RRB

Railway Recruitment Board

Junior Engineer

CBT 1
Computer Based Test - Stage 1

• General Science
• General Awareness

Comprehensive Theory with Practice Questions

& Previous Years’ Solved Questions
 MADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd.
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RRB-Junior Engineer : General Science & General Awareness

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Preface
The post of Railway Recruitment Board-Junior Engineer has always been
preferred by Engineers due to job stability. Indian Railways is one of the biggest
Government employers in India. With the exam being just a few months away, it is
time for the candidates planning to appear for the exam to pull up their socks and
start their RRB-JE preparation.
B. Singh (Ex. IES)
The RRB-JE exam is conducted in two stages as shown in table given below.

Papers Subjects Maximum Marks Duration

CBT-1 : Objective Type (i) Mathematics 30 Marks 90 Minutes

(ii) General Intelligence and Reasoning 25 Marks

(iii) General Awareness 15 Marks

(iv) General Science 30 Marks

Total 100 Marks

CBT-2 : Objective Type (i) General Awareness 15 Marks 120 Minutes

(ii) Physics and Chemistry 15 Marks

(iii) Basics of Computers and Applications 10 Marks

(iv) Basics of Environment and Pollution Control 10 Marks

(v) Technical Abilities (viz, CE, ME, EE, EC, CS etc) 100 Marks

Total 150 Marks

Note: There shall be negative marking for incorrect answers in CBTs. Each question carries 1 mark and 1/3rd of the
marks alloted for each question shall be deducted for each wrong answer. Candidates shortlisted in Stage 1 will be
called for Stage 2.

This book comprises both the General Science & General Awareness subjects. Besides, previous years’ RRB-JE questions
have been also included in a separate section. MADE EASY has taken due care to present detailed theory and MCQs
without compromising the accuracy of answers.

Apart from Railway Recruitment Board-Junior Engineer Exam, this book is also useful for Public Sector Examinations and
other competitive examinations for engineering graduates. I hope this book will prove as an important tool to succeed
in RRB-JE and other competitive exams.

I have true desire to serve student community by providing good source of study materials and quality guidance. Any
suggestion from the readers for improvement of this book is most welcome.

With Best Wishes

B. Singh
CMD, MADE EASY
 Exam Syllabus
(Computer Based Test 2019-First Stage)

Mathematics: Number systems, BODMAS, Decimals, Fractions, LCM and HCF, Ratio and Proportion, Percentages,
Mensuration, Time and Work, Time and Distance, Simple and Compound Interest, Profit and Loss, Algebra,
Geometry, Trigonometry, Elementary Statistics, Square Root, Age Calculations, Calendar & Clock, Pipes & Cistern.

General Intelligence and Reasoning: Analogies, Alphabetical and Number Series, Coding and Decoding,
Mathematical operations, Relationships, Syllogism, Jumbling, Venn Diagram, Data Interpretation and Sufficiency,
Conclusions and Decision Making, Similarities and Differences, Analytical reasoning, Classification, Directions,
Statement – Arguments and Assumptions etc.

General Awareness: Knowledge of Current affairs, Indian geography, culture and history of India including
freedom struggle, Indian Polity and constitution, Indian Economy, Environmental issues concerning India and
the World, Sports, General scientific and technological developments etc.

General Science: Physics, Chemistry and Life Sciences (up to 10th Standard CBSE syllabus).

nnnn

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 Contents
RRB-JE CBT-1
Section~A
General Science
Chapter 1 Miscellaneous............................................................. 35
Surface Tension.......................................................... 37
Physics................................................................. 2
Viscosity...................................................................... 38
Motion........................................................................... 3
Flotation...................................................................... 39
Basics of Motion........................................................... 3
Buoyant Force............................................................. 39
Position (Displacement)-Time Graphs.......................... 4
Practice Questions........................................................ 40
Physical Quantities....................................................... 4
Work, Power & Energy................................................ 10
Chapter 2
Pressure...................................................................... 12
Gravitation.................................................................. 13
Chemistry..........................................................47
Satellite....................................................................... 13 Matter.......................................................................... 47

Escape Velocity.......................................................... 14 Atoms and Molecules................................................. 49

