Ê1h $ P b E l + P Ê2h $ P b E l

8 E1 E2
Z 1
] 8 x, if x = 0 or 1 = $b # # l+ $b # 3 # 2l
2 4 6 2 4 7
] 14 x, if x = 2 6 10 # 9 6 10 # 9
Now, P ^X = x h = [ 1 ...(i) 4 6
6 # 10 # 9 ^
4 + 7h
]8^ h
5 - x , if x = 3 or 4 = #
] 0, if x 2 4
\ = 4 # 6 # 11 = 22
(i) Probability of getting admission in exactly one 6 # 10 # 9 45
college, 87. Three machines E1 , E2 and E3 in a certain factory
producing electric bulbs, produce 50%, 25% and
P^X = 1h = 1 25% respectively, of the total daily output of electric
8
(ii) Probability of getting admission in at most 2 bulbs. it is known that 4% of the bulbs produced
colleges, by each of machines E1 and E2 are defective E3 are
defective. If one bulb is picked up at random from a
P ^X # 2h = P ^X = 0h + P ^X = 1h + P ^X = 2h
day’s production, calculate the probability that it is
defective.
= 0+1 + 2 = 5
8 4 8 Sol : Foreign 2015
(iii) Probability of getting admission in at least 2
colleges) Let the following event be defined
P^X $ 2h = 1 - P ^X 1 2h A1 Event that the bulb is produced by E1
= 1 - 6P ^X = 0h + P ^X = 1h@ A2 Event that the bulb is produced by E2

A3 Event that the bulb is produced by E3
= 1 - :0 + 1 D = 1 - 1 = 7
8 8 8
A Event that the picked up bulb is defective
86. A bag A is contains 4 black and 6 red balls and
bag B contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A die is Here, P Â1h = 50% = 50 = 1
100 2
thrown. If 1 or 2 appears on it, then bag A is chosen,
otherwise bag B . It two balls are drawn at random P Â2h = 25% = 25 = 1 ,
100 4
(without replacement) from the selected bag, find the
probability of one them being red and another black. P Â3h = 25% = 25 = 1 ,
100 4
Sol : Delhi 2015 A
Also, P c m = 4% = 4 = 1
A1 100 25
Bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B
A
P c m = 4% = 4 = 1
contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A2 100 25
Let the following event be defined and A
P c m = 5% = 5 = 1
A3 100 20
E1 = Event that die show 1 or 2 The probability that the picked bulb is defective,
E2 = Event that die show 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
P Âh = P Â1h # P c A m + P Â2h # P c A m + P Â3h # P c A m
A1 A2 A3
E = Event that among two drawn balls, one of them
=1# 1 +1# 1 +1# 1
is red and other is black 2 25 4 25 4 20
= 1 + 1 + 1
Here, P Ê1h = 2 , P Ê2h = 4 50 100 80
6 6
Probability of getting one red and one black from bag = 8 + 4 + 5 = 17 = 0.0425
400 400
A
6
88. There are three coins. One is two-headed coin, another
P b E l = C110# C1 = 4 # 6 # 2
4
is biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time
E1 C2 10 # 9 and the third is an unbiased coin. One of three coin is
Probability of getting one red and one black from bag chosen at random and tossed. If it shows heads, what
B is the probability that it is the two-headed coin?
3 Sol : OD 2019, Delhi 2012
P b E l = C110# C1 = 7 # 3 # 2
7
E2 C2 10 # 9
Now, by theorem of total probability,
E1 Event of selecting two headed coin
Now, the probability that selected bolt which is 3

defective, is manufactured by machine B = 5 = 3#3 = 9
15 + 10 25 25
P Ê2h $ P b E l 15
E E2
Pb l =
2 95. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag
E P Ê1h $ P b l + P Ê2h $ P b E l + P Ê3h $ P b E l
E
E1 E2 E3 contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One of the two bags
50 4 is selected at random and two balls bags is selected
100 # 100 at random without replacement from the bag and are
=
30 3 + 50 4 + 20 1 found to be both red. Find the probability that the
100 # 100 100 # 100 100 # 100 balls are drawn from the first bag.
= 200 = 200
90 + 200 + 20 310 Sol : Foreign 2015
The probability that selected bolt which is defective, Let the following event be defined
is not manufactured by machine B
E1 = Event that first bag is chosen,
= 1 - P b E2 l
E E2 = Event that second bag is chosen
= 1 - 200 = 110 = 11 R = Event that two balls drawn at random are red.
310 310 31
94. In answering a question on a sample choice test, a Since, one of the bag is chosen at random and
student either knows the answer or guesses. Let 35 probability of selecting the bag is equal,
be the probability that he knows the answer and 25
P Ê1h = P Ê2h = 1
be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a 2
student who guesses at the answer will be correct with Let E1 has already occurred, i.e. first bag is chosen,
probability 13 , what is the probability that the student the probability of drawing two red balls in this case
knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?
P a E k = 8 C2 =
4#3
R
= 3
4
Sol : Comp 2015, OD 2007 2#1
1 C2 8#7
2#1
14
Similarly, P b R l = 8 C2 = 8 #
1 = 1
2
E1 Event that the student knows the answer E2 C2 2#1

