International Journal of Materials, Manufacturing and Sustainable Technologies (IJMMST)

Vol. 2, Issue 1, page 01-15, April 2023 ISSN: 2583-6625 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.56896/IJMMST.2023.2.1.001

Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development Goal of Clean and Affordable Energy
*Sunil Kumar1, Kavita Rathore2
1
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, USA
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
77843, USA
Corresponding Author: Sunil Kumar: E-mail: *[email protected]
Abstract
Energy demand has grown rapidly with increase of global population. Surge in energy
consumption is mainly driven by both economic and technological advancement. The
conventional fossil fuels sources (coal, oil, and natural gas) and nuclear energy are depleting
in nature known as non-renewables. Burning of fossil fuels contribute significant amount of
greenhouse gases emissions, which negatively impact the global ecosystem. Access to energy
is essential for modern civilization, yet we must seek alternative energy sources to protect our
planet by controlling the emissions. Capturing harmful Green House Gases (GHG) with the
help of advanced technologies helps reduce the risk to some extent. However, alternative
energy sources must be renewable and sustainable. Renewable energy resources vary by
geographical location and include solar, wind, hydro, and bioenergy, among others. The most
appealing primary benefits of renewable energy include its low environmental impact,
consistent availability even in challenging weather conditions, and its effectiveness in
reducing pollution. Additionally, renewable energy contributes to economic growth, fosters
job creation, and enhances energy security. However, there are challenges associated with
renewable energy storage, which scientists are actively working to address. In addition,
public opposition for the installation of renewable energy infrastructure also create
difficulties. Increasing public education and awareness regarding the advantages of
renewable energy can assist increasing the acceptability, which can further help policymakers
in making well-informed decisions. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of diverse
renewable energy sources and their current advancements in development. This review
further finds that effective government policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, coupled
with improved technology and storage solutions, the adoption of renewable energy will
expand significantly in the coming years.
Keywords: Renewable Energy, Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydro energy, Tidal energy,
Geothermal energy, Biomass Energy, Climate Change

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 1

 1. Introduction
The growth of the global population, combined with industrialization for economic progress,
fuels an escalating demand for energy, emphasizing the importance of cultivating a wide
range of energy sources. Energy's significance can be understood through various aspects,
including (1) fulfilling basic necessities (e.g., lighting, heating, and cooking facilities), (2)
promoting economic development (e.g., agriculture, industry, and transportation), (3)
facilitating communication and access to information (e.g., mobile phones and the internet),
(4) enhancing health and well-being (by minimizing exposure to indoor air pollution and other
health risks), and (5) tackling climate change (greenhouse gas emissions). As a result, energy
should be regarded as a fundamental human right, which includes the right to safe, healthy
environment, adequate housing, and the right to access information [1,2].
The United Nations (UN) has incorporated affordable and clean energy as one of the
Sustainable Development Goals, also known as Goal 7 [3]. The UN report indicates that
access to clean cooking fuels and technologies has increased by only 12%, leaving 4 billion
people still reliant on inefficient and polluting cooking systems. In order to achieve the
energy efficiency targets, set in goal 7 by 2030, an average annual improvement rate of 3.2%
is required. Over the last decade (2010-2019), In total final energy consumption, the
proportion of renewable energy increased only by 1.6%, reaching 17.7% in 2019. This slow
progress underscores the need for more substantial efforts. The report warns that if current
trends continue, by 2030, only 92% of the global population will have access to electricity.
This would result in 670 million people, primarily in rural and remote areas, being left
without essential services such as lighting, heating, and communication. To address these
challenges and ensure that clean and sustainable energy is available to all, increased
investments, supportive policies, and innovative solutions are required to accelerate the
acceptance of renewable energy, enhance energy efficiency, and expand access to clean
cooking fuels and technologies [4].
To support economic and technological development, fossil fuels have been utilized for years
to satisfy the energy demand of the world. But the fossil fuels are depleting and consistently
contributing to environmental pollution through emission of GHG resulting in climate
change. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is one of the main contributor to climate change.
There is a widespread understanding that, to prevent severe consequences world must
urgently reduce GHG emissions. However, the distribution of this responsibility among
regions, nations, and individuals has been a continuous source of disagreement in
international debates.
As a result, humanity confronts two main challenges: protecting the environment and
discovering sustainable energy sources for the future that have minimal environmental
impact. Due to these reasons, renewable energy sources have garnered significant interest.
Attention needs to be focused on the type, efficacy, efficiency, conversion rate and
affordability of renewable energy. However, experts and policy makers unanimously agree
that renewable energy alone is not sufficient to serve all the needs of the population,
businesses, and services around the world. Collaborating with renewable energy sources and
other low carbon alternatives like nuclear power (including both fission and fusion) plays a
critical role in attaining worldwide net zero targets by contributing to a sustainable energy