Kepler’s Laws Of Planetary Motion............................. 14 Mole Concept............................................................. 52

Miscellaneous............................................................. 14 Radioactivity............................................................... 55

Properties of Matter.................................................... 15 Chemical Reactions and Equations............................ 57

Simple Harmonic Motion............................................. 15 Chemical Bonding...................................................... 58

Wave........................................................................... 16 Catalysis..................................................................... 59

Sound......................................................................... 17 Acids, Bases and Salts............................................... 61

ECHO.......................................................................... 17 Weak Acid................................................................... 61

Supersonic Or Ultrasonic Waves................................ 18 Solution....................................................................... 64

Ultrasonography......................................................... 18 Salts............................................................................ 65

Light............................................................................ 19 Gas Laws.................................................................... 66

Mirror.......................................................................... 20 Metals and Metallurgy................................................. 68

Refraction of Light....................................................... 21 Non-Metals & their Properties..................................... 79

Heat & Thermodynamics............................................ 25 Carbon and its Compound.......................................... 86

Electronics.................................................................. 29 Organic Compounds.................................................. 89

Semiconductor............................................................ 29 Classification of Organic Compounds........................ 92

Electrostatics.............................................................. 29 Important Organic Compounds.................................. 95

Coulomb’s Law............................................................ 29 Plastic & Rubber......................................................... 98

Electricity.................................................................... 30 Explosives................................................................. 100

Magnet........................................................................ 32 Periodic Table........................................................... 101

Atomic Physics........................................................... 33 Practice Questions...................................................... 105

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Chapter 3 Integumentary System.............................................. 144
Skin........................................................................... 144
Biology............................................................ 111
Glandular System..................................................... 147
Basics of Biology...................................................... 111
Nervous System........................................................ 154
The Cell..................................................................... 115
Sensory Organs........................................................ 157
Nutrition.................................................................... 120
Human Reproductive System................................... 159
Digestive System...................................................... 128
Human Diseases....................................................... 162
Bones, Joints and Muscles....................................... 132
Miscellaneous .......................................................... 169
Joints........................................................................ 134
Theories of Evolution................................................. 169
Respiratory System................................................... 135
Some Important Data................................................ 170
Circulatory System.................................................... 138
Blood........................................................................ 140 Practice Questions...................................................... 172

Section~B
General Awareness
Chapter 1 Vijayanagar Empire................................................... 201
Bahmani Kingdom.................................................... 202
History and Culture of India.......................... 1
The Mughal Period.................................................... 202
Ancient India Sur Dynasty............................................................... 205
Prehistoric Period...................................................... 178 Later Mughal Age..................................................... 206
Indus Valley Civilization............................................. 178 The Marathas............................................................ 207
Vedic Period.............................................................. 181 Modern India
Important Features of Vedic Period........................... 183
Advent of European Companies............................... 208
Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism.......................... 185
European Companies............................................... 208
Buddhism & Jainism................................................. 185
English East India Company..................................... 208
Janpadas and Mahajanpadas (600-300 BC)............ 188
The revolt of 1857..................................................... 213
Janpadas & Mahajanpadas...................................... 188
Popular Movements against British Rule................... 214
The Magadhan Empire.............................................. 189
Indian National Movement........................................ 220
Dynasties of Ancient India........................................ 189
Practice Questions...................................................... 234
Important Features of Mauryan Period...................... 191
The Pre-Gupta Period............................................... 191
Ancient South India................................................... 192 Chapter 2
The Gupta Empire..................................................... 194
Indian Geography........................................ 243
The Post Gupta Period.............................................. 196
Latitude..................................................................... 243
Medieval India Longitude.................................................................. 243
Early Medieval India................................................. 196 International Date Line.............................................. 244
Pre-sultanate period.................................................. 197 Motions of Earth........................................................ 244
The Delhi Sultanate................................................... 197 Structure of Earth...................................................... 244

