Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

Characterisation of Fractionated oil from Pyrolysis of

Low-Density Polyethylene: Comparison between
Catalytic Process and Non-Catalytic Process
Olugbenga Oludayo Oluwasina1*; Osaretin Edwin Omoruyi2; Gbenga Emmanuel Adekayero3; Olabiyi Julius Akinwumi4;
Adebisi Olayinka Akinola5; Babatunde Abraham Okunlola6; Labunmi Lajide7
1,2,3,7
Solid Wastes Conversion Process Unit, Department of Chemistry, the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
4
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
6
Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Abstract:- The environmental impact of waste plastics relationship between the production of SPs and population
and the need to meet the increased demand for energy, growth.
coupled with the available technology for the conversion
of waste plastic to liquid fuel, triggered this research. The production of SPs has a negative effect since huge
Montmorillonite clay was used as a green catalyst for the amounts of synthetic plastic waste (SPWs) are left behind in
pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene to liquid fuel. The plastic usage. According to literature, 33 Mt of SPWs were
montmorillonite was calcinated at 600℃, and mixed generated as far back as 2013 in the USA (US- EPA, 2014;
metal oxides were found as its chemical composition using Maafa, 2021), whereas 25 Mt was generated in Europe in
XRF. The common elements found in CMMR are silica 2012 (European-Plastics, 2015.; Maafa, 2021). According to
oxide (SiO2 , 𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟒%), iron (ii) oxide (𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑 , 16.23%), Williams and Slaney (2007), landfills host more than 60% of
potassium oxide (K2 O, 5.03%), Aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 , SPWs. SPWs management has become a serious topic of
19.65%) tin oxide (TiO2 , 3.00%), calcium oxide concern to different environmental stakeholders because of
(CaO,1.47%) and oxides of chlorides (Cl, 1.46%). The gas the non-biodegradability character of the SPWs. This non-
chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of the biodegradability has given rise to other challenges, such as
various distillate fractions from the crude pyrolysis liquid landfill pollution, drainage and waterways blockage, the
revealed the present various chemical differences such as jeopardisation of terrestrial and marine organisms, and the
alkane, alkene, alkyne, cycloalkene, cycloalkane, greenhouse effect.
aromatic, alcohol, and ester. Analysis of the pyrolysis oil
based on the carbon range revealed the presence of Reduced utilisation through the ban of some SPs has
gasoline (C5-C12) (gasoline), diesel (C13-C24) and fuel oil been suggested (Jeswani et al., 2021) to prevent the menace
(>C24). The API, specific gravity and kinematic viscosity of SPWs. Unfortunately, there is no viable large-scale and
of some of the oil confirmed them as diesel oil. The economically sustainable alternative to SPs. Consequently,
research has demonstrated the possibility of waste recycling methods such as pyrolysis, gasification, microbial
reduction and the potential of producing hydrocarbon degradation, and chemical recovery have been developed for
fuel from waste low-density polyethylene waste plastic the possible management of SPWs. However, the need to
using pyrolysis. strengthen world fuel production has endeared the use of
pyrolysis to many research because the pyrolysis oil can be
Keywords:- Low-Density Polyethylene, Pyrolysis, GC-MS, upgraded to different fuel grades.
XRF, Kinematic Viscosity.
Pyrolysis, which is a thermal degradation process in an
I. INTRODUCTION enclosure devoid of oxygen, has been used in Europe for the
production of olefins and aromatic hydrocarbon because its
The uncommon characteristics of synthetic plastics have main products are liquid oil, gas and char (Al-Salem et al.,
endeared them to consumers. Synthetic plastics (SPs) are 2010; Kusenberg et al., 2022). The hydrocarbon produced
durable, hydrophobic in nature, most chemically and from pyrolysis can be classified into fuel grades such as
environmentally unreactive, reasonably climatic, thermally petrol, kerosene, diesel, jet fuel and fuel oil based on their
stable, and non-biodegradable. SPs are used in areas such as different carbon number ranges. Researchers have utilised
civil engineering, medical and pharmaceuticals, electronics SPWs from low-density polyethylene, high-density
and electricals, household utensils, automobiles, aircraft, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate
armour suits, and packaging materials. The consequence of and polystyrene singly or in combined forms for the
the general acceptance of SPs is the astonished production production of hydrocarbon fuels of different grades with the
increment that has grown from 1.5 Mt in 1950 to 359 Mt in use of pyrolysis method (Kumar and Singh, 2013; Patil et al.,
2018 (Jeswani et al., 2021). SPs production will increase 2017; Panda, 2018; Jaafar et al., 2022; Ghodke et al., 2023;
much more in the next 20 years because of the synergistic Eze et al., 2024).