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 2

framework that aims to decarbonize the generation of both electric and non-electric energy.
Several types of nuclear fission reactor exist [5]. All the nuclear reactors are designed to
operate safely and equipped with automatic active and passive shutdown systems [6–11].
Specifically, after Fukushima nuclear accident substantial research on assessing and
upgrading passive safety systems to deal with Station Black Out (SBO) conditions has been
performed [12–16]. The largest fusion reactor known as International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor (ITER) is under development. Rigorous research to support different
functionalities and explore the underlying physics has been performed by various researchers
[17–23]. The optimization of energy mix is the only way to have sustainable growth and
reduce the emissions effectively as required by Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenarios.
Countries are developing new technologies in the field of renewable energy sources
utilization that can lead to reduced carbon discharge in atmosphere [24].
This paper explores advancements in technology within the realm of renewable energy
sources, specifically focusing on solar, wind, hydro, tidal, biomass, and geothermal energy.
The study presents an overview of potential and effectiveness of various energy sources in
the context of reducing emissions, which will ultimately contribute to mitigating the rapidly
deteriorating Earth's climate.
2. Reasons Why Renewable Energy Needs Greater Attention
Climate change is a consequence of excessive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily
composed of carbon dioxide gas. Evolution of annual carbon production from 1750 till 2021
is shown in figure 1 [25,26]. The data indicates that the rate of carbon emissions has
experienced an almost linear increase since 1950.

Figure 1: The increase in global CO2 emissions from the mid-18th century up to the year 2021(Source:
Our world in data [25,26].)

The world's annual CO2 emissions maps for the years 1900 and 2021 are displayed in Figure
2a and 2b, respectively [25,26]. An analytical comparison of Figures 1 and 2 suggests that

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 3

global economic development caused a significant increase of carbon emissions. Figure 2b
further reveals that larger economies are the primary contributors to these emissions.

(a) (b)
Figure 2: Energy-related CO2 emissions maps for the world, derived from fossil fuels and industry in (a)
1900 and (b) 2021 [25,26].

Overall result of the GHG emissions is climate change leading to long-term modification of
Earth's climate patterns, including temperature, rain, and weather events. The impact includes
rising global temperatures (> 2.8°C by year 2100, if current energy and political policies are
continued), melting ice caps and glaciers, more frequent and severe weather events (such as
hurricanes, droughts, and floods), rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and shifts in
ecosystems and wildlife populations. The consequences of climate change pose significant
risks to human societies, economies, and the natural environment, making it a critical global
challenge that requires urgent action to mitigate and adapt to its effects.
3. Renewable Energy
Due to the consequences of climate change and the finite nature of fossil fuels, it is essential
to explore natural resources that can be continually and sustainably replenished over time.
Renewable energy sources offer a solution with minimal environmental impact, helping to
decrease reliance on non-renewable resources. A common type of renewable energy source
has been discussed in following sections.
3.1 Solar Energy
Solar energy is one of most prevalent form of renewable energy, which is characterized as
active and passive based on method of harnessing the power [27,28]. A simple process for
getting solar energy-based electrical power in a home involves (1) Site Assessment, (2)
System Design, (3) Permits and Approvals, (4) Installation, (5) Wiring and Connection, (6)
Metering and Monitoring, (7) Activation and Testing, and (8) Energy Transfer. Depending on
the location, topography, natural environments cities/states/countries need to access the

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 4

feasibility of installation. Li and Huang et al. noticed some of the obstructions in
implementing solar energy as a substitute for conventional energy, which need to be
addressed by the policy makers [29]. Absorbed solar energy can be successfully transformed
into electrical energy. Zhang et al. in his historical perspective journal showed up the
evolution of different semiconductors, which are important for solar energy implementations
and found that Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) is most appropriate in reference to band distance and
outstanding optical and electrical characteristics [30]. Roy et al., designed concentrated solar
energy delivery system that can yield sunlight to utilize in daylight. The system is capable of
effectively concentrating sunlight and distribute into buildings along with rapid and
sustainable waste water treatment [31–33]. Study by Xu et al. investigated the solar collector
rectangular fins optimization with paraffin as energy storage medium to best heat transfer
performance. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems can further can be implemented to
further control the operations [34]. There are different methods adopted by the researchers to
increase the efficiency of the solar system [35]. Different heat transfer enhancements
techniques such as artificial roughness, different fin shapes, and arrangements can be
implemented to improve the efficiency of solar system [36,37]. The thermal hydraulic
parameters with respect to fins, air pass passage needs to optimize for advancement of
technology [38,39]. Research has demonstrated that the utilization of Phase Change Materials
(PCM) can enhance the effectiveness of heat exchangers and can serve as a medium for the
storage of solar energy during low sensible heat transfer operations. [40]. The PCM itself can
be modified to improve the efficiency of system [41–44].
3.2 Wind Energy
Wind energy is second most important renewable sources of energy in the world and will
likely become the increasingly important within next two decade [45]. The factors such as
site selection, choice of wind generators, wind velocity, wind power are critical for
installation as well as development of probabilistic models [46]. Wind energy is a sustainable
alternative source that can be utilized even in bad weather conditions. Proper placement of
wind turbines is important for efficiency, typically on high columns with a recommended
altitude of 30 m and 5-15 times apart in respect to blade diameter. The most popular
horizontal axis windmill has three blades and a power generation capacity of 50-350 kW
[47]. Pozo et al., showed that wind power stations is a great ecologically and economically
alternative for use as it provides cost reduction, climate change reduction and positive impact
on economy and environment [48]. Liu et al., presented the basic theories and method of
multi-objective optimization technology, with its application to wind energy forecasting. The
study discusses different enhancement procedures to enhance the prediction efficiency in
different ways [49]. A review study by Borawski et al., examined the market of wind energy
in the European Union (EU) and the state’s role in developing renewable energy sources.
Using ARIMA and basic statistics, study analyzes changes in wind energy and predicts an
increase in installed capacity in most UE countries. Germany (31026 MW), Spain (18602
MW), UK (7894 MW), and France (6108 MW) have highest collective installed capacities,
with Germany having the biggest average annual installed capacity and the highest average
wind electricity production [50]. The methodology proposed by Gao et al., can be applied to
quantify the cost of variability of wind power and address the intermittency for different
geographical regions worldwide [51]. Systematic technological developments further

