EEM Micro Project PDF

Part – B
Micro-Project Report
“To build a wheatstone bridge circuit”
1.Rationale: The Wheatstone bridge works on the principle of

null deflection, i.e. the ratio of their resistances is equal, and no
current flows through the circuit...
2.Aim: The Wheatstone bridge is used for the precise measurement

of low resistance. Wheatstone bridge and an operational amplifier
are used to measure physical parameters such as temperature, light,
and strain.
3.Benefits : Wheatstone bridge illustrates the concept of a

difference measurement, which can be extremely accurate.
Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure
capacitance, inductance, impedance and other quantities, such as the
amount of combustible gases in a sample, with an explosimeter.
4.Course outcome : As a result, the output voltage of

the Bridge VOUT will become a non-zero value. This means that the
output voltage VOUT is proportional to the temperature.
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5.Literature review :
Switchboards are critical in any electrical process. They distribute

electricity throughout homes and other buildings by safely dividing
the main electrical power feed into smaller components, known as
branch circuits.
The main switch isolates the electrical supply to the whole

installation so that it can be turned off for servicing or maintenance.
A 3-phase electrical switchboard has four wires, one neutral and three
active. This type of switchboard is powerful enough to successfully
power three-phase electrical systems. They are often installed in
commercial or larger buildings due to the number of electrical
systems.
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6. Actual Methodology
Introduction
A Wheatstone bridge circuit consists of four arms, of which two arms

consist of known resistances while the other two arms consist of an
unknown resistance and a variable resistance. The circuit also consists
of a galvanometer and an electromotive force source.
Wheatstone Bridge is an instrument designed to measure unknown

resistance in electrical circuits. It calculates the unknown resistance by
balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit where one leg contains both
known resistors and the other leg contains one known (variable) and one
unknown resistor.
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• What is Wheatstone bridge ?
Wheatstone bridge is a special circuit consisting of 5 resistors. When the

resistances in the adjacent arms have the same ratio, no current flows
through the middle resistor! This is called a balanced Wheatstone
bridge. It's used in calculating unknown resistances using a meter-bridge
set up.
The Wheatstone bridge is used for the precise measurement of low

resistance. Wheatstone bridge and an operational amplifier are used to
measure physical parameters such as temperature, light, and strain.
Quantities such as impedance, inductance, and capacitance can be

measured using variations on the Wheatstone bridge.
10
• Construction of Wheatstone Bridge
A Wheatstone bridge circuit consists of four arms, of which

two arms consist of known resistances while the other two arms consist
of an unknown resistance and a variable resistance. The circuit also
consists of a galvanometer and an electromotive force source.
The emf source is attached between points a and b while the

galvanometer is connected between points c and d. The current that
flows through the galvanometer depends on its potential difference.
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• Wheatstone Bridge Principle
The Wheatstone bridge works on the principle of null deflection, i.e. the
ratio of their resistances is equal, and no current flows through the
circuit. Under normal conditions, the bridge is in an unbalanced
condition where current flows through the galvanometer.
The bridge is said to be balanced when no current flows through the

galvanometer. This condition can be achieved by adjusting the known
resistance and variable resistance.
• Wheatstone Bridge Derivation
The current enters the galvanometer and divides into two equal
magnitude currents as I1 and I2. The following condition exists when the
current through a galvanometer is zero,
The current through the galvanometer, at the balanced condition of

the bridge, is zero, which is IG = 0. Current through arms AB and BC is
denoted by I1 Current through arms of AD as well as DC is I2 As per
the circuital law of Kirchhoff, voltage drop through the closed-loop is 0.
12
• Wheatstone Bridge Light Detector
Balanced bridge circuits find many useful electronics applications such

as being used to measure changes in light intensity, pressure or strain.
The types of resistive sensors that can be used within a wheatstone
bridge circuit include: photoresistive sensors (LDR’s), positional
sensors (potentiometers), piezoresistive sensors (strain gauges) and
temperature sensors (thermistor’s), etc.
Light Detection
The LDR photocell is connected into the Wheatstone Bridge circuit as

shown to produce a light sensitive switch that activates when the light
level being sensed goes above or below the pre-set value determined
by VR1. In this example VR1 either a 22k or 47kΩ potentiometer.
13
• Wheatstone bridge principle
The bridge is said to be balanced when no current flows through the

galvanometer. This condition can be achieved by adjusting the known
resistance and variable resistance.
14
7.Actual Resources Used
Sr. Name Specifications Qty Remarks

Noof
Resource
1 Software Microsoft Word _
2 Internet https://www.google.com/search?q _
=wheatstone+bridge
8.Outputs of the micro project
The Wheatstone bridge output is called the gap voltage (Vg) and
is proportional to the difference in the transducers' resistance
values relative to the reference resistance in the bridge
configuration.
9. Skill Developed / Learning outcome of this Micro-Project
While making this micro project we improved our

 leadership qualities
 communication skills
 Teamwork
15
10. Application of Wheatstone bridge
The Wheatstone bridge is used for the precise measurement

of low resistance. Wheatstone bridge and an operational amplifier are
used to measure physical parameters such as temperature, light, and
strain.
Bridge circuits now find many applications, both linear and non-linear,
including in instrumentation, filtering and power conversion.
The best-known bridge circuit, the Wheatstone bridge, was invented by

Samuel Hunter Christie and popularized by Charles Wheatstone, and is
used for measuring resistance.
One of the simplest applications of a Wheatstone bridge is the

measurement of light by making use of a photo resistive device.
16

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Part – B

“To build a wheatstone bridge circuit”

1.Rationale: The Wheatstone bridge works on the principle of

2.Aim: The Wheatstone bridge is used for the precise measurement

3.Benefits : Wheatstone bridge illustrates the concept of a

4.Course outcome : As a result, the output voltage of

Switchboards are critical in any electrical process. They distribute

The main switch isolates the electrical supply to the whole

A Wheatstone bridge circuit consists of four arms, of which two arms

Wheatstone Bridge is an instrument designed to measure unknown

Wheatstone bridge is a special circuit consisting of 5 resistors. When the

The Wheatstone bridge is used for the precise measurement of low

Quantities such as impedance, inductance, and capacitance can be

A Wheatstone bridge circuit consists of four arms, of which

The emf source is attached between points a and b while the

The bridge is said to be balanced when no current flows through the

• Wheatstone Bridge Derivation

The current through the galvanometer, at the balanced condition of

Balanced bridge circuits find many useful electronics applications such

The LDR photocell is connected into the Wheatstone Bridge circuit as

The bridge is said to be balanced when no current flows through the

Sr. Name Specifications Qty Remarks

8.Outputs of the micro project

9. Skill Developed / Learning outcome of this Micro-Project

While making this micro project we improved our

The Wheatstone bridge is used for the precise measurement

The best-known bridge circuit, the Wheatstone bridge, was invented by

One of the simplest applications of a Wheatstone bridge is the

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