SUMMER SY2324 NOTES 5.

INDUSTRIAL SECURITY–This is a type of security

applied to business groups engaged in industries like
CRI 178: Industrial Security Management
manufacturing, assembling, research and development,
processing, warehousing and even agriculture.
I.CONCEPT OF SECURITY
It is the degree of protection to safeguard a nation, 6.BANK SECURITY–This type of security is concerned
union of nations, person or persons against danger, with bank operations. Its main objective is the protection
damage, loss and crime. of bank cash and assets, its personnel and clientele.
It is the state or condition of being secure or free from Security personnel are trained to safeguard banks and
fear, harm, danger, loss, destruction or damages. assets while in storage, in transit and during
An organization or department responsible for transactions.
providing security by enforcing laws, rules and 7.HOTEL SECURITY–The type of security applied to
regulations as well as maintaining order. hotels where its properties are protected from pilferage,
The purpose of security is to release people from their loss, damage, so that the function in the hotel
apprehensions and aversions and by that to give them a restaurants are not disturbed and troubled by outsiders
feeling of safety. or the guests themselves. This type of security employs
house detectives, uniform guards and supervisors and
INDUSTRY- The term denotes “earnest or constant ensures that hotel guests and their personal effects are
application to work or business”, or “a special branch of safeguarded.
productive work, or the capital or workers employed in it
(Webster, 1993). It is likewise defined as a large-scale 8.PERSONAL/VIP SECURITY–The type of security
production or organized economic activity connected applied for the protection of top-ranking officials of the
with the production, manufacture, or construction of a government or private entity, visiting persons of
particular product or range of products. illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.

INDUSTRIAL- This is defined as “pertaining to or 9.SCHOOL SECURITY–A type of security that is

engaged in industry”. (Webster, 1993) concerned with the protection of students, faculty, and
school properties.
INDUSTRIAL SECURITY- The term may mean:
10.SUPERMARKET/MALL SECURITY–The type of
(a) security measures applied to business industries security which is concerned with the protection of the
(Manwong and Delizo, 2006); or stores, warehouses, storage, its immediate premises
(b) the business of providing security and protection to and properties as well as the supermarket personnel and
private individuals, business and enterprises, or customers. Security personnel are trained to detect
government and non-government industries. “shoplifters”, robbery and bomb detection and customer
relations.

11.OPERATIONAL SECURITY–This involves the

II.TYPES OF SECURITY protection of processes formulas and patents, industrial
and manufacturing activities from espionage, infiltration,
1.Physical Security–The broadest type of security that
loss, compromise or photocopying
is concerned with the physical measures designed to
safeguard personnel and prevent unauthorized access 12.AIR CARGO SECURITY–To minimize or to prevent
to equipment, facilities, materials, documents and to loss of cargo during transit, storage or transfer.
protect them from espionage, sabotage, damage, loss or
theft.

2.PERSONNEL SECURITY–It involves the background III.THREE LINES OF PHYSICAL DEFENSE

checks of individuals commensurate with the security FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE- Perimeter fences/ barriers,
requirements. Its purpose is to insure that a firm hires Guards at the gates
those best suited to assist the firm in achieving its goals
and objectives and once hired to assist in providing SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE- Doors, Floors, Windows-
necessary security to the workforce while carrying out less than 18 feet must be grilled or less than 14 feet from
their functions. the trees, Walls, Roofs

3.DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY–This THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE- Steel cabinets, Locks,
involves the protection of documents and classified Safes, Vaults, Interior file room
papers from loss, access by unauthorized persons,
damage, theft and compromise through disclosure.
Classified documents need special handling. Lack of IV. 3 MAJOR AREAS OF SECURITY
indoctrination and orientation among the personnel
handling them can result in the leakage, loss, theft, and A.PHYSICAL SECURITY–Physical measures are used
unauthorized disclosure of the documents. to define, protect, and monitor property rights and
objects. They consist of barriers and devices that are
4.COMMUNICATION SECURITY–The protection able to detect, impede, and deter potential security
resulting from the application of various measures which threats. It is the sum total of all physical safeguards
prevent or delay the enemy or unauthorized persons in employed or installed to secure the assets.
gaining information through communication. This
includes transmission, cryptographic and physical
security. An example is the Morse Code.
Principles of Physical Security b)Full View Fence- This is a kind of fence that provides
visual access through the fence.
1.The type of access necessary will depend upon a
number of variable factors and may be achieved in a TYPES OF PERIMETER BARRIER OPENING
number of ways.
2.There is no impenetrable barrier. a)Gates and Doors – When not in active use and
3.Defense is Depth- barrier after barrier. controlled by guards, gates and doors in the perimeter
4.Delay should be provided against surreptitious and should be locked and frequently inspected by guards.
non- surreptitious entry. Locks should be changed from time to time.