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2833

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

Globally, polyethylene ranked as the most demanded C. Pyrolysis Process

plastic, with over 120 Mt produced yearly and about the same A fluidized bed pyrolysis reactor was employed in this
amount of its waste produced (Geyer et al., 2017). Amongst study. Two different pyrolysis were carried out, one with the
the polyethene, low-density types are in the most demand use of a catalyst and the second without the catalyst. LDP
because of their excellent properties' moisture and gas barrier, sample (3 kg) was fed into the reactor, and 5% catalyst was
and lightness in weight (Rachtanapun and Rachtanapun, used based on the weight of the plastic. The catalyst was
2011; Driscoll and Paterson,1999). The extreme production placed in a chamber suspended 5 cm above the plastic, and
of low-density polyethene can also be linked to its usability the reaction occurred at 500℃ for 3 h. The hot vapour from
in commodities such as drink cartons, laundry bags, the reactor was condensed to liquid oil through ice-cooled
packaging items, waste bin containers, kids' play utensils and water, and the oil was stored in a glass bottle. The reactor can
machine parts (Evode et al., 2021). Amongst the waste be found in the solid waste conversion process unit,
plastics littering the ocean, over 300 million low-density department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology,
polyethylene particles have been reported to have been Akure, Nigeria. Figure is the flow diagram of the experiment
discovered in the Atlantic Ocean (Battsetseg et al., 2022). process of the study.

Low cost, human and environmental friendliness (Rabie D. Fractional Distillation of Crude Pyrolysis Oil
et al., 2018), heterogeneous character, and reusability of clay The crude pyrolysis oil was subjected to a fractional
catalysts have triggered the use of clay and modified clays for distillation inside a round bottom flask (500 mL) equipped
thermal degradation of waste plastics to hydrocarbon fuels. with a condenser-cooling system and thermometer. The set-
To this end, calcium bentonite (Panda et al., 2018), kaolin up was a heater by the temperature-controlled heating mantle.
(Hakeem et al., 2018), Fe, Ti, Zr- pillared clay (Li et al., The distillates were collected at three different temperature
2017), Tungstophosphoric acid (TPA)/kaolin (Attique et al., ranges of 0 -100℃, 101 -180 ℃, and 240 - 300℃. The
2020), and Fe-pillared clay (Faillace et al., 2017) have all distillates were coded using the plastic and catalyst names,
been used during the pyrolysis of different plastics. The with the upper-temperature reading. Low-density
differences in the metallic and metallic oxide composition of polyethylene was represented as "LDP", while "M"
various clays could have influenced the production of represents CMMR, and the upper-temperature limits chosen
different hydrocarbon carbon number ranges during are 100℃, 180℃ and 300℃. Fractionated oil obtained from
pyrolysis. LDP with the catalyst at 100℃, 180℃ and 300℃ are coded
respectively as LDP100 , LDP180 and LDP300 , while those
This investigation aims to reduce waste plastic obtained with the addition of CMMR are represented
generation by producing value-added products. It aims to respectively as LDPM100 , LDPM180 and LDPM300 . Flow
produce fuel hydrocarbon ranges based on carbon number diagram of the experiment process of the study is depicted in
with and without the use of thermal-treated montmorillonite Figure 1.
clay.
E. Characterization
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition of the CMMR was
determined using XRF, while the chemical composition of the
A. Raw Materials fractionated oils was determined using gas chromatography
Low-density polyethylene (LDP) rejected bags were coupled with a mass spectrum (GC-MS).
collected from the water factory of the Federal University of
Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The samples were sun-dried (3 F. Physicochemical Properties of Fractionated Oil
weeks) for moisture reduction and then stored in an airtight The specific and API gravity was determined using
container for further analysis. Montmorillonite clay (MMR) Anton Paar (DMA 5400 density meter (80460541). The
was obtained from Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. instrument measures the sample density at a specified
temperature (15℃) and automatically converts the density to
B. Catalyst Preparation specific gravity (SPG) and API gravity (APIG) (ASTM D
The montmorillonite was subjected to ball milling, 7777). The sample viscosity was measured at 40℃ using a
sieved through 125 µm and subjected to calcination (600℃, Stanhope seta viscometer bath (83201-2D).
3 h). The calcined montmorillonite (CMMR) was re-milled,
sieved through 125 µm and kept in an air-tight glass
container.

