The Commonwealth Caribbean court

2 system: nature and structure

General objectives Introduction
On completion of this chapter, In this chapter, you will investigate the nature and structure of the courts
you should: in Commonwealth Caribbean territories. Firstly, you will develop an
appreciation of the importance attached to classifying law and identifying
understand the importance of the bases upon which different laws are classified. Secondly, you will
classifying laws examine the different courts and jurisdictions and note their status and
rank within the hierarchical structure of the court system. Thirdly, this
develop awareness of the chapter examines the issues involved in the attempts to establish the
workings of the court system Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) to replace the Privy Council as the court
of last resort for Commonwealth Caribbean territories. Finally, this chapter
appreciate the issues involved
looks at alternative ways of handling disputes, or alternative dispute
in establishing the Caribbean
resolution strategies (ADR) through arbitration, and mediation.
Court of Justice
On completion of chapter 2, you will be able to identify the differences
develop the ability critically between public and private law and have a working knowledge of the
to analyse alternative ways of hierarchical structure of the court system. This chapter will help you to
settling disputes. become aware of the structure of the court system and the names of the
various courts that have jurisdiction over specific matters. You should
also develop awareness of the main issues surrounding the proposed
Specific objectives Caribbean Court of Justice and you should appreciate evolving strategies
being used to settle disputes.
You should be able to:
identify the bases on which the Content
law is classified
 Classifications of law
describe the structure of
 Nature and structure of the court system
the court system in the
Commonwealth Caribbean  Jurisdiction of courts in the Commonwealth Caribbean
 The Caribbean Court of Justice
distinguish among the
 Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
jurisdiction of courts in the
Commonwealth Caribbean
Classification of law
explain the reasons advanced
for the establishment of the There are three main ways by which Commonwealth Caribbean law is
classified. These are:
Caribbean Court of Justice
1 by subject matter, for example, tort, contract and real property
outline the main provisions of
the proposed Caribbean Court 2 by function, for example, substantive, procedural, civil and criminal
of Justice 3 by concept, for example, private law and public law.
evaluate alternative ways Laws can be further classified using different approaches. Let us take
of settling disputes in private law and public law as headings. This could result in a form of
Commonwealth Caribbean classification as shown in the table below.
territories.
Private law Public law

The law of torts Constitutional law

The law of contracts Administrative law

The law of real property Criminal law

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 Law Unit 1

The importance of classification

You may at this point be wondering why we need to classify the law.
Example Let us look at the scenario opposite in the example.
You are struck down on the road
by a motor car driven by a drunk One main reason for the classification of law is that classification brings a
driver. The matter is reported uniform set of research, precedent, experiences and procedures to bear on
to the police who bring criminal a case. It gives attorneys the ability to know exactly where to conduct the
proceedings against the driver of research that will contain a solution to specific problems. If an attorney is
the car for negligent driving. But convinced that the law governing your problem will be found within the
what about your medical bills and law of torts, the attorney will research that area of the law. The research
loss of income? How are you to be will be facilitated since all of the books containing material on the law
compensated? The answer is that of torts will be found in the same place in the law library. It is for this
you can seek remedy in tort against reason that available library material is classified and catalogued.
the negligent driver and the owner
of the vehicle if the driver was not Another reason for the classification of law is that it makes available
the owner, and you can take civil a variety of options to clients and attorneys in their attempts to seek
law action within the realm of redress. In the scenario described the police will prosecute the driver
private law. for negligence under public law, but it is up to the injured party to seek
redress under private law. Private law is that area of the law that is
concerned primarily with litigation and procedures and which does not
attract punishment of any of the parties by the imposition of a term
of imprisonment. Within the field of private law a litigant may seek
damages; an injunction; costs against the other party; compensation; and
any of the remedies available at equity.
The classification of the law also helps us to know the remedies available
under the law. For example, under the law of torts, the remedy most
Activity 2.1 usually sought is damages and sometimes an injunction may also be
applied for and obtained by the plaintiff.
Write two paragraphs explaining,
in your own words, why you think
it is a good idea to classify the law. Activity 2.2
Anita bought a car from an unscrupulous car dealer. After only four months
Feedback of having driven it, the car breaks down. The dealer refuses to repair it or to
refund any part of the purchase price, which Anita had paid in full.
A good answer must contain the In anger Anita cuffed the car dealer, knocking out two of his front teeth. The
following elements: car dealer reports the matter to the police who have laid a charge against
Anita. Anita wishes to retain you as her attorney and she would also like to
 the meaning of classification obtain relief with respect to the car.
of law
Explain how knowledge of the classification of law will be of advantage to you
 the importance of knowing
in providing legal services to Anita.
where to find the law under
which a particular problem will
fall for the purpose of problem- Feedback
solving and research by both
lawyers and students A good response would show that you are aware of the various heads under
which the law is classified and where pertinent research material may be
 the importance of knowing
found. You must show that both substantive and procedural laws are to be
the remedies available under a
applied. You must also be able to recognise that Anita’s act against the dealer
particular area of the law.
falls within the area of public law or, more precisely, criminal law, since it
constitutes a criminal act. In addition, you should show that the actions of the
dealer must be examined under private or civil law or, more specifically, the
law of contract.
You should explain that knowledge of the classification of the law is vital
to finding the law necessary to inform the research, which is an essential
prerequisite to giving legal advice or taking legal action on behalf of a client.