b)Sidewalk Elevator – These provide access to areas

1.PROTECTIVE BARRIERS within the perimeter barrier and should be locked or
guarded.
Barriers- Any structure or physical device capable of
restricting, deterring and delaying illegal access to any c)Utilities Openings – Like sewers, air tanks and
installation. Any line of boundary and separation, natural exhaust channels. Metal grills must be provided in order
or artificial, placed or serving as a limitation or to prevent its use for unauthorized entry.
obstruction (Webster, 1993). d)Clear Zone – unobstructed area or a “clear zone”
Purpose of Barrier should be maintained on both sides of the perimeter
barrier.
1. Outline the physical limits of an area.
2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to 20 feet or more between the perimeter barrier and
unauthorized entry. exterior structure (Outside)
3. Prevent penetration therein or delay intrusion, thus 50 feet or more between the perimeter barrier and
facilitating apprehension of intruders. structure within the protected areas (Inside)
4. Assist in more efficient and economical employment
of guards.
5. Facilitate and improve the control and vehicular traffic.
ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

a)Top Guard – An additional overhang or barbed-wire

Perimeter Barriers- medium or structure, which defines placed on vertical perimeter fences facing upward and
the physical limits of an installation or area to restrict or outward with a 45-degree angle with respect to the
impede access thereto. It refers to any physical barrier fence, with three to four strands of barbed-wires spaced
used to supplement the protection of an inside perimeter. 6 inches apart and must be stalled on the supporting
arms.

b)Guard Control Stations – This is normally provided

TYPES OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS at the main perimeter entrance to secure areas located
a)Natural Barrier- Geographical features like rivers, outdoors, and manned by a guard on a full time basis.
cliffs, canyons, or any other terrain that is difficult to c)Tower/Guard Tower- is a house-like structure above
traverse. the perimeter barriers. It gives a psychological effect to
b)Structural Barrier- These are features constructed by violators.
man regardless of their original intent that tends to delay d)Signs and Notice – “Control Signs” should be erected
the intruder. Examples: Fence, walls, grills, doors, where necessary in the management of unauthorized
roadblocks, screens or any other construction that will ingress and preclude accidental entry. Signs should
serve as a deterrent to unauthorized entry. plainly be visible and legible from approach in
c)Human Barrier- Persons being used in providing a understandable language. Signs on entry should also be
guarding system or by the nature of their employment posted at all principal entrances..
and location, fulfill security functions. Examples: Security
guard and employees of the establishment.
2.PROTECTIVE LIGHTING–It provides sufficient
d)Animal Barrier- Animals that are used in partially illumination to the areas during hours of darkness.
providing a guarding system. Examples: dogs, geese, Lighting can help improve visibility so that intruders can
turkey be seen and identified and, if possible, apprehended. It
e)Energy Barrier- It is the employment of mechanical, gives Psychological fear, which serves as a deterrent
electrical, or electronic energy that imposes a deterrence and reduces the need for security forces.
to unlawful entry by an intruder or those that provide TYPES OF PROTECTIVE LIGHTING
warning to guard personnel.
a)Stationary Luminary (Continuous Lighting) – this is
Examples: protective lighting, alarm system and any a common type consisting of a series of fixed luminaries
electronic devices used as barriers. to continuously flood a given area.

TYPES OF PERIMETER BARRIERS Types of Stationary Lighting

a)Solid Fence- This kind of fence that is constructed in Glare Projection Type – The intensity is focused on the
such a way that visual access through the fence is intruder while the observer or guard remains in the
denied from the intruders. comparative darkness.
Controlled Lighting – The lighting is focused on the pile b)Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device. An invisible or
of items protected rather than the background. The width visible light beam transmitted at a frequency of several
of the lighted strip can be controlled and adjusted to suit thousand per second. Alarm is activated when an
the security needs. intruder crosses the beam or makes contact with the
photo electronic coil which activates the alarm.
b)Standby Lighting – This system is similar to
continuous lighting but it is turned on manually or by a c)Audio Detection Device. A Super Sensitive
special device or other automatic means only when the microphone speaker sensor is installed in walls, ceiling
use is necessary. and floors of the protected area that detects any sound
caused by attempted forced entry.
c)Movable Lighting – This consists of stationary or
portable, manually operated searchlights. d)Vibration detection device. The vibration sensitive
sensor is attached to walls, ceiling or floors of the
d)Emergency Lighting – This type may be duplicative protected areas. The sensor detects any vibration
of existing systems. This is at standby, which can be caused by attempted forced entry
utilized in the event of electronic failure, either due to
local equipment or commercial power failure. e)Space and Motion Detectors. These systems derive
their operating principle usually from a physical
phenomenon known as “Doppler Effect”. Constant sound
TYPES OF LIGHTING EQUIPMENT waves in a cubicle disturbed by an object will cause
change of frequency and wave motion thereby causing
a)Floodlights- These are wide beam units, primarily an alarm to Trigger.
used to extend the illumination in long, horizontal strips
to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier. Best
used in boundaries, buildings or fences. Otherwise TYPES OF BANK ALARMS
known as reflectorized or spotlight.
a)Foot rail activator- They are placed on the floor in
b)Street lights- These lighting equipment received the such a position that tellers may activate the alarm by
most widespread notoriety for its value in reducing placing the front of their foot to engage the activation
crime. These produce diffused rather than directional bar.
beams.
b)Bill Traps- It is also known as Currency Activation
c)Search lights- These are highly focused incandescent Devices which are usually placed in the teller’s top cash
lamps and are designed to pinpoint potential trouble drawer and connected to the alarm system.
spots.
c)Knee or Thigh Buttons- It is installed inside the deck
d)Fresnel lights – These are wide beam units, primarily or teller station so they can be activated by knee or thigh
used to extend the illumination in long, horizontal strips pressure.
to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier.
Fresnel projects a narrow, horizontal beam that is d)Foot Button- Like foot rails it permits alarm activation
approximately 180 degrees in the horizontal and from 15 in relative safety while both hands remain clear in view
to 30 degrees in the vertical plane. of robbers.