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2834

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

Fig 1: Flow Diagram of the Experiment Process of the Study

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Co3 O4 0.07

CuO 0.05
A. XRF Characterisation of the Catalyst 𝐍𝐛𝟐 𝐎𝟑 0.02
The element composition of the CMMR is presented in 𝑺𝑶𝟑 0.50
Table 1. Silica oxide (SiO2 , 51.34%), iron (ii) oxide (Fe2 O3 , CaO 1.47
16.23%), potassium oxide (K2 O, 5.03%), Aluminum oxide K2 O 5.03
(Al2 O3 , 19.65%), tin oxide (TiO2 , 3.00%), calcium oxide BaO 0.16
(CaO,1.47%) and oxides of chlorides (Cl, 1.46%) are the Al2 O3 19.65
significant oxide present. Various authors have reported all 0.03
Ta2 O5
the metal oxides detected in this study. For example, 54.00,
TiO2 3.00
17.00, 5.20, 1.50, 2.50, 0.40, and 1. 50, respectively have
ZnO 0.01
been reported for SiO2 , Fe2 O3 , CaO, MgO, NaO and K2 O
Ag2 O 0.02
(Egirani et al., 2019), SiO2 (64.76%), Fe2 O3 (0.90%), K2 O
(0.24%), Al2 O3 (14.95%), TiO2 (0.16%), CaO, (1.59%), Cl 1.46
Na2 O (0.10%) MgO (1.87%) and MnO (0.01%) (Castellini et ZrO2 0.59
al., 2017), and SiO2 (54.17%), Fe2 O3 (3.13%), K2 O (1.82%),
Al2 O3 (20.92%), TiO2 (0.37%), PbO, (0.16%), SiO (0.10%), B. Physicochemical Properties of the Fractionated Oils
CaO (1.14%), and ZrO2 (0.05%) (Siahpoosh and Soleimani, The physicochemical properties of pyrolysis oil are very
2017). The different sources of the clay and soil types could important in revealing its nature and the proper way to use it.
have influenced the differences in the chemical composition This study determined the physicochemical properties of the
and the percentage weight of the metallic oxide various fractionated oil, including kinematic viscosity, API gravity,
reported MMR by the different authors. The metal oxides and specific gravity.
discovered in the CMMR have been documented as suitable
catalysts for various industrial applications such as pyrolysis, The influence of the distillation temperature is visible in
biodiesel production and synthesis (Panda et al., 2018; the results of the specific gravity of the fractionated oils
Hakeem et al., 2018; Attique et al., 2020). (Figure 2). The SPG of the oils increased with an increase in
the distillation temperature. Oil distillates obtained at 100℃
Table 1: Matetallic Oxide in the CMMR upper temperatures have SPG of 0.74 (LDP100 ) and 0.77
Metal Oxides Weight (%) (LDPM100 ), the lowest of all the various distillates. The
SiO2 51.34 distillates at an upper temperature of 180℃ had lower values
𝐕𝟐 𝐎𝟓 0.15 of 0.78 (LDP180 ) and 0.82 (LDPM180 ) compared to 0.79
Cr2 O3 0.04 (LDP300 ) and 0.85 (LDPM300 ) of those oils with an upper-
temperature limit of 280℃ and 300℃. The SP obtained in
MnO 0.17
this research compared well with 0.79-0.85 recorded for
𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑 16.23

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2835

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

liquid fuel from polyethylene wax (Chaiya et al., 2020). diesel. Thus, the APIG result has collaborated with the SPG
Another experiment reported SPG of 0.8125, 0.866, 0.868 outcome.
and 0.8719 for oil from mixed plastic pyrolysis against
0.8445 of diesel fuel (Pratama and Saptoadi 2014). SPG of Kinematic viscosity is vital in atomising fuel, engine
0.7932 was reported for polypropylene pyrolysis oil and 0.80 performance, pollutant emission, and fuel pump (Sharma et
for petroleum (Anbarasu and Sivakumar, 2012; Hudec et al., al., 2020). Amongst all the oils (Figure 2), only two with
2009). From the literature (Pratama and Saptoadi, 2014 300℃ upper temperatures have kinematic viscosity (2.25-
Anbarasu and Sivakumar, 2012; Hudec et al., 2009), LDP300 ; 2.54 -LDPM300 ) that met the acceptable value of 2 -
LDPM300 could probably be a diesel, while the rest might be 4.5 cSt for diesel fuel (Januszewicz et al., 2023), while only
petrol. LDP180 (1.12) met the 1.20 standard for kerosene (Cahyono
et al., 2020). The rest of the oil might be light fractions,
The importance of APIG value in the fuel business is maybe naphtha. The low viscosity observed could be an
enormous; APIG dictates the bench amount of any fuel. APIG advantage in preventing engine blockage (due to the
can be used to detect adulteration and the quality of fuel. For thickening of the oil, most especially at low temperatures),
example, a high APIG of diesel indicates a high percentage of flow resistance, ignition delay and economic loss because of
light cuts in the diesel. At the same time, a lower value the use of extra heating to prevent congealability of the oil.
signifies a higher percentage of heavy cuts, which is Some other researchers have also reported low kinematic
undesirable and consequently attracts lower market value viscosities in their plastic pyrolysis oil study. Januszewicz et
(Aboul-Fotouh et al., 2019). The oil with the lowest SPG has al. (2023) have reported kinematic viscosity of 1.69 and 1.22
the highest APIG, which is expected because of the inverse for polypropylene and polystyrene pyrolysis oils, which are
proportionality between the SPG and APIG. An APIG of lower than the recommended value for diesel oil.
46.67 was reported for oil from waste plastic pyrolysis, and it
was affirmed that light fuel has an APIG equals or greater Though pyrolysis is a complex chemical reaction, the
than 40° (Anbarasu and Sivakumar, 2012) Thus, the API of influence of the catalyst was obvious in that all the oils
59.72, 49.91, 47.61, 52.27 and 41.06 respectively for LDP100 , obtained with the aid of the catalyst had higher gravity than
LDP180 , LDP300 , LDPM100 , and LDPM180 oils can be their counterparts produced without the catalyst. Multiple
classified as light oil, while APIG of 34.97 for LDPM300 interrelated, interaction, and interconvertible processes, such
could go for heavy oil (Figure 2). The SPG results of the oils as cracking, dehydrogenation, protonation, and catenation,
have established that the oil produced is either petrol or could have influenced the characteristics of the CMMR-
obtained pyrolysis oil.

