Q1.

Difference between Creativity and Innovation:

1.
2. Definition:
● Creativity: Creativity refers to the ability to generate novel ideas, concepts, or
solutions by combining existing knowledge, experiences, and imagination.
●
● Innovation: Innovation, on the other hand, is the process of implementing and
transforming creative ideas into practical and valuable outcomes that bring about
positive change.
3. Focus:
● Creativity: Creativity primarily focuses on generating new and original ideas or
concepts. It involves thinking outside the box, breaking conventional patterns,
and exploring alternative possibilities.
●
● Innovation: Innovation, on the other hand, emphasizes the implementation and
application of creative ideas. It involves turning those ideas into tangible
products, services, processes, or improvements that add value to individuals,
organizations, or society.
4. Outcome:
● Creativity: The outcome of creativity is a novel and imaginative idea or concept
that has the potential for further development and exploration. It may or may not
have an immediate practical application.
●
● Innovation: The outcome of innovation is a tangible result that can be
implemented, commercialized, or adopted. It brings about a positive change,
solves problems, meets needs, or creates new opportunities.
5. Process:
● Creativity: Creativity is a cognitive process that involves divergent thinking,
exploration, and idea generation. It often occurs in an individual's mind through
activities such as brainstorming, mind mapping, or conceptualizing.
●
● Innovation: Innovation is a multidimensional process that includes idea
generation, evaluation, development, implementation, and diffusion. It requires
collaboration, problem-solving, prototyping, testing, and continuous improvement.
6. Nature:
● Creativity: Creativity is more about generating ideas, exploring possibilities, and
pushing boundaries. It is associated with imagination, inspiration, curiosity, and
artistic expression.
●
● Innovation: Innovation is more about problem-solving, adding value, and creating
impact. It involves practicality, feasibility, market relevance, and strategic thinking.

Q2. Define persona with its types

Persona in the context of design thinking refers to a fictional representation of a target user or
customer segment. It involves creating a detailed profile of a hypothetical individual that
embodies the characteristics, behaviors, goals, and needs of the intended user base for a
product or service.

Personas help designers and teams humanize the design process, allowing them to design with
specific user needs and aspirations in mind. They serve as a reference point throughout the
design process, helping to make informed decisions and prioritize features.

Types of Personas:

1. User Personas: Detailed profiles of specific individuals within the target user group,
including demographics, behaviors, goals, motivations, and pain points.

2. Buyer Personas: Profiles of individuals responsible for making purchasing decisions,

focusing on buying behaviors, decision-making criteria, budget constraints, and pain
points related to the purchasing process.

3. Negative Personas: Represent individuals who are not the intended users or
customers, helping designers identify and understand individuals unlikely to benefit from
or engage with the product or service.

4. Influencer Personas: Profiles of individuals who have a significant impact on the

decision-making process or the adoption of a product or service, such as key opinion
leaders or industry experts.

5. Empathy Personas: Created to foster empathy and understanding of users' emotions,

needs, and experiences, going beyond demographics to capture the essence of their
motivations and desires.

Q3.Difference between Creative and Analytical Thinking:

Creative Thinking:

1. 1.Focus: Creative thinking emphasizes generating new ideas, possibilities, and original
solutions.
2.
3. 2.Approach: It involves divergent thinking, exploring multiple perspectives, and breaking
free from conventional patterns and constraints.
4.
5. 3.Characteristics: Creative thinking is characterized by openness, curiosity, flexibility,
and the ability to think outside the box.
6.
 7. 4.Purpose: It aims to foster innovation, promote user-centricity, and differentiate products
or services in the market.
8.
9. 5.Application: Creative thinking is valuable in ideation, problem-solving, concept
development, and generating imaginative and engaging solutions.
10.
Analytical Thinking:

1. 1.Focus: Analytical thinking focuses on systematic examination and understanding of

information, data, and relationships.
2.
3. 2.Approach: It involves breaking down complex situations into smaller components,
analyzing interdependencies, and drawing logical conclusions.
4.
5. 3.Characteristics: Analytical thinking is characterized by logical reasoning, attention to
detail, objectivity, and the ability to draw connections and patterns from data.
6.
7. 4.Purpose: It aims to evaluate feasibility, viability, and impact, and make informed
decisions based on evidence and data.
8.
9. 5.Application: Analytical thinking is valuable in data analysis, problem diagnosis,
decision-making, risk assessment, and refining designs based on evidence and
feedback.