7 28
By Baye’s theorem,
E2 Event that the student guesses the answer
P Ê1h $ P b R l
E Event that the answer is correct E E1
Pb l =
1
Here E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive R P Ê1h $ P b l + P Ê2h $ P b R l

R
events. E1 E2
1 3
Thus P Ê1h = 3 and P Ê2h = 2 = 2 # 14
5 5 1 3 +1 1
2 # 14 2 # 28
Probability that the student answered correctly, given 3 3
he knows the answer
= 14 = 14 = 6
3 + 1 7 7
Pb E l = 1 14 28 28
E1
Probability that the student answered correctly, given 96. There are three coins. One is a two headed coin
he guesses (having head on both faces), another is a biased coin
that comes up heads 75% of the times and third is
Pb E l = 1 also a biased coin that comes up tails 40% of the
E2 3
times. One of the three coins is chosen at random and
The probability that the student knows the answer
tossed and it shows head. What is the probability that
given that the answered it correctly is given by P ` EE j .1
2
it was the two headed coin?
P b E l $ P Ê1h Sol : OD 2014
E E1
Pb 1 l = Let the following event be defined
E E
P b l P Ê1h + P b E l $ P Ê2h
E1 E2
3 3 E1 = Event of selecting two headed coin
1#
= 5 = 5
3 E2 = Event of selecting second biased coin
3
1# + # 1 2 + 2
5 3 5 5 15
E3 = Event of selecting third biased coin
1 3 Now P Ê1h = P Ê2h = 1

= 6#5 = 3 2
1 3+5 2 13 E 40 30
Then, P c E m =
6#5 6#5 100 b 100 l
1-
1
99. A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From
= 40 # 70 = 28
the remaining cards of the pack three cards are drawn 100 100 100
at random (without replacement) and are found to be E
and P c E m = 40 b1 - 25 l
all spades. Find the probability of the lost card being 2 100 100
a spade. 40 75
= = 30
Sol : Delhi 2014, OD 2010 100 # 100 100
Probability of event that patient who suffers heart
attack follows meditation and yoga) = P Ê1 /E h
E1 = Event that lost card is a spade card E
E1 P c E m $ P Ê1h
E2 = Event that lost card is not a spade card Pb E l =
1
E E
P c E m $ P Ê1h + P c E m $ P Ê2h
A = Event that drawn cards are spade cards 1 2
28 1
#
Now P Ê1h = 13 = 1 , = 100 2 = 28 = 14
52 4 28 1 + 30 1 58 29
100 # 2 100 # 2
P Ê2h = 39 = 3 , Yoga course and meditation are more beneficial for
52 4
A the heart patient.
C
P c E m = 51 3 = 220
12
1 C3 20825 101. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers,

A C
P c E m = 51 3 = 286
13
and 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers, the probability
2 C3 20825 of their meeting an accident respectively are 0.01,
Now,required probability 0.03 and 0.15. One of the insured persons meets with
A an accident. What is the probability that he is a car
E1 P Ê1h $ P c E m driver?
Pc A m =
1
A A Sol : Comp 2012
P Ê1h $ P c E m + P Ê2h $ P c E m
1
1 2
1 220 Let us define the events as
$
= 1 2204 20825
4 $ 20825 + 4 $ 20825
3 286 E1 Event that insured person is a scooter driver
= 220 = 220 = 20 = 10 E2 Event that insured person is a car driver

220 + 858 1078 98 49
E3 Event that insured person is a truck driver
100. Assume that the changes of a patient having a heart
attack is 40%. Assuming that a meditation and yoga A Event that insured person meets with an accident
course reduces the risk of heart attack by 30% and
prescription of certain drug reduces its chance by 25%. Now n Ê1h = 2000 , n Ê2h = 4000 and n Ê3h = 6000
At a time, a patient can choose anyone of the two Here, total insured person, n ^S h = 12000
options with equal probabilities. It is given that after Probability that the insured person is a scooter driver
going through one of two options, the patient selected
n Ê1h
at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability P Ê1h = = 2000 = 1
that the patient followed a course of meditation and n ^S h 12000 6
Probability that the insured person is a car driver,
yoga. Interpret the result and state which of the above
stated methods, is more beneficial for the patient? n Ê2h
P Ê2h = = 4000 = 1
Sol : Delhi 2013 n ^S h 12000 3
Probability that the insured person is a truck driver,
n Ê3h
P Ê3h = = 6000 = 1
E1 : The patient follows meditation and yoga. n ^S h 12000 2
Probability that scooter driver meets with an accident
E2 : The patient uses drug.
A
E : The selected patient suffers a heart attack. P c E m = 0.01
1
Here E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive Probability that car driver meets with an accident
Probability of getting 5 or 6 on a die, The probability that she throws 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the
die for getting exactly one head,
P Ê1h = 2 = 1
6 3 A
Probability of getting 1, 2, 3 or 4 on a die E2 P Ê2h $ P c E m
Pb A l =
2
A A
P Ê2h = 4 = 2 P Ê1h $ P c E m + P Ê2h $ P c E m
6 3 1 2
Probability that girl gets exactly on head when she 2 1
throws coin thrice = 3#4
1 3+2 1
A 3#8 3#4
Pc E m = 3
1 8 = 2#2 = 4
Probability that girl gets exactly one head when she 3+2#2 7
shows coin one 106. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey
Pb A l = 1 hair. A grey haired person is selected at random.
E2 2 What is the probability of this person being male?
The probability that she throws 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the Assume that there are equal number of males and
die for getting exactly one head, females.
A Sol :
P Ê2h $ P c E m
Delhi 2011, Foreign 2010
E2
Pb A l =
2
A A Let the following event be defined
1 2 E1 Event that person selected is a male
2 1
3 # 2
= 1
^3 # 8h + ^3 # 2h E2 Event that person selected is a female
1 2 1
1 1 A Event that person selected has grey hair