e)Double Squeeze Buttons. Pressure is required on

both sides of the device and therefore the probability of
3.PROTECTIVE ALARMS–These different alarms of accidental alarm is reduced.
various types and cost can be installed indoors and
outdoors. Basically an alarm system is designed to alert
security personnel for possible intruders. It is used to
assist security to complement if not supplement physical TYPES OF PROTECTIVE ALARM SYSTEM
barriers is an array of alarms. Central Station System–A type of protective alarm
where the central station is located outside the
installation. It can be located in an agency and the
Basic Parts of Alarm System installation is one of the subscribers. When alarm is
sounded, central station notifies police and other agency
a)Sensor or Trigger Device- It emits the aural or visual
signals or both. Proprietary System–It is the same as central station
b)Transmission Line- A circuit which transmits the system except that it is owned by, operated and located
message to the signaling apparatus in the facility. It is located inside the industrial firm itself
c)Enunciator/Annunciator- It is the signaling system with a duty operator.Response to all alarms is by
that activates the alarm. facility’s own security.

Auxiliary System- In this system installation circuits are

TYPES OF ALARMS led into local police or fire departments by lease
telephone line
a)Metallic Foil or Wire. In a building or compound, all
points of entry can be wired by using electrically charged Local Alarm by chance system- This is a local alarm
strips of tinfoil wire that emit a signal when the foil or system in which a bell or siren is sounded with no
wire is moved by any action. Doors and windows can be predictable response. These systems are used in
equipped with magnetic or spring activated contacts, residences or small retail establishments that cannot
which will sound an alarm when the door or window is afford a response system. The hope is that a neighbor or
opened. passerby will reach the alarm and call for police
assistance, but such a call is purely a matter of chance.
Dial Alarm System- This system is set to dial a f)Card Operated Locks- These are electronically or
predestined number when the alarm is activated. The more usually magnetic with coded card notched,
number selected might be the police or the subscriber’s embossed or containing an embedded patter of copper
home number, or both. When the phone is answered, a used to operate these locks. These are frequently fitted
recording states that an intrusion is in progress at the with recording devices, which registers time of use and
location so alarmed. the identity of the user.

4.PROTECTIVE LOCKS- Locks are the most widely TYPES OF KEYS

used physical security devices in the protection of
facilities and activities, personnel, information and a)Change Key - A key to a single lock, which operates
government business and personal properties. Locking the lock and has a particular combination of cuts or
device is a simple mechanism that extends the door and biting which match the tumblers in the lock.
window into the wall that holds them. If therefore, the b)Sub-Master Key – A key that will open all the locks
wall or the door itself is weak or easily destructible, the within a particular area or grouping of a particular facility.
lock is not effective. c)Master Key – A special key that is capable of opening
a series of locks.
d)Grand Master Key – A type of key that will open
everything in a system.
Definition of terms

a) Lock – A mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or KEY CONTROL

electronic device to prevent entry into a building, room,
container or hiding place and to prevent the removal of a)Key Control- is the management of keys in a plant or
items without the consent of the owner. business organization to prevent unauthorized individual
b) Key – An instrument used for locking and unlocking. access to the keys.
c) Padlock – It is a portable and detachable lock having
a sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring or the b)Maison Key System- keying system that permits a
like and is then made fast or secured. lock to be opened with a number of unique individual
d) Peterman – An English term used to describe a lock keys. Maison key systems are often found in apartment
picker. building common areas such as the main entrance or a
laundry room where individual residents can use their
own apartment key to access these areas.
TYPES OF LOCKS

a) Warded Locks- The underlying principle is

incorporation of wards or obstructions inside the lock to Method for Effective Key Control
prohibit a key from operating bolt unless the key has a)Key Cabinet – A well-constructed cabinet will have to
corresponding notches cut in it that it will pass the be produced. The cabinet will have to be of sufficient
wards. This type of lock must be used only to have size to hold the original key to every lock in the system.
privacy but not to provide a high degree of security It should be locked at all times.
because it offers very little security.
b)Key Records – Some administrative means must be
b) Disc Tumbler Locks- Also known as wafer tumbler set up to record code number of the locks and to whom
type. It is designed for the use of the automobile industry the keys of a specific lock were issued.
and is generally used in car doors today because this
lock is easy and cheap to manufacture. The delay c)Inventories - Periodic accounts must be made of all
afforded is approximately ten minutes. duplicates and original keys in the hands of the
employees whom they have been issued.
c)Lever Lock- They are used in safe deposit boxes and
are for all practical purposes, pick proof. The least of d)Audits – In addition to periodic inventories, an
these locks are used in desks, lockers and cabinets and unannounced audit should be made of all the key control
generally less secure than pin tumbler locks. records and procedures by a member of the
management.
d)Combination Locks- A lock that requires
manipulation of dials according to a predetermined e)Daily Report – A regular report must be made to the
combination code of numbers or letters. Most of these person responsible for the key control from the
locks have three dials, which must be aligned in the personnel department. In the event that a key is lost,
proper order before the lock will open. Some locks may steps should be made to recover the key.
have four dials for greater security.

