Ee Unit 4 PPT (1) - 240606 - 153216
Ee Unit 4 PPT (1) - 240606 - 153216
Ee Unit 4 PPT (1) - 240606 - 153216
Fig.1
The main parts used in the construction of DC machine are the yoke,
poles, field winding , armature, commutator, carbon brushes, etc.
A brief description of the various parts is as follows:
Yoke
The yoke acts as the outer cover of a DC motor and it is also known as
the frame. The yoke is an iron body, made up of low reluctance
magnetic material such as cast iron, silicon steel, rolled steel, etc.
These are made of thin cast steel or wrought iron laminations that are
riveted together.
Poles produce the magnetic flux when the field winding is excited.
Due to its shape, the pole area is enlarged and more flux can pass through
1. Wave Winding
2. Lap Winding
Wave Winding: In wave winding, all the armature coils are
connected in series through commutator segments in such a
way that the whole armature winding is divided into two parallel
paths.
Fig.8
Now as split rings are mounted on shaft. So when conductor reverse
their position, split ring section also reverses their positions. But
brushes P and Q are stationary tapping the current from the
commutator segments .which are I contact with them.
So at instant 2 segment B will be in contact with P and segment A will
be in contact with Q.
Due to this the output current i.e current through resistor will maintain
its direction from left to right.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq2zjmS8UMI
Carbon Brushes
The current is conducted from the voltage source to the armature by the
carbon brushes which are held against the surface of the commutator by
springs. .
It may be wound either in lap or wave fashion depending upon the voltage and
current rating.
For relative motion either conductors (armature winding) are rotating and field will
be stationary or vice versa.
But in case of DC generator field winding is kept stationary and armature windings
rotates.
This is the major difference between ac and dc generator.
So now when armature conductors rotates, it cuts the field flux and due to this flux
linkage with armature conductor changes. Hence e.m.f. get induced in armature
conductors.
The basic nature of induced emf in armature is DC.
Commutator is also present in case of dc generator which
convert the naturally induced ac emf into DC.
DC generator without generator is nothing but AC generator
(Alternator)
E.M.F EQUATION OF DC GENERATOR
Let
P = Number of Poles of the Generator
Ø = Flux produced by each poles webers (wb)
N = Speed of armature in RPM
Z = Total number of armature conductors
A = Number of parallel paths
or (Volt)
Ans
Q- Derive the EMF equation of D.C. Generator. An 8 pole lap wound dc
generator has 450 armature turns. It operates at 0.02 wb flux per pole and
runs at 1000 rpm at no load. Find the emf induced by it.
Solution: Given
P=8, A=8, No of turns = 450 , ɸ= 0.02 Wb/pole and N= 1000 rpm.
Now, Total no of armature conductor= 2 * no of turns = 2*450= 900
And ZNP
Eg
60 A
1. Separately Excited
2. Self Excited
a) DC Series
b) DC Shunt
Separately Excited- As the name suggests, in case of a separately
excited DC generator the supply is given separately to the field
winding.
armature current does not flow through the field windings, as the field
winding is energized from a separate external source of DC current as
shown in the figure.
Self Excited- In case of self excited DC machine, the field winding is
connected either in series or in parallel or partly in series, partly in
parallel to the armature winding.
DC Series Generator-
(Ia = IL= Ise) & (E = Eg, Generated EMF)
Voltage equation
Eg V Ia Ra Rse 2Vb
Pa = Eg Ia (Watt) (3)
ZN P
Eg Eg NФ
60 A
DC Shunt Generator-
By KCL
I a I L I sh
VL
I sh
Rsh
Voltage equation
Eg VL I a Ra 2Vb
Where Ra is armature resistance.
No. of Poles, P = 8
Total Lamp Load = 60*40 = 2400 W
P 100
And IL 1A
V 100
I a I L I sh 1+2 = 3A
Now E g V I a Ra 2Vb
100 3 * 0.1 2 * 1
E g 102.3V Ans
DC MOTOR
The direction of this force is given by Fleming's left-hand rule and its
magnitude is given by F = BIL. Where, B = magnetic flux density, I =
current and L = length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
When armature winding is connected to a DC supply, an electric
simplicity permanent magnet and single armature conductor has been shown.