= 3
= 3
= 1 # 24 = 8
1
8 + 1
3
3+8
243
3 11 11 Since there are equal number of males and females,
probability that person selected is a male,
105. A girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a
coin three times and notes the number of heads. If she P Ê2h = 1
2
gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin two times and notes
the number of heads obtained. If she obtained exactly Probability of selecting a person having grey hair is
two heads, what is the probability that she threw 1, male
2, 3 with the die? A
Pc E m = 5
Sol : Delhi 2012 1 100
Probability of selecting a person having grey hair is
Let the following event be defined female
E1 Girl gets 5 or 6 on a die A
and P c E m = = 0.25
2 100
E2 Girl gets 1, 2, 3 or 4 on a die
The probability of selecting person is a male having
A She gets exactly one head grey hair,
Probability of getting 5 or 6 on a die,
A
P Ê1h $ P c E m
P Ê1h = 2 = 1 E1
Pb A l =
1
6 3 A A
Probability of getting 1, 2, 3 or 4 on a die P Ê1h $ P c E m + P Ê2h $ P c E m
1 2
1 5
P Ê2h = 4 = 2 2 # 100
6 3 =
1 5 + 1 0.25
Probability that girl gets exactly two head when she b 2 # 100 l b 2 # 100 l
throws coin thrice 5
A = 100 = 5
Pc E m = 3 5 + 0.25 5 + 0.25
1 8 200 200
Probability that girl gets exactly two head when she
shows coin two times = 5 = 500 = 100 = 20
5.25 525 105 21
Pb A l = 1 Hence, the required probability is 20 .
E2 4 21
E1 Event that box I is selected P Ê1h = P Ê2h = P Ê3h = 1

3
E2 Event that box II is selected
Now P b T l = 1
E1
E3 Event that box II is selected
P b l = 100 - 60 = 40 = 2
T
A Event that the drawn coin is gold coin E2 100 100 5
T
Pb l = 1
Since events E1 , E2 and E3 are mutually exclusive and E3 2
exhaustive events. By Baye’s theorem
P Ê1h = P Ê2h = P Ê3h = 1 P Ê1h $ P b T l
3 E1
Since box I contain both gold coins, probability that E
Pb l =
1
T P Ê1h $ P b l + P Ê2h $ P b l + P Ê3h $ P b T l
T T
a gold coin is drawn from box I, E1 E2 E3
A 1 1
Pc E m = 2 = 1 3# 1
1 2 = =
1 1+1 2+1 1 1+2+1
Since box II contain both silver coins, probability that 3# 3#5 3#2 5 2
a gold coin is drawn from box II, 10
=
A 19
Pc E m = 2 = 0
2 2 112. In a class, 5% of boys and 10% of girls have an IQ of
Since box III contain one silver coin and one gold, more than 150. In the class, 60% are boys and rest are
probability that a gold coin is drawn from box III, girls. If a student is selected at random and found to
have an IQ of more than 150, then find the probability
A
Pc E m = 1 that the student is a boy.
3 2
Probability that the drawing gold coin from bag I,
E1
E1 P Ê1h $ P b A l B Event that boy is selected
Pb A l =
A A A
P Ê1h $ P c E m + P Ê2h $ P c E m + P Ê3h $ P c E m G Event that girl is selected
1 2 3
1 1 I Event that the student has an IQ of more than 150

= 3#
1 1 + 1 0 + 1 1 Since in the class 60% students are boys, so 40% are
b3 # l b3 # l b3 # 2l girls
1 = 13 = 2
=
1 + 0 + 12 3 P ^B h = 60% = 60
2 100
Hence, the required probability is 2 . P ^G h = 40% = 40
3 100
Now, probability that boys has an IQ of more than
111. There are three coins. One is a two tailed coin (having
150,
tail on both faces), another is a biased coin that comes
up heads 60% of the times and third is an unbiased I
P b B l = 5% = 5
coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and 100
tossed and it shows tail. What is the probability that Now, probability that girls has an IQ of more than
it is a two tailed coin? 150,
Sol : Comp 2011 I
P bG l = 10% = 10
Let the following event be defined 100
The probability that the selected boy having IQ more
E1 = Event of selecting two tailed coin than 150 is
E2 = Event of selecting biased coin B P ^B h $ P ^ BI h
Pb I l =
P ^B h $ P ^ BI h + P ^G h $ P ^ GI h
E3 = Event of selecting unbiased coin 60 5
100 # 100
= 60
^ 100 # 100 h + ^ 100 # 100 h
5 40 10
T = Event of getting tail
Since probability of selecting the coin is equal, we 300
= = 300 = 3
have 300 + 400 700 7
Hence, the required probability is 3/7.
113. In a bolt factory, machines A, B and C manufacturer P Ê2h = 39 = 3 ,