e)Code Operated Locks- They are opened by pressing

Statutory Prohibitions of Key
a series of numbered buttons in the proper sequence.
These are combination-type locks and no key is used. Art 304 Possession of picklocks or similar tools
Some of them are equipped to alarm if the wrong
sequence is pressed.These are high security locking Any person, who shall without lawful cause have in
devices. possession picklocks or similar tools especially adapted
to the commission of the crime or robbery, shall be
punished by arresto mayor in its maximum period to
prison correctional in the minimum period.
Art 305 False Key applicant and those discovered in the BI which confirms
or denies what is given by the applicant.
The term ‘False Key’ shall be deemed to include:
c)Profiling –It is the process whereby a subject’s
1.Genuine keys stolen from the owner reaction in a future critical situation is predicted by
2.Any keys other than those intended by the owner for observing his behavior, or by interviewing him, or
use in the lock forcibly opened by the offender. analyzing his responses to a questionnaire, such as an
honesty test.

d)Deception Detection Techniques –This is a process

B.PERSONNEL SECURITY- Personnel security is the of using devices in detecting deception during the
sum total procedures followed inquiries conducted and interview stage. This includes the use of a Polygraph,
criteria applied to determine the work suitable to a Psychological Stress Evaluator and Voice Analyzer
particular applicant or the retention or transfer of a
particular employee. Its purpose is to ensure that a firm e)Financial and Lifestyle Inquiry –This type of
hires those employees best suited to assist the firm in investigation seeks to gather information on income and
achieving its goals and those hired, assist in providing mode of living, sometimes referred to as the
the necessary security to the employees while they are earning-to-debt ratio of the applicant.
carrying out their duties. f)Undercover Assignment –This is the placement of an
Purpose of Personnel Security agent in a role in which the agent’s true identity and role
remains unknown, in order to obtain information for
1. To insure that a firm hires those employees best criminal prosecution or for recovery of lost assets
suited for the firm; and
2. Once hired, to assist in providing the necessary g)Exit Interview –This is a valuable tool because it
security to these employees while they are gives departing employees an opportunity to express
carrying out their functions. their grievances. It offers security managers an
3. Employ reliable people; opportunity to learn of problems not previously known.
4. Minimize the chances of staff becoming unreliable
once they have been employed;
5. Detect suspicious behavior and resolve security Security Clearance- It is a certification by a responsible
concerns once they emerge. authority that the person described is cleared to access
and classify matters at appropriate levels

PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION- It is a a)Interim Clearance- Effectivity Two years

process of inquiry into the character, reputation,
discretion, integrity, morals and loyalty of an individual to b)Final Clearance- Effective Five years
determine the suitability for appointment or access to
classified matter.
Security Education Program- A program given to
employees of an installation by lecture and other means
TYPES OF PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION pertaining to measures and safeguards to be taken to
protect the interest of the installation from loss, damage,
National Agency Check- It consists of LAC sabotage, pilferage and other criminal acts. The basic
supplemented by investigation of the records and files of goal is to acquaint all the employees with the justification
the following agencies: PNP, ISAFP, NBI, CSC, Bureau behind the security measures and to insure cooperation
of Immigration and Deportation and other agencies. at all times.

Local Agency Check- Refers to the investigation of

the records and files of agencies in the area of principal
residence of the individual being investigated like Mayor, Phases of Security Education
Police, Fiscal, or Judge. Initial interview- The first contact with the prospective
Background Investigation- a check made on an employee where the interviewer determines the
individual usually seeking employment through subjects suitability of the applicant for employment through his
records in the police files, educational institution, place given answers on the different questions being asked. It
of residence and former employees. is in this stage where the interviewer may start providing
the necessary information as to the overview of
company security policies and at the same time the
employee accountability and corresponding penalties
General Techniques of Personnel Security that could result from violation therefrom.
Investigation
Training conference- It is in this stage where new
a)Background Investigation (BI)–This technique is employees receive detailed distributed for reference.
very expensive but necessary in personnel security. It New employees are also requested to sign
serves to verify information appearing on the application acknowledgement that they have been aware of the
form and to obtain other information pertinent in making existing company policies and will abide by the same.
decisions to employ.
Refresher conference- This is designed to remind
b)Positive Vetting –It is the process of inspecting or employees of the company about their responsibilities,
examining with careful thoroughness. The essence of review the guidelines and policies, introduction of new
vetting is that it is a personal interview conducted under policies and regulations and a moment of getting
stress. It is based on information previously given by the
employees feedback about the company policies that is be replaced and watched and which would not in the
being implemented. meantime present an insurmountable obstacle.

Security reminder- A phase which employs an d)Class IV (Non Essential Document)- These records
indirect approach of educating the employees through are daily files, routine in nature even if lost or destroyed,
the posting security posters and distribution of fliers. will not affect operation or administration.

Security promotion- This phase emphasizes the

importance and role of security in achieving the
company goals and objectives. It involves the act of SECURITY HAZARDS- Any act or condition which may
securing employee cooperation and support. result in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss
or destruction of property or disruption of the objective of
Special Interview the installation.