Fig 2: Specific Gravity, API Gravity and Kinematic Viscosity of Samples

C. GC-MS Table 7) respectively were found in catalytic pyrolysis oil.

Tables 2-7, present the various chemical composition The catalytic effect was evident in the types of products
detected in the fractionated oil based on temperature obtained; while fractionated oil without a catalyst was made
difference. Alkane, alkene, alkyne, cycloalkene, cycloalkane, up of many alkenes, those from catalytic pyrolysis had less
aromatic, alcohol, and ester. The basis on distillation alkene. There could have been some chemical rearranged
temperature, 47 (40 - 100℃, Table 2), 18 (100 -1 80℃, Table leading to the utilisation of the carbon double bonds due to
3), and 25 (240 - 280℃, Table 4) chemical compounds were the presence of the catalyst. The most prominent compounds
identified for non-catalytic pyrolysis, while 18 (40 - 100℃, (using percentage area value of equal or greater than 4) in
Table 5), 30 (100 - 180℃, Table 6), and 30 (240 - 280℃, LDP100 are o-Xylene (aromatic), 1-nonanol (fatty alcohol),

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2836

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

heptane, 4-ethyl- (alkane), tridecane (alkane), 1-dodecene (alkane) are present in both oils. The catalyst effect could
(alkene), tridecane (alkane), 1-dodecanol (fatty alcohol), have caused the differences in the chemical compositions of
dodecane (alkane), 1-pentadecene (alkene) and tetradecane the two oils. LDP300 has 1-dodecene (alkene), tridecane
(alkane). Inversely, cyclo-compounds such as (alkane), 1-tridecene (alkane), Dodecane (alkane),
dicyclopentadiene (cycloalkene), bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene Hexadecane (alkane), tetradecane (alkane), 1-tetradecanol
(cycloalkene), bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one (cyclo-hydroxy (fatty alcohol), heneicosane (alkane) and 1-hexadecanol
compound), bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, 2,3-dimethyl- (cyclo- (fatty alcohol), conversely, LDPM300 1-tridecene (alkane),
alkene) and 4,7-methanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione dodecane (alkane), 1-pentadecene (alkane), nonadecane
(dicarboxylic acid) were obtained with the aid of catalysis at (alkane), Naphthalene, 2-methyl- (aromatic), 1-tetradecanol
the same distillation temperature. Using a simulated reaction (fatty alcohol), tetradecane (alkane), octadecane (alkane) and
mechanism has established the possibility of cyclic heneicosane (alkane). Although there are overlap of the same
hydrocarbon formation during pyrolysis (Wijayanti et al., compounds in both the LDP300 and LDPM300 oil, the
2022). The prominent compounds in LDP180 are 1-decene production of aromatic in LDPM300 may be linked to the
(alkene), undecane (alkane), 1-dodecene (alkene), and catalyst effect. Other authors have reported the pyrolysis oils
tridecane (alkane), while LDPM180 has nonadecane identified in this study during the study of thermal
(alkane), naphthalene, 2-methyl- (alkane), 1 tetradecanol degradation of plastics (Kumar and Singh, 2013; Patil et al.,
(fatty alcohol), octadecane (alkane), 1-hexadecanol (fatty 2017; Panda, 2018; Jaafar et al., 2022; Ghodke et al., 2023;
alcohol) and heneicosane (alkane). However, 1-tridecene Eze et al., 2024)
(alkene), dodecane (alkane), 1-pentadecene and tetradecane

Table 2: GC-MS of LDP100

R.Time Area% Chemical name Chemical formular
1 3.587 0.85 Cyclopentene, 1-(1-acetic acid C7H10O2
2 3.678 1.72 Cyclohexene, 1-ethyl- C8H14
3 3.76 0.42 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid C7H10O2
4 3.808 2.21 Octane, 1-chloro- C8H17Cl
5 3.94 4.35 o-Xylene C₈H₁₀
6 4.03 0.71 1-(2-Propenyl) cyclopentene C8H12
7 4.085 2.2 1,8-Nonadiene C9H16
8 4.145 2.01 Cyclopentane, 1,2,3-trimethyl- C8H16
9 4.265 7.81 1-Nonanol C9H20O
10 4.398 6.45 Heptane, 4-ethyl- C9H20
11 4.455 2.45 2-Nonene, (E)- C9H18
12 4.57 2.2 Cyclohexane, (2-methylpropyl)- C10H20
13 4.66 0.82 Cyclododecene, (E)- C12H22
14 4.756 0.42 Cyclohexane, 2-propenyl- C9H16
15 4.8 0.24 3-Octyne, 2-methyl- C9H16
16 5.118 0.64 Cyclopentene, 1-butyl- C9H16
17 5.17 0.72 Cyclohexene, 3-(2-methylpropy C10H18
18 5.245 0.39 Benzene, propyl- C9H12
19 5.363 0.74 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- C9H12
20 5.503 0.55 Octane, 2,6-dimethyl- C10H22
21 5.693 0.7 1,9-Decadiene C10H18
22 5.874 7.56 1-Nonanol C9H20O
23 5.935 1.38 Mesitylene C9H12
24 6.009 4.68 Tridecane C13H28
25 6.071 1.11 trans-3-Decene C10H20
26 7.335 1.27 1,10-Undecadiene C11H20
27 7.503 5.91 1-Dodecene C12H24
28 7.636 4.5 Tridecane C13H28
29 7.693 0.55 4-Undecene, (E)- C11H22
30 7.735 0.45 Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one C8H10O
31 8.723 1.19 Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene C8H12
32 8.85 0.58 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, 2,3-di C9H14
33 9.069 5.26 1-Dodecanol C12H26O
34 9.194 4.31 Dodecane C12H26
35 9.247 0.47 6-Dodecene, (E)- C12H24
36 10.408 1.49 1,11-Dodecadiene C12H22
37 10.541 4.72 1-Pentadecene C15H30