Q4. Define Critical Thinking

Critical thinking in the context of design thinking refers to the ability to objectively analyze and
evaluate information, ideas, and design solutions. It involves actively questioning assumptions,
challenging existing perspectives, and applying logical reasoning to assess the strengths,
weaknesses, and potential impacts of design choices. Critical thinking plays a crucial role in the
design process by enabling designers to make informed decisions, refine their solutions, and
create meaningful and effective outcomes.

Key aspects of critical thinking in design thinking include:

1. 1.Analysis: Critical thinking involves breaking down complex problems or design

challenges into smaller components. It involves examining data, research, user
feedback, and other relevant information to identify patterns, trends, and potential
insights.
2.
3. 2.Evaluation: Designers critically assess the feasibility, viability, and desirability of
options, considering factors such as user needs, technical constraints, market dynamics,
 and business goals. They weigh different perspectives and potential trade-offs to make
informed decisions.
4.
5. 3.Objectivity: Designers actively question assumptions, biases, and conventional
wisdom to ensure that their design choices are based on rational analysis rather than
personal preferences or unverified beliefs.
6.
7. 4.Problem-solving: Designers use critical thinking skills to identify root causes, analyze
the underlying reasons behind design challenges, and explore alternative solutions.
They critically evaluate the potential effectiveness of different approaches and select the
most appropriate course of action.
8.
9. 5.Iteration and Improvement: Designers critically reflect on the outcomes of their
design solutions, gather feedback, and use that feedback to refine and improve their
designs. They are open to constructive criticism and actively seek opportunities to learn
and iterate based on insights gained from critical thinking.

Q5.Why is testing important in design thinking? Explain.

Testing is an integral part of the design thinking process as it plays a crucial role in validating
and refining design solutions. It involves gathering feedback from users, stakeholders, and
target audiences to evaluate the effectiveness, usability, and desirability of the proposed design.
Here are the reasons why testing is important in design thinking:

1. 1.User-Centricity:By involving users early and throughout the design process,

designers can ensure that their solutions align with user expectations, enhancing user
satisfaction and engagement.
2.
3. 2.Validation of Assumptions: It allows designers to determine whether their design
hypotheses hold true in real-world scenarios, identify any flaws or gaps, and make
necessary adjustments to improve the design.
4.
5. 3.Iterative Improvement: Testing supports the iterative nature of design thinking by
providing feedback for continuous improvement. It enables designers to learn from
failures and successes, refine their designs, and iterate on solutions based on real user
insights and feedback.
6.
7. 4.Mitigation of Risk: By testing early prototypes or minimum viable products (MVPs),
designers can identify usability issues, technical challenges, or other constraints that
could impact the success of the final design. This allows them to address these issues
proactively, reducing risks before full-scale implementation.
8.
9. 5.Decision-Making Support: It helps designers make informed choices by providing
insights into user preferences, usage patterns, and pain points. This data-driven
 approach enables designers to prioritize design features, make trade-offs, and align
design decisions with business objectives.
10.
11. 6.Stakeholder Engagement: Testing involves gathering feedback not only from users
but also from stakeholders and other relevant parties. This engagement fosters
collaboration, builds trust, and ensures that diverse perspectives are considered in the
design process.
12.
13. 7.Continuous Learning: Testing encourages a culture of continuous learning and
improvement within design teams. By embracing feedback, designers can continuously
enhance their skills, expand their knowledge, and adapt their designs to changing user
needs and market dynamics.

Q6.Define different steps in ideate phase of design thinking.

