Polymer Composites - 2024 - P.P - A Short Banana Fiber PLA Filament For 3D Printing Development and Characterization

Received: 9 January 2024 Revised: 18 April 2024 Accepted: 28 April 2024
DOI: 10.1002/pc.28519
RESEARCH ARTICLE
A short banana fiber—PLA filament for 3D printing:

Development and characterization
Mohamed Shafeer P.P 1 | Jeyaraj Pitchaimani 1 | Mrityunjay Doddamani 2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Abstract
Karnataka, Surathkal, India This study aims to develop a 3D printable composite filament using short
2
School of Mechanical and Materials banana fiber and polylactic acid (PLA). The filament was acquired through a
Engineering, Indian Institute of
single screw extruder, employing various blending techniques. Various fiber
Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal
Pradesh, India loadings were examined, impacting PLA's mechanical, thermal, and printabil-
ity properties. The results revealed altered mechanical characteristics, with
Correspondence
Jeyaraj Pitchaimani, Department of
reduced tensile and flexural properties compared with pure PLA. However,
Mechanical Engineering, National these values are at an acceptable level for non-structural applications. Compared
Institute of Technology Karnataka, with previous works, the filament developed in the present work is found out to
Surathkal 575025, India.
Email: [email protected] be second strongest among the cellulose fiber-reinforced PLA filaments. 3D
printing with the composite filament encountered no significant issues. A modi-
Funding information
fied mixing method improved mechanical characteristics, although 3D-printed
SERB-DST, Government of India,
Grant/Award Number: CRG/2020/001389 samples showed deteriorated mechanical characteristics due to poor interfacial
bonding. This research introduces an environmentally viable strategy for
advancing 3D printing technology by integrating banana fibers into PLA fila-
ment. The proposed strategy can be effectively utilized in making cellulose/PLA
filaments for 3D printing applications. This innovative approach preserves PLA's
natural biodegradability while carefully managing the integration of banana
fibers and their potential effects on mechanical properties.
Highlights
• Fiber loading influences mechanical, with minimal impact on thermal
properties.
• Solution casting improved fiber/matrix bonding and filler homogeneity.
• Plasticizing effect reduces the tensile strength.
• Modified mixing resulted in even filament diameter and improved tensile
properties.
KEYWORDS
3D printing, banana fiber, biocomposites, extrusion, mechanical properties, PLA
1 | INTRODUCTION from abundant banana plant waste, benefiting both agri-

culture and the environment. Sustainable filaments also
The growing need for eco-friendly 3D printing materials empower researchers to craft intricately shaped compo-
necessitates biodegradable alternatives, like banana fiber nents with tailored properties, driven by recent advances
Polymer Composites. 2024;1–18. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pc © 2024 Society of Plastics Engineers. 1