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 5

improve the efficiency of the wind power plants [52–54]. Utilizing a combination of
artificial intelligence and metaheuristic algorithms results in higher performance compared to
using only classic methods. [55].
3.3 Hydro Energy
Hydro energy is obtained by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water. It is commonly
used in hydroelectric power plants, where the force of falling water is used to spin turbines,
generating electricity. Hydro energy can be used in large-scale applications, such as powering
cities, and in smaller-scale applications, such as powering homes [56]. The case study
presented by Itani et al., finds the potential of obtaining energy using hydro turbines at
residual pressure hotspots in water transmission pipelines. Observations indicated that an
increase in transmission system velocities results in higher power generation; however, it is
also associated with an increase in pump station costs. Plants with a capacity of 650 kW - 2
MW are feasible in water transmission pipelines. Water transmission systems utilizing
traditional turbines are economically viable, with a payback period of less than 10 years[57].
Chen et al., presented a PHCAES system that uses a salt cavern for energy storage. Study
finds that pump efficiency has major influence on system performance. The system has high
thermodynamic. A significantly improved economy and recovery cycle can be achieved with
an energy storage capacity of over 2.4 MW. The economic performance of energy storage
systems is primarily limited by the cost of salt caverns, with larger-scale systems having
better prospects compared to smaller-scale ones [58]. A study by Cheng et al., finds that
pumped hydro energy storage is the leading method of energy storage, constituting 97% of
global capacity. Off-river pumped hydro energy storage, along with strong interconnections
and effective demand management, can support a highly renewable electricity system at a
reasonable cost. The East Asia region has considerable potential for wind, solar, and pumped
hydro energy resources [59]. Recent technological developments further improve the
performance and efficiency of the power plant where artificial intelligence and virtual reality
can be extremely helpful [60].
3.4 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy harnesses the power of ocean tides to produce electricity by the rise and fall of
seal levels due to gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Technologies like tidal barrages,
tidal turbines, and tidal lagoons are used to convert tidal power to electricity and delivered to
homes/businesses. Tidal energy has several advantages, such as its predictability, as tides are
highly predictable and consistent, and its low carbon footprint, as it doesn't produce any
greenhouse gas emissions. Despite limitations, tidal energy has significant potential as a
renewable energy source, specifically in region with large tidal ranges, such as the UK,
Canada, and France [61,62]. A review article by Khan et al., Tidal power stations produce
power from 10-100 of MW. Ocean energy is a clean renewable source, but there are some
environmental concerns [63]. Roberts et al., reviewed the suitability of various tidal power
technologies that have been developed for small-scale power generation in shallow near-
shore waters. Vertical and horizontally oriented cross flow turbines and oscillating hydrofoils
appear well suited due to their high densities and unconstrained maximum device size. Tidal
kites, tidal barrages, and lagoons are deemed less appropriate for this scenario. Micro
hydropower devices like Archimedes screws and gravitation water vortices could be suitable