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 Chapter 2 The Commonwealth Caribbean court system: nature and structure

Nature and structure of the court system

Introduction
This section focuses on the structure and operation of the courts in
Commonwealth Caribbean territories. This section also discusses the
views of proponents and opponents of the establishment of the Caribbean
Court of Justice (CCJ). Finally, this section examines alternative systems
of dealing with matters before the courts, known as ‘alternative dispute
resolution’ (ADR) that uses arbitration, conciliation and mediation to
resolve some issues.

Criminal and civil courts

Courts in the Commonwealth Caribbean have adopted the hierarchical
structure of courts in England. As in England, and lying at the apex of
the hierarchy of courts, is the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,
based in England. This court is the final Court of Appeal for all the
Commonwealth territories, except the Republic of Guyana. You should
bear in mind that this court of last resort may be replaced by the
Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ).
The highest locally-based court in the Commonwealth Caribbean is
the Supreme Court of the High Court. This court consists of a Court of
Appeal, a High Court and a Full Court of the High Court. The territories,
Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago, have their own
Supreme Court. In the Organization of the Eastern Caribbean States
(OECS), however, although each territory has its own High Court, there
is only one Court of Appeal that serves them all. This court is called the
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.
Below is a list of the various courts that operate in Commonwealth
Caribbean territories. The list is arranged in hierarchical order according
to function and the power to exercise authority over other courts. The
list also includes a column that briefly explains the jurisdiction of the
different courts.

Rank Name of court Jurisdiction

order

1 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council The court of last resort for some Commonwealth Caribbean
territories, except Guyana, Barbados and Belize

2 Court of Appeal With the Caribbean Court of Justice, this is the highest ranking
locally-based court. They can send a case back to the High Court, for
a rehearing

3 The High Court of the Supreme Court Hands down decisions based on the common law

4 The Full Court of the High Court The court of appeal for decisions from the magistrates’ court

5 Family court A court vested with the power and authority to hear and determine
all matters pertaining to the family with the exception of divorce

6 Juvenile court A court vested with the power and authority to hear and determine
all matters pertaining to juveniles

7 Magistrates’ court Court established to deal with petty crime. Decisions are not
reported and cannot produce binding or persuasive precedents
8 Industrial courts Court established to deal with industrial relations matters, only in
Trinidad.

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 Law Unit 1

In at least one jurisdiction, Jamaica, there is a Court of Petty Sessions,

which is presided over by a panel of justices of the Peace.

Jurisdiction of courts in the Commonwealth

Caribbean
Let us now examine the real power that each court has over other
courts within the system. This will help you to understand the relative
importance of the judgments handed down by these courts and whether
you can bypass their judgments and seek redress in other courts.

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

Though the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council has the power to
hear matters of a criminal and civil nature, in civil matters, the Privy
Council will limit its power to hearing matters concerning property
above a certain value, and in criminal matters the Privy Council has to
be satisfied that there is some serious miscarriage of justice. There is,
however, an unfettered right to appeal to the Privy Council in any case
that raises a constitutional or a fundamental right issue.