15480569, 0, Downloaded from https://4spepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pc.28519 by Yefta Dev - Zhongshan University , Wiley Online Library on [05/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2 P.P ET AL.
in 3D printing technology, revolutionizing manufactur- various sectors including automotive, construction, and
ing with flexibility and cost-effectiveness.1 machinery.21 Classifying fibers based on specific tensile
PLA, a biopolymer derived from sustainable vegetable strength reveals that, aside from high-performing kenaf,
sources like maize and potatoes, is gaining traction as a fibers from the Canary banana rank amidst the top. In the
sustainable substitute for petroleum-based plastics.2 PLA examination of interfacial bonding in BF/thermoset resin,
has garnered significant attention for applications in pack- it was demonstrated that the bonding between fiber/resin
aging, electronics, and the automotives in past few years.3 surpassed that of other scenarios.29
PLA serves as an environmentally friendly matrix, repla- Extensive research has focused on BF and PLA-fiber
cing nonbiodegradable petroleum-based polymers.4–10 It composites, exploring various processing methods and
offers excellent printability, high strength, and biocompati- their effects on material properties. PLA/NF composites
bility11 but faces limitations in 3D printing due to issues exhibit demonstrate properties either comparable or
like brittleness and structural integrity. superior to those of PLA/synthetic fiber counterparts.30,31
Researchers seek biodegradable and renewable natu- Studies by Komal et al.32 investigated BF-PLA compos-
ral fiber composites (NFCs) to address environmental ites, highlighting how different molding techniques
concerns and regulations. Natural fibers, sourced from impact fiber dispersion and orientation, influencing the
materials like hemp, jute, bamboo, or flax, offer an entic- resulting mechanical properties. Compatability and sta-
ing alternative owing to their renewable nature, afford- bility of the PLA was improved when treated BF was con-
ability, and favorable mechanical traits. NFC can replace jugated to PLA via melt mixing.33 PLA-BF biocomposites
metals and fiber-reinforced composite materials in spe- were developed by various researchers by melt mixing BF
cific applications. They improve biodegradability, cut with PLA matrix.34–39 Asmawi et al.40 delved into sugar
costs, and reduce environmental risks.12–16 Natural fiber- palm nano cellulose fiber-reinforced starch/PLA blend
polymer composites offer extensive uses, including bio nanocomposites, revealing that increasing starch con-
manufacturing sporting goods, aerospace components, tent led to decreased mechanical properties due to
automobile parts, and building materials.17 However, starch's inherent brittleness. Suryanegara et al.41 created
adding natural fiber (NF) to PLA can significantly nanocomposites of microfibrillated cellulose and PLA using
enhance its biodegradability, thus offering sustainable organic solvent blending and hot pressing, with dichloro-
options for diverse applications with disposal concerns. methane proving effective for dissolving semi-crystalline
Bananas, a globally consumed fruit grown in 130 coun- PLA. Satriyatama et al.42 developed PLA-wheat bran poly-
tries with an annual yield of around 115.7 million tonnes,18 mer composites, while Depuydt et al.43 compounded PLA
generate substantial plant waste after harvesting. Yet, the with plasticizers and bamboo/flax fibers, observing stiffness
high-quality fiber within banana plants holds potential as a improvement with long bamboo fibers. Stoof et al.44 rein-
valuable resource. Previously discarded banana pseudo- forced PLA with hemp and harakeke fibers, recommending
stems are presently repurposed to generate value-added plasticizers for better performance. Felix et al.45 combined
products, thereby diminishing waste and argumenting jute and hemp fibers (50:50) with PLA using compression
farmers' earnings.19 Banana fiber (BF) has the potential to molding. Jia et al.46 prepared PLA-microcrystalline cellu-
serve as a practical substitute for commercially employed lose composite over melt extrusion. Ye et al.47 used two-
carcinogenic synthetic fibers.20 BF offers economic benefits screw extrusion to prepare PLA/polycaprolactone/micro-
in India due to its low density, comparable strength, and crystalline cellulose composite. Wasti et al.48 extruded
biodegradability.21 With 64% cellulose content and a shal- PLA-lignin composite filaments and found that 5 wt% lig-
low microfibrillar angle of just 11 ,22 BF is an excellent nin maintained tensile strength, but higher levels decreased
reinforcement material for plastic composites, akin to com- it. Tao et al.49 explored wood flour-filled PLA composites
monly used glass fibers.23 BF exhibit low density, along for 3D printing, observing changes in microstructural com-
with high tensile strength and modulus. This positions it as position. Suteja et al.50 used continuous pineapple leaf
a promising choice for various applications.24 BF comprises fibers to enhance PLA's tensile strength via 3D printing.
a tough fibrous rind and a pliable nonfibrous pith, it is Vigneshwaran et al.51 examined the impact of layer height,
composed of 45%–55% cellulose, 20%–25% hemicelluloses, infill percentage and infill patterns on characteristics of 3D
and 18%–24% lignin.25 BF are recognized for their outstand- printed PLA/wood composites. Ahmed et al.52 developed
ing cellulose content, positioning them among the top nat- cellulose nanocrystals-PLA composite filaments, showing
ural fibers.24,26 The superior performance of plant fibers improved tensile strength with 0.75 and 1 wt% reinforce-
primarily stems from the crystalline nature of cellulose.27 ment but declining at 2 wt%. Dwivedi et al.53 investigated
Banana fiber exhibits commendable tensile strength, spe- PLA-based composite filaments for multi-material printing,
cific flexural strength, and resistance to rot, comparable to noting reduced mechanical properties with increased filler
that of glass fibers.28 BF holds significant promise for loading.
P.P ET AL. 3
Suitable solvents for PLA include chloroform (CF), (15% weight-to-volume ratio) were dissolved in a chloro-
dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl carbonate, acetone, eth- form and dichloromethane (2:1) solution by stirring at
anol, hexane, and tetrahydrofuran. PLA is soluble in CF 1200 rpm for an hour using a laboratory stirrer. The
within a concentration range of 10%–35% weight/vol- banana yarns were chopped and then ground into a
ume.54 Scaffaro et al.55 created PLA-carvacrol composite uniform size using a regular mixer grinder. To obtain a
films by dissolving PLA in a CF-acetone solution (2:1 by uniform size, the BF underwent a three-stage grinding
volume). Fibrous webs of PLA/polycaprolactone blends process. The fibers were sieved using a 150-micrometer
were produced via electrospinning using solvent systems mesh, the fiber length is found out to be varying
based on CF at varying concentrations.56 DCM was cho- between 200 and 1000 μm with an average length of
sen as a solvent to prepare nanocomposites of PLA with 510 μm and the diameter is varying between 24 and
cellulose, nanoclay57 and braided flax fabric.58,59 110 μm with an average diameter of 56 μm. The ground
Dimethyl carbonate served as a solvent for developing BF was added to the dissolved PLA solution. A plasti-
bamboo-reinforced PLA composites,60 and PLA was dis- cizer, PEG400, was introduced into the solution
solved in DCM to create hybrid PLA/nanocellulose/ through uninterrupted stirring at 1200 rpm for a dura-
nanoclay composites.61 tion of 15 min. The resulting mixture was poured onto
Although NF reinforcement yield no improvements in an open aluminum mold, where the solvent was then
the stiffness and strength of ABS and PLA materials,43,62 evaporated away. The composite sheets were then
developing environmentally friendly materials for 3D sliced into strips using a hand shear cutter, and the
printing applications remains an important research topic strips were further pelletized. Three filler loadings
in the current environmental context. The availability of were chosen as 2.5%, 5%, and 10% by weight
various PLA/NF filaments will help the engineers identify (PLA/BFC2.5, PLA/BFC5, and PLA/BFC10).
the appropriate ones for the given application. In this
study, various blending approaches were used to blend BF
with PLA, and filaments with varying fiber loadings were 2.2.1 | Filament extrusion and 3D printing
developed by single screw extrusion. The filaments under-
went comprehensive characterization of their physical and Aasabi Machinery Pvt., Ltd.'s 25SS/MF/26 single screw
mechanical attributes to guarantee quality. Following this, extruder, with three heating zones (feed, transition, and
we carried out 3D printing of test samples and assessed die), a 25:1 screw flight length to diameter ratio, and a
their mechanical characteristics. 2 mm die diameter, is used for PLA/BF composite fila-
ment extrusion. Before extrusion, the composite pellets
are preheated at 80 C for 6 h to eliminate any chloro-
2 | MATERIALS AND form, dichloromethane, or moisture content. The barrel
M E T H O DO L O G Y temperature ranges from 165 to 180 C along the length
of the extruder. The extruder feeder receives the pre-
2.1 | Materials heated pellets, which are then extruded as a 1.75 mm
diameter filament.
PLA granules (Luminy 175) manufactured by Total Car- This feedstock composite filament is then utilized as
bion were obtained from Konkan Speciality Poly Products, an input for the 3D printer, Creality Ender 3, which
Mangalore, Karnataka, India. BF was used as a filler mate- accepts filaments of 1.75 mm diameter. A 0.8 mm nozzle
rial and was procured from Jothi Fabric, Madurai, Tamil is employed in the 3D printer. The optimized parameters
Nadu, India. Chloroform and dichloromethane, solvents for 3D printing involve maintaining an extrusion temper-
for PLA, were purchased from Loba Chemie Pvt., Ltd. and ature of 200 C, a build plate temperature of 60 C, utiliz-
supplied by Sri Durga Laboratory Equipment Supplies, ing a layer height of 0.32 mm, and adhering to a printing
Mangalore, India. Both solvents have a purity of 99% for speed of 50 mm/s.
synthesis. Sri Durga Laboratory Equipment Supplies also
delivered the plasticizer polyethylene glycol 400.
2.3 | Characterization
2.2 | PLA-banana fiber blend 2.3.1 | Density measurement

preparation
As per ASTM D792-20, the experimental density of
The solvent casting approach was blended BF with the the composite material is measured. The rule of mixture
matrix. To reduce the moisture content, PLA and BF predicts a composite material's theoretical density based
were preheated in an oven at 80 C for 8 h. PLA granules on the densities of its individual constituents.
4 P.P ET AL.
1 Wm Wf 2.4 | Flexural test