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 6

for shallow tidal applications [64]. Distance of the tidal power plant from shore is a factor to
consider when identifying a potential site [65]. Murray et al. have discovered that using a
rotating, standalone data acquisition system for a tidal turbine in operation, equipped with
embedded blade strain gages, is a significant advancement for the marine energy sector.
Better communication and monitoring systems should be invested to improve the capabilities.
Wireless data transmission should be adopted to actively transmit data from submerged,
rotating, operational turbines [66]. Advanced modeling techniques, such as Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD), can simulate the impact of waves and currents on tidal turbine power
performance. This enables the identification of the long-term reliability of tidal stream
turbines, generation of wave profiles under different currents, and evaluation of turbine
performance with varying wave frequencies and heights [67]. These developments help
improve the efficiency and effectiveness of towards reduced emissions goal.
3.5 Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is low carbon content based renewable energy. It is heat derived from
Earth’s internal thermal energy. It can be harnessed for power generation and heating/cooling
applications. Heat can be extracted from the Earth's interior using wells or other systems
designed to transfer the heat to the surface. It shows considerable potential worldwide for
supplying renewable energy [68]. A case study on China by Wang et al., showed that it has
become a key area of development in many countries due to its minimum installation cost,
wide availability, low environmental impact, low operating costs, and high reliability. Public
awareness is necessary for spreading awareness about geothermal energy [69]. The
environmental impact of geothermal energy is generally less than other clean energies, but
emissions of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide must be monitored. As geothermal energy
expands, it is necessary to standardize compliance with environmental regulations and create
strategies for sustainable development [70]. Trunov et al., presented an interesting application
of geothermal energy on heating and cooling livestock premises. This study examines the
critical parameters affecting energy consumption and cost reduction in maintaining a
microclimate in livestock premises using a heat exchanger. The study explores factors such as
the flow rate of cold water in the heat exchanger, cooling surface area, and length of tubes in
the probe heat exchanger buried in soil [71]. Technological advancement in geothermal
energy can help generate power and more non-traditional applications of this kind.
3.6 Biomass Energy
Biomass energy refers to the energy that is generated by burning or otherwise converting
organic materials, such as plants, agricultural and forestry residues, and municipal waste. The
energy extracted from biomass sources can be utilized to generate electricity, produce heat,
and power transportation through fuels. It is considered a renewable source because the plants
and other organic materials used for biomass can be replenished relatively quickly.
Additionally, burning biomass typically releases fewer greenhouse gases than burning fossil
fuels, making it a potentially more sustainable energy source [72]. Biofuels can be produced
through thermal conversion, biological conversion, and physical conversion, which utilize
various chemical reactor configurations and designs. Thermochemical conversion processes
are considered more efficient, cost-effective, and versatile in providing a broader range of
energy, fuel, and chemical options compared to other conversion processes [73]. Advance

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 7

plasma processing techniques can be used for Catalytic Cracking for vegetable oils
conversion to biofuels. Plasma processing is employed for conversion of heavier oils to
lighter oils with reduced carbon emissions [74,75]. Review by Sharma et al, discussed
various thermal, thermochemical, and microbial processes that can be used to convert
biomass into liquid and gaseous fuels, similar to fossil fuels. These processes can also be
used to manufacture specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and natural polymers [76]. Alper
et al., discussed that hydrothermal and pyrolysis processes commonly used in biomass
processing, highlighting the advantages of hydrothermal processing such as its applicability
to any biomass and waste, low operating temperatures, and adjustability of operating
conditions. Despite their benefits, the handling of large volumes of water and high investment
costs are drawbacks of these technologies. Hydrothermal processing can produce bio-oils for
high-value chemicals and fuel, nano and micro sized carbon particles, and gases for
electricity, heat, chemicals, and liquid fuels. [77]. A case study by Tun et al, addressed that
biomass energy has a strong effect on social development through economic sustainability,
job creation, and achieving sustainable development goals [78].
4. The Road to Future
Renewable energy sources are crucial for a sustainable future, and countries must recognize
this and comply with international norms established after the Paris Agreement in 2015. The
ongoing efforts of intergovernmental agencies have led to the development of scenarios that
aim to reduce carbon emissions and achieve a Net Zero Emissions (NZE) state, limiting the
temperature increase to 1.5°C by 2050 and beyond. Responsible behavior and minimal
conflict between nations are essential for ensuring a secure future for future generations.
5. Conclusion
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the cause and effects of GHG emissions
on climate change and sustainable development goals. Global emissions have been on the rise
since the mid-18th century and have increased exponentially during the 19th and 20th
centuries due to excessive burning of fossil fuels driven by industrialization and the pursuit of
economic development. Immediate actions with strict adherence are necessary to address
climate change and support sustainable development. The study provides a comprehensive
overview of the latest technological advancements in renewable energy sources and their
suitability for deployment in different geographical conditions. The implementation of
renewable energy sources can effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to
mitigating the negative impacts of global climate deterioration. To optimize the use of
renewable energy sources, it is crucial to advance the technology and engineering systems
associated with them through real-world case studies. Improving the efficiency and
performance of renewable energy resources is crucial for achieving sustainable development
and ensuring access to energy for all.
Author Contributions
Sunil Kumar (SK) and Kavita Rathore (KR) both made equal contributions to the literature
survey and writing of this manuscript.