25%, 35% and 40% of total production, respectively. 52 4
12 # 11
Out of their total output, 5%, 4% and 2% are A
P c E m = 51 C2 = 512 #
12
#1
defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random and is 1 C2 2#1
50
found to be defective. What is the probability that it

is manufactured by machine B ? = 12 # 11 = 22
51 # 50 425
A 13 # 12
and P c E m = 51 C2 =
13
2#1
Let the following event be defined 2 C2 51 # 50
2#1
E1 Selected bolt is manufactured by machine A, = 13 # 12 = 26

51 # 50 425
E2 Selected bolt is manufactured by machine B , Now,required probability
E3 Selected bolt is manufactured by machine C , A
E1 P Ê1h $ P c E m
Pc A m =
1
E Selected bolt is defective. A A
1
P Ê1h = 25% = 25
1 2
Now 1 $ 22
100
= 4 425
P Ê2h = 35% = 35 1 $ 22 + 3 $ 26
100 4 425 4 425
and P Ê3h = 40% = 40 = 22 = 22 = 11
100 22 + 78 100 50
Also, given that 5%, 4% and 2% bolts manufactured
by machine A, B and C respectively are defective.
So,
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
P b E l = 5% = 5
E1 100
E
P b l = 4% = 4 115. A departmental store sends bills to charge its
E2 100 customers once a month. Past experience shows that
E
P b l = 2% = 2 70% of its customers pay their first month bill in time.
E3 100
The store also found that the customer who pays the
Now, the probability that selected bolt which is bill in time has the probability of 0.8 of paying in time
defective, is manufactured by machine B next month and the customer who doesn’t pay in time
has the probability of 0.4 of paying in time the next
P Ê2h $ P b E l
E E2 month.
Pb l =
2
E P Ê1h $ P b l + P Ê2h $ P b E l + P Ê3h $ P b E l
E Based on the above information, answer the following
E1 E2 E3
questions:
35 4
100 # 100 (i) Let E1 and E2 respectively denote the event of
=
25 5 + 35 4 + 40 2 customer paying or not paying the first month bill
100 # 100 100 # 100 100 # 100 in time. Find P Ê1h , P Ê2h
= 140 = 140 = 28
125 + 140 + 80 345 69 (ii) Let A denotes the event of customer paying
second month’s bill in time, then find P Â | E1h
114. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the and P Â | E2h .
remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn (iii) Find the probability of customer paying second
at random and are found to both of clubs. Find the month’s bill in time.
probability of the lost card being of clubs. (iv) Find the probability of customer paying first
Sol : Delhi 2010
month’s bill in time if it is found that customer
Let the following event be defined has paid the second month’s bill in time.
Sol : OD 2024
E1 = Event that lost card is a club card
E2 = Event that lost card is not a club card
E1 = customer paying the first month bill on time.
A = Event that drawn cards are club cards
E2 = customer not paying the first month bill on time.
Now P Ê1h = 13 = 1 , (i) P Ê1h and P Ê2h
52 4
achieved a vaccination coverage rate of at least 80% 118. Quality assurance (QA) testing is the process of
for the 4:3:1:3:3:1 series.26 The probability that a ensuring that manufactured product is of the highest
randomly selected toddler in Alabama has received a possible quality for customers. QA is simply the
full set of inoculations is 0.792, for a toddler in Georgia, techniques used to prevent issues with product and to
0.839, and for a toddler in Utah, 0.711.27 Suppose a ensure great user experience for customers.
toddler from each state is randomly selected.
(i). Find the probability that all three toddlers have

received these inoculations.
(ii) Find the probability that none of the three has
received these inoculations.
Sol :
We define the following three events: A manufactured component has its quality graded on
its performance, appearance, and cost. Each of these
A = toddler A from Alabama has received these
three characteristics is graded as either pass or fail.
inoculations;
There is a probability of 0.40 that a component passes
G = toddler G from Georgia has received these on both appearance and cost. There is a probability
inoculations; and of 0.35 that a component passes on both performance
U = toddler U from Utah has received these and appearance. There is a probability of 0.31 that a
inoculations. component passes on all three characteristics. There
(i) Assume these three events are independent is a probability of 0.64 that a component passes on
performance. There is a probability of 0.19 that a
P (A + G + U) = P (A) $ P (G) $ P (U)
component fails on all three characteristics. There
= (0.792) (0.839) (0.711) is a probability of 0.06 that a component passes on
appearance but fails on both performance and cost.
= 0.4725
(i) What is the probability that a component passes on
(ii) The probability that all three toddlers have cost but fails on both performance and appearance?
received these inoculations is 0.4725. (ii) If a component passes on both appearance and
None of the three has received inoculations means cost, what is the probability that it passes on all
toddler A has not received the inoculations and toddler three characteristics?
G has not received the inoculations and toddler U has (iii) If a component passes on both performance and
not received the inoculations. appearance, what is the probability that it passes
P (Al + Gl + U l) = P (Al) $ P (Gl) $ P (|U l) on all three characteristics?
Sol :
= [1 - P (A)] $ [1 - P (G)] $ [1 - P (U)]
Let E be the event that the ‘component passes on
= (1 - 0.792) (1 - 0.839) (1 - 0.711) performance’,
= (0.208 (0.161) (0.289) Let A be the event that the ‘component passes
on appearance’, and let C be the event that the
= 0.0097 ‘component passes on cost’.
P (A + C) = 0.4
probability 0.6, whereas this probability is 0.2 for 20 6 3