¼ þ : ð1Þ
ρc ρm ρf
In the flexural testing of the prints, a three-point bending
The void content is estimated as, setup (specifically, a Zwick Roell Z020 from the USA)
was employed, following the guidelines outlined in
ρtheoretical ρexperimental ASTM D790-17 standards, with a span length to depth
Void percentage ¼ 100: ð2Þ
ρtheoretical ratio of 16:1. Before commencing the test, a preload of
0.1 MPa is applied to the specimen. The loading rate used
was 5 mm/min.
2.3.2 | Differential scanning calorimetry In experimental investigations, at least three samples
for each composition were tested for the filaments and
Assessing the glass transition and melting temperature specimens. The study presents the mean values and stan-
characteristics of the extruded composite filaments is fea- dard deviations. All test specimens designated for specific
sible using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) characterizations were prepared consecutively on the
investigation (NETZSCH DSC 404F1 instrument). A same day. Subsequently, characterizations were con-
30 μL aluminum crucible is filled with a sample weighing ducted sequentially and individually, ensuring a consis-
around 10 mg. The sample is heated to a temperature of tent and controlled testing environment. Micrographs of
between 30 and 200 C, held there for 1 min, and subse- as fabricated freeze fractured and posttest filaments and
quently cooled to 30 C, where it is maintained for 3 min. prints are taken by gold sputter covering.
Following this, the sample undergoes a controlled heat-
ing process at a rate of 10 C/min, spanning from 30 to
200 C. This initial heating cycle helps alleviate any ther- 3 | RESULTS A ND DISCUSSIONS
mal prestresses from prior processing steps. The glass
transition temperature (Tg) and melt temperature (Tm) Fiber matrix bonding and homogeneous filler distribu-
values can be determined by analyzing the endothermic tion within the matrix are crucial things to look for while
peaks on the DSC curve. developing a composite filament for 3D printing. Experi-
ments were performed utilizing a twin-screw extruder,
enabling the direct blending of BF and PLA granules. Ini-
2.3.3 | Thermogravimetric analysis tially, twin-screw extrution trials were conducted, allow-
ing for direct blending of BF and PLA granules. The
The degradation temperatures of PLA and PLA/BF com- problems faced were: (i) clogging of BF together and
posites are assessed using the thermogravimetric analysis immiscibility with the PLA granules, (ii) some BF parti-
(TGA) 4000, Spectrum-2 instrument. About 10 mg of the cles adhered to the extruder hopper's surface, creating
sample is loaded into an aluminum pan, which is then uncertainty about the filler percentage in the composite
placed in the instrument's chamber. The temperature material. The surface analysis of the freeze-fractured fila-
increases steadily from 23 to 600 C at a rate of 10 C per ment produced through direct extrusion revealed inade-
minute. This entire process is carried out in a nitrogen quate fiber-matrix bonding (Figure 1). Insufficient
atmosphere to prevent any reactions during heating. interfacial strength leads to a reduced efficacy in transmit-
ting stress within the matrix and the NF.63 Insufficient
interfacial strength leads to a reduced worth noting, direct
2.3.4 | Tensile test extrusion processes typically do not result in uniform
dispersion,64 and achieving homogeneity may require mul-
The filaments and the 3D prints underwent tensile test- tiple extrusion cycles.65
ing utilizing Zwick Roell Z020, USA. The filaments had a Solvent casting is a better method for obtaining a con-
length of 176 mm, a grip-to-grip distance of 76 mm, and sistent dispersion of BF in PLA. Initially, CF and DCM
were tested at a crosshead displacement rate of 5 mm/min were selected as solvents. PLA granules, accounting for
with an initial load of 0.1 MPa. The tensile testing of 10% of the solvent volume, were dissolved using a lab
the 3D printed samples followed the ASTM D638-14 stirrer at 2000 rpm. It was observed that PLA completely
standard for measuring plastic tensile properties, and dissolved in both solvents within 60 min. CF exhibited
the strain was measured using an extensometer. The faster dissolution, but it evaporated more quickly than
extensometer records an initial load elongation of DCM, resulting in a denser solution. The higher viscosity
0.1 MPa at similar crosshead displacements with a of the CF solution made it challenging to stir BF into the
25 mm gauge length. composite blend and pour it into the open mold.
P.P ET AL. 5
F I G U R E 1 Banana fiber-reinforced polylactic acid composite (PLA-BF) blends (A) direct mixing, (B) solution casting, (C) modified
mixing and micrographs of filaments developed through (D) direct extrusion, (E) solution casting, and (F) modified mixing.
Considering these factors, a CF and DCM solution in a characteristics and a significant drop in the Tg of the PLA
2:1 ratio was chosen as the solvent. This combination matrix, 10–20 wt% of plasticizer is often recommended.68
was selected because CF and DCM are nonreactive, and Based on this, PEG400, with 15% volume/weight of PLA-
their mixture allowed for better control of solvent evapo- BF, is used as the plasticizer in the present work.
ration rates and improved dissolution. The extruded BF-reinforced PLA composite
Initially, extrusion was carried out without a plasti- (PLA/BFC) filaments are shown in Figure 2. Elevated fiber
cizer. However, drawing the filament from the extruder content induces a reduction in takeoff unit speed attrib-
nozzle to the rollers was impossible to obtain filament uted to heightened viscosity from the presence of addi-
with a particular diameter. The filament was breaking tional BF in the melt of matrix inside the extruder,
itself while pulling into the rollers manually. During 3D consequently lowering the flow rate. Figure 2 depicts the
printing, the filament needs to pass between the driving extruded PLA/BFC filament microstructure. Waviness was
gears by maintaining its shape, enduring frictional forces, observed on the filament surface in all instances, and
and preventing buckling; to achieve this, it must possess diameter variation was observed in the range of approxi-
adequate strength and stiffness.66 Continuous filament mately 1.75 ± 0.05 mm. Voids are formed on the filament
having sufficient flexibility to roll and stock as feedstock surface as the residual solvent evaporates during extru-
filament for 3D printing is required, so adding a plasti- sion.77 Furthermore, the minor blockage caused by the
cizer was mandatory. Adding plasticizer benefits additive fibers on the extruder screening plate increases the
manufacturing since it enhances layer adhesion.44,67 Plas- waviness in the diameter. Certain areas show signs of
ticizer having low mobility is ideal for PLA matrix,68 and fiber agglomerations. This can be attributed to the cast
the most effective plasticizer used with PLA has been low film's inhomogeneity, where BF has a tendency to sep-
molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG).69–76 Fur- arate and settle in the bottom of the film during drying,
thermore, PEG has the advantage of miscibility with PLA which takes a considerable amount of time (48 h). This
without a compatibilizer.73–75 For good mechanical results in an unevenly dried composite film, which
6 P.P ET AL.
F I G U R E 2 Developed banana fiber-reinforced polylactic acid composite (PLA/BFC) filaments through solution casting (A) PLA/
BFC2.5, (B) PLA/BFC5, and (C) PLA/BFC10.
might induce filler aggregation in certain sections of The images of 3D printed specimens with three filler
the composite filament. percentages for the tensile test are shown in Figure 5C.
No visible changes in surface finish and dimensional
accuracy are observed between the three samples. Nota-
3.1 | 3D printing of PLA-banana bly, as filler content increases, the specimens appear dar-
filament ker. Warping was observed in the PLA/BFC2.5 samples,
potentially attributed to excess plasticizer in the compos-
The PLA, PLA/BFC2.5, PLA/BFC5, and PLA/BFC10 fila- ite feedstock.
ments were successfully employed to print different speci-
mens. Initial trials were made with a lower nozzle
diameter, but clogging of the fibers in the nozzle occurred. 3.2 | Density and void percentage
Researchers used nozzles with diameters of up to 1.5 mm
for printing composite filaments.62 However, in the pre- PLA granules have a density of 1.24 g/cm3 (Suppliers
sent work, no visible nozzle clogging was noticed for noz- product data sheet), and the BF showed a density of
zle with 0.8 mm diameter, hence we selected it for 1.32 g/cm3 experimentally. In general, for 3D prints, the
printing the specimens. However, under-extrusion occurs void content will rise with rise in fiber content if nozzle
when the filament diameter is below 1.75 mm, and over- clogging exists. The rise in void content is similar for both
extrusion is noted when the filament diameter exceeds 3D prints and composite filaments with an increase in
1.75 mm, attributed to waviness in filament diameter. To filler content, showing that no additional voids are
counter this, the length required for printing is noted from formed because of nozzle clogging.
the slicing software, depending on the mean diameter Table 1 displays the density and void percentage for
ðdm Þ of the required filament length, the extrusion multi- all filaments and prints. The void percentage of the
plier is determined as ð1:75=dm Þ2 . PLA/BFC filaments are found to be 2.013%, 2.653%, and
P.P ET AL. 7
TABLE 1 Density and thermal properties of filaments and prints.
ρexperimental (kg/m3) Void percentage (%)
Composition ρtheoretical (kg/m3) Filament Print Filament Print Tm ( C) Tg ( C)