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2837

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

38 10.657 4.16 Tetradecane C14H30

39 10.704 0.84 Cyclododecane C12H24
40 12.067 0.31 Cyclotetradecane C14H28
41 13.108 0.67 1,19-Eicosadiene C20H38
42 13.312 2.91 Pentadecane C15H32
43 14.438 2.37 1-Tetradecanol C14H30O
44 14.526 2.08 Heptadecane C17H36
45 15.596 1.69 1-Nonadecene C19H38
46 18.278 0.95 Heneicosane C21H44

Table 3: GC-MS of LDP180

R. Time Area% Chemical name Chemical formular
1 3.745 0.39 Benzene, 1-ethyl-4-methyl- C9H12
2 4.119 5.59 1-Decene C10H20
3 4.295 6.71 Undecane C11H24
4 5.616 14.03 1-Dodecene C12H24
5 5.769 10.43 Tridecane C13H28
6 7.159 15.46 1-Tridecene C13H26
7 7.282 10.14 Dodecane C12H26
8 7.345 1.30 E-11-Tetradecen-1-ol trifluoroacetate C16H27F3O2
9 8.497 2.83 1,11-Dodecadiene C12H22
10 8.623 11.03 1-Pentadecene C15H30
11 8.739 7.68 Tetradecane C14H30
12 8.823 3.34 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- C11H10
13 9.887 1.85 1,13-Tetradecadiene C14H26
14 12.434 0.77 1,19-Eicosadiene C20H38
15 12.527 3.89 1-Heptadecene C17H34
16 14.95 1.88 Heptadecane C17H36
17 16.31 1.23 1-Nonadecene C19H38
18 16.412 1.45 Heneicosane C21H44

Table 4: GC-MS of LDP300

S/N R.Time Area% Chemical name Chemical Formular
1 4.016 0.62 1-Decene C10H20
2 5.566 5.33 1-Dodecene C12H24
3 5.696 5.01 Tridecane C13H28
4 7.105 11.29 1-Tridecene C13H26
5 7.231 10.61 Dodecane C12H26
6 8.437 3.99 1,11-Dodecadiene C12H22
7 8.699 8.38 Hexadecane C16H34
8 8.735 2.73 4-Nonene, 5-butyl- C13H26
9 8.913 1.69 1-Octadecyne C18H36
10 9.833 3.61 1,13-Tetradecadiene C14H26
11 10.073 6.65 Tetradecane C14H30
12 10.106 0.77 Cyclotetradecane C14H28
13 10.956 0.77 Dodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl- C15H32
14 11.141 2.61 1,12-Dodecanediol C12H26O2
15 11.264 8.68 1-Tetradecanol C14H30O
16 11.36 6.05 Heneicosane C21H44
17 11.393 0.79 Cyclododecane C12H24
18 11.522 0.51 1-Pentadecene C15H30
19 12.376 2.23 1,19-Eicosadiene C20H38
20 12.485 6.63 1-Hexadecanol C16H34O
21 12.61 0.6 1-Dodecanol C12H26O
22 13.543 1.6 9-Octadecen-1-ol, (Z)- C18H36O
23 14.89 3.51 Octadecane C18H38
24 16.232 3.55 1-Nonadecene C19H38
25 18.944 1.79 Behenic alcohol C22H46O

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2838

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

Table 5: GC-MS of LDPM100

S/N R.Time Area% Chemical name Chemical formular
1 3.644 0.55 Benzene, propyl- C9H12
2 3.738 0.84 Benzene, 1-ethyl-4-methyl- C9H12
3 4.148 2.97 1-Decene C10H20
4 4.775 11.05 Dicyclopentadiene C10H12
5 5.625 27.5 Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene C8H12
6 5.737 18.39 4,7-Methanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione C9H4O3
7 6.844 15.8 Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one C8H10O
8 6.964 5.3 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, 2,3-dimethyl- C9H14
9 7.039 3.69 1,4-Cyclohexadiene, 1-methyl- C7H10
10 7.13 2.66 1-Dodecene C12H24
11 7.42 2.01 1,4-Cyclohexadiene, 1-methyl- C7H10
12 8.066 1.85 1,3-Cycloheptadiene C7H10
13 8.255 0.87 Dimethyl sulfone C2H6O2S
14 8.593 1.64 1-Tridecene C13H26
15 9.978 1.62 1-Pentadecene C15H30
16 10.084 1.51 Tetradecane C14H30
17 12.51 1.09 1-Heptadecene C17H34
18 12.599 0.67 Heptadecane C17H36