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 8

Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
References
[1] L. Löfquist, Is there a universal human right to electricity?, Int. J. Hum. Rights. 24
(2020) 711–723. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1671355.
[2] Why Access To Energy Should Be A Basic Human Right, (n.d.).
https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikehughes1/2018/12/10/why-access-to-energy-should-
be-a-basic-human-right/?sh=382ecab945f2 (accessed March 6, 2023).
[3] Energy - United Nations Sustainable Development, (n.d.).
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/ (accessed March 7, 2023).
[4] U.N.D. of E. and S. Affairs, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019, United
Nations Publ. Issued by Dep. Econ. Soc. Aff. (2019) 64.
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/%0Ahttps://www.un-
ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210018098%0Ahttps://www.un-
ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210478878.
[5] Nuclear Power Reactors | How does a nuclear reactor work? - World Nuclear
Association, (n.d.). https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-
cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/nuclear-power-reactors.aspx.
[6] IAEA-TECDOC-1624, (2009).
[7] S. Kumar, P.K. Vijayan, U. Kannan, M. Sharma, D.S. Pilkhwal, Experimental and
computational simulation of thermal stratification in large pools with immersed
condenser by, Appl. Therm. Eng. 113 (2017) 345–361.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.175.
[8] P.K. Verma, A.K. Nayak, V. Jain, P.K. Vijayan, K.K. Vaze, Suppression of thermal
stratification in gravity driven water pool of an advanced reactor using shrouds, Ann.
Nucl. Energy. 58 (2013) 221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2013.03.012.
[9] S. Kumar, R.B. Grover, P.K. Vijayan, U. Kannan, Numerical investigation on the
effect of shrouds around an immersed isolation condenser on the thermal stratification
in large pools, Ann. Nucl. Energy. 110 (2017) 109–125.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2017.06.022.
[10] J. Vikas, A.K. Nayak, M. Dhiman, P.P. Kulkarni, P.K. Vijayan, K.K. Vaze, Role of
passive safety features in prevention and mitigation of severe plant conditions in indian
advanced heavy water reactor, Nucl. Eng. Technol. 45 (2013) 625–636.
https://doi.org/10.5516/NET.03.2013.013.
[11] S. Kumar, P.K. Vijayan, M. Sharma, D.S. Pilkhwal, U. Kannan, A.K. Nayak,
Experimental and numerical analysis of thermal stratification in large water pool,
(2015). http://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:47073982 (accessed
January 12, 2021).