PLA 1240 1237 ± 7 1235 ± 11 0.242 0.403 175 62
PLA/BFC2.5 1242 1217 ± 13 1118 ± 13 2.013 9.984 169.7 57.5
PLA/BFC5 1244 1211 ± 11 1119 ± 12 2.653 10.048 169.5 57.3
PLA/BFC10 1247 1213 ± 10 1113 ± 15 2.727 10.746 169.3 57.2
2.727% for PLA/BFC2.5, PLA/BFC5, and PLA/BFC10, 3.3 | DSC of filaments

respectively. However, the void percentages observed in
the 3D prints are 9.984%, 10.048%, and 10.746% for In FDM, the thermal behavior of filaments plays a pivotal
PLA/BFC2.5, PLA/BFC5, and PLA/BFC10 specimens, role in influencing the adhesion between the extruded
respectively. Inclusion of BF increases the void percent- molten filament and the previously deposited layer.43
age in both the filament and 3D printed samples. How- The filaments cool down while FDM printing from the
ever, there is no remarkable change in the void Tm to Tg. Figure 3A displays DSC curves for PLA and
percentage as the fiber content increases.41,42 Void con- PLA/BFC filaments. Similarly, Tm and Tg of the filaments
tent in filaments may be attributed to the irregular flow obtained from DSC results are given in Table 1. Com-
inside the barrel of the extruder. The pellets obtained pared with PLA filaments, Tm of the PLA/BFC filaments
through solution casting have irregular shapes, which is lowered by 3%, while a 7% reduction is observed in Tg
causes slight changes in the flow rate inside the extruder. of the PLA/BFC filaments. Inclusion of plasticizers
Furthermore, the evaporation of CF mixed DCM residue, results in the drop of PLA matrix's Tg and Tm.68,72,80 Add-
moisture present in the fibers and the obstruction caused ing BF does not contribute to any significant change in
by fibers at the screening plate also induce voids. Tm or Tg since the increasing fiber concentration does
The 3D printed composite samples have higher void not change the temperatures significantly. DSC results
content than the filaments. Similar trends are reported by indicate that the same temperature parameters can be
other researchers.78,79 Cellulose fibers absorb air moisture used for all composite filaments during FDM.
quickly, which can be one reason for higher void content The printing temperature for PLA filaments is main-
in 3D prints compared with filaments. The filament tained in the range of 190–220 C. It is better to know the
porosities are transferred to the prints. 3D printing itself degradation temperature of the feedstock filament before
naturally creates voids between rasters and layers due to its usage in high-temperature applications. A sudden dec-
the roundness of the nozzle output, and this issue is fur- rement of weight is observed at degradation tempera-
ther compounded by the large nozzle diameter. Addition- ture.81 Figure 3B presents TGA thermograms for both
ally, the undulations in the diameter of composite PLA and PLA/BFC filaments. All the filaments are
filaments cause uneven extrusion from the nozzle output, degraded in the temperature range of 300–350 C. Hemi-
increasing the intensity of voids between rasters. Though cellulose, cellulose, and some parts of the protein in the
some clogging at the nozzle tip was expected with higher BF decompose in the temperature region 250–350 C;
filler content, the density results revealed no signs of noz- also, pyrolysis of PLA occurs at this region.32 Below
zle clogging with increasing fiber content. The void per- 300 C, composite filaments exhibit a slightly more signifi-
centage of the composite filaments for the different cant weight reduction than pure PLA. This could result
volume fractions of fillers is found to be 2.013%, 2.653%, from the evaporation of moisture within the BF and the
and 2.727% for PLA/BFC2.5, PLA/BFC5, and PLA/BFC10 evaporation of PEG 400 around 200 C. Since all filaments
filaments, respectively. However, the void percentages are degrading just below 350 C, and the 3D printing tem-
observed in the 3D prints are 9.984%, 10.048%, and perature (200 C) is well below 350 C, TGA analysis con-
10.746% for PLA/BFC2.5, PLA/BFC5, and PLA/BFC10 firms no thermal degradation during 3D printing.
specimens, respectively. In general, for 3D prints, the
void content will rise with rise in fiber content if nozzle
clogging exists. The rise in void content is similar for both 3.4 | Tensile test of filaments
3D prints and composite filaments with an increase in
filler content, showing that no additional voids are Figure 4 displays the filament's tensile stress–strain
formed because of nozzle clogging. curves. Respective values of tensile test results are
8 P.P ET AL.
F I G U R E 3 Thermal properties of banana fiber-reinforced polylactic acid composite (PLA/BFC) filaments (A) differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) curves (B) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram, effect of blending method on thermal properties of PLA/BFC5
filaments (C) DSC curves, and (D) TGA response.
FIGURE 4 Tensile response of (A) polylactic acid (PLA) filament (B) banana fiber-reinforced PLA composite (PLA/BFC) filaments.
P.P ET AL. 9
TABLE 2 Tensile response of polylactic acid (PLA) and banana fiber-reinforced PLA composites (PLA/BFCs) filaments.
Specimen Tensile modulus (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Strain at break (%)
PLA 1880 ± 144 53.4 ± 4.0 3.5 ± 0.6
PLA/BFC2.5 630 ± 194 5.1 ± 1.2 0.7 ± 0.2
PLA/BFC5 1430 ± 24.4 24.8 ± 2.6 4 ± 1.3