The direction of main flux (field flux ) is also shown in fig.13 (a).
Now supply has been given to the armature conductor. Therefore a current starts
flowing in it. Let the direction of this current is such as it is going into the paper
(Shown by cross).
Magnet Direction of
Current in
Cancellation
Force
Main Conductor
Conductor Addition
Flux Conductor
Flux
Fig. 13 (a) Conductor Fig. 13 (b) Flux produced Fig. 14(a) Interaction of two fluxes Fig. 14 (b) Force experienced
in magnetic field by the conductor
by the conductor
Now we know that every current carrying conductor will produce its own
magnetic flux, therefore armature conductor will also produces its magnetic
flux. The direction of this flux can be determined by using right hand thumb
rule, clockwise direction in this case as shown in fig.13 (b).
Now there are two fluxes (field flux and armature flux) which interact with
each other, which is necessary for the motoring operation.
On the left side these two fluxes are in opposite direction therefore cancelling
each other. While on the right side they are added up as shown in fig 14 (a).
Due to this the flux distribution will be non-uniform and it will look like a
stretched rubber as shown in fig. 14 (b).
Therefore a force will be exerted on the conductor from high flux density
area to low flux density area (from Right to Left).
Therefore each conductor experiences a force F which tends to rotate the
armature in anticlockwise direction.
By applying Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, the direction of force can be found.
These forces collectively produce a driving torque which sets the armature
rotating.
It should be noted that the function of commutator in the motor is same
as in a generator. By reversing current in each conductor as it passes
from one pole to another, it helps to develop a continuous and
unidirectional torque.
BACK EMF OF DC MOTOR
Back EMF:- When the armature starts rotating, it cuts the main flux
so an emf is induced in armature which oppose the supply voltage
(Lenz’s Law). This induced emf is known as Back EMF or counter
emf.
ZNP
Eb
60 A
V = Eb + IaRa
V Eb Amp.
Ia
Ra
Direction of Rotation:-
The direction of the torque and the speed
can be reversed by changing the direction of
either the field current or armature current
by changing the polarity of the field winding
or armature winding terminals
Torque Equation
Torque is the turning or twisting force about an axis.
Let a wheel having radius R meter.
Circumferential force = F Newton
Speed of rotation of wheel = N rpm
So angular speed of wheel is –
Therefore , d 2 2N
dt 60 60 (1)
N
So work done in one revolution is given by –
W F * Distance travel in one revolution F * 2 R ( Joule)
Now Power Developed,
P work done / time
(Time Time for one revolution 60 / N )
F * 2 R 2 N ….(2)
P F * R* Ta .
60 / N 60
Let
Ta – Gross torque developed by the armature of the motor.
So gross mechanical power developed by the armature is –
Pa Eb * I--------
a
(3) { from power equation}
Now From equations (2) & (3).
2 N
Eb * I a Ta *
60
ZNP 2 N ZNP
* I a Ta * Eb
60 A 60 60 A
1 ZPI a ZPI a
Ta 0.159
2 A A
Ta * Ia
Ta Tf Tsh (Tsh Ta )
Ta = Armature torque
Tf = Lost torque ( To overcome stray losses i.e. Friction loss,
windage loss )
Tsh = Load torque OR Shaft torque ( available at the shaft for
doing useful work )
TYPES OF DC MOTORS
1. DC Series Motor-
I a I L I se & E Eb , back EMF
Voltage equation
V Eb I a ( Ra Rse ) 2Vb
or Eb V I a R
a
Rse 2Vb
V
I sh Cons tan t
Rsh
Voltage equation
V Eb I a Ra 2Vb
Where Ra is armature resistance and Vb is the voltage drop across each brush.
Power delivered to Motor
P V * IL (Watt)
Power developed by armature
Pa Eb * I a (Watt)
ZNP Eb N
And Eb
60 A
Eb V I a Ra
So Speed N
But Ish Constant
So N V Ia Ra Constant Speed
Torque of DC shunt Motor
Ta * I a
I sh Constant
Ta I a
So this type of motor is used for Medium Starting Torque.