The ideate phase of design thinking involves generating a wide range of creative ideas and
potential solutions to address the identified problem or challenge. Throughout the ideate phase,
it's crucial to foster a supportive and open environment that encourages creativity, collaboration,
and the exploration of diverse perspectives. Here are the different steps in the ideate phase:

1. 1.Brainstorming: Encourage free-flowing idea generation without judgment, allowing

participants to contribute as many ideas as possible. Focus on quantity rather than
quality, promoting a collaborative and non-critical environment.
2.
3. 2.Divergent Thinking: Explore various perspectives, possibilities, and alternatives.
Encourage participants to think beyond conventional boundaries, challenge
assumptions, and generate ideas that are unconventional and innovative.
4.
5. 3.Idea Generation Techniques: Utilize various ideation techniques such as mind
mapping, SCAMPER (Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put to another use, Eliminate,
Reverse), random word association, or storyboarding to stimulate creative thinking and
idea generation.
6.
7. 4.Idea Selection: Review and evaluate the generated ideas based on criteria such as
feasibility, desirability, viability, and alignment with the problem statement and user
needs. Prioritize ideas that have the potential to address the challenge effectively.
8.
9. 5.Idea Combination and Refinement: Look for opportunities to combine or refine ideas
to create stronger concepts. Consider how different ideas can complement or enhance
each other, and iteratively refine and develop promising concepts.
10.
11. 6.Prototyping: Create low-fidelity prototypes or representations of the selected ideas to
visualize and communicate the concepts more tangibly. Prototypes can be physical,
digital, or even conceptual, allowing for early testing and feedback.
 12.
13. 7.Continuous Iteration: Embrace an iterative approach, seeking feedback on the
prototypes, learning from the insights gained, and refining ideas based on user and
stakeholder input. Iterate and repeat the ideation process as necessary to further
develop and enhance the selected concepts.

Q7.Define different types of prototyping.

Designers can choose the most appropriate prototyping method based on the nature of the
design challenge, the desired level of fidelity, the stage of the design process, and the available
resources. Prototyping helps validate ideas, gather feedback, and iterate on designs, ultimately
leading to the development of more effective and user-centered solutions. Here are different
types of prototyping:

1. 1.Paper Prototype: Low-fidelity prototypes created using paper and other simple
materials to visualize and test early design concepts. They allow for quick iterations and
feedback, focusing on the overall user experience and interaction.
2.
3. 2.Digital Prototype: Interactive prototypes created using digital tools or software. They
simulate the user interface and functionality of the final product or service, providing a
more realistic experience for testing and evaluation.
4.
5. 3.3D Printed Prototype: Physical prototypes created using 3D printing technology. They
allow designers to validate the physical form, ergonomics, and aesthetics of a product
design, providing a tangible representation of the final product.
6.
7. 4.Functional Prototype: Prototypes that closely resemble the final product or service in
terms of functionality and features. They are often used to test the technical feasibility
and performance of a design, validating its functionality and usability.
8.
9. 5.Virtual Reality (VR) Prototype: Immersive prototypes created using virtual reality
technology. They simulate the user experience in a virtual environment, allowing
designers to test and refine the interaction and spatial aspects of a design.
10.
11. 6.Storyboard Prototype: Visual representations of a design idea or concept presented
as a series of illustrated frames or panels. They help convey the user journey,
interactions, and key features of a design, enabling stakeholders to visualize and
understand the proposed solution.
12.
13. 7.Role-Playing Prototype: Prototypes that involve human interaction and role-playing to
simulate user experiences and scenarios. They can be used to understand user
behaviors, test usability, and gather feedback on the social and emotional aspects of a
design.
Q8.Define different phases of the design thinking process.

The design thinking process is iterative, meaning that designers often cycle back through the
phases multiple times to continuously refine their solutions based on user feedback and new
insights. This iterative nature allows for learning, experimentation, and the development of
innovative and user-centered solutions.