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 Formation of Continents............................................ 245 Planning.................................................................... 363
India: General Facts................................................. 246 Important Terms used in Economics......................... 365
Physical Geography of India..................................... 250 Public Finance & Taxation......................................... 367
Physiographic Divisions of India............................... 251 Poverty in India......................................................... 369
Drainage System of India.......................................... 256 New Economic Policy, 1991...................................... 369
Lakes........................................................................ 259 Statistical Organisations........................................... 370
Characteristics of Indian Monsoon........................... 261 Unemployment.......................................................... 370
Climate of India......................................................... 261 Union Budget............................................................ 371
Soils of India............................................................. 263 Practice Questions...................................................... 372
Forests of India......................................................... 265
Population Geography of India................................. 267
Industry in India........................................................ 273 Chapter 5
Agriculture in India.................................................... 277 Environmental Issues................................. 377
Minerals in India........................................................ 281
Environmental Pollution............................................. 377
Transport and Communication.................................. 288 Types of Pollution...................................................... 377
Practice Questions...................................................... 292 Air Pollution............................................................... 377
Water Pollution.......................................................... 379
Noise Pollution.......................................................... 380
Chapter 3
Soil Pollution............................................................. 380
Indian Polity.................................................. 297 Thermal Pollution...................................................... 380
Important British Acts of Constitutional Significance...... 297 Radiation Pollution.................................................... 381
Indian Constitution.................................................... 300 International Conventional/Policies on Pollution........ 383
The Preamble............................................................ 306 Environmental Laws for Controlling Pollution in India..... 383
The Union & its Territory............................................ 307 Ozone Layer Depletion............................................. 384
Citizenship................................................................ 308 Global warming......................................................... 385
Fundamental Rights.................................................. 308 Ecology..................................................................... 387
Fundamental Duties.................................................. 312 Biodiversity .............................................................. 388
Systems of Government............................................ 313 Energy Resources..................................................... 391
The Union Executive................................................. 315 Biofuels..................................................................... 392
The Parliament.......................................................... 319 Deforestation............................................................. 393

The State Executive.................................................. 327 Desertification........................................................... 393

State Legislature....................................................... 328 Practice Questions...................................................... 394

Local Government.................................................... 331
Union Territories........................................................ 332
Chapter 6
Scheduled & Tribal Areas......................................... 332
Centre - States Relations.......................................... 333 General Knowledge..................................... 401
Judiciary in India....................................................... 336 National Symbols...................................................... 401
Practice Questions...................................................... 345 First Among Indians.................................................. 404
Largest, Longest, Highest in the World..................... 408
Major Countries: Their Capital, Area and Currency..... 411
Chapter 4 Award & honours...................................................... 413
Indian Economy........................................... 355 Sport Awards............................................................ 420
Games...................................................................... 420
Introduction............................................................... 355
Youth and Sports...................................................... 420
National Income........................................................ 355
International Organizations....................................... 430
Money & Banking...................................................... 356
Miscellaneous........................................................... 439
Financial Market........................................................ 359
Practice Questions...................................................... 457

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Chapter 7 Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)........................ 476
The Solar System...................................................... 477
Defence and Science & Technology........ 463 Practice Questions...................................................... 480

Defence.................................................................... 463
Ministry of Defence (MoD)........................................ 463 Chapter 8
Science & Technology.............................................. 470 Current Affairs.............................................. 483
Auxiliaries of the Indian Defence System.................. 470 National affairs.......................................................... 483
Ministry of Science and Technology......................... 470 International affairs................................................... 490
Space technology..................................................... 472 Science & technology............................................... 495
Ministry of Earth Sciences........................................ 472 Defence in news....................................................... 500
Department of Space (DOS)..................................... 472 Environment & wildlife............................................... 507
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)............ 473 Current economy...................................................... 510
Nuclear technology................................................... 476 Miscellaneous........................................................... 512
Current Affairs Questions............................................. 515

Section~C
Previous Years Questions
Previous Years RRB-JE Questions........... 521
General Science & General Awareness........... 521 - 530

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Section
A
General
Science
Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) | Junior Engineer Examination
 Physics

Physics is a branch of science which is concerned

Systems Length Mass Time
with all aspects of nature on both the microscopic and
of units
macroscopic level. Its scope of study encompasses
not only the behavior of objects under the action C.G.S. Centimetre Gram Second
of forces but also the nature of gravitational, System
electromagnetic, nuclear forces among others.
F.P.S. Foot Pound Second
The ultimate objective of physics is to formulate
System
comprehensive principles that bring together and
explain all such phenomena. M.K.S. Metre Kilogram Second
System