I abb250
E V40
246
IV 0.1 41-1 = 40A
I*250
VIaRa
I sh L sh 1A
Eb VRsh IaRa 250
250 40 * 0.1
Q- A 250V dc shunt motor takes 41A at full load. Resistances of motor
Eb 246V
armature and shunt field winding are 0.1 Ω and 250 Ω respectively. Find the
back emf on full load. What will be generated emf, if working as generator
and supplying 41A to a load at terminal voltage of 250V?
(2018-19 even)
Solution: Given VL= 250V, IL=41 A, Ra= 0.1Ω, Rsh=25O Ω
I abb250
E V40
246
IV 0.1 41-1 = 40A
I*250
VIaRa
I sh L sh 1A
Eb VRsh IaRa 250
250 40 * 0.1
Eb 246V
As a Shunt Motor:
V 250
I sh 1A
Rsh 250
I a I L I sh 41-1 = 40A
Eb V IaRa
250 40 * 0.1
Eb 246V
Now Eb V IaRa
250 40 * 0.1
Eb 246V
I ag250
E V
254 2V
I.V 42II*250
R0.1 41+1 = 42A
I sh L ash a 1A
Rsh 250
As a Shunt Generator
V 250
I sh 1A
Rsh 250
I a I L I sh 41+1 = 42A
E g V I a Ra
250 42 * 0.1
254.2V
Ans
Question:-
A DC Shunt Generator running at 1200 rpm supplies a load of
60 KW at 250 Volts. Find the speed at which it runs as a shunt
motor when taking 60 KW from supply (250 V). Take armature
resistance at 0.1 ohm and field winding resistance as 50 ohm.
Neglect Brush drop.
Solution:-Given Data
As a Generator:- PL = 60 kW, VL = 250 V, Ng = 1200 rpm
Now PL = VL*IL
PL 60*1000
IL 240 A
VL 250
And I V 250 5 A
sh
Rsh 50
Now
I a I L I sh 240 5 245 Amp
P 25 * 1000
And IL 100 A
V 250
I a I L I sh 100+2.5 = 102.5A
Now E g V I a Ra 250 102.5 * 0.06
E g 256.15V
And Pa E g * I a 256.15 * 102.5 26.25 kW Ans
Q- A dc shunt generator delivers 50 kW at 250 V when running at 500 rpm.
The armature and field resistances are 0.05 Ω and 125 Ω respectively.
Calculate the speed of the same machine and developed torque when running
as a shunt motor and taking 50 kW at 250 V.
Solution: PL 50kW ,VL 250V , Ra 0.05, Rsh 125, N g 500rpm
For Generator: V 250
Ish 2A
Rsh 125
PL 50 * 1000
And IL 200 A
V 250
Now I a I L I sh 200 2 202 A
E g V I a Ra 250 202 * 0.05
E g 260.1V
Now For Motor
I a I L I sh 200 2 198 A
And Eb V I a Ra 250 198 * 0.05
E g 240.1V
Eb
Now we know that N Eb { I sh ConstantforShunt Motor
N m Eb Eb 240.1
or N m * Ng * 500
N g Eg Eg 260.1
N m 461.55 RPM
Q-A 120 V dc shunt motor having an armature resistance of 0.2 Ω and field
resistance of 60 Ω, draw a line current 0f 40 A at full load. The brush voltage
drop is 3V and rated full load speed is 1800 rpm. Calculate: (i) The speed
at half load (ii) The speed at 125% of full load.
Solution: Given
V= 120V, Ra= 0.2Ω, Rsh=60Ω, IL=40A at full load, total brush drop =3V,
NF.L=1800 rpm
Now I V 120 2 A
sh
Rsh 60
( I a ) f . l ( I L ) f . l I sh 40 2 38 A
N H . L ( Eb )h . l
NE
N F . L ( Eb ) F . l
113.2
N H .L * 1800 1862.52 RPM
109.4
At 125% load
( I a )125% 1.25( I a ) f . l 38 * 1.25 47.5 A
( Eb )125% V ( I a )125% Ra VBRUSH 120 47.5 * 0.2 3
( Eb )125% 107.5V
N125% ( Eb )125%
NF .L ( Eb ) F . l
107.5
N125% * 1800 1768.73 RPM
109.4
Q-A 6-pole lap wound dc shunt motor has 250 armature conductors, a flux of
0.04 wb/pole and at 1200 rpm. The armature and field winding resistances are
1Ω and 220Ω respectively. It is connected to a 220 V DC supply. Determine:
(i) Induced emf in the motor (ii) Armature current (iii) Input supply current
(iv) Mechanical power developed in the motor (v) Torque developed.