#
a person who is not accident prone. The company = 100 10 = 25 = 3
7 7 7
knows that 20% of the population is accident prone. 25 25
121. At its simplest, a fair die states that each of the

faces has a similar probability of landing facing up.
A standard fair six-sided die, for example, can be
regarded as “fair” if each of the faces consists of a
probability of 1/6.
On the basis of above information, answer the

(i) What is the probability that a new policyholder
will have an accident within a year of purchasing
a policy?
(ii) Suppose that a new policy holder has an accident A fair die is rolled. Consider the events A = "1, 3, 5, ,
within a year of purchasing a policy. What is the B = "2, 3, , and C = "2, 3, 4, 5,,
probability that he or she is accident prone?
Sol :
Let the following event be defined (i) Find the probability P (A/B) and P (B/A).
E1 = The policy holder is accident prone (ii) Find the probability P (A/C), P (A k B/C) and
P (A j B/C)
E2 = The policy holder is not accident prone Sol :
E = The new policy holder has an accident within a (i) We have,
year of purchasing a policy. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
P (E1) = 20 A = {1, 3, 5}
100
B = {2, 3}
and P (E2) = 80
100
and C = {2, 3, 4, 5}
E
P b l = 0.6 = 6
E1 10 n (S) = 6
and P b E l = 0.2 = 2 n (A) = 3
E2 10
= P (E1) # P (E/E1) + P (E2) n (B) = 2
(i) P (E)
# P (E/E2) and n (C) = 4
= 20 6 + 80 2
100 # 10 100 # 10 P (A) = 3 = 1 , P (B)
6 2
= 280 = 7 = 2 = 1 P (C) = 4 = 2
1000 25 6 3 6 3
(ii) By Baye’s theorem,
P (E1) # P (E/E1) P (A + B) = 1
6
P (E1 /E) =
P (E)
and P (A + C) = 2 = 1
6 3
Based on the above information answer the following

questions.
(i) The total probability of committing an error in
processing the form. Applicants have a 0.26 probability of passing IIT
advanced test when they take it for the first time, and
(ii) The manager of the company wants to do a
if they pass it they can get admission in IIT. However,
quality check. During inspection he selects a form
if they fail the test the first time, they must take the
at random from the days output of processed
test a second time, and when applicants take the test
forms. If the form selected at random has an error,
for the second time there is a 0.43 chance that they
the probability that the form is not processed by
will pass and be allowed to get admission. Applicants
Vikas.
are rejected if the test is failed on the second attempt.
Sol :
(i) What is the probability that an applicant gets
(i) Required probability, admission in IIT but needs two attempts at the
test?
P (A) = P (E1) P b A l + P (E2) P b A l + P (E3) P b A l (ii) What is the probability that an applicant gets
E1 E2 E3
admission in IIT?
= 0.5 # 0.06 + 0.2 # 0.4 + 0.3 # 0.3
(iii) If an applicant gets admission in IIT, what is the
= 0.030 + 0.008 + 0.009 probability that he or she passed the test on the
first attempt?
= 0.047 Sol :
(ii) Required probability, Let F be the event that applicant pass the advanced
in first time.
P c E1 m = 1 - P c E1 m Let S be the event that applicant pass the advanced
A A
R V in second time.
S P (E1) P b A l W Let A be the event that applicant pass the advanced.
E
= 1 -S W
1
SP (E ) P A + P (E ) P A + P (E ) P A W P (F) = 0.26
S 1 b E1 l 2 b E2 l 3 b E3 lW (i) Now
T X P (S) = 0.43
= 1 -: 0.5 # 0.6
0.5 # 0.06 + 0.2 # 0.04 + 0.3 # 0.03 D (i) Probability that an applicant gets admission in
IIT but needs two attempts at the test.
= 1 - 0.030 = 1 - 30 = 17 P (F l , S) = P (F l ) # P (S)
0.047 47 47
124. Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced, is an = (1 - 0.26) # 0.43
academic examination held annually in India. It is
organised by one of the seven zonal IITs under the = 0.3182
guidance of the Joint Admission Board on a round- (ii) Probability that an applicant gets admission in
robin rotation pattern for the qualifying candidates IIT,
of the JEE-Main. A candidate can attempt JEE
P (A) = 1 - P (F l , S l )
(Advanced) maximum of two times in two consecutive
years. A successful candidates get the admission in = 1 - (1 - 0.26) # (1 - 0.43)
any IITs of India based on merit.
= 0.5782
(ii) P (whole system fail)

P (E , F) = P (E) + P (F) - P (E + F)
= 0.2 + 0.3 - 0.15
= 0.5 - 0.15 = 0.35
Now, P (A fails/B has failed)
P (E + F)
P (E/F) =
P (F)
= 0.15
0.30
= 1 = 0.5
2
An electronic assembly consists of two sub-systems
say A and B as shown below. 128. OYO Rooms, also known as OYO Hotels & Homes, is
an Indian multinational hospitality chain of leased and
franchised hotels, homes and living spaces. Founded
in 2012 by Ritesh Agarwal, OYO initially consisted
mainly of budget hotels.
From previous testing procedures, the following

probabilities are assumed to be known P (A fails) = 0.2
, P (B fails alone) = 0.15 , P (A and B fail) = 0.15.
(i) Find the probability P(B fails) and the probability
P(A fails alone).
(ii) Find the probability P(whole system fail) and the
probability P(A fails/B has failed).
Sol :
Consider the following events