2. Derived Unit: All the units which are

expressed in terms of fundamental units are
known as derived units. Examples: Newton,
Unit & Measurement Joule, etc.
• Unit is the chosen standard used for measuring a • Internationally, there are four types of unit
physical quantity. systems. These are:
• There are basically two types of unit: 1. S.I. Units/System: It is the modern form of
1. Fundamental Unit: These units are a set of the metric system, and is the most widely
measurements, defined arbitrarily and from used system of measurement. It comprises
which other units are derived. Examples: a coherent system of units of measurement
meter, kilogram, second, etc. built on seven base units namely kilogram,
The fundamental unit of some of the physical meter, second, candela, ampere, kelvin and
quantities are given below:
mol.
International System of Units (S.I.) 2. CGS System: The centimeter-gram-second
(CGS) system of units is a variant of the metric
Physical Fundamental Symbol
system based on centimetre as the unit of
Mass Kilogram kg length, gram as unit of mass, and the second
as the unit of time.
Length Metre m
3. FPS System: The foot-pound-second (FPS)
Time Second s system is a system of units built on three
Temperature Kelvin K fundamental units: the foot for length, the
pound for mass and the second for time.
Electric-current Ampere A
4. MKS System: The MKS system of units is a
Luminous intensity Candela Cd physical system of units that expresses any
Quantity of matter Mole mol given measurement using base units of the
metre, kilogram, and second.
 Physics 3
displacement
Velocity =
time
Let a square OPQR of side
Basics of Motion
length 2 metre. A particle travels
A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position along its side starting from O to R
with respect to its surroundings as time goes on. A
via P and Q. It takes a total time
body is said to be at rest if it does not change its
of 2 seconds. The total distance
position with time, with respect to its surroundings.
travelled is OP + PQ + QR = 2 +
Types of Motion 2 + 2 = 6 metres whereas the total displacement is OR
= 2 metres. Hence
(i) When a particle or a body moves along a straight
path, its motion is Rectilinear or translatory distance 6
Average Speed = = = 3 m/s
motion. time 2
(ii) When a particle or a body moves in a circular
displacement 2
path, its motion is circular motion. When a Average Velocity = = = 1 m/s
time 2
body spins about its own axis, it is said to be in
rotational motion. Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time is
(iii) When a body moves to and fro or back and
called acceleration.
forth repeatedly about a fixed point in a definite
interval of time, it is said to be in vibrational or Change in velocity
Acceleration =
oscillatory motion. time taken
The path travelled by an object during its motion is When a body completes equal displacement in equal
called trajectory. The actual path length during the interval of time, its velocity is constant and hence,
it does not have an acceleration. When a body
motion is called distance and, the straight distance
shows equal change in velocity in equal interval of
between the initial and final position of the motion in
time its velocity is not constant but it has a constant
a particular direction is called displacement. acceleration.
Let a particle travel, starting
from point A and go to point
Equation of Motion
D along the path ABCD in a
given interval of time. The total For a body moving with a uniform velocity
path length ( = AB + BC + CD)
If a body completes a displacement ‘S ’ in time ‘t ’
is the distance travelled and the with a uniform velocity ‘V ’, then,
shortest path length (AD) in the direction A to D is the
Displacement = velocity × time
displacement within the same time-interval.
or S = vt ...(i)

Speed For a body moving with a uniform acceleration

The time rate of change of position of an object in If a body starting with an initial velocity ‘u’ moves with
any direction i.e. the rate of change of distance of an a uniform acceleration ‘a’ for a time ‘t’ and attains
object with respect to time is known as speed. a final velocity ‘v’ after travelling a displacement ‘s’
then,
displacement
Speed = 1 2
time taken S = ut + at ....(iii)
2

Velocity v2 = u2 + 2as ...(iv)

When the velocity of a body increases, it has a
The rate of change of displacement of an object with
positive acceleration and when the velocity decreases,
respect to time is known as velocity.
it has a negative acceleration.
 PHYSICS
Practice Questions