Table 6: GC-MS of LDPM180

S/N R.Time Area% Chemical name Chemical formular
1 4.103 0.28 1-Decene C10H20
2 5.627 2.4 1-Dodecene C12H24
3 7.02 1.53 1,11-Dodecadiene C12H22
4 7.161 10.16 1-Tridecene C13H26
5 7.279 6.41 Dodecane C12H26
6 8.506 2.22 cis-9-Tetradecen-1-ol C14 H28O
7 8.645 7.99 1-Pentadecene C15H30
8 8.758 5.47 Nonadecane C19H40.
9 8.84 5.7 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- C11H10
10 8.94 0.34 Cyclododecane C12H24
11 8.985 1.31 1-Docosene C22H44
12 9.075 3.48 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- C11H10
13 9.83 0.62 9-Octadecen-1-ol, (Z)- C18H36O
14 9.903 3.56 1,13-Tetradecadiene C14H26
15 10.035 9.5 1-Tetradecanol C14H30O
16 10.135 5.19 Tetradecane C14H30
17 10.306 0.43 1-Pentadecene C15H30
18 10.535 1.86 Naphthalene, 1,3-dimethyl- C12H12
19 10.592 1.1 Naphthalene, 2,6-dimethyl- C12H12
20 10.689 1.13 cis-11-Tetradecen-1-ol C14H28O
21 10.837 1.32 1-Decanol, 2-hexyl- C16H34O
22 11.03 0.73 1-Pentadecyne C15H30
23 11.426 6.21 Octadecane C18H38
24 11.463 1.47 Cyclotetradecane C14H28
25 11.723 0.99 17-Pentatriacontene C35H70
26 11.944 0.58 Acetic acid, chloro-, hexadecyl ester C18H35ClO2
27 12.555 6.13 1-Hexadecanol C16H34O
28 12.64 4.76 Heneicosane C21H44
29 12.675 0.84 1-Dodecanol C12H26O
30 13.356 0.59 Cyclohexane, 1-(1-tetradecylpen C35H70

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2839

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

Table 7: GC-MS of LDPM300

S/N R.Time Area% Chemical name Chemical formular
1 4.103 0.29 1-Decene C10H20
2 5.627 2.47 1-Dodecene C12H24
3 7.02 1.57 1,11-Dodecadiene C12H22
4 7.161 10.46 1-Tridecene C13H26
5 7.279 6.59 Dodecane C12H26
6 8.645 8.22 1-Pentadecene C15H30
7 8.758 5.62 Nonadecane C19H40.
8 8.84 5.87 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- C11H10
9 8.94 0.35 Cyclododecane C12H24
10 8.985 1.35 1-Docosene C22H44
11 9.075 3.58 Naphthalene, 2-methyl- C11H10
12 9.83 0.64 9-Octadecen-1-ol, (Z)- C18H36O
13 9.903 3.66 1,13-Tetradecadiene C14H26
14 10.035 9.77 1-Tetradecanol C14H30O
15 10.135 5.34 Tetradecane C14H30
16 10.306 0.44 1-Pentadecene C15H30
17 10.535 1.91 Naphthalene, 1,3-dimethyl- C12H12
18 10.592 1.13 Naphthalene, 2,6-dimethyl- C12H12
19 10.689 1.17 cis-11-Tetradecen-1-ol C14H28O
20 10.837 1.36 1-Decanol, 2-hexyl- C16H34O
21 11.03 0.75 1-Pentadecyne C15H30
22 11.426 6.39 Octadecane C18H38
23 11.463 1.52 Cyclotetradecane C14H28
24 11.723 1.02 17-Pentatriacontene C35H70
25 12.555 6.31 1-Hexadecanol C16H34O
26 12.64 4.9 Heneicosane C21H44
27 12.675 0.86 1-Dodecanol C12H26O
28 13.356 0.61 Cyclohexane, 1-(1-tetradecylpen C35H70
29 15.017 1.26 Anthracene C14H10
30 16.328 3.17 1-Nonadecene C19H38

From the analysis of the pyrolysis oil based on the chlorine compounds. These compounds could have come
carbon range, C5-C12 (gasoline), C13-C24 (diesel) and >C24 from the ink used for the name and logo tag on the nylon. The
(fuel oil) (Yang et al., 2016). LDP100 has the highest number analysis results from Figure 4 also imply that most of the
of hydrocarbons (37) in the range of C5-C12 (Figures 3 and 4). pyrolysis oil could be utilised as jet fuel. According to
Thus, having the highest gasoline content (86.43%) amongst Alhikami and Wang (2021), hydrocarbon ranges from 9 to 15
the fractionated oil. This was followed by LDPM100 , with 12 can be used for powering jet engines.
of its compounds within the range of C5 -C12, and recorded
72.22% gasoline. The highest diesel content (72%) was
recorded for LDP300 , followed closely was LDPM300 (60%).
On a careful assessment based on the total number of
hydrocarbons detected in each of the fractionated oils,
LDPM300 has the highest diesel. This is because it has 30
detected compounds against 25 detected in LDP180 . Amongst
all the oils, only LDPM180 has fuel oil, probably due to the
catalyst effect. It was also discovered that all the oil produced
with the aid of a catalyst recorded the presence of organic