Let E be the event that sub-system A fails and F be
the event that sub-system B fails. Data analyst at OYO say that during frequent trips
(i) We have, to a certain city, a traveling salesperson stays at hotel
A 50% of the time, at hotel B 30% of the time, and
P (E + F) = 0.15 at hotel C 20% of the time. When checking in, there
is some problem with the reservation 3% of the time
P (F) - P (E + F) = 0.15
at hotel A, 6% of the time at hotel B, and 10% of the
P (F) = 0.15 + P (E + F) time at hotel C. Suppose the salesperson travels to
this city.
= 0.15 + 0.15 = 0.30 (i) Find the probability that the salesperson stays at
P (B fails) = P (F) = 0.30 hotel A and has a problem with the reservation.
(ii) Find the probability that the salesperson has a
Now, P (E + F ) = P (E) - P (E + F) problem with the reservation.
= 0.2 - 0.15 = 0.05 (iii) Suppose the salesperson has a problem with
the reservation; what is the probability that the
P (A fails alone) = P (E + F ) = 0.05 salesperson is staying at hotel A?
Based on the above information answer the following Different combinations of numbers will lead to exciting
questions. prizes. Below are some of the rewards they can win:
(i) The total probability of committing an error in Get the number 5, from Spinner A and 8 from Spinner
processing the form. B, and you’ll win a music player!
(ii) The manager of the company wants to do a You win a photo frame if Spinner A lands on a value
quality check. During inspection he selects a form greater than that of Spinner B!
at random from the days output of processed Based on the above information answer the following:
forms. If the form selected at random has an error, (i) Thaksh spun both the spinners, A and B in one
the probability that the form is not processed by of his turns. What is the probability that Thaksh
Vikas. wins a music player in that turn?
Sol : (ii) Lilly spun spinner B in one of her turns. What is
(i) Required probability, the probability that the number she got is even
given that it is a multiple of 3 ?
P (A) = P (E1) P b A l + P (E2) P b A l + P (E3) P b A l (iii) Rubiya spun both the spinners. What is the
E1 E2 E3
probability that she wins a photo ?
= 0.5 # 0.06 + 0.2 # 0.4 + 0.3 # 0.3 (vi) As Shanteri steps up to the screen, the game
= 0.030 + 0.008 + 0.009 administrator reveals that for her turn, the
probability of seeing Spinner A on the screen is
= 0.047 65%, while that of Spinner B is 35%. What is the
probability that Shanteri gets the number 2?
(ii) Required probability,
Sol :
P c E1 m = 1 - P c E1 m
A A P (5 from spinner A) = 1
4
R V
S P (E1) P b A l W P (8 from spinner B) = 1
E 8
= 1 -S W
1
SP (E ) P A + P (E ) P A + P (E ) P A W
S 1 b E1 l 2 b E2 l 3 b E3 lW (i) Probability that Thaksh wins a music player
T X Thaksh will win the music player if he get 5 from
0 . 5 0 . 6 spinner A and 8 from spinner B.
= 1 -:
0.5 # 0.06 + 0.2 # 0.04 + 0.3 # 0.03 D
#
P (5 from spinner A) + P (8 from spinner B)
= 1 - 0.030 = 1 - 30 = 17
0.047 47 47 = 1#1 = 1
4 8 32
(ii) Probability that the number she got is even given
131. Rubiya, Thaksh, Shanteri, and Lilly entered a spinning that it is a multiple of 3 ?
zone for a fun game, but there is a twist: they don’t
know which spinner will appear on their screens until P ^Multiple of 3h = 2
8
it is their turn to play. They may encounter one of the
P Êven k Multiple of 3h = 1
following spinners, or perhaps even both: 8
(iv) Probability that student is irregular given that he and P Ô h = 30 = 3 .

attains A grade. Required Probability 100 10
Also, let E be the event of committing an error.
P (E2) P ( EA )
P b E2 l = 2
A P (E1) P ( EA ) + P (E2) P ( EA )
1 2
We have, P (E | J) = 0.06 ,
P Ê | S h = 0.04 ,
70 10
$
= 100 100
30
$ 80
+ 70 10
$ 100
P Ê | O h = 0.03 .
100 100 100
= 7 (i) Probability that Sonia processed the form and

31
committed an error is given by
133. In an Office three employees Jayant, Sonia and Oliver
process incoming copies of a certain form. Jayant P Ê + S h = P ^S h $ P (E | S)
processes 50% of the forms, Sonia processes 20% and
Oliver the remaining 30% of the forms. Jayant has an = 1 # 0.04
5
error rate of 0.06 , Sonia has an error rate of 0.04 and
= 0.008 .
Oliver has an error rate of 0.03 .
Based on the above information answer the following: (ii) Total probability of committing an error in
processing the form is given by
P Ê h = P (J) $ P (E | J) + P (S) $ P (E | S) +
+ P (O) $ P (E | O)
= 5 # 0.06 + 1 # 0.04 + 3 # 0.03