SOLUTION:
Given P=6, A=6 ,Z= 250 conductors, ɸ=0.04 Wb/pole, N=1200
rpm, Ra=1Ω, Rsh=220Ω and V= 220 V
(i) Induced e.m.f in the motor
We know that,
Q-A dc shunt motor develops an open-ckt emf of 250 V at 1500
rpm. Find its developed torque for an armature current of 20 A.
Solution:
Given Eb=250 V, N =1500 rpm and Ia=20A.
Now ,
Pa Pa
And Ta
2 N
60
A 230 V dc series motor is taking 50 A. Resistance of armature and series
field winding is 0.2 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively. Calculate :a) Brush voltage
b) Back emf.
Solution:
Now
Question:-
A DC Shunt Motor runs at 600 rpm taking 60A from a 230V Supply. Armature resistance
is 0.2 ohm and field resistance is 115 ohm. Find the speed when the current through the
armature is 30A.
Solution:-Given Data
Ra = 0.2Ω, Rf = Rsh = 115Ω, V = 230 Volt., IL = 60A
Now
V = Ish x Rsh
230 = Ish x 115
So Ish = 2A
I L I a I sh
I L I a I sh
Armature Current,
I a I L I sh 60 2 58 A I a1
Now Back emf ,
Eb1 V – I a1 x Ra 230 – {58 x 0.2} 218.4 Volt
Now if Armature Current,
I a 2 30 A
Than Back emf ,
Eb 2 V – I a 2 x Ra 230 – {30 x 0.2} 244 Volt
Now
Eb2 600 * 224
N 2 N1 615 rpm
Eb1 218.4
Ans.
Q- The armature resistance of a 200V, DC shunt motor is 0.12Ω. It runs at 600rpm
at constant load torque and draws a armature current of 21Amp. Calculate its new
speed if the field current of the motor is reduced by 10%.
Solution:- Given Data
Now
Ta * Ia , torque is constant
1 I a1
2 Ia 2 ………….(1)
Field current is reduced by 10%
I sh
2 1 – 0.1 * 1 0.9 1
1 1
2 0.9
Now
1 21
1 (From equation 1)
0.9 I a 2
Solution:- Given
N1 = 600 rpm, Ia1 =110A, V = 250 Volt Ra = 0.12Ω, Rse = 0.03Ω, Ia1 = 110A,
Φ1= 0.024Wb, Ia2 = 50A, Φ2= 0.0155Wb
Now
Eb1 V – Ia1 Ra Rse 250 – 110 0.12 0.03 233.5V
Eb 2 V – Ia2 Ra Rse 250 – 50 0.12 0.03 242.5V
Now
Eb N 1 E b 2 2 600 233.5 0.0155
N * N 2 964.84 rpm 965 rpm
N 2 Eb 2 1 N 2 242.5 0.024
Question:- What will be change in emf induced if flux is reduced by 20%
and the speed is increased by 20% in DC generator?
(UPTU 2005)
Solution:- Given N 2 N1 0.2 N1 1.2 N1
And 2 1 0.2 1 0.8 1
E g1 N1 1
As Eg N *
Eg2 N 2 2
So
E g 2 0.96 E g1
E g 2 E g1
% decrease in emf *100 4%
E g1
In three phase induction motor, we first discuss about the types
and constructional features of 3-phase induction motors,
principle of operation, derivation of torque expression and
Torque-slip characteristic.
Induction motors are considered to be the work horse of
industries and widely used. Unlike other motors, it works on
single excitation (only stator winding is to be excited from a 3-
phase source). By induction, voltage is induced in the rotor coils
which produce current in the rotor conductors as the rotor
terminal are kept short circuited.
CONSTRUCTION OF INDUCTION MOTOR
And
And
Fig.3 (b) Vector diagram for
ωt =30°
The resultant of these fluxes at
that instant (φr) is 1.5φm which
is shown in the figure 3 (b). Here
it is clear that the resultant flux
vector is rotated 30o further
clockwise without changing its
value.