PLA/BFC10 608 ± 380 13.6 ± 1.9 1.4 ± 0.2
explained in Table 2. Composite filaments exhibit very a premature fracture. However, no filament breakage was
low tensile modulus and strength values in comparison noticed during the filaments rolling and passing through
with pure PLA filaments. In comparison with the PLA fil- the extruder gears of the 3D printer.
ament, the tensile modulus and strength of the most
effective PLA/BFC filament exhibit a reduction of 76%
and 47%, respectively. Pure PLA filament was obtained 3.5 | Tensile properties of 3D prints
by extrusion of virgin PLA granules, which had not gone
through solution casting, and a plasticizer was also not Figure 5 displays the tensile test response of the 3D
used during the processing of the filament. Depuydt printed samples. Table 3 provides the respective values of
et al.43 also observed a 65% drop in tensile strength for tensile test results. In comparison with pure PLA speci-
PLA when a plasticizer was used to reinforce the natural mens, the 3D printed PLA/BFC specimens exhibit very
fiber with the PLA. The drastic reduction in the tensile low values of tensile modulus and strength. The best-
characteristics of PLA/BFC filaments can be ascribed to performing PLA/BFC specimen experiences a 65%
the use of plasticizers. The plasticizer can soften and decrease in tensile modulus and a 31% reduction in
improve the flexibility of polymers like PLA. When PEG strength compared with the pure PLA specimen. Existing
400 is mixed with PLA, it can penetrate the polymer literature also reveals that fiber reinforcing failed to
matrix and create spaces between polymer chains. This enhance the stiffness and strength of ABS and PLA mate-
plasticizing effect reduces the intermolecular forces that rials.62 Other researchers have also noted a decrease in
contribute to the strength. Furthermore, inadequate tensile properties as a result of reinforcing PLA.83–87
bonding between the hydrophilic BF and hydrophobic Furthermore, 15% plasticizer content in the composite
PLA also decreases tensile and flexural characteristics.32 material will drastically reduce the tensile strength.
From the analysis of the effect of fiber loading, it is All the specimens exhibited brittle fractures, as
found that 5 wt% BF reinforced filament has better ten- depicted in Figure 5C. Analyzing the effect of fiber load-
sile properties than the other PLA/BFC filaments. This ing, it is found that PLA/BFC5 specimen has better ten-
can be ascribed to waviness in the PLA/BF for 2.5 and sile properties than the other PLA/BFC specimens.
10 wt%. This waviness could serve as a stress risers Though PLA/BFC10 specimen shows superior tensile
and may lead to failure at reduced stress. Analysis of the properties compared with PLA/BFC2.5, it is noticed that
surface morphology of freeze-fractured PLA/BFC2.5 fila- properties were reduced compared with PLA/BFC5 speci-
ment (Figure 2) reveals that the distribution of fibers is men. A similar trend in tensile properties (increase then
highly random due to a meager infill percentage. For decrease) with the rise in fiber percentage has also been
PLA/BFC5 filament, better distribution is observed. How- observed in short silk-PETG composites.79 The void con-
ever, fiber clusters are formed on the PLA/BFC10 fila- tent (10.746%) in the specimens of the PLA/BFC10 is
ment. Random distribution and the clusters of the fillers slightly more significant than the PLA/BFC2.5 and
may act as stress raisers, contributing to the deteriorated PLA/BFC5 (9.984% and 10.048%). Fiber clusters were also
tensile characteristics of the PLA/BFC2.5 and PLA/BFC10 noticed on failure surfaces of the PLA/BFC10 specimens,
filaments. Poor dispersion of fibers in the matrix results in as seen in Figure 5F. This may act as stress concentration
a decline in mechanical characteristics.63 PLA/BFC2.5 and areas and decrease tensile characteristics for PLA/BFC10
PLA/BFC10 filaments exhibit low strain at break com- specimens compared with PLA/BFC5 specimens. Tensile
pared with PLA filament. PLA/BFC filaments might show modulus and strain at break follow the same trend as ten-
higher strain at break compared with pure PLA filament sile stress. Since defects are not activated at strain levels
due to the presence plasticizer.43,82 The low strain behav- below 2%, which is the strain level at which tensile mod-
ior of PLA/BFC2.5 filament, even having a plasticizer con- ulus is usually measured, the reduction in the area of
tent of 15%, proves that the stress concentration effects fiber-containing test samples due to voids also contrib-
arising from varying diameter and filler distribution cause utes to a decrease in tensile modulus. All three composite
10 P.P ET AL.
20
Tensile Stress (MPa)

10
PLA/BFC2.5
PLA/BFC5
(A) (B) PLA/BFC10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Strain (%)
(C) (D)
0%
μ
2.5%
5%
10%
(E) (F)
μ μ
F I G U R E 5 Tensile response of 3D prints (A) polylactic acid (PLA) (B) banana fiber-reinforced PLA composites (PLA/BFCs), images of
(C) failure mode of tensile test samples, failure surface morphology of (D) PLA/BFC2.5 (E) PLA/BFC5, and (F) PLA/BFC10.
TABLE 3 Mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) and banana fiber-reinforced PLA composites (PLA/BFCs) samples.
Tensile Tensile Strain at Flexural Flexural