10 5 10
= 0.047 .
(iii) Probability that the form is processed by Jayant
given that form has an error is given by
P (J) (E | J)
P (J | E) =
P (J) P (E | J) + P (S) P (E | S) + P (O) P (E | O)
50
0.06 # 100
=
(i) Find the probability that Sonia processed the 0.06 # 50
100 + 0.04 # 100
20
+ 0.03 # 30
47
form and committed an error. = 30

47
(ii) Find the total probability of committing an error
Therefore, the required probability that the form is
in processing the form.
not processed by Jayant given that form has an
(iii) The manager of the Company wants to do a
error
quality check. During inspection, he selects a form
at random from the days output of processed P ^J y E h = 1 - P (J | E)
form. If the form selected at random has an error,
find the probability that the form is not processed = 1 - 30 = 17
47 47
by Jayant. (iv) P (J | E) + P (S | E) + P (O | E)
(iv) Let E be the event of committing an error in
processing the form and let J, S and O be the P (J | E) + P (S | E) + P (O | E) = 1
events the Jayant, Sonia and Oliver processed the Because sum of the posterior probabilities is 1 .
form. Find the value of
P (J | E) + P (S | E) + P (O | E)
Sol :
Let J, S and O be the events that Jayant, Sonia and
Oliver processed the form, which are clearly pairwise
mutually exclusive and exhaustive st of events.
134. There are two anti-aircraft guns, named as A and B
Then, P ^J h = 50 = 5 . The probabilities that the shell fired from them hits
100 10
an airplane are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Both of them
P ^S h = 20 = 1 fired one shell at an airplane at the same time.
100 5
Now P ^S h = P ^C h P ^S | C h + P ^T h P ^S | T h P Ê2h P ^R | E1h

P Ê2 | Rh =
P Ê1h P ^R | E1h + P Ê2h P ^R | E2h
= 0.6 # 0.9 + 0.4 # 0.8
1
# 12
= 0.86 or 86 = 2
100 # + 12 # 12
1
2
1
3
1
(ii) Probability that a person selected at random = 1 2 1=3
prefers coffee given that it is without sugar 3 + 2
5
P (C) P ^Sl | C h In an office three employees Vinay, Sonia and Iqbal
P ^C | Slh = 137.
P (C) P ^Sl | C h + P (T) P ^Sl | T h process incoming copies of a certain form. Vinay
0.6 # 0.1 process 50% of the forms. Sonia processes 20% and
= Iqbal the remaining 30% of the forms. Vinay has an
0.6 # 0.1 + 0.4 # 0.2
error rate of 0.06, Sonia has an error rate of 0.04 and
= 6 =3
6+8 7 Iqbal has an error rate of 0.03.
Based on the above information answer the following
136. Ratna has two boxes I and II. Box I contains 3 red questions:
and 6 black balls. Box II contains 5 red and 5 black
(i) The total probability of committing an error in
balls. Her friend Shivani selects one of the two boxes
processing the form.
randomly and draws a ball out of it. The ball drawn
by Shivani is found not be red. Let E1, E2 and A (ii) The manager of the company wants to do a
denote the following events: quality check. During inspection he selects a form
at random from the days output of processed
E1 : box I is selected by Shivani
forms. If the form selected at random has an error,
E2 : box II is selected by Shivani the probability that the form is not processed by
R : Red ball is drawn by Shivani. Vinay.
(i) Find P Ê1h and P Ê2h
(ii) Find P ^R | E1h and P ^R | E2h
(iii) Find P Ê2 | Rh
Sol :
(i) P Ê1h and P Ê2h
Probability of selecting Box I by Shivani, Sol :
(i) Total probability of committing an error
P Ê1h = 1
2 Let V be the event of processing form by Vinay, S be
Probability of selecting Box II by Shivani, the event of processing form by Soniya and I be the
event of processing form by Iqbal.
P Ê2h = 1
2 Let E be the event of error.
(ii) P ^R | E1h and P ^R | E2h
Now P (V) = 50 = 5 ,
100 10
Probability of selecting a red ball when box I has
been already selected E
P b l = 0.06,
V
P ^R | E1h = 3 =1
3+6 3 P (S) = 20 = 2 ,
Probability of selecting a red ball when box II has 100 10
been already selected
P b E l = 0.04,
S
P ^R | E2h = 5 = 1
5+5 2
P (I) = 30 = 3 ,
(iii) P Ê2 | Rh 100 10
By Bayes’ Theorem P b E l = 0.03
I
Required Probability Let E1, E2, E3 and E 4 be the events that the doctor
comes by train, bus, scooter and other means of
P Ê h = P (V) P b E l + P (S) P b E l + P (I) P b E l transport respectively.
V S I
It is given that P Ê1h = 3 ,
= 5 ^0.06h + 2 ^0.04h + 3 ^0.03h 10
10 10 10
P Ê2h = 1 ,
= 0.03 + 0.008 + 0.009 5
= 0.047 P Ê3h = 1
10
(ii) Probability that the form is not processed by and P Ê 4h = 2
Vinay 5
Let A be the event that doctor visit the patient late.
P ^V | E h = 1 - P ^V | E h
It is given that
By Bayes’ Theorem
P (V) P Ê | V h Pb A l = 1 ,
P ^V | E h = E1 4
P (V) Ê | V h + P (S) Ê | S h + P (I) Ê | I h
Pb A l = 1 ,
E2 3
P (V) P Ê | V h
P ^V | E h = A
Pb l = 1 ,
P (E) E3 12
5
(0.06) and A
Pb l = 0 ,
= 10
E4
0.047
(i) Probability that doctor is late
= 0.03 = 30
0.047 47 P Âh = P Ê1h P b A l + P Ê2h P b A l
P ^V | E h = 1 - P ^V | E h E1 E2
+ P Ê3h P b A l + P Ê 4h P b A l
= 1 - 30 = 17 E3 E4
47 47
= b 3 lb 1 l + b 1 lb 1 l + b 1 lb 1 l + b 2 l^0 h
138. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, 10 4 5 3 10 12 5
it is known that the probabilities that he will come
by train, bus, scooter or by other means of transport = 3 + 1 + 1
40 15 120
are respectively 103 , 15 , 101 and 25 .The probabilities that
he will be late are 14 , 13 and 121 if he comes by train, = 9+8+1
bus and scooter respectively, but if he comes by other 120
means of transport, then he will not be late.
= 18 = 3
120 20
(ii) Probability that he comes by train given that he
is late
E P Ê1h P ` EA j
Pb l =
1 1
A P Âh
^ 10 h^ 4 h
3 1
= 3
20
= 3 # 20
40 3
= 1
2
On the basis of above information, answer the (iii) Probability that he comes by train given that he
following questions. is late
(i) Find the probability that he is late.
(ii) When he arrives, he is late. What is the probability P Ê2h P ` EA j
P b E2 l =
2
that he comes by train? A P Âh