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 9

[12] Design Provisions for Withstanding Station Blackout at Nuclear Power Plants, (n.d.).
http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ (accessed March 21, 2023).
[13] S. Kumar, R.B. Grover, H. Yadav, P.K. Vijayan, U. Kannan, A. Agrawal,
Experimental and numerical investigation on suppression of thermal stratification in a
water-pool: PIV measurements and CFD simulations, Appl. Therm. Eng. 138 (2018)
686–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2018.04.070.
[14] R. Gaikwad, R. Shrivastava, P.K. Verma, Experimental investigation on suppression
of thermal stratification in large water pool using seven shroud arrangement, AIP
Conf. Proc. 2200 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141212.
[15] P.E. Juhn, J. Kupitz, J. Cleveland, B. Cho, R.. Lyon, IAEA activities on passive safety
systems and overview of international development, Nucl. Eng. Des. 201 (2000) 41–
59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-5493(00)00260-0.
[16] S. Kumar, R.B. Grover, H. Yadav, P.K. Vijayan, U. Kannan, A. Agrawal, R.B. Grover,
U. Kannan, H. Yadav, A. Agrawal, Experimental Investigations on Thermal
Stratification in a Large Pool of Water With Immersed Isolation Condenser, Int. Conf.
Nucl. Eng. Proceedings, ICONE. 3 (2020) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICONE2020-
16647.
[17] P.H. Rebut, ITER: the first experimental fusion reactor, Fusion Eng. Des. 30 (1995)
85–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(94)00403-T.
[18] K. Rathore, S. Bhattacharjee, P. Munshi, Characterization of microwave plasma in a
multicusp using 2D emission based tomography: Bessel modes and wave absorption,
Phys. Plasmas. 24 (2017) 063503. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4984248.
[19] E.R. Kumar, C. Danani, I. Sandeep, C. Chakrapani, N.R. Pragash, V. Chaudhari, C.
Rotti, P.M. Raole, J. Alphonsa, S.P. Deshpande, Preliminary design of Indian Test
Blanket Module for ITER, Fusion Eng. Des. 83 (2008) 1169–1172.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2008.07.030.
[20] L.M. Giancarli, M. Abdou, D.J. Campbell, V.A. Chuyanov, M.Y. Ahn, M. Enoeda, C.
Pan, Y. Poitevin, E. Rajendra Kumar, I. Ricapito, Y. Strebkov, S. Suzuki, P.C. Wong,
M. Zmitko, Overview of the ITER TBM Program, Fusion Eng. Des. 87 (2012) 395–
402. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.11.005.
[21] K. Rathore, P. Munshi, S. Bhattacharjee, Design of a portable optical emission
tomography system for microwave induced compact plasma for visible to near-infrared
emission lines, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4942768.
[22] J. Xiao, J.R. Travis, W. Breitung, T. Jordan, Numerical analysis of hydrogen risk
mitigation measures for support of ITER licensing, Fusion Eng. Des. 85 (2010) 205–
214. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2009.12.008.
[23] K. Rathore, S. Bhattacharjee, D.N. Patel, P. Munshi, Optical Emission Spectroscopy-
Based Tomography for Compact Low-Pressure Microwave Plasma in a Multicusp,
IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 45 (2017) 2492–2503.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2017.2734963.
Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 10
[24] Y. Cheng, X. Yao, Carbon intensity reduction assessment of renewable energy
technology innovation in China: A panel data model with cross-section dependence
and slope heterogeneity, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 135 (2021) 110157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110157.
[25] CO2 emissions - Our World in Data, (n.d.). https://ourworldindata.org/co2-
emissions#citation (accessed March 26, 2023).
[26] H. Ritchie, M. Roser, P. Rosado, CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Our World
Data. (2020).
[27] Solar Energy | EESI, (n.d.). https://www.eesi.org/topics/solar/description (accessed
March 16, 2023).
[28] V.P. Singh, S. Jain, A. Karn, A. Kumar, G. Dwivedi, C.S. Meena, N. Dutt, A. Ghosh,
Recent Developments and Advancements in Solar Air Heaters: A Detailed Review,
Sustain. 2022, Vol. 14, Page 12149. 14 (2022) 12149.
https://doi.org/10.3390/SU141912149.
[29] J. Li, J. Huang, The expansion of China’s solar energy: Challenges and policy options,
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 132 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2020.110002.
[30] J. Zhang, X. Yuan, M. Si, L. Jiang, H. Yu, Historical perspective Core-shell structured
cadmium sulfide nanocomposites for solar energy utilization, (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102209.
[31] J.S. Roy, S. Morency, G. Dugas, Y. Messaddeq, Development of an extremely
concentrated solar energy delivery system using silica optical fiber bundle for
deployment of solar energy: Daylighting to photocatalytic wastewater treatment, Sol.
Energy. 214 (2021) 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2020.11.061.
[32] C.S. Meena, A.N. Prajapati, A. Kumar, M. Kumar, Utilization of Solar Energy for
Water Heating Application to Improve Building Energy Efficiency: An Experimental
Study, Build. 2022, Vol. 12, Page 2166. 12 (2022) 2166.
https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS12122166.
[33] C.S. Meena, A. Kumar, S. Jain, A.U. Rehman, S. Mishra, N.K. Sharma, M. Bajaj, M.
Shafiq, E.T. Eldin, Innovation in Green Building Sector for Sustainable Future,
Energies 2022, Vol. 15, Page 6631. 15 (2022) 6631.
https://doi.org/10.3390/EN15186631.
[34] N. Dutt, A. Binjola, A. J. Hedau, A. Kumar, V.P. Singh, C.S. Meena, Comparison of
CFD Results of Smooth Air Duct with Experimental and Avialable Equations in
Literature, Int. J. Energy Resources Applications. Vol. 1 (1), p.n. 40-47 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.56896/IJERA.2022.1.1.006.
[35] S.; K.; Patel, N.B.; Ali, A.; Armghan, K. Aliqab, K. Tian, W. Yang, S. Lin, H. Alsaif,
S.K. Patel, N. Ben Ali, A. Armghan, K. Aliqab, Numerical Simulation and Structure
Optimization of Multilayer Metamaterial Plus-Shaped Solar Absorber Design Based
on Graphene and SiO2 Substrate for Renewable Energy Generation, Math. 2023, Vol.
Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 11
 11, Page 282. 11 (2023) 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/MATH11020282.
[36] V.P. Singh, S. Jain, A. Karn, A. Kumar, G. Dwivedi, C.S. Meena, R. Cozzolino,
Mathematical Modeling of Efficiency Evaluation of Double-Pass Parallel Flow Solar
Air Heater, Sustain. 2022, Vol. 14, Page 10535. 14 (2022) 10535.
https://doi.org/10.3390/SU141710535.
[37] V.P. Singh, S. Jain, A. Kumar, Establishment of correlations for the thermo-hydraulic
parameters due to perforation in a multi-V rib roughened single pass solar air heater,
Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/08916152.2022.2064940. (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2022.2064940.
[38] V.P. Singh, S. Jain, A. Karn, G. Dwivedi, A. Kumar, S. Mishra, N.K. Sharma, M.
Bajaj, H.M. Zawbaa, S. Kamel, Heat transfer and friction factor correlations
development for double pass solar air heater artificially roughened with perforated
multi-V ribs, Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 39 (2022) 102461.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSITE.2022.102461.
[39] V.P. Singh, S. Jain, A. Karn, G. Dwivedi, T. Alam, A. Kumar, Experimental
Assessment of Variation in Open Area Ratio on Thermohydraulic Performance of
Parallel Flow Solar Air Heater, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. (2022) 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1007/S13369-022-07525-7/TABLES/3.
[40] P.K. Kushwaha, N.K. Sharma, A. Kumar, C.S. Meena, Recent Advancements in
Augmentation of Solar Water Heaters Using Nanocomposites with PCM: Past,
Present, and Future, Build. 2023, Vol. 13, Page 79. 13 (2022) 79.
https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS13010079.
[41] C. Prieto, A. Lopez-Roman, N. Martínez, J.M. Morera, L.F. Cabeza, Improvement of
Phase Change Materials (PCM) Used for Solar Process Heat Applications, Molecules.
26 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26051260.
[42] S. Kumar, A. Thyagarajan, D. Banerjee, Experimental Investigation of Thermal
Energy Storage (TES) Platform Leveraging Phase Change Materials in a Chevron
Plate Heat Exchanger, in: Int. Mech. Eng. Congr. Expo., 2022: pp. 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2022-96226.
[43] S. Kumar, A. Thyagarajan, D. Banerjee, An investigation on chevron plate heat
exchanger filled with organic phase change material, in: Proc. ASME 2020 Heat
Transf. Summer Conf. HT2020 July 13-15, 2020, Virtual, Online, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 2020: pp. 1–6.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1115/HT2020-9122.
[44] H.M. Ali, Phase change materials based thermal energy storage for solar energy
systems, J. Build. Eng. 56 (2022) 104731.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2022.104731.
[45] W.E. Leithead, Wind energy, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 365
(2007) 957–970. https://doi.org/10.1098/RSTA.2006.1955.
[46] G.M. Joselin Herbert, S. Iniyan, E. Sreevalsan, S. Rajapandian, A review of wind
Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 12
 energy technologies, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 11 (2007) 1117–1145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2005.08.004.
[47] N.K.M.A. Alrikabi, Renewable Energy Types, J. Clean Energy Technol. (2014) 61–
64. https://doi.org/10.7763/JOCET.2014.V2.92.
[48] H. Pozo, C./ Fatec, R. Lara, W. Brazil, P. Luiz, U. Soares, C. Santa, G. Brazil, A.
Kazue, Wind power renewable energy generation to reduce Cost and the greenhouse
effect, Arch. Bus. Res. 8 (2020) 1–21. https://doi.org/10.14738/ABR.81.7494.
[49] H. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Duan, C. Chen, A review on multi-objective optimization framework
in wind energy forecasting techniques and applications, Energy Convers. Manag. 224
(2020) 113324. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2020.113324.
[50] P. Bórawski, A. Bełdycka-Bórawska, K.J. Jankowski, B. Dubis, J.W. Dunn,
Development of wind energy market in the European Union, Renew. Energy. 161
(2020) 691–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2020.07.081.
[51] Y. Gao, S. Ma, T. Wang, T. Wang, Y. Gong, F. Peng, A. Tsunekawa, Assessing the
wind energy potential of China in considering its variability/intermittency, Energy
Convers. Manag. 226 (2020) 113580.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2020.113580.
[52] G.S. Chawda, A.G. Shaik, O.P. Mahela, S. Padmanaban, Performance Improvement of
Weak Grid-Connected Wind Energy System Using FLSRF-Controlled DSTATCOM,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 70 (2023) 1565–1575.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2022.3158012.
[53] A.C. Kirby, F. Briol, T. Dunstan, T. Nishino, Data-driven modelling of turbine wake
interactions and flow resistance in large wind farms, (2023).
[54] R. Pandit, D. Infield, M. Santos, Accounting for Environmental Conditions in Data-
Driven Wind Turbine Power Models, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy. 14 (2023) 168–
177. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2022.3204453.
[55] D. Bouabdallaoui, T. Haidi, M. El Jaadi, Review of current artificial intelligence
methods and metaheuristic algorithms for wind power prediction, Indones. J. Electr.
Eng. Comput. Sci. 29 (2023) 626–634.
https://doi.org/10.11591/IJEECS.V29.I2.PP626-634.
[56] A. Lejeune, S.L. Hui, Hydro Power: A Multi Benefit Solution for Renewable Energy,
Compr. Renew. Energy. 6 (2012) 15–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-087872-
0.00602-8.
[57] Y. Itani, M.R. Soliman, M. Kahil, Recovering energy by hydro-turbines application in
water transmission pipelines: A case study west of Saudi Arabia, Energy. 211 (2020)
118613. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2020.118613.
[58] H. Chen, H. Wang, R. Li, Y. Zhang, X. He, Thermo-dynamic and economic analysis
of s a novel near- isothermal pumped hydro compressed air energy storage system, J.
Energy Storage. 30 (2020) 101487. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EST.2020.101487.