Debriefing Kinds of Security Hazards

a)Human/Man-Made Hazards- is the act or condition

affecting the safe operation of the facility caused by
C.DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY- The human action, accidental or intentional, this type of
loss of document and information cost billions of pesos. hazard is the result of the state of mind, attitude,
The importance of document and information security is weakness, or character traits on the part of one or more
not realized until after a loss has been discovered. For persons like sabotage, espionage, pilferage or theft.
these reasons, a comprehensive document and
information security program is vital to operating. b)Natural Hazards- is the act or situation caused by
natural phenomenon. Like floods, typhoons, earthquakes
etc but there are many measures and techniques which
Basic Definition of Terms may be employed to reduce their effects in
establishment, plants and installation.
1.Document – A piece of written, printed or electronic
matter that provides information or evidence or that
serves as an official record. Pilferage/Theft- It is one of the most annoying and
2.Document Security - It involves the protection of common human hazards. Security force has to
documents and classified papers from loss, access by concentrate a large number of men to check this
unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise immoral and disturbing activity.
through disclosure.
3.Classified Information - It includes all information
concerning documents, cryptographic devices,
developed projects and materials which are not for Types of Pilferer
public consumption. Casual Pilferer – One who steals due to his inability to
4.Classified Matter - It refers to any information or resist the unexpected opportunity and has little fear of
material in any form or of any nature, the safeguarding of detection.
which is necessary in the interest of security and which
is classified for such purpose by the responsible Systematic Pilferer – One who steals with
classifying authority. preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of
5.Need to Know - It is the dissemination of classified items or supplies for economic gain.
information or matter to be limited strictly to those people
whose duties require knowledge or possession thereof.
6.Unauthorized - It refers to any person not authorized SECURITY SURVEY- A critical on-site examination and
to have access to classified matters. analysis of an industrial plant, business, a home or
7.Compromise - This takes place when unauthorized public or private institution done to ascertain the facility’s
persons obtained/gained knowledge of classified current security status, identify deficiencies or excess in
matters. current practices. To determine what protection is
8.Proprietary information - An information that in some needed and to make recommendations for improving the
special way relates to the status or activities of the overall level of security at that installation
possessor and over which the possessor asserts
ownership. In the business community, proprietary
information relates to the structure, products or business
Purpose of Security Survey
methods of the organization.
1. determine existing vulnerabilities to injury, death,
damage or destruction by natural causes.
Types of Documents
2. determine existing vulnerabilities of corporate assets
a)Class I (Vital Documents) – In this category these due to outside criminal activity.
are the records that are irreplaceable; records of which 3. determine existing vulnerabilities of corporate assets
production does not have the same value as the original. due to criminal activity within the organization.
4. determine existing conditions of physical security of
b)Class II (Important Documents)- This includes corporate property.
records the reproduction of which will cost considerable 5. measure compliance of employees to security
expense and labor, or considerable delay.

c)Class III (Useful Documents)- This includes records SECURITY INSPECTION- IIt complements security
whose loss might cause inconvenience but could readily surveys in its attempt to prevent losses of company
properties It is the process of conducting physical
examination to determine compliance with establishment •Later, it was made into a division of the PNP Civil
security policies and procedures as a result of security Security Unit and was renamed Security Agencies and
survey. Guards Supervision Division.

SECURITY PLANNING- It is pre-determining a course

of action. It is deciding in advance what to do, how to do
it and who is to do it. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Goals of Security Planning Security Guard – This shall include any person who
offers or renders personal service to watch or secure
1. To minimize effects of any incident upon plant and either a residence or business establishment or both for
personnel hire or compensation, and with a license to exercise
2. To keep property and equipment loss at a minimum profession.
3. To ensure cooperation of all plants departments
charged with specific activities and emergencies License to Exercise Profession – The document
4. To ensure appropriate cooperative action by and with issued by the Chief, Philippine National Police or his duly
outside civic and government agencies. authorized representative recognizing a person to be
qualified to perform his duties as private security or
training personnel.
II. SECURITY GUARD FORCE SYSTEM
License to Operate (LTO) – A license certificate, issued
Brief History of Security in the Philippines by the Chief, Philippine National Police or his duly
authorized representative, authorizing a person to
•The security business began on March 11,1933 when engage in employing security guard or detective, or a
the first formally licensed private security ‘Special juridical person to establish, engage, direct, manage or
Watchmen Agency’ started operations. operate an individual or a private detective agency or
•Later on, it was renamed ‘Jimenez security agency’ private security agency or company security force after
founded by brothers Juan and Pedro Jimenez. payment of the prescribed dues or fees.

•On May 30,1958, the Philippine Association of Duty Detail Order – A written order or schedule issued
Detectives and Protective Agency Operations (PADPAO) by a superior officer usually the private security agency
was formally organized. or branch manager or operations officer assigning the
performance of private security or detective
PADPAO – It refers to Philippine Association of services/duties.
Detective and Protective Agency Operators, Inc. which is
an association of all licensed security agencies and Security Guard Force – The group of selected men,
company security forces trained or grouped into a functional unit for the purpose
of protecting operational processes from those
•RA 5487 was passed on June 13,1969 through the disruptions which would impede efficiency or halt
continuous lobbying of the incorporators and officers of operation of a particular plant, facility, installation or
PADPAO, which sets the standard and minimum special activity.
requirements for the operations of security agencies.