^ 5 h^ 3 h
1 1
(iii) When he arrives, he is late. What is the probability
that he comes by bus? = 3
20
Sol :
CLASS 12

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CBSE 2025

Chapter-wise Question Bank

NODIA AND COMPANY

CHAP 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 36-57

CHAP 3. Matrices 58-83

CHAP 4. Determinants 84-129

CHAP 5. Continuity and Diﬀerentiability 130-180

CHAP 6. Application of Derivatives 181-235

CHAP 7. Integration 236-298

CHAP 8. Application of Integrals 299-309

CHAP 9. Diﬀerential Equations 310-356

CHAP 10. Vector Algebra 357-397

CHAP 11. Three Dimensional Geometry 398-428

CHAP 12. Linear Programming 429-455

CHAP 13. Probability 456-505

Free PDF For All Study Material

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OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Then,

Let A = "3, 5, . Then, number of reflexive relations on

Hence f ^x h is not one-one.

Thus (b) is correct option.

but 0 !- 1 (d) None of these

(a) R and R Sol : Comp 2018

(b) [0, p]and [0, 1]

(d) 6- p2 , p2 @ and 6- 1, 1@ 0#x #p

(a) one-one function from A to B

20. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in

Symmetric : (a) reflexive but not symmetric

Now, a R b , b R c & a R c We have

26. A relation R in set A = "1, 2, 3, is defined as Onto Function :

27. Let the relation R in the set A = "x d Z : 0 # x # 12,, B = "4, 5, 6, 7 ,

31. If R is a relation on the set N , defined by Transitive :

Sol : Comp 2012

If f (x1) = f (x2) then f (2) = 2 (2) + 1 = 5

Symmetric : (b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a

Sol : SQP 2021 Sol : Foreign 2018

Equivalence relation R defined on a set A partitions ^a, b h ! R , a < b (i)

Sol : Delhi 2014 C For a relation to be transitive,

f [f (x)] = f (3x + 2) = 3 Relation R is defined on a set of real number R. such

Clearly, 3$ 5 = 15 is an irrational number 1 1 Y S Thus, S is not reflexive.

(x1 + x2 + 3) ! 0 4r + 1 d N such that

Here, the result is disproved by using some specific f ^1 h = 1 + 1 = 2 = 1

Hence, f is not injective. = ( y - 4) + 4

69. Prove that the function, f : N " N is defined by = y-4+4

x2 + x + 1 = y2 + y + 1 Let, f (x1) = f (x2)

Therefore f : N " N is one-one. x1 = x2

x2 + 4 = y2 + 4 We have R = $^a, b h : a + b is divisible by 2.

x = y - 4 d R+ (co-domain), such that Thus ^b, a h d R

f ^x h = 5x - 3 3x1 x2 + 4x1 = 3x1 x2 + 4x2

Clearly, x will not define, if Such that f ^x h = y

We have f : 6- 4, 4@ " 70, 4A We have, a relation R on N # N defined by

e+b = f+a For any ^a, b h d N # N

77. Given, a non-empty set X , define the relation R in ^a, b h R ^c, d h

Sol : Comp 2016, Foreign 2011

1+x Sol : Foreign 2023; Delhi 2020, 2018

Let f ^x h = y, such that y d ^- 1, 1h .

81. If A = R - {3} and B = R - {1} . Consider the 3y - 2

- 3x1 - 2x2 = - 3x2 - 2x1 We have a function f : A " B defined by

Thus, for each y d B , there exists

f (x1) = f (x2) We have, a function f : R " R defined as