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 13

[59] C. Cheng, A. Blakers, M. Stocks, B. Lu, Pumped hydro energy storage and 100 %
renewable electricity for East Asia, Glob. Energy Interconnect. 2 (2019) 386–392.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOEI.2019.11.013.
[60] A. Christe, A. Faulstich, M. Vasiladiotis, P. Steinmann, World's First Fully-
Rated Direct ac/ac MMC for Variable-Speed Pumped-Storage Hydropower Plants,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2022.3204858.
[61] Exploring the Ocean with the Power of Waves - The U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing
System (IOOS), (n.d.). https://ioos.noaa.gov/news/exploring-the-ocean-with-the-
power-of-waves/ (accessed March 18, 2023).
[62] Tidal power - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), (n.d.).
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydropower/tidal-power.php (accessed March
18, 2023).
[63] N. Khan, A. Kalair, N. Abas, A. Haider, Review of ocean tidal, wave and thermal
energy technologies, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 72 (2017) 590–604.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2017.01.079.
[64] A. Roberts, B. Thomas, P. Sewell, Z. Khan, S. Balmain, J. Gillman, Current tidal
power technologies and their suitability for applications in coastal and marine areas, J.
Ocean Eng. Mar. Energy. 2 (2016) 227–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40722-016-
0044-8/FIGURES/10.
[65] R. Rosli, E. Dimla, A review of tidal current energy resource assessment: Current
status and trend, 5th Int. Conf. Renew. Energy Gener. Appl. ICREGA 2018. 2018-
January (2018) 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICREGA.2018.8337585.
[66] R.E. Murray, A. Simms, A. Bharath, R. Beach, M. Murphy, L. Kilcher, A. Scholbrock,
Toward the Instrumentation and Data Acquisition of a Tidal Turbine in Real Site
Conditions, Energies. 16 (2023) 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/EN16031255/S1.
[67] B. Liu, S. Park, CFD Simulations of the Effects of Wave and Current on Power
Performance of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Stream Turbine, J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, Vol.
11, Page 425. 11 (2023) 425. https://doi.org/10.3390/JMSE11020425.
[68] R. Ellmies, G. Franken, K. Kessels, M. Kraml, N. Ochmann, A. Fikre-Mariam, T.
Hamlin, Geothermal energy for sustainable development, (2004).
[69] Y. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Dou, M. Li, M. Zeng, Geothermal energy in China: Status,
challenges, and policy recommendations, Util. Policy. 64 (2020) 101020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JUP.2020.101020.
[70] Z.I. González-Acevedo, M.A. García-Zarate, Z.I. González-Acevedo, M.A. García-
Zarate, Geothermal Energy as an Alternative to Reduce Atmospheric Emissions and
Provide Green Energy, Green Technol. to Improv. Environ. Earth. (2018).
https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80759.

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 14

[71] IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science Energy-saving installation
for heating and cooling livestock premises using geothermal energy, (n.d.).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1138/1/012043.
[72] Biomass Basics: The Facts About Bioenergy, (n.d.).
[73] T. Bridgwater, Biomass for energy, J. Sci. Food Agric. 86 (2006) 1755–1768.
https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2605.
[74] T. Riyanto, I. Istadi, L. Buchori, D.D. Anggoro, A.B.D. Nandiyanto, Plasma-assisted
catalytic cracking as an advanced process for vegetable oils conversion to biofuels: A
mini review, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 59 (2020) 17632–17652.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.IECR.0C03253/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/IE0C03253
_0017.GIF.
[75] K. Rathore, S.I. Bhuiyan, S.M. Slavens, D. Staack, Microplasma ball reactor for JP-8
liquid hydrocarbon conversion to lighter fuels, Fuel. 285 (2021) 118943.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2020.118943.
[76] S. Sharma, R. Meena, A. Sharma, P. Kumar Goyal, A. Prof, Biomass Conversion
Technologies for Renewable Energy and Fuels: A Review Note, IOSR J. Mech. Civ.
Eng. (IOSR-JMCE. 11 (n.d.) 28–35.
www.iosrjournals.orgwww.iosrjournals.org28%7C (accessed March 19, 2023).
[77] K. Alper, K. Tekin, S. Karagöz, A.J. Ragauskas, Sustainable energy and fuels from
biomass: a review focusing on hydrothermal biomass processing, Sustain. Energy
Fuels. 4 (2020) 4390–4414. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SE00784F.
[78] Z.M. Tun, M. Christwardana, R. Adiguna, H. Hadiyanto, J. Windarta, A Mini Review
on The Biomass Energy Implementation from Economic Perspective in Indonesia, J.
Bioresour. Environ. Sci. 2 (2023) 1–8. https://doi.org/10.14710/JBES.2023.17067.

Original content of this work is copyright © International Journal of Materials,

Manufacturing and Sustainable Technologies. Uses under the Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license at
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Kumar: Renewable Energy for... | https://www.ijmmst.com/home 15