Republic Act No. 5487 – The law that governs the

organization and operation of private security agencies TYPES OF SECURITY GUARD FORCES and
throughout the Philippines. It is otherwise known as the SECURITY GUARDS
“Private Security Agency Law of the Philippines”. Private Security Agency- Any person, association,
•PD 11 was passed on October 3, 1972, widening the partnership, firm or private corporation who contracts,
coverage of RA 5487 to include security guards recruits, trains, furnishes or post any security guard to do
employed in logging concessions, agricultural, mining its function or solicit individuals, business firms, or
and pasture lands private, public or government-owned or controlled
corporations to engage his or its services or those of his
•PD 100 was issued on January 17,1973, broadening or its security guards, for hire, commission or
the coverage of the security industry to include compensation
employees of the national or local government or any
agency who are employed to watch or secure PRIVATE SECURITY- A security guard hired by client
government building and properties. belonging to private security agency

•The Philippine Constabulary (August 1969) activated Company Security Force – A security unit maintained
the Security and Investigation Supervisory office or and operated by any private company or corporation for
SIASO to supervise and control the organization and its own security requirements only.
operation of the private security and detective agencies COMPANY SECURITY- A security guard recruited and
nationwide. employed by the company
•Later, it was renamed to Philippine Constabulary Government Security Unit – A security unit maintained
Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation and operated by any government entity other than
Agencies or PCSOSIA military and/or a police which is established and
•With the passage of RA 6975, this unit was absorbed by maintained for the purpose of securing the office or
the Philippine National Police. compound and/or extension of such government entity.

GOVERNMENT SECURITY- A security guard recruited

and employed by the government.
LICENSE TO OPERATE A SECURITY AGENCY subject to other requirements prescribed herein under
provisions.
Any Filipino citizen or corporation, association, or
partnership, one hundred percent (100%) of which is Basic requirements of private security personnel:
owned and controlled by Filipino citizens, may organize
and maintain a Private Security Agency or Private a.Filipino citizen;
Detective Agency. b.Not be less than eighteen (18) years of age.
c.Must have taken a private security course/seminar
He must meet the following basic requirements: and/or must have adequate training or experience in
security business or rendering security/detective
1. Filipino Citizen; services;
2. should not be less than twenty-five (25) years of age; d.Of good moral character and must not have been
3. college graduate and/or commissioned officer in the convicted of any crime or violation of these rules and
inactive service or retired from the Armed Forces of the regulations carrying a penalty of prohibition to be
Philippines or the Philippine National Police; licensed; and
4. has taken a course or seminar in Industrial Security e.Must be physically and mentally fit.
Management and/or must have adequate training or
experience in security business, and Qualifications of a Private Security Guard. No person
5. good moral character shall be licensed as security guard unless he possesses
the following qualifications:
NOTE: a.Filipino citizen;
New applicants for license to operate shall be required b.High school graduate;
to obtain a minimum capitalization of one million pesos c.Physically and mentally fit;
(Php 1,000,000.00) with a minimum bank deposit of five d.Not less than eighteen (18) years of age nor more than
hundred thousand (Php 500,000.00) in order to start its fifty (50) years of age (for new applicants and SGs in
business operation. non-supervisory position); and
e.Has undergone a pre-licensing training course or its
No person shall engage in the occupation, calling or equivalent.
employment or engage in the business of PSA or PDA
unless has a license to operate duly approved by the Qualifications for Security Officer. No person shall be
Chief, PNP or authorized representative. licensed as Security Officer unless he has the following
qualifications:
All security agencies must be registered at the
Security and Exchange Commission (sec) a.Filipino citizen;
b.Physically and mentally fit;
c.Holder of a Master’s degree in either Criminology,
Surety Bond: Public Administration, MNSA, Industrial Security
Administration, or Law;
Agency with 1-199 guards- P 50,000.00 d.Must have at least ten (10) years’ experience in the
operation and management of security business.
Agency with 200-499 guards- P 100,000.00

Agency with 500-799 guards- P 150,000.00 Qualifications of Security Consultants. No person

shall be licensed as a Security Consultant unless he
Agency with 800-1000 guards- P200,00.00 possesses the following qualifications:
This bond shall answer for any valid and legal claims a.Filipino citizen;
against such agency filed by an aggrieved party. b.Physically and mentally fit;
c.Holder of a Master’s degree in either Criminology,
Public Administration, MNSA, Industrial Security
MEMBERSHIP: Administration, or Law;
d.Must have at least ten (10) years’ experience in the
No regular license shall be granted to any PSA or CSF operation and management of security business.
unless it has under its employ the following number of
duly licensed security guards. Qualifications of a private detective- No person shall
•PSA- a minimum of two hundred (200) and be licensed as a private detective unless possesses the
maximum of one thousand (1,000) following qualifications:

•CSF- a minimum of thirty (30) and a maximum of a.Filipino citizen;

one thousand (1,000) b.Physical and mentally fit;
c.Holder of a baccalaureate degree preferably Bachelor
of laws or Bachelor of Science in Criminology;
d.Graduate of a Criminal Investigation Course offered by
LICENSE TO EXERCISE PRIVATE SECURITY the Philippine National Police or the National Bureau of
PROFESSION Investigation or any police training school, or a detective
Any Filipino citizen may apply for License to Exercise training in any authorized/recognized training center;
Private Security Profession to engage in the occupation, e.Advance ROTC/CMT graduate or its equivalent.
calling or employment either as a Private Security
Guard, Private Security Officer, Private Detective and/or
Private Security Consultant, after complying with both
academic/scholastic and skills/training requirements
SOSIA order dated Oct. 15 2018 signed by PSUPT. f. When the firearm is used or carried outside the
Vimellee R. Madrid Qualification for Protection property, compound or establishment serviced by the
Agents agency without proper authority; or
g. When a security guard does not possess any license
1.Filipino Citizen; to exercise his profession.
2.Must pass the neuro-psychiatric test and drug test;
3.Must not be less than 5’4’’ in height for male and 5’2’’ Stocking of ammunition- a basic load of fifty (50) rounds
for female; of ammunition per unit of duly licensed firearms
4.Must be college graduate preferably BS Criminology or Individual issues to each security guard shall be limited
other related courses, licensed private detectives, to one half of such basic load or twenty-five (25) rounds
Retired PNP, AFP, NBI personnel/Agent employed with for every security guard.
the said organization for at least five (5) years with good
standing and honorably discharge from service;
5.Not less than 23 years old but not more than 60 years
old; and Exemptions from Basic Pre-Licensing Training.
6.Must comply with sec. 4 rule 1 of 2003 IRR of R.A. Veterans and retired military/police personnel or those
5487 as amended honorably discharged military/police personnel
possessing all the qualifications mentioned in the
USE OF FIREARMS preceding Section shall be exempted from pre-licensing
Number of firearms shall not exceed one (1) firearm training/seminar and academic/scholastic attainment
for every two (2) security guard in its employ. (1:2) which is a requirement for the initial issuance of License
to exercise private security profession but shall not
No private security agency/private detective however be exempted from taking the refresher training
agency/company security force/government security unit courses or its equivalent.
shall be allowed to possess firearms in excess of 500
units. Likewise, graduates of ROTC advance/CHDF (or its
equivalent in the PNP) Training graduates shall be
For Temporary licensed, one hundred (100) guards, exempted from the required Basic-licensing
an initial of at least 30 firearms Training/Seminar

For Regular licensed, two hundred guards (200), at Holder of a degree of Bachelors of Law
least 70 pieces of licensed firearms. Holder of a degree of Bachelor of Science and
Criminology
A PDA/PSA/CSC/GSU is not allowed to possess high Graduate of Criminal Investigation Course offered by
caliber firearms considered as military-type weapons NBI or any PNP related training school.
such as M16, M14, cal .30 carbine, M1 Garand, and
other rifles and special weapons with bores bigger than
cal .22, to include pistols and revolvers with bores bigger BASIC EQUIPMENT
than cal .38 such as cal .40, cal .41, cal .44, cal .45, cal
.50, except cal .22 centerfire magnum and cal .357 and a. The following shall comprise of the Basic Equipment
other pistols with bores smaller than cal .38 of a security guard which shall be made mandatory and
ready for his/her use while performing duties and the
Total number of high powered firearms that is like:
authorized to possess in areas where there is an
upsurge of lawlessness and criminality as determined by 1. Prescribed Basic Uniform
theChief, PNP, Police Regional Office, Regional Director 2. Nightstick/baton
or their authorized representative is 10% of the total 3. Whistle
number of security guards. They may be allowed to 4. Timepiece (synchronized)
acquire, possess and use high- powered firearms. 5. Writing pen
6. Notebook and duty checklist (electronic or not)
PSA or CSF detailing their security personnel on duty 7. Flashlight
while escorting big amount of money or valuable outside 8. First Aid Kit
its jurisdiction shall issue an appropriate DUTY DETAIL 9. Service Firearms (as required)
ORDER.
b. The security agency shall have the responsibility of
Confiscation of Firearms shall effect upon the ensuring the availability and issuance of the basic
following circumstances: equipment to its posted guards.
a. When the firearm is about to be used in the c. Security Guards shall be responsible for inspecting
commission of a crime; operability of basic equipment issued to him, and be
b. When the firearm is actually being used in the responsible for keeping himself acquainted with the
commission of crime; proper use of these.
c. When the firearm has just been used in the
commission of a crime; Other Equipment:
d. When the firearm being carried by the security guard
is unlicensed or a firearm not authorized by law and 1. Handcuffs
regulation for his use; 2. Metal detectors
e. When the confiscation of the firearm is directed by the 3. Communications Radio
order of the court; 4. Stun devices
5. Armor vests
6. canine (k-9) units
RANKS, POSITIONS, STAFFING PATTERN AND JOB responsible for the security officers who are scheduled
DESCRIPTION in a certain shift for a particular period.

Ranks and Position - The security agency 3. Security Guard 1 – Watchman/guard

operator/owner must observe the required major ranks
and positions in the organization of the agency. is the one actually posted as watchman and or guard.

a. Security Management Staff

1. Security Director (SD) – Agency Manager/Chief d.Security Consultant – (optional)

Security Officer.

Security Director who shall be responsible for the PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICS SECURITY
entire operation and administration/management of the GUARDS CREED
security agency
As a security guard my fundamental duty is to protect
2. Security Executive Director (SED) – Assistant Agency lives and property and maintain order within my place of
Manager/Assistant Chief Security Officer; duty; protect the interest of my employer and our clients
Automatically the executive director, assists the and the security and stability of our government and
agency security director and takes operational and country without compromise and prejudice, honest in my
administrative management when the manager is absent action, words and thought; and do my best to uphold the
principle: MAKADIOS, MAKABAYAN, MAKATAO at
3. Security Staff Director (SSD) – Staff Director for MAKAKALIKASAN.
Operation and Staff Director for Administration.