Q.1 A liquid is kept in a regular cylindrical vessel (a) Fluorescence

up to a certain height. If this vessel is replaced (b) Phosphorescence
by another cylindrical vessel having half (c) Chemiluminescence
the area of cross-section of the bottom, the (d) Effervescence
pressure on the bottom will
Q.7 When a ball drops onto the floor it bounces
(a) Remain unaffected
(b) Be reduced to half the earlier pressure back. Why does it bounce?
(c) Be increase to twice the earlier pressure (a) The floor is perfectly fluid
(d) Be reduced to one-fourth the earlier (b) The floor heats up on impact
pressure (c) Newton’s third law implies that for every
action (drop), there is a reaction (bounce)
Q.2 In SONAR, we use (d) The floor exerts a force on the ball during
(a) Ultrasonic waves
the impact
(b) Infrasonic waves
(c) Radio waves Q.8 When you pull out the plug connected to an
(d) Audible sound waves electric appliance, you will often observe a
spark. To which property of the appliance is
Q.3 Which one of the following reactions is the
this related?
main cause of the energy radiation from the
(a) Resistance (b) Inductance
Sun?
(a) Fusion reaction (c) Capacitance (d) Wattage
(b) Fission reaction Q.9 In scuba diving, while ascending towards the
(c) Chemical reaction water surface, there is a danger of bursting
(d) Diffusion reaction the lungs. It is because
Q.4 Two identical piano wires have same (a) Graham’s law of diffusion
fundamental frequency when kept under the (b) Archimedes’ principle
same tension. What will happen if tension of (c) Boyle’s law
one of the wire is slightly increased and both (d) Henry’s law
the wire are made to vibrate simultaneously?
Q.10 The most familiar form of radiant energy
(a) Noise (b) Beats
in sunlight that cause tanning and has the
(c) Resonance (d) Non-linear effects
potential for casing melanoma in humans is
Q.5 Which one among the following correctly called
defines a unit magnetic pole in SI units? (a) Infra-red radiation
It is the pole which when placed in air at a (b) Visible radiation
distance of (c) Ultra-violet radiation
(a) 1 foot from an equal and a similar pole (d) Microwave radiation
repels it with a force of 1 pound
(b) 1 metre from an equal and similar pole Q.11 An athlete diving off high springboard can
repels it with a force of 1 newton perform a variety of exercise in the air before
(c) 1 cm from an equal and a similar pole entering the water body. Which one of the
repels it with a force of 1 dyne following parameters will remain constant
(d) 1 metre from an equal and a similar pole during the fall?
repels it with a force of 1 newton/m2 (a) The athlete’s linear momentum
(b) The athlete’s angular momentum
Q.6 Which one of the following phenomena is
(c) The athlete’s kinetic energy
associated with the fire flies giving cold light
(d) The athlete’s moment of inertia
in night?
46 Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) | Junior Engineer Examination

Q.97 What Is the wavelength of visible spectrum ? 103. Decibel is the unit used for
(a) 1300A°-3000A° (a) Speed of light
(b) 3900 A° - 7600 A° (b) Intensity of heat
(c) 7800 A° - 8000 A° (c) Intensity of sound
(d) 8500 A° - 9800 A° (d) Radio wave frequency
Q.98 The sky appears blue because of 104. The atmospheric layer reflecting ‘radio waves
(a) Atmospheric water vapour is called
(b) Scattering of light (a) Ozonosphere (b) Ionosphere
(c) Reflection on sea water (c) Stratosphere (d) Mesosphere
(d) Emission of blue wavelength by the sun
105. The mass-energy relation is the outcome of
Q.99 Oil rises up the wick in a lamp because (a) quantum theory
(a) Oil is very light (b) general theory of relativity
(b) Of the diffusion of oil through the wick (c) field theory of energy
(c) Of the surface tension phenomenon (d) special theory of relativity
(d) Of the capillary action phenomenon
106. Danger signals are generally red as red light
Q.100 The hydraulic brakes used in automobiles is a
(a) is least bright
direct application of:
(b) undergoes least deviation
(a) Archimedes principle
(c) has lowest velocity
(b) Toricellian law
(d) gives comfort to eye
(c) Bernoulli’s theorem
(d) Pascal’s law 107. Heat from the sun reaches earth by the
process of
Q.101 For a body moving with non-uniform velocity
(a) Conduction (b) Convection
and uniform acceleration
(a) Displacement - Time graph is linear (c) Radiation (d) All of the above
(b) Displacement - Time graph is non-linear 108. The instrument for measuring intensity of
(c) Velocity - Time graph is nonlinear earthquakes is called
(d) Velocity - Time graph is linear (a) Ediograph
Q.102 Lamberts law is related to (b) Pantagraph
(a) Reflection (b) Refraction (c) Ergograph
(c) Interference (d) Illumination (d) Seismograph