Now, on the graphical
representation of flux waves, we Fig.3 (c) Vector diagram
will consider the point 2, where for ωt =30°
ωt = π / 3 or 60o The resultant of these
fluxes at that instant (φr) is
1.5φm which is shown in
the figure3. here it is clear
that the resultant flux
vector is rotated 30°
further clockwise without
changing its value.
Now, on the graphical
representation of flux waves,
we will consider the point 3,
where ωt = π / 2 or 90o.
Now,
The rotating magnetic field produce an effect of rotating poles around the rotor.
At this instant rotor is stationary and stator flux (R.M.F.) is rotating. So it is obvious
that there exists relative motion between the R.M.F and stationary rotor conductors.
Whenever rotor conductors cut the flux, e.m.f. gets induced in it. So e.m.f.
As rotor forms a closed circuit, induced e.m.f circulates current through the
rotor called rotor current.
Any current carrying conductor produces its own flux. So rotor produces its
flux called rotor flux.
The two fluxes, stator flux and rotor flux interact with each other such that
on one side of rotor conductor, two fluxes are in same direction hence add
up to get high flux area while on other side, two fluxes cancel each other to
produce low flux area.
The flux line acts as a stretched rubber as shown in figure. So due to this
rotor conductor experiences a force.
As all the rotor conductors experience a force, the overall rotor experience
a torque and start rotating.
Here the cause is relative motion between R.M.F. and rotor conductor. So
rotor start rotating in the same direction as that of R.M.F and tries to catch
up the speed of rotating magnetic field .
Q- How to reverse the direction of rotation of 3 phase
induction motor.
Ans
By interchanging the any two terminals of 3 phase supply,
which is given to stator.
By doing this the direction of R.M.F reversed.
Hence the direction of rotor also reversed.
Q- Why induction motor can't run at synchronous speed?
Ans
E2r = s E2
Effect on rotor leakage reactance and
impedance
Let x2= rotor leakage reactance at standstill
Now X2 = ωL2= 2πfL2, whre L2 is leakage inductance of rotor
But at running condition the frequency of rotor will be fr
X 2 r 2 f r L2
X 2 r sX 2
Where X2r= rotor leakage reactance at running condition
Now the impedance at running condition will be given as
Z 2 r R sX 2
2 2
2
Therefore rotor current
E2 r
I2r
Z2r
Important Note
Ns 0 1000r . p.m
Ans..
Torque Equation of Induction Motor
R2 0.12
sm 0.107 10.7%
X 2 1.12
Ans
Q-A 3-phase 4 pole induction motor is supplied from 3-phase 50 Hz supply.
Calculate: (a) Ns (b) Rotor speed when slip is 4 % (c) Rotor
frequency when rotor runs at 60 rpm.
(2013-14 Even)
Solution: P=4, f=50Hz
(1) Ns
120 f 120 * 50
1500r . p.m
P 4
sR2
Hence T 2
s as R2 is constant.
R2
Hence in low slip region torque is directly proportional to slip. Hence the
graph is straight line. This is called stable region of operation.
2. High slip region: In this region, slip is high (approaching to 1). So
here it can be assumed that the term R2 2 is very small as compared to ( sX 2 )2
. Hence R2 2can be neglected.
sR2 1
T
( sX 2 )2 s
So in high slip region torque is inversely proportional to the slip. Hence
its nature is like rectangular hyperbola. This region is called unstable
region of operation.
Regions of torque - slip characteristics
of three phase induction motor :-
Motoring Region:-
When the slip lies in the region 0 and 1 i.e. when 0 ≤s ≤1, the
machine runs as a motor which is the normal operation.
The rotation of rotor is in the direction of rotating field which
is developed by stator currents.
In this region it takes electrical power from supply lines and
supplies mechanical power output. The rotor speed and
corresponding torque are in same direction.
Braking Region:-
When the slip is greater than 1, the machine works in the
braking mode. The motor is rotated in opposite direction
to that of rotating field.
In practice two of the stator terminals are interchanged
which changes the phase sequence which in turn
reverses the direction of rotation of magnetic field.
The motor comes to quick stop under the influence of
counter torque which produces braking action.
This method by which the motor comes to rest is known as
plugging.
Only care is taken that the stator must be disconnected from
the supply to avoid the rotor to rotate in other direction
Generating Region:-
To run the induction machine as a generator, its slip must be
less than zero i.e. negative.
The negative slip indicates that the rotor is running at a
speed above the synchronous speed. When running as a
generator it takes mechanical energy and supplies electrical
energy from the stator.
Thus the negative slip, generation action takes place and
nature of torque - slip characteristics reverses in this
generating region.
The Figure shows the complete torque - slip characteristics
showing motoring, generating and the braking region.
Q-With the help of double revolving field theory explain
that single phase induction motor is not self starting. List
its various methods of starting.
DOUBLE REVOLVING FIELD THEORY:-
And hence the single phase induction motors are not self
starting.
Torque slip characteristics:-
The two oppositely directed torques and the resultant torque can be
shown effectively with the help of torque-speed characteristics. It is
shown in the Fig.
TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS OR
METHODS OF STARTING:-
Let us assume that the stator poles are N1 and S1 which are rotating at a speed of
Ns.
When the field winding on rotor is excited by a d.c. supply, it also produces
two poles N2 and S2.
Now one magnet is rotating at Ns speed having poles N1 and S1 while at start
rotor is stationary i.e. second magnet is stationary having poles N2 and S2.
If somehow the unlike poles N1 and S2 or S1 and N2 are brought near each
other, the magnetic locking may get established between stator and rotor
poles.
Now rotor will also rotates in the same direction, with the same speed
Why Synchronous Motor is Not Self
Starting?
Consider an instant when two poles are at such a position
where stator magnetic axis is vertical, along A-B. At this instant,
rotor is stationary and unlike poles will try to attract each other.
Due to this rotor will be subjected to an instantaneous torque in
anticlockwise direction as shown in the Fig.21(a)
As stator poles are rotating very fast i.e. at a speed Ns r.p.m. Due
to inertia, before rotor hardly rotates in the direction
of anticlockwise torque, the stator poles change their positions as
shown in fig. 21(b)
Again at this instant the opposite poles try to attract each
other and due to this rotor will experience a torque in
clockwise direction
Now as rotor will experience clockwise torque. Therefore net
torque will be zero
Due to this rotor is unable to rotate. So synchronous
motor is not self starting.
Methods of starting
A. Using pony motors
B. Using damper winding
C. As a slip ring induction motor
Using pony motors
Give a three a.c. supply to a three phase winding. This will
produce rotating magnetic field rotating at synchronous
speed Ns r.p.m.
Then drive the rotor by other motor (pony motor) in the
direction of rotating magnetic field, at a speed very near or
equal to synchronous speed.
Switch on the d.c. supply given to the rotor which will
produce rotor poles. now there are two fields one is rotating
magnetic field produced by stator while the other is
produced by rotor which is physically rotated almost at the
same speed as that of rotating magnetic field.
At a particular instant, both the fields get magnetically locked.
The stator field pulls rotor field into synchronism. Then the
pony motor used to rotate rotor can be removed.
But rotor will continue to rotate at the same speed as that of
rotating magnetic field i.e. Ns due to magnetic locking.
2. Damper Winding:
Except field winding it is a additional winding consisting of copper
bars placed in the slots in the pole faces. The bars are short circuited
with the help of end rings. This winding as short circuited, acts as a
squirrel cage rotor winding of an induction motor. Once the stator is
excited by a three phase supply, the motors starts rotating as an
induction motor at sub synchronous speed.
Then d.c. supply is given to the field winding. At a particular instant
motor gets pulled into synchronism and starts rotating at a
synchronous speed. As rotor rotates at synchronous speed, the relative
motion between damper winding and the rotating magnetic field is
zero. Hence when motor is running as synchronous motor, there can
not be any induced e.m.f. in the damper winding. So damper winding
is active only at start, to run the motor as an induction motor at start.
Afterwards it is out of the circuit.
Applications:-
Power factor improvement(As a synchronous condenser ,
An over excited synchronous motor works on leading pf) .
machine tools
motor generator sets.
synchronous clocks .
centrifugal pumps.
vacuum pumps, textile mills, paper mills, rolling mills,
cement mills etc.
Thank You
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