Specimen modulus (MPa) strength (MPa) break (%) modulus (MPa) strength (MPa)
PLA 3870 51.1 2.76 2910 95.8
PLA/BFC2.5 2020 13.8 2.9 1220 31.5
PLA/BFC5 2510 16 6.6 1120 29.2
PLA/BFC10 2320 14.8 4.5 1060 25.6
P.P ET AL. 11
specimens show higher strain at break compared with residue from the composite, the blended mixture under-
pure PLA specimens attributed to the inclusion of went extensive preheating at 80 C for 8 h. The only com-
plasticizer. position PLA/BFC5, which showed better mechanical
Investigation of the failure surface images (Figure 5) properties in the case of solution casting, is chosen to pre-
indicates that the failure occurs due to fiber pullout in all pare test samples through the modified mixing method.
three cases. The inclusion of BF in the PLA has intro- Figure 1 depicts the surface morphology of the
duced voids. The formation of voids weakens the bonding extruded composite filaments through solution casting
between layers, making them more susceptible to crack and modified mixing methods. While both ways exhibit
initiation and propagation. These voids serve as potential some degree of waviness in the diameter of the filament,
sites for nucleation, promoting the growth of cracks in contrast to filament produced via solution casting, the
within the material.88 Though most fibers are oriented modified mixing method yields filament with reduced
normally to the failure surface, randomly oriented fibers diameter waviness. Figure 1 shows fiber matrix bonding
were also observed. Diverse orientations of the fibers can and fiber distribution in the composite filament. Fila-
result in variations in the properties of the specimen. ments derived from the modified mixing technique
Identical findings are observed in glass fiber-PLA 3D exhibit enhanced fiber-matrix bonding compared with
printed composite specimens.89 the direct extrusion approach (Figure 1). Nevertheless, it
remains evident from the SEM image that filaments pro-
duced through the solution casting route exhibit superior
3.6 | Flexural test of 3D prints fiber-matrix bonding. Fibers are distributed randomly
throughout the surface, and no visible agglomerations
The values of flexural test results are given in Table 3. A were noticed in the SEM images. This consistent distribu-
considerable reduction in the flexural characteristics was tion underscores the effectiveness of both the modified
also noticed with the inclusion of BF. Deprived mechani- mixing process and the solution casting method in
cal strength and elastic modulus may results from factors achieving homogeneous fiber integration within the
such as the clustering of BF in a highly viscous melt and matrix medium.
voids caused by insufficient interfacial adhesion.90 The
addition of fillers affects the composite's flexural proper-
ties. Across the three composites, PLA/BFC2.5 had the 3.7.1 | Thermal properties
maximum flexural strength, measuring 31.5 MPa. Con-
trary to the tensile qualities, the flexural properties The DSC and TGA curves corresponding to filaments
dropped linearly as the fiber content increased. produced through distinct processing routes are shown in
Figure 3. The associated DSC outcomes are presented
in Table 4, explaining the melting and Tgs. Notably, the
3.7 | Effect of blending method filament obtained via the modified mixing technique
exhibits glass transition and melting temperature values
The solution casting method enhances the interfacial that closely align with those of the pure PLA filament.
bonding between BF and PLA and also ensures uniform Incorporation of a plasticizer results in a reduction of
fiber dispersion. Nevertheless, the diminished mechani- approximately 3% in Tm and 7% in Tg. The thermal degra-
cal characteristics of the resulting PLA/BFC are a legiti- dation of both filaments occurs around the temperature
mate concern. To address this, a strategic approach was 350 C. Notably, the filament prepared using the modified
devised: the fibers underwent a brief treatment with mixing method demonstrates a TGA thermogram similar
DCM, constituting 10% by weight to the volume of the to the pure PLA filament. Conversely, the filament pro-
solvent. Following this treatment, the fibers were manu- duced via solution casting exhibits a visible weight reduc-
ally blended with PLA pellets. Notably, the presence of tion before reaching 300 C in the TGA thermogram. This
DCM, acknowledged for its capacity to dissolve PLA, observed weight loss and the altered slope of the TGA
facilitated the anchoring of fibers onto the surface of the curve for the solution-cast filament can be attributed to
PLA granules. The distinctive merit of this modified mix- the evaporation of PEG400.
ing technique lies in its adept resolution of fiber agglom-
eration challenges, alongside its concurrent achievement
of improved adhesion between hydrophilic BF and the 3.7.2 | 3D printing
inherently hydrophobic PLA. This is possible because
the DCM which acts as a link between BF and PLA. To Filament from modified mixing method printed with
guarantee thorough elimination of any remaining DCM parameters mirroring those of solution-cast filaments,
12 P.P ET AL.
except nozzle temperature. Printing temperature set at higher in the filament through solution casting, which
210 C, accounting for the elevated melting point of the may cause over-extrusion and lead to fewer voids
developed filament compared to solution-cast counter- between layers and rasters.
parts. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image was
captured to examine the layer-to-layer bonding depicted
in Figure 6. Upon comparative examination of the two 3.7.3 | Mechanical characteristics
distinct 3D printed specimens, it is evident that the fila-
ment created via the modified mixing approach displays Figure 7 displays the mechanical properties of the fila-
a notably more consistent thickness of raster layers in ments and 3D prints through the solution casting and
contrast to the sample originating from the solution cast- modified mixing approaches. The associated tensile test
ing method. Noteworthy is that the irregularities in fila- outcomes are presented in Table 4. There has been con-
ment diameter are transported onto the thickness of siderable improvement in the tensile properties of both
raster layers within the 3D-printed objects. The SEM filament and 3D print obtained via the modified mixing
images effectively highlight the presence of voids posi- method compared with the solution casting method. The
tioned between these layers for both types of prints. How- PLA/BFC filament displayed tensile properties similar to
ever, it is noteworthy that such voids are more pure PLA filament prepared through the modified mixing
pronounced in the 3D print produced via the modified method. In contrast to the filament produced via solution
mixing technique when compared to the solution-casted casting, the tensile strength exhibits a 116% improve-
counterpart. The over-extrusion in the case of solution ment, the tensile modulus shows an 11% improvement,
casting may be the reason for lesser voids. The SEM and strain at break is reduced by 12.5%. In the solution
images effectively highlight the presence of voids posi- casting approach, 15 wt% PEG400 was added as a plasti-
tioned between these layers for both types of prints. Due cizer, and it was concluded that the plasticizer drastically
to the presence of the plasticizer, the melt flow will be reduced the tensile properties. The filament prepared
TABLE 4 Effect of blending method on behavior of PLA/BFC5 filaments and 3D prints.
PLA PLA/BFC5 (solution casting) PLA/BFC5 (modified mixing)
Property Filament 3D Print Filament 3D print Filament 3D print