Answer Key General Science | Chapter 1 ● Physics

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c)

10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b)
19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a)
28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (a)
37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c) 41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c)
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (d) 51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (a)
55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (b) 61. (b) 62. (a) 63. (d)
64. (c) 65. (c) 66. (d) 67. (a) 68. (c) 69. (d) 70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (b)
73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (b) 76. (c) 77. (a) 78. (b) 79. (b) 80. (d) 81. (a)
82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (a) 85. (b) 86. (b) 87. (c) 88. (b) 89. (c) 90. (b)
91. (c) 92. (c) 93. (b) 94. (b) 95. (c) 96. (a) 97. (b) 98. (b) 99. (d)
100. (d) 101. (b) 102. (d) 103. (c) 104. (b) 105. (d) 106. (b) 107. (c) 108. (d)
 Chemistry

• Element: It is the purest form of a substance

which cannot be broken into simpler substances
by any chemical or physical process. Only one
kind of atom is present in an element. There are
Matter 118 known elements, out of which 27 are man-
made.
• Anything that has mass and occupies space is
called matter. Matter can be classified on the Elements can be divided into three groups:
basis of physical state and chemical constitution. metals, non-metals and metalloids.
In the physical state it is found in the form of 1. Metals: Any chemical element that is an
solids, liquids and gases. These three forms of effective conductor of electricity and heat
matter are found because of intermolecular force can be defined as a metal. These are 90 in
(force among atoms and molecules). number.
• Solids have a definite shape because of strong 2. Non-metals: These are substances that do
intermolecular force. The molecular force is not exhibit such characteristic properties of
not so strong in liquids, and therefore, liquids metals as hardness, mechanical adaptability,
do not have a definite shape and have fluidity. or the ability to conduct electricity. There
Because of extremely weak intermolecular force, are 24 non-metals, out of which 12 found in
gases move freely and can occupy any space. solid state, one in liquid (Br) state and 11 in
According to chemical composition, matter can gaseous state.
be classified into elements, compounds and 3. Metalloids: Metalloids possess the
mixtures. characteristics of both metal and non-
metal, e.g. Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge) and
Composition of Matter Antimony (Sb).
• Compound: Two or more elements chemically
• Substance: A substance is a matter which combined to form a substance is called a
cannot be separated into other kinds of matter compound.
by any physical force.
 CHEMISTRY
Practice Questions