Court of Appeal
The decisions of the Court of Appeal can be overturned by the Judicial
Committee of the Privy Council. The Court of Appeal can hand down
separate and independent judgments in civil and criminal matters
without having to ensure that one judgment has any bearing on the other.
The Court of Appeal has the authority to send back a case to the High
Court for rehearing. In addition, the Court of Appeal can impose a
harsher or lighter sentence. It can dismiss appeals to the Full Court of
the High Court and can also quash a decision of the High Court of the
Supreme Court acting in its jurisdiction as a court of first instance.

The High Court of the Supreme Court

The High Court of the Supreme Court is vested with power to handle
matters of common law, including the following:
 the hearing of allegations of breach of a fundamental right
 the hearing of allegations of an Act of Parliament being inconsistent
with the Constitution other than the fundamental rights provision
 supervise any statutory functionary or public body to ensure they keep
within the ambit of the powers vested in them
 to make determination under certain statutes, for example, under the
Companies Act, to wind up a company, or under the Partnership Act,
to dissolve a partnership.

The Full Court of the High Court

The Full Court of the High Court is also a court of inherent jurisdiction.
This means that it is empowered at common law to make decisions
based on case law as well as statute. The Full Court of the High Court
is also the court of appeal for decisions from the magistrates’ court.
Note that in Guyana, since there is no recourse to appeals to the Privy
Council, certain issues that arise at Appeal Court level are sent to be
heard by the Full Court.

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 Chapter 2 The Commonwealth Caribbean court system: nature and structure

Family court
Not all Caribbean territories possess in their hierarchy a family court.
This type of court is found in Jamaica, where it was established by
the passing of the Judicature (Family Court) Act 1995, in Belize, as
established by the Family Court Act 1988, Cap. 83A – 1990 Rev, in
St Vincent, as established by the Family Court Act 1992, and in Trinidad
and Tobago.

Juvenile court
The establishment of juvenile courts in the Commonwealth Caribbean
was aimed at reforming existing law to bring about an improvement
in the welfare of juveniles within the court system. As an example, in
Guyana the law is classified under the Juvenile Offenders Act of Guyana,
Cap. 10:03. In section 17, the law describes a juvenile as one who
is apparently under the age of 17, and who may be found ‘begging or
receiving alms, wandering … or having no parent or guardian, or is found
destitute…, or frequents the company of any reputed … thief, or reputed
prostitute.’

Magistrates’ court
The magistrates’ court handles matters of a summary, hybrid and
indictable nature. The criminal jurisdiction of the magistrates’ court
deals with assault, theft, embezzlement of money and damage to property
and crops. On the other hand, the civil jurisdiction deals with family
matters, for example, orders of separation, orders for maintenance of
spouse or child or children under the Domestic Violence Act, No. 18 of
1996 (Guyana), rectification of errors on birth certificates and breaches of
contract.

Industrial court
Only Trinidad and Tobago has an Industrial Court. Other territories such
as Jamaica, Dominica and Belize have separate quasi-judicial bodies.
These institutions are commonly termed industrial courts or industrial
tribunals. These courts may be separate quasi-judicial bodies as in
Jamaica, Dominica and Belize, or they may be a subsidiary under the
Ministry of Labour.
The jurisdiction of such a court is to determine the majority union in
any firm or industry, to register agreements made between union and
employer and to settle industrial disputes. The Industrial Stabilisation
Act of 1965, of Trinidad and Tobago, first established the Industrial Court
of Trinidad and Tobago. It was replaced and repealed by the Industrial
Relations Act of 1980.
The written constitution of each Commonwealth Caribbean state
makes provision for the establishment of other tribunals, such as the
Service Commissions, Teaching Service Commissions, the Public Service
Commissions and the Judicial Service Commissions. These tribunals
were created to deal with, inter alia, the discipline of the respective
categories of public servants under their control. In Trinidad and
Tobago, there is the National Insurance Appeals Tribunal to resolve and
adjudicate disputed claims for such insurance.
You may at this point wish to refer to the National Insurance Act, Cap.
32:01, section 62 of the Laws of Trinidad and Tobago, and the Labour
Relations and Industrial Disputes Act (Jamaica).