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2840

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

Fig 3: Number of Hydrocarbons based on Carbon Number Range

Fig 4: Percentage Composition Hydrocarbons based of Carbon Number Range

IV. CONCLUSION to higher hydrocarbons. The research has provided gasoline,

diesel and fuel oil from waste low density polyethylene.
The research has shown that the threat of waste plastics
can be reduced in a useful manner for the production of value- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
added products such as fuel oils. The green catalyst from
montmorillonite affected the chemical composition of the The author expresses gratitude to the entire Solid Wastes
produced oils. The physicochemical properties of the oils Conversion Process Unit Staff, Department of Chemistry,
revealed that some of the others are in the diesel oil category. Federal University of Technology Akure
The fractionated oils from the catalysed pyrolysed are noticed
to have higher cyclo-compounds. The catalytic-aided  Funding Information: This research was funded by an
pyrolysis oils have more diesel content than the uncatalysed NRF-Tetfund grant. (TETF/ES/DR &D-
oil. They are signifying the possibility of catalytic conversion CE/NRF2020/SETI/84/VOL.1)

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2841

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

REFERENCES [13]. Eze, I. U., Okwonna, O. O., Komi, G. W., Hart, A. I.,
and Vincent-Akpu, I. (2024). Comparative
[1]. Jeswani, H., Krüger, C., Russ, M., Horlacher, M., Analysis of Kerosene Grade Fuel from Pyrolysis of
Antony, F., Hann, S., and Azapagic, A. (2021). Life HDPE and LDPE Waste Plastics. Journal of
cycle environmental impacts of chemical recycling via Engineering Research and Reports, 26(2), 1-13.
pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste in comparison with [14]. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., and Law, K. L. (2017).
mechanical recycling and energy recovery. Science of Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever
the Total Environment, 769, 144483. made. Science advances, 3(7), e1700782.19–24.
[2]. US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Textiles doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.170078
2014—Common Wastes and Materials; U.S. [15]. Rachtanapun, P., and Rachtanapun, C., (2011).
Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, Handbook of Frozen Food Processing and
USA. Packaging, CRC Press, Florida, 861
[3]. European-Plastics. An Analysis of European Plastics [16]. Driscoll R.H. and Paterson J.L., (1999). Handbook of
Production, Demand and Waste Data; European- Food Preservation, Marcel Dekker, New York, 687.
Plastics: Brussels, Belgium, 2015. [17]. Evode, N., Qamar, S. A., Bilal, M., Barceló, D., and
[4]. Maafa, I. M. (2021). Pyrolysis of polystyrene waste: A Iqbal, H. M. (2021). Plastic waste and its
review. Polymers, 13(2), 225. management strategies for environmental
doi.org/10.3390/polym13020225 sustainability. Case Studies in Chemical and
[5]. Williams, P. T., and Slaney, E. (2007). Analysis of Environmental Engineering, 4, 100142.
products from the pyrolysis and liquefaction of [18]. Battsetseg, B., Sukhbaatar, S., and Oyunchimeg, T.
single plastics and waste plastic mixtures. Resources, (2022). Current status and prospects of plastic
Conservation and Recycling, 51(4), 754-769. and plastic bag waste recycling. Int. J. Soc. Sci.
[6]. Al-Salem, S. M., Lettieri, P., and Baeyens, J. (2010). Humanit. Res, 2, 1-16.
The valorization of plastic solid waste (PSW) [19]. Rabie, A. M., Mohammed, E. A., and Negm, N. A.
by primary to quaternary routes: From re-use to (2018). Feasibility of modified bentonite as
energy and chemicals. Progress in Energy and acidic heterogeneous catalyst in low temperature
Combustion Science, 36(1), 103- catalytic cracking process of biofuel production
129.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.09.001 from nonedible vegetable oils. Journal of Molecular
[7]. Kusenberg, M., Eschenbacher, A., Djokic, M. R., Liquids, 254, 260-266.
Zayoud, A., Ragaert, K., De Meester, S., and [20]. Hakeem, I. G., Aberuagba, F., and Musa, U. (2018).
Van Geem, K. M. (2022). Opportunities and Catalytic pyrolysis of waste polypropylene using
challenges for the application of post- consumer Ahoko kaolin from Nigeria. Applied Petrochemical
plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker Research, 8(4), 203-210.
feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to [21]. Li, K., Lei, J., Yuan, G., Weerachanchai, P., Wang, J.
decontaminate? Waste Management, 138, 83-115. Y., Zhao, J., and Yang, Y. (2017). Fe, Ti-, Zr-and Al-
[8]. Kumar, S., & Singh, R. K. (2013). Thermolysis of pillared clays for efficient catalytic pyrolysis of mixed
high-density polyethylene to petroleum plastics. Chemical Engineering Journal, 317, 800-
products. Journal of Petroleum Engineering, 2013, 1- 809.
7.doi.org/10.1155/2013/987568 [22]. Attique, S., Batool, M., Yaqub, M., Goerke, O.,
[9]. Patil, L., Varma, A. K., Singh, G., and Mondal, P. Gregory, D. H., and Shah, A. T. (2020). Highly
(2018). Thermocatalytic degradation of high- efficient catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene waste to
density polyethylene into liquid product. Journal of derive fuel products by novel polyoxometalate/kaolin
Polymers and the Environment, 26, 1920-1929. doi composites. Waste Management & Research, 38(6),
10.1007/s10924-017-1088-0 689-695.
[10]. Panda, A. K. (2018). Thermo-catalytic degradation of [23]. Faillace, J. G., de Melo, C. F., de Souza, S. P. L., and
different plastics to drop in liquid fuel using da Costa Marques, M. R. (2017). Production of light
calcium bentonite catalyst. International Journal of hydrocarbons from pyrolysis of heavy gas oil and
Industrial Chemistry, 9(2), 167-176. high-density polyethylene using pillared clays as
[11]. Jaafar, Y., Abdelouahed, L., El Hage, R., El Samrani, catalysts. Journal of analytical and applied
A., and Taouk, B. (2022). Pyrolysis of common pyrolysis, 126, 70-76.
plastics and their mixtures to produce valuable [24]. Egirani, D. E., Poyi, N. R., and Wessey, N. (2019).
petroleum-like products. Polymer Degradation Synthesis of a copper (II) oxide–montmorillonite
and Stability, 195, 109770. composite for lead removal. International Journal of
[12]. Ghodke, P. K., Sharma, A. K., Moorthy, K., Chen, W. Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, 26, 803-
H., Patel, A., and Matsakas, L. (2022). 810.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1788-7
Experimental investigation on pyrolysis of domestic [25]. Castellini, E., Malferrari, D., Bernini, F., Brigatti, M.
plastic wastes for fuel grade F., Castro, G. R., Medici, L., ... & Borsari, M. (2017).
hydrocarbons. Processes, 11(1), 71. Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source
doi.org/10.3390/pr11010071 clay montmorillonite STx-1b. Clays and Clay
Minerals, 65(4), 220-233.

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2842

Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1604

[26]. Siahpoosh, Z, H., and Soleimani, M. (2017). Trace Cd

(II), Pb (II) and Ni (II) ions extraction and
preconcentration from different water samples by
using Ghezeljeh montmorillonite nanoclay as a natural
new adsorbent. Journal of Water and Environmental
Nanotechnology, 2(1), 39-51.
[27]. Chaiya, C., Pankumpet, N., Buapibal, B., and
Chalermsinsuwan, B. (2020). Alternative liquid fuel
from pyrolysis of polyethylene wax. Energy
Reports, 6, 1262-1267.
[28]. Pratama, N. N., and Saptoadi, H. (2014).
Characteristics of waste plastics pyrolytic oil and its
applications as alternative fuel on four-cylinder diesel
engines. International Journal of Renewable Energy
Development, 3(1), 13-20.
[29]. Anbarasu, K., and Sivakumar, P. (2012). Catalytic
pyrolysis of dairy industrial waste LDPE film into
fuel. International Journal of Chemistry Research,
52-55.
[30]. Hudec, P., Horňáček, M., Smiešková, A., and Daučík,
P. (2009). Chemical recycling of waste hydrocarbons
in catalytic cracking. Petroleum and Coal, 51(1), 51-
58.
[31]. Aboul-Fotouh, M. T., Alaa, E., Sadek, M. A., and
Elazab Dr, H. A. (2019). Physico-Chemical
Characteristics of Ethanol–Diesel Blend Fuel.
Chemical Engineering 8, 740-747
[32]. Sharma, A. K., Sharma, P. K., Chintala, V., Khatri, N.,
and Patel, A. (2020). Environment- friendly
biodiesel/diesel blends for improving the exhaust
emission and engine performance to reduce the
pollutants emitted from transportation
fleets. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3896.
[33]. Januszewicz, K., Hunicz, J., Kazimierski, P., Rybak,
A., Suchocki, T., Duda, K., and Mikulski, M. (2023).
An experimental assessment on a diesel engine
powered by blends of waste-plastic-derived
pyrolysis oil with diesel. Energy, 281, 128330.
[34]. Wijayanti, W., Musyaroh, M., and Sasongko, M. N.
(2022). Low-density polyethylene plastic waste to
liquid fuel using pyrolysis method: an effect of
temperatures on the oil yields physicochemical
properties. Journal of Sustainable Development of
Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 10(3),
1-18.doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d9.0402
[35]. Yang, J., Rizkiana, J., Widayatno, W. B.,
Karnjanakom, S., Kaewpanha, M., Hao, X., Abuliti
A., and Guan, G. (2016). Fast co-pyrolysis of low-
density polyethylene and biomass residue for oil
production. Energy conversion and management, 120,
422-429.
[36]. Alhikami, A. F., and Wang, W. C. (2021).
Experimental study of the spray ignition
characteristics of hydro-processed renewable jet and
petroleum jet fuels in a constant volume
combustion chamber. Fuel, 283, 119286.

IJISRT24MAY1604 www.ijisrt.com 2843