Q.1 Age of fossil may be found out by determining (b) bind the particle of calcium silicate
the ratio of two isotopes of carbon. The (c) facilitate the formation of colloidal gel
isotopes are (d) impart strength to cement
(a) C-12 and C-13
(b) C-13 and C-14 Q.8 One of the occupational health hazards
(c) C-12 and C-14 commonly faced by the workers of ceramic,
(d) C-12 and carbon black pottery or glass industries is
(a) stone formation in gall bladder
Q.2 Which one among the following statement
(b) melanoma
about an atom is not correct?
(c) stone formation in kidney
(a) Atoms always combine to form molecule.
(d) silicosis
(b) Atoms are the basic units from which
molecules and ions are formed. Q.9 Which one of the following properties change
(c) Atoms are always neutral in nature. with valency?
(d) Atoms aggregate in large numbers to (a) Atomic weight
form the matter that we can see, feel and (b) Molecular weight
touch. (c) Density
Q.3 Which one among the following statements is (d) Equivalent weight
correct?
Q.10 The polymeric fibre used as substitute for wool
(a) All bases are alkalis.
in making synthetic blankets, sweater, etc., is
(b) None of the bases is alkali.
(a) Nylon (b) Teflon
(c) There are no more bases except the
alkalis. (c) Orlon (d) Bakelite
(d) All alkalis are bases but all bases are not Q.11 Scuba divers are at high risk due to high
alkalis. concentration of dissolved gases while
Q.4 The elements of a group in the periodic table breathing air at high pressure under water.
(a) have similar chemical properties The tanks used by Scuba divers are filled with
(b) have consecutive atomic numbers (a) air diluted with helium
(c) are isobars (b) O2
(d) are isotopes (c) N2
Q.5 Which one among the following agents is (d) a mixture of nitrogen and helium
added to domestic LPG cylinder to help in the Q.12 Which one among the following is not a
detection of gas leakage? periodic property i.e., does not show any
(a) Methanol (b) Ethanol trend on moving from one side to the other in
(c) Ethyl Mercaptan (d) Chloroform
the Periodic Table?
Q.6 From which one among the following water (a) Atomic size
source, the water is likely to be contaminated (b) Radioactivity
with fluorine? (c) Valency
(a) Ground water (d) Electronegativity
(b) Rain water
(c) River water Q.13 The rusting of iron nail
(d) Pond water (a) decreases its weight
(b) increases its weight
Q.7 Gypsum (CaSO4, 2H2O) is added to clinker
(c) does not affect weight but iron is oxidised
during cement manufacturing to
(d) does not affect weight but iron is reduced
(a) decrease the rate of setting of cement
 Biology

• Most protozoans are free-living and aquatic.

They are holozoic and feed largely on
bacteria, microscopic algae and minute
animals such as rotifers or on other protozoans
Basics of Biology including members of their own species. Some
protozoans are holophytic i.e. they prepare their
own food by photosynthesis (e.g. Euglena).
Animals
The parasitic protozoans feed on materials
Classification of animals obtained from the hosts (e.g. Monocystis).
• When any plane passing through the central axis Examples:
of the body divides the organism in two halves (i) Free living: Euglena, Amoeba, Paramoecium,
that are approximately mirror images it is called Noctiluca and Elphidium.
Radial symmetry and the animals showing radial (ii) Parasitic: Monocystis, Entamoeba,
symmetry are called Radiata. Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Giardia.
• When the body can be divided into identical left 2. Phylum Porifera (Pore Bearing Animals)
and right halves in only one plane. This kind of
• These are commonly known as sponges. They
symmetry is called bilateral symmetry and such
are the most primitive group of multicellular
animals are called Bilateria.
• Almost 99 percent of animals are invertebrates animals. About 5000 species of sponges are
(animals without backbone) and the remaining known. Most of them are marine and remain
represents the vertebrates (animals with attached to rocks. A few live in fresh water.
backbone). Also, the animals are categorised into • The sponges are diploblastic.
two major groups, non-chordates and chordates, • Sponges reproduce asexually by
on the basis of the presence or absence of fragmentation.
notochord at some stage in their life.
3. Phylum Cnidaria
• The animal kingdom is divided into 35 Phyla (singular:
• The phylum name is derived from the stinging
Phylum) of which 11 are considered as major Phyla.
cells or cnidoblasts present on the ectoderm
1. Phylum Protozoa (Unicellular Protist Animals) of tentacles and body of the carnivorous
• They are microscopic organisms in which a animals. Cnidarians have achieved tissue
single cell performs all the vital activities. grade of organisation and they exhibit a blind
• They are aquatic (fresh water and marine) and sac body plan and radial symmetry.
cosmopolitan in distribution. Some forms are • Cnidarians are diplosblastic animals in which
parasitic. The protozoan cell body is either the body wall consists of only two layers
naked, (for example, amoeba) or surrounded or cells, an outer ectoderm and an inner
by a non-rigid pellicle (Cellulose is absent in endoderm, separated by a gelatinous layer of
pellicle). mesoglea.
• Different types of locomotory organs are • Examples: Hydra, Obelia, Porpita, Vellela,
found in protozoans. Physalia (Portuguese man of war), Aurelia
• Locomotory organs are absent in the parasitic (Jellyfish), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula
forms (Sporozoa) of protozoans. (Sea-pen) and Gorgonia (Sea-fan).
112 Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) | Junior Engineer Examination