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 Law Unit 1

The Caribbean Court of Justice

The agreement to establish the CCJ was made at the 6th Heads of
Government Conference of Caribbean Commonwealth leaders, held in
Jamaica in 1970. At the time of writing, the CCJ is not yet the final court
for all Commonwealth Caribbean jurisdictions.
It is proposed that the CCJ will possess two jurisdictions:
1 an appellate jurisdiction; and
Example 2 an original jurisdiction.
In criminal cases, if A kills B, The appellate jurisdiction of the CCJ, when established, will hear
the State takes A to court (the appeals, both civil and criminal, from the domestic courts of all
magistrates’ court, since all Commonwealth Caribbean territories. For example, imagine that A and
criminal matters begin there). B are Jamaicans who were parties to a contract, which they had entered
A is then bound over for trial in into with one another. B breaks the contract, so A takes B to the Civil
the High Court which finds him
Court of the High Court and B wins. A not being satisfied with the
guilty at the end of the trial. A is
decision of the High Court, appeals to the Jamaica Court of Appeal,
dissatisfied with this decision and
which grants a decision in favour of A. If B is now dissatisfied with the
appeals to the Court of Appeal,
decision of the Court of Appeal, he could, after he has applied for leave to
which reaffirms the decision of the
High Court. A can now apply to the appeal to the CCJ and such leave has been granted him by the Court of
Court of Appeal to allow him to Appeal, appeal to the CCJ for relief.
appeal further to the CCJ. Note: While in civil cases either party can appeal the decision of the
court the same is not true for criminal cases. In England the right
of appeal in criminal cases is open to the defendant as well as the
Example prosecution. However, this is not so for the Commonwealth Caribbean
territories. Here, the prosecution has no right of appeal. The defendant
Imagine that Barbados, Trinidad
and Dominica have entered into
could, on the other hand, appeal all the way up to the CCJ if he so
an agreement concerning the use desires.
of one another’s fishing waters. The original jurisdiction of the CCJ will hear:
Eventually Barbados accuses
Dominica of over-fishing in the  matters arising out of issues between Commonwealth Caribbean
waters of Barbados and, therefore, States
seeks to end the agreement, not  matters establishing the rights of private individuals under certain
only with Dominica but also with international treaties
Trinidad. Trinidad and Dominica
 matters arising out of trade disputes.
could, if they wish, approach the
CCJ to have the conflict aired and
resolved. Arguments for and against the establishment of the CCJ
Some persons believe that the Commonwealth Caribbean is not yet
ready for the establishment of the CCJ. These persons are popularly
Example known as opponents of the establishment of the CCJ. However, there
exists also the widespread sentiment that the establishment of the CCJ is
Imagine another situation:
something long overdue. Those persons who share this view are known
there is a clause in the Treaty of
Chaguaramas (signed in 1973, as proponents for the establishment of the CCJ.
establishing the community later
known as CARICOM) or a clause Perceived disadvantages of establishing the CCJ
in some agreement entered into Opponents of the establishment of the CCJ argue that:
between States. Each of the parties
to the treaty or the agreement  the Privy Council is properly and satisfactorily functioning as the final
interprets the clause differently court of appeal for Commonwealth Caribbean territories
and this creates a problem. Any of  there may not be available in the Commonwealth Caribbean enough
the States affected may apply to judges of the level of erudition and skill to enable them to function
the CCJ to have any question on effectively at the level of the CCJ
the interpretation of the clause
answered.  the decisions therefore of those judges appointed to the CCJ may be of
a poor quality

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 Chapter 2 The Commonwealth Caribbean court system: nature and structure

 adequate and sustainable funding for the running and maintenance of

the CCJ may not be forthcoming from member States
 the judges of the CCJ may be vulnerable to political manipulation
from member States.

Perceived advantages of establishing the CCJ

Proponents for the establishment of the CCJ make the points listed below:
 Since the Law Lords of the Privy Council are both geographically and
culturally removed from the Commonwealth Caribbean experience, they
are not fully equipped with the knowledge and level of understanding
required to make decisions, which reflect sensitivity for Caribbean people.
 The establishment of the CCJ will foster a greater sense of security and
stability in the region: acting in its original jurisdiction, the CCJ will be
the only court responsible for the interpretation and application of the
Treaty of Chaguaramas This will eliminate the possibility of conflicting
decisions coming from other international courts. The CCJ acting
in its original jurisdiction will also be responsible for hearing and
deciding on issues arising between States after the establishment of the
Caribbean Single Market Economy (CSME) (which will facilitate the
free movement of goods services and skills within the Commonwealth
Caribbean under a single currency). This will help member States and
foreign investors alike to feel secure in the knowledge that there is one
highly respected court for ensuring fairness, proper observation of rules
by member States and predictable decisions.
 There are enough members of the legal profession possessing the
requisite degree of skill and integrity to occupy positions within the CCJ.
 Though a decision handed down by the CCJ acting in its original
jurisdiction may not be enforceable, it is believed that sanctions and
pressures brought to bear on a disobedient State (party) to a decision
of the CCJ will be enough to ensure compliance.

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)

Definition
Alternative dispute resolution, more familiarly called ADR, usually
refers to mechanisms that are used to settle disputes instead of resort to
litigation. Embodied within the doctrine of ADR are different alternative
mechanisms, the most popular of which are arbitration, mediation,
conciliation and negotiation.
Note: For the purpose of the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency
Examination (CAPE), you are required to pay special attention to
mediation and arbitration.

Arbitration
Arbitration is a process by which a neutral third party hears the
testimony of both parties to the dispute in a relatively informal setting.
Unlike mediation, arbitration proceedings contain some elements of
proceedings conducted in a court of law.
In arbitration proceedings both parties must agree to come to the
bargaining table to commence arbitration. It is important for you to be
able to draw the distinction that, while in a court of law, the litigants
do not have a choice in deciding who the adjudicator is, with respect
to arbitration the parties to the dispute must decide and agree on the
selection of an arbitrator.

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 Law Unit 1

After hearing and weighing the testimony, the arbitrator makes a decision
that can be deemed binding on all parties to the arbitration and an order
of the High Court may be obtained in order to secure the enforcement of
the decision of the arbitrator.
The process of arbitration also allows all parties involved, including the
arbitrator, to refer to statute and case law in support of their respective
arguments. The arbitrator is also free to apply general community
standards of fairness to assist him in arriving at a decision. In arbitration,
the rules of evidence are less strictly applied and the arbitrator sits as the
judge of both fact and law.
The following are some advantages of arbitration:
 the decision of the arbitrator may be enforced
 arbitration proceedings are less costly and less time-consuming
 the informal setting promotes relaxation of tensions between
disputants.

Mediation
Like arbitration, mediation also employs the services of a third party,
referred to as the mediator, who most often acts as a shuttle between the
two parties, communicating the position of the disputants to one another
as they try to reconcile their differences towards the achievement of a
settlement. The mediator acts as both judge and jury, holding separate
meetings or caucuses at which further clarification may be obtained
as regards the position of the respective parties with a view towards
suggesting possible advances by which agreement may be reached. These
caucuses are conducted in private and the findings are not revealed to the
other side unless each party approves.
The following are some advantages of mediation:
 it is time- and cost-effective
 confidentiality is maintained
 fairness and flexibility are promoted
 it has shown reliability in terms of compliance with the final decision.
In some jurisdictions mediation is now mandatory in some civil
proceedings.

Activity 2.3
Mr John Muir entered into a contract with B.V. Enterprises to construct a
bridge for the company. Mr Muir fails to complete the bridge on time so the
company refuses to pay him the remainder of the money owed to him under
the terms of the contract. Mr Muir would like to have his problem solved but
is afraid of courts.
Advise Mr Muir of all the options of dispute resolution available to him and
explain to him why you have chosen either mediation or arbitration to handle
this matter.

Feedback

A good response to this question should first state that there are different
methods of dispute resolution including the traditional court system to which
parties can resort for help. There is also the office of the Ombudsman and
there are those methods of resolution of disputes known as ADR.

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 Chapter 2 The Commonwealth Caribbean court system: nature and structure

You should then state that since Mr Muir is afraid of courts and since
assistance from the Ombudsman is limited to problems occurring between
individuals and State entities, the alternative open to Mr Muir would be one of
the processes available under ADR.
Note: This question requires that you select only one of the ADR methods
available for your answer. You may wish to choose either mediation or
arbitration. Finally, you should discuss the advantages of the ADR process that
you have chosen.

Suggested further reading

Rose-Marie Belle Antoine, Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal
Systems, 1999
Peter Britton, Alternative Dispute Resolution, 1999, Guy LR, Vol. 1
Duke Pollard, The Caribbean Court of Justice, 2000, Guy LR, Vol. 2

End Test
Answer 5 questions: all of Questions 1 to 3, either Question 4 or 5, and Question 6. Time: 3 hours
1 a List the main divisions into which law may be classified.
b Explain why it is important to be accurate when classifying law.
2 Read the story below and answer the question that follows.
John and Myra were driving out one night in John’s car when they were stopped by two
policemen in uniform. The officers claimed that John had exceeded the speed limit,
ordered John and Myra out of the car, forced them into the police car and said that
they would take them to the police station.
On the way to the police station, the policemen stopped the car, dragged John and
Myra into the bushes, and beat John and raped Myra. The police officers then ran back
to their car and drove off leaving John and Myra by the side of the road. When John
went back to his car he found that it had been vandalised.
Using your knowledge of the classification of law, advise John and Myra with respect
to the areas of the law under which their claims may be brought and what are the
remedies available under each.
3 State briefly what is meant by:
a the appellate jurisdiction of the CCJ; and
b the original jurisdiction of the CCJ.
4 ‘A Caribbean Court of Justice is not important for the development of the
Commonwealth Caribbean.’ Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your
answer.
5 ‘Without the establishment of the CCJ, the Commonwealth Caribbean will not achieve
true unity and prosperity and the idea of a single market economy will remain just a
dream.’ Discuss.
6 ‘The process known as ADR is ineffective because it achieves nothing beneficial for the
parties.’ Discuss.

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 Law Unit 1

End Test Feedback

1 An answer to part a requires that you list the areas with the statement. If you disagree you should
of classification and outline briefly the content of then draw from the pool of disadvantages listed
each. For example, you should point out that the above, as well as any others you have discovered in
criminal law is an area of public law. It concerns those your readings of pages 227–49 of Rose-Marie Belle
provisions and procedures that contain the rules Antoine’s Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal
governing the State’s attitude towards the criminal Systems.
offender and the types of punishment that are If on the other hand you happen to agree with the
attached to the various crimes. statement then you should first say so, then go on
An answer to part b of this question would require to draw from the pool of advantages listed above as
that you explain that lawyers and students alike well as any other advantages you have found in your
would be unable to find anything on a particular area readings.
of the law in a law library. In addition, you should 5 A good response to this question would focus
explain that judges and lawyers would be unable on the positive aspects of the idea behind the
to find easy access to the writings on the various implementation of the CCJ. For example, you could
principles of law and the remedies to be attached to mention that the time is ripe for (a) the replacement
the issues that are being researched. of the Privy Council with the CCJ as the court of last
2 You should display knowledge of what is meant by resort for Commonwealth Caribbean States and (b)
the term ‘classification of law’. This would set out the the establishment of a court of original jurisdiction
categories listed in the illustration. Next you should for dealing with the interpretation of the Treaty of
select from said list those categories of law that Chaguaramas and other issues arising among States,
would apply to the problem at hand; for example, trading entities or private individuals.
the criminal law and administrative law. You should Next, you should discuss the idea behind the
support your selection by explaining why you chose proposed establishment of the CSME. For example,
those categories, for example, that the police officers it is hoped that the CSME will cater for the free
abused their power while they were on duty and that movement of goods, services and skills across
the acts of assault and rape constitute a criminal the Commonwealth Caribbean under a single
offence. currency.
Finally you should identify the types of remedies Having done so, you may now wish to comment
available to John and Myra: for example, on the importance of and the need within the
compensation/damages under administrative Commonwealth Caribbean for these two institutions.
law for the loss and injury suffered and a term of You may add that while Europe has already brought
imprisonment for the acts of assault committed the European Court and common market into being,
against John and rape committed against Myra. the Commonwealth Caribbean’s movement towards
3 A good response to this question should show that: achieving same still remains a dream.

a when the CCJ is sitting in its appellate jurisdiction You may then wish to conclude your answer by
it is sitting to hear appeals from decisions of the showing the symbiotic relationship between the two
lower domestic courts of member States. In other institutions. In other words, how the establishment of
words the matter being brought before the CCJ on one will lend support to the other. The CCJ, which will
appeal is not a matter that is being heard for the first be comprised at all levels by staff from all member
time since it was heard before in the lower courts. States, will be testimony of the free movement of
skills under the CSME whose smooth functioning
b when the CCJ is sitting to hear matters in its will be supported by the CCJ as legal watchdog and
original jurisdiction, the said matter is being heard for supervisor.
the first time in a court of law.
6 An answer to this question requires that you discuss
4 A good response to this question should include: all of the advantages of at least two of the ADR
a statement saying whether you agree or disagree processes.

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