Melting temperature ( C) 175 - 169.5 - 175.2 -

Glass temperature ( C) 62 - 57.3 - 61.4 -
Tensile modulus (Mpa) 1880 3870 1430 2510 1590 2690
Tensile strength (MPa) 53.4 51.1 24.8 16 53.7 27.6
Strain at break (%) 3.5 2.76 4 6.6 3.5 2
Flexural modulus (MPa) - 2910 - 1120 - 2050
Flexural Strength (MPa) - 95.8 - 29.2 - 57.1
Abbreviations: BF, banana fiber; PLA, polylactic acid.
FIGURE 6 Representation images of layer adhesion in PLA/BFC5 3D prints through (A) solution casting and (B) modified mixing.
P.P ET AL. 13
60 30
50 25

40 20
30 15
20 10
Modified mixing Modified mixing

10 5
Solution casting Solution casting
(A) (B)
0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Strain (%) Strain (%)
60 (D)
50
Flexural Stress (MPa)
40
30
20
10 Modified mixing
Solution casting
μ
(C)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Strain (%)
F I G U R E 7 Effect of blending method on mechanical characteristics of PLA/BFC5 (A) tensile stress of filaments, (B) tensile stress of 3D
prints, (C) flexural stress of 3D prints, and (D) failure surface morphology (modified mixing).
through the modified mixing does not contain any plasti- tensile properties than the specimen prepared through
cizer and has comparable tensile properties with pure the solution casting method. The tensile strength is
PLA filament. Though the tensile modulus of filament dropped by 48% in the modified mixing, while the solu-
prepared through the modified mixing method is below tion casting method leads to only a 35% reduction when
that of pure PLA, it has been considerably increased com- compared with their filament counterparts. This indicates
pared with that of filament prepared through solution that solution casting approach has resulted in better dif-
casting. The strain at break for the filament prepared fusion of BF in the matrix, and better interfacial bonding
through solution casting surpasses that of both the pure between the fiber and matrix compared with the modi-
PLA filament and the filament prepared through modified mixing approach. The substantial decrease in tensile
fied mixing, attributable to the plasticizer's presence. strength in objects printed via the modified mixing
Tensile modulus and strength in 3D prints from mod- approach may be attributed to a higher presence of voids,
ified mixing improved over solution-cast counter parts and the existence of void in the 3D-printed sample is
but still lag behind those from pure PLA filaments. Inves- proof of low interfacial bonding.91 The initiation of cracks
tigating the SEM image of the failure surface indicates during tensile testing of the printed samples is likely due
that the failure occurred due to fiber pullout, and the to interfacial voids. These voids function as stress concen-
specimen failed in brittle mode similar to the samples tration locations and facilitate crack initiation.52
through the solution casting approach. More voids can be Figure 7C shows the flexural characteristics of the 3D
spotted on the failed print surface through the modified printed specimens through the solution casting approach
mixing method (Figure 7D) compared with the solution and modified mixing approach. The associated flexural
casting method (Figure 5E). However, the tensile test test outcomes are presented in Table 4. When compared
specimen prepared through modified mixing has better with solution casting, the flexural characteristics of 3D
14 P.P ET AL.
printed samples made using a modified mixing method Figure 8A 43,52,92,93 illustrates the tensile characteris-
have significantly improved. The outcomes of the flexural tics of PLA/NFC filaments, showcasing how different
test exhibit a pattern akin to the tensile characteristics. fillers, produced through various manufacturing tech-
niques, affect their performance. Among these, a 10 wt%
wood-reinforced PLA composite filament by Guo et al.
4 | PROPERTY MAP exhibited the lowest tensile strength. In contrast, a 10 wt
% wood flour-reinforced PLA composite filament by
The detailed comparison of mechanical properties from Kariz et al. demonstrated the highest tensile strength. In
the results section has been presented in Table 4 to give a the present study, a 5 wt% PLA/BFC filament showed
better idea of the strategy. Modified mixing is a better comparable tensile strength to the top-performing com-
approach than solution casting for better mechanical posite filament, ranking as the second strongest.
properties. However, the composite material still lacks Moving on to Figure 8B,C 32,44,48,52,94–97 portrays the
desirable mechanical properties when compared with tensile strength and tensile modulus of PLA/NFC speci-
PLA. The drawbacks of this work are surface irregulari- mens with varying filler content, incorporating different
ties and weak fiber-matrix interfacial bonding. The sur- fillers manufactured using diverse techniques. Notably,
face irregularities may be resolved by further reducing extrusion compression molding and extrusion injection
the fiber size to nano size. The interfacial bonding may molding techniques yielded superior tensile strength
be improved by fiber treatment and the use of any suit- compared to 3D printing. Although the PLA/BFC fila-
able compatibilizers. ment in the present study displayed improved results
Wood (30%) N. Ayrilmis, 2019, 3D Printing

Wood flour (10%) R. Guo, 2018 (A) (B)
Wood (40%) Y. Dong, 2018, 3D Printing
Cork (5%) F. Daver, 2018, 3D Printing

Wood (10%) M. Kariz, 2018
Lignin (5%) E. Gkartzou, 2017, 3D Printing
Cellulose (2%) N.D. Ahmad, 2023, 3D Printing

Cellulose (2%) N.D. Ahmad, 2023
Lignin (20%) S. Wasti, 2020, 3D Printing
Herkake (10%) D. Stoof, 2017, 3D Printing

Flax (15%) D. Depuydt, 2018
Hemp (10%) D. Stoof, 2017, 3D Printing
Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Direct injection moulding

Bamboo (15%) D. Depuydt, 2018
Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Extrusion injection moulding
Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Extrusion compression moulding

Banana (5%) Present work, 2024
Banana (5%) Present work, 2024, 3D Printing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Tensile strength (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa)