Staff Director for Operation is the staff assistant of the

security manager for the efficient operation of the General Orders.- All security guards shall memorize
agency. He is also responsible for the conduct of and strictly keep by heart the following general orders:
investigation and the conduct of training. 1. To take charge of the post and all company properties
Staff Director for Administration is the staff assistant of in view and protect/preserve the same with utmost
the agency manager for the effective and efficient diligence;
administration and management of the agency. He is 2. To walk in an alert manner during my tour of duty and
responsible for the professionalization of the personal, observing everything that takes place within sight or
procurement/recruitment, confirming of awards, mobility hearing;
and issuance of FA’s. 3. To report all violations of regulations and orders I am
instructed to enforce;
4. Security Staff Director for Training – Staff in-Charge 4. To relay all calls from posts more distant from the
for Training security house where I am stationed;
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved;
 staff officer as Security Training Officer, who shall be 6. To receive, obey and pass on to the relieving guard all
responsible for the training of the Agency’s security orders from company officers or officials, supervisors,
personnel in accordance with the requirements ofRA post in charge or shift leaders;
5487 and the IRR. 7. To talk to one except in line of duty;
8. To sound or call the alarm in case of fire or disorder;
9. To call the superior officer in any case not covered by
b. Line Leadership Staff instructions;
10. To salute all company officials, superiors in the
1. Security Supervisor 3 – Detachment Commanders
agency, ranking public officials and officers of Philippine
Detachment Commander is the field or area National Police; and
commander of the agency. The Detachment shall consist 11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time
of several posts. of challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my
post and to allow no one to pass or loiter without proper
2. Security Supervisor 2 – Chief Inspector authority.
 The Chief Inspector shall be responsible for
inspecting the entire area covered by the detachment Method of Arrest.
3. Security Supervisor 1 – Inspector Security guard or private detective shall inform the
person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him and
Security Inspector is responsible for the area assigned
cause of the arrest. (unless the person to be arrested is
by the Chief Inspector of the Detachment Commander.
then engaged in the commission of an offense or after
an escape, or flee, or forcibly resists before the person
making the arrest has opportunity so to inform him, or
c. Security Guard when the giving of such information will imperil the
arrest)
1. Security Guard 3 – Post in-charge
Any security guard making arrest, shall immediately
responsible for the entire detailed security office within
turn over the person arrested to the nearest peace
a certain establishment
officer, police outpost or headquarters for custody and/or
2. Security Guard 2 – Shift in-charge appropriate action.
Any security guard may, incident to the arrest, search Course, the Security Officers Training Course, Private
the person so arrested in the presence of at least two (2) Security Agency Operators Training/Seminar, Private
witnesses Security Training Trainor’s Course.

He may also search employees of the person firm or b.Refresher Training Programs. This shall refer to
establishment with which he or his agency has a periodic and non-periodic training programs and courses
contract of private detective, watchman or security designed with the objective of reinvigorating and/or
services, when such search is required by the very developing basic skills and knowledge gained previously
nature of the business of the person, firm or or gained while in the exercise of his/her profession as a
establishment. matter of experience, to enhance current in-service and
future individual and/or collective exercise of profession.
This includes mandated periodic in-service training to be
GROUNDS FOR CANCELLATION OF SECURITY initiated by employer- security agencies which is further
GUARD LICENSE a prerequisite for the renewal of individual professional
security licenses. It includes but is not limited to the
Assisting or protecting criminals during on or off duty periodic Re- Training Course, Basic Security Supervisory
status; Course, and Security Supervisor Development Course.
Providing confidential information to unauthorized
person; c.Specialized Training Programs. This shall refer to
Posted security guard found drunk or drinking training programs and courses other than those
intoxicating liquor described in the preceding categories designed at
And other similar acts developing previously-gained skills and knowledge,
designed at augmenting or expanding current skills and
knowledge, and/or designed at developing current skills
TRAINING SYSTEM AND ITS DURATION and knowledge to suit identified future applications. It
includes but is not limited to such courses as the
Objectives of Training
Intelligence/Investigator Training Course, Basic Crisis
To enhance a highly professionalized security industry Management Course, Personal/VIP Security Training
in the country Course, Armoured Car Crew Training Course, Bomb
To upgrade the discipline, competence and efficiency Disposal Training Course, Bank Security Training
of security guards Course, and Basic Aviation Security Specialist Course
To educate them on the importance of national and
community security needs and prevention loss.

Private Security Training- It shall refer to training and

academic programs and courses duly approved or
prescribed by the Philippine National Police and adopted
by the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority. It includes the pre-licensing requirements of
individual security guards and other security personnel
approved by RA 5487, the periodic and non-periodic
in-service skill refreshers for such security personnel,
and other specialized, individual or group, private
security personnel skills development.

Private Security Training Services- These shall refer

to the conduct of Private Security Training, provision of
the physical facilities and installation necessary in the
conduct thereof, and the provision of the appropriate
management, administrative, and instructor/training
staffs therefore, the actual performance and/or exercise
of which requires the appropriate permit and/or authority
as herein provided

Private Security Training Institutions- These shall

refer to all persons, natural and/or juridical, who/that
provide and/or conduct private security training, and/or
services

Categories of Private Security Training

a.Pre-Licensing Training Programs. As a matter of

licensing prerequisite, Pre Licensing Training Programs
include all training and/or academic programs and
courses whose objective is to indoctrinate the individual
with the basic skills and educational backgrounds
necessary in the effective exercise and performance of
his/her elected/ would-be security/detective profession. It
includes but is not limited to the Basic Security Guard