The design thinking process typically consists of five phases that guide designers through
problem-solving and innovation. Here are the different phases of the design thinking process:

1. 1.Empathize: In this phase, designers seek to understand and empathize with the users
they are designing for. They engage in activities such as conducting user research,
interviews, and observations to gain insights into user needs, challenges, and
aspirations.
2.
3. 2.Define: In the define phase, designers analyze the information gathered in the
empathize phase to define the problem or challenge they will address. They distill user
insights, identify patterns, and frame a clear problem statement that guides the
subsequent stages of the process.
4.
5. 3.Ideate: The ideate phase involves generating a wide range of creative ideas and
potential solutions to address the defined problem. Designers engage in brainstorming
sessions, idea generation techniques, and collaboration to foster a free-flowing
environment where diverse ideas can be explored.
6.
7. 4.Prototype: In the prototype phase, designers create tangible representations of their
ideas to bring them to life. They develop low-fidelity or high-fidelity prototypes that can
be tested and iterated upon. Prototypes can take various forms, such as sketches, digital
mockups, or physical models.
8.
9. 5.Test: In the test phase, designers gather feedback and evaluate the prototypes with
the intended users. Through user testing, observation, and feedback collection,
designers gain insights into the strengths, weaknesses, and potential improvements of
their design solutions. This feedback informs iterative refinements and further ideation.

Q9.Explain 6 thinking hats with examples.

The Six Thinking Hats is a method introduced by Edward de Bono that encourages parallel
thinking and helps teams explore different perspectives in problem-solving and decision-making.
Each "thinking hat" represents a specific mode of thinking. Here's an explanation of the six
thinking hats with examples:

1. 1.White Hat (Facts and Information): This hat focuses on objective information, data,
and facts. Wearing the white hat, participants share and analyze available information
 and identify gaps in knowledge. For example, a team wearing the white hat may discuss
market research data, financial reports, or statistical trends to make informed decisions.
2.
3. 2.Red Hat (Emotions and Intuition): The red hat allows for emotional and intuitive
thinking. Participants can express their gut feelings, emotions, and hunches without the
need for justification or rationalization. For example, someone wearing the red hat might
say, "I have a bad feeling about this approach," or "I feel strongly that we should
prioritize user experience."
4.
5. 3.Black Hat (Critical and Cautionary Thinking): The black hat represents critical
thinking and cautious judgment. Participants wearing the black hat focus on identifying
potential risks, weaknesses, and flaws in ideas or plans. They explore the challenges
and drawbacks. For example, someone wearing the black hat might say, "I'm concerned
about the feasibility of this solution" or "We should consider the potential financial
implications."
6.
7. 4.Yellow Hat (Optimistic and Positive Thinking): The yellow hat encourages optimistic
and positive thinking. Participants explore the benefits, advantages, and opportunities
associated with an idea or solution. They focus on the value and potential positive
outcomes. For example, someone wearing the yellow hat might say, "This approach
could lead to increased customer satisfaction" or "Implementing this idea could result in
cost savings."
8.
9. 5.Green Hat (Creative and Innovative Thinking): The green hat represents creative
and innovative thinking. Participants wear the green hat to generate new ideas, explore
possibilities, and think outside the box. They encourage wild ideas, alternative
perspectives, and unconventional approaches. For example, during a brainstorming
session, participants wearing the green hat might suggest out-of-the-box solutions or
novel concepts to solve a problem.
10.
11. 6.Blue Hat (Meta-cognitive Thinking and Facilitation): The blue hat represents
meta-cognitive thinking and facilitation of the thinking process. The blue hat wearer
focuses on managing the thinking process itself, ensuring that the other hats are utilized
effectively. The blue hat wearer facilitates discussions, sets the agenda, and guides the
overall thinking process. For example, the blue hat wearer might say, "Let's summarize
the key points so far" or "Now, let's switch to the black hat and analyze the potential
risks."

Q10.What do you mean by agile process?

The Agile process refers to a project management and development approach that emphasizes
flexibility, collaboration, and iterative progress. It is commonly used in software development but
has also been adopted in various industries for managing complex projects.
It promotes a flexible and collaborative approach to project management, enabling teams to
respond quickly to changes, deliver value incrementally, and continuously improve the product
through feedback and iteration. It aims to increase customer satisfaction, enhance team
productivity, and foster a more adaptive and responsive development environment.

The key principles of the Agile process include:

1. 1.Iterative Development: Agile projects are divided into small iterations or sprints,
typically lasting 1-4 weeks. Each iteration involves planning, executing, and reviewing a
set of tasks or user stories, allowing for continuous feedback and improvement.
2.
3. 2.Collaboration and Cross-Functional Teams: Agile teams are self-organizing and
cross-functional, consisting of individuals with different skill sets working collaboratively.
They communicate frequently and face-to-face, promoting transparency and shared
ownership of project outcomes.
4.
5. 3.Adaptive Planning: Rather than relying on detailed upfront planning, Agile projects
use adaptive planning. The team continually reevaluates and adjusts the project scope,
tasks, and priorities based on emerging requirements and feedback.
6.
7. 4.Continuous Feedback and Improvement: Agile emphasizes continuous feedback
loops and frequent reviews to validate progress and gather insights. Feedback from
customers, stakeholders, and team members is incorporated into subsequent iterations,
allowing for continuous improvement.
8.
9. 5.Emphasis on Working Software or Deliverables: The primary focus of Agile is to
deliver working software or tangible deliverables that provide value to the customer. The
emphasis is on delivering increments of the product in a timely manner rather than
waiting for a complete, fully-featured solution.
10.
11. 6.Embracing Change: Agile processes welcome and accommodate change throughout
the project lifecycle. Changes in requirements, priorities, or market conditions are
expected and seen as opportunities for improvement rather than disruptions.
12.
13. 7.Continuous Integration and Testing: Agile teams practice continuous integration,
regularly merging and testing code to ensure that changes are smoothly integrated into
the overall system. Testing is an integral part of the development process to ensure the
quality and reliability of the product.

Q11.Design thinking is 'human centric'. Explain.

Design thinking is often described as "human-centric" because it places the needs, desires, and
experiences of people at the center of the design process. It emphasizes understanding and
empathizing with users to create solutions that genuinely meet their needs and deliver
meaningful experiences.

Design thinking's human-centric approach places users at the heart of the design process. By
deeply understanding users' needs, involving them throughout the process, and continuously
refining solutions based on their feedback, design thinking ensures that the final products and
experiences are truly tailored to the users' desires and deliver meaningful value.

Here's a further explanation:

1. 1.User Empathy: Designers seek to understand their perspectives, motivations,

behaviors, and aspirations through research, interviews, observations, and other
user-centered methods. By putting themselves in the users' shoes, designers gain deep
insights into their needs, challenges, and desires.
2.
3. 2.User Involvement: Users are not mere recipients of the final product but active
participants who provide feedback, insights, and co-creation opportunities. Their input is
sought and valued at each stage, enabling designers to iterate and refine their solutions
based on real user experiences and preferences.
4.
5. 3.Problem Framing: Designers immerse themselves in the users' context to identify the
underlying needs and problems they face. This user-centric problem framing ensures
that the design solutions address genuine pain points and create value for the users.
6.
7. 4.Iterative Prototyping and Testing: Design thinking employs rapid prototyping and
testing to involve users in the co-creation and validation of design solutions. Through
prototypes, designers can gather feedback early on and iterate on their ideas based on
user reactions and preferences. This iterative process ensures that the final solution
aligns with the users' expectations and needs.
8.
9. 5.User Experience Design: Design thinking prioritizes creating positive and meaningful
user experiences. It goes beyond functional requirements and considers emotional,
social, and aesthetic aspects. Designers strive to create intuitive, engaging, and
delightful experiences that resonate with users and build lasting connections.
10.
11. 6.Iterative Refinement: Design thinking recognizes that understanding users' needs
and creating successful solutions is an ongoing process. It encourages continuous
learning, iteration, and refinement based on user feedback and changing user needs.
Designers embrace feedback as an opportunity for growth and improvement, ensuring
that their solutions continuously evolve to meet the users' evolving expectations.
14.