4. Phylum Ctenophora (land snail), Lamellidens (mussel), Pinctada

• Ctenophores are marine animals with (peal oyster), Sepia (cutlefish), Loligo (squid),
transparent and flat or oval body shape. Octopus (devilfish), Doris (sea-lemon), Aplysia
Polyphase is absent in their life cycle. These (sea-hare) and Teredo (shipworm).
are bilaterally symmetrical and devoid of
9. Phylum Arthropoda
cnidoblast cells.
• The phylum Arthropoda constitutes the
• The presence of a special sense organ at the
largest group of animals with about 900,000
opposite end of the mouth (aboral end) is the
species. These are triploblastic, coelomate
characteristic of the members of this phylum.
and bilaterally symmetrical animals.
They reproduce only by sexual means and do
• Arthropods have a segmented body, each
not exhibit larval phase in their life cycle.
segment bearing a pair of jointed appendages
5. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) covered by a jointed exoskeleton.
• These are dorsoventrally flattened and, hence, • Arthropods are unisexual.
commonly known as flatworms. These are • Examples: Araneus (garden spider), Limulus
mostly parasites. (king crab), Buthus (scorpion), Eupagurus
• These are triploblastic and unsegmented (hermit crab), Cancer (common crab),
animals exhibiting bilateral symmetry. Macrobrachium (prawn), Lepisma (silverfish),
• They reproduce both asexually and sexually. Periplaneta (cockroach), Apis (bee), Anopheles
• They are hermaphrodites or bisexual i.e., both (mosquito), Musca (housefly), Leptocorisa
male and female sex cells are produced by the (paddy pest: gandhi poka), Triops (tadpole fish),
same individual. Daphnia (water flea), Cyclops, Squilla, Astacus
• Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver (crayfish), Lepas and Balanus (Barnacle).
Fluke), Schistosoma (Blood fluke) etc.
10. Phylum Chordata (Scordates)
6. Phylum Nemathelminthes (Round Worms)
• Chordata refers to the group of animals which
• These are also known as nematodes. Their possess notochord either throughout or during
bodies appear circular in cross-section, early embryonic life. Notochord is a stiff and
hence, the name roundworm. Though not flexible rod of tissues lying ventral to nerve
apparent they are possibly the most abundant chord. All the chordates are triploblastic,
and numerous among animals. coelomate and bilaterally symmetrical.
• Roundworms are bilaterally symmetrical, • Phylum Chordata is divided into four
triplo-blastic and pseudocoelomate animals subphyla viz. subphylum Hemichordata or
with an organ system grade of organization. stomochordata, subphylum Urochordata or
• Round worms have a tube within a tube body Tunicata, subphylum Cephalochordata or
plan with mouth, faringes, intestine and anus. Acrania and subphylum Vertebrata.
• Sexes are usually separate, often with small
Difference between Chordates &
male and large female individuals.
Non-chordates
• Examples: Ascaris, Wuchereria (Filaria
worm), Ancylostoma (Hook worm), Enterobius Chordates Non-Chordates
(Pin worm) and Rhaditis.
1. Notochord Present. 1. Notochord absent.
7. Phylum Annelida
2. Central nervous 2. Central nervous
• Metamerically segmented animals with a true
system is dorsal, system is ventral,
coelom.
hollow and single. solid and double.
• Examples: Nereis, Aphrodite (sea mouse),
Phere-tima (Earthworm), Tubifex, Hirudinaria 3. Pharynx perforated 3. Gill slits are
(Leech), Chaetopterus, Erebella, and Bonnellia. by gill slits. absent.
8. Phylum Mollusca (Soft Bodied Animals) 4. Heart is ventral. 4. Heart is dorsal.
• They are triploblastic coelomates and usually
5. A post anal meta- 5. Terminal part
with bilateral symmetry. They are terrestrial,
merically segmented (pygidium) is
marine and fresh water inhabitants.
tail is present. unsegmented.
• Examples: Pilla (apple snail), Achatina