Wood (30%) N. Ayrilmis, 2019, 3D Printing (C)
Cork (5%) F. Daver, 2018, 3D Printing
Lignin (5%) E. Gkartzou, 2017, 3D Printing
Cellulose (2%) N.D. Ahmad, 2023, 3D Printing
Lignin (20%) S. Wasti, 2020, 3D Printing
Herkake (10%) D. Stoof, 2017, 3D Printing
Hemp (10%) D. Stoof, 2017, 3D Printing
Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Direct injection moulding
Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Extrusion injection moulding
Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Extrusion compression moulding
Banana (5%) Present work, 2024, 3D Printing
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Tensile Modulus (MPa)
F I G U R E 8 Tensile strength of (A) polylactic acid (PLA)/natural fiber composite (NFC) filaments,43,52,92,93 (B) PLA/NFC
specimens,32,44,48,52,94–97 and (C) tensile modulus of PLA/NFC specimens.32,44,48,52,94–97
P.P ET AL. 15
compared with other research efforts, the performance of chemical treatment of fibers to enhance filament surface
3D-printed tensile specimens was subpar when con- finish and interfacial bonding.
trasted with other composite specimens. Regarding the
tensile modulus of PLA/NFC specimens, in contrast to F U N D I N G IN F O R M A T I O N
tensile strength, 3D-printed samples exhibited superior This work received support from SERB-DST, Govern-
results compared with those produced through extrusion ment of India, under grant number CRG/2020/001389.
compression molding and extrusion injection molding.
Additionally, the PLA/BFC specimen developed in the DA TA AVAI LA BI LI TY S T ATE ME NT
present study boasted the second-highest tensile modulus The data that support the findings of this study are avail-
among all specimens, making it well-suited for applica- able from the corresponding author upon reasonable
tions where structural integrity is paramount. request.
ORCID
5 | C ON C L U S I ON S Jeyaraj Pitchaimani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8456-
8052
A novel approach to develop a cellulose fiber-reinforced Mrityunjay Doddamani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
PLA composite filament is presented. Short 5537-9404
banana-reinforced PLA filaments were developed with
three distinct filler loadings (2.5%, 5%, and 10%), and all RE FER EN CES
three filaments were successfully 3D printed using a 1. Campbell RI, Bourell D, Gibson I. Additive manufacturing:
0.8 mm nozzle using an FDM-based 3D printer. Two dis- rapid prototyping comes of age. Rapid Prototyp J. 2012;18:258.
tinct processing routes were used to blend BF with PLA doi:10.1108/13552541211231563
granules and the impact of these routes on the properties 2. Joseph TM, Kallingal A, Suresh AM, Mahapatra DK,
Hasanin MS, Haponiuk JTS. 3D printing of polylactic acid:
of both filaments and prints was examined. Key findings of
recent advances and opportunities. Int J Adv Manuf Technol.
the present study include: compared with the direct extru- 2023;125(3–4):1015-1035. doi:10.1007/s00170-022-10795-y
sion method, the solution casting method produced a fila- 3. Yiga VA, Lubwama M, Pagel S, Benz J, Olupot PW, Bonten C.
ment with improved fiber-matrix bonding and enhanced Flame retardancy and thermal stability of agricultural residue
filler homogeneity. Filaments prepared using the solution fiber-reinforced polylactic acid: a review. Polym Compos. 2021;
casting method have surface roughness and uneven fila- 42(1):15-44. doi:10.1002/pc.25835
ment diameter. Different fiber loadings significantly 4. Murariu M, Dubois P. PLA composites: from production to
impacted the mechanical properties of the composite fila- properties. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;107:17-46. doi:10.1016/j.
addr.2016.04.003
ments, while thermal properties were minimally affected.
5. Garlotta D. A literature review of poly(lactic acid). J Polym
The PLA/BFC5 filament exhibited superior printability and Environ. 2001;9(2):63-84. doi:10.1023/A:1020200822435
mechanical characteristics compared with the PLA/BFC2.5 6. Hidayat A, Tachibana S. Characterization of polylactic acid
and PLA/BFC10 reinforced PLA filaments. The inclusion (PLA)/kenaf composite degradation by immobilized mycelia of
of a plasticizer and the presence of voids notably compro- Pleurotus ostreatus. Int Biodeter Biodegr. 2012;71:50-54. doi:10.
mised the mechanical properties of PLA/BFCs fabricated 1016/j.ibiod.2012.02.007
through the solution-casting method. 3D printing with 7. Chaitanya S, Singh I. Novel aloe vera fiber reinforced biodegrad-
able composites—development and characterization. J Reinf Plast
composite filaments encountered no significant issues such
Compos. 2016;35(19):1411-1423. doi:10.1177/0731684416652739
as nozzle clogging or warping, rendering them suitable for
8. Odera RS, Idumah CI. Novel advancements in additive
specific applications where high strength is not a prerequi- manufacturing of PLA: a review. Polym Eng Sci. 2023;63(10):
site. The modified mixing method ensured filament diame- 3189-3208. doi:10.1002/pen.26450
ter homogeneity and yielded filaments with superior tensile 9. Yao B, Zhu Y, Xu Z, et al. Taguchi design and optimization of
properties compared with the solution casting method. The the PLA/PCL composite filament with plasticizer and compati-
reduced mechanical properties of the filaments due to sur- bilizer additives for optimal 3D printing. Polym Eng Sci. 2023;
face irregularities and weak fiber matrix bonding can be 63(11):3743-3761. doi:10.1002/pen.26481
10. Selvam A, Mayilswamy S, Whenish R. Strength improvement
considered as the drawback of this work.
of additive manufacturing components by reinforcing carbon
Compared to previous works, the filament developed fiber and by employing bioinspired interlock sutures. J Vinyl
is found to be the second strongest among the cellulose Addit Technol. 2020;26(4):511-523. doi:10.1002/vnl.21766
fiber-reinforced PLA composite filaments. Future 11. Saini P, Arora M, Kumar MNVR. Poly(lactic acid) blends in
research should prioritize strategies, such as further biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;107:47-59.
reducing fiber size, employing compatibilizers, and doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.014
16 P.P ET AL.
12. Neher B, Hossain R, Fatima K, Gafur M, Ahmed F. Study of 27. Gupta US, Dhamarikar M, Dharkar A, Chaturvedi S, Tiwari S,
the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of banana Namdeo R. Surface modification of banana fiber: a review. Mater
fiber reinforced HDPE composites. Mater Sci Appl. 2020;11: Today Proc. 2021;43:904-915. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.217
245-262. doi:10.4236/msa.2020.114017 28. Huda K, Widiastuti I. Natural fiber reinforced polymer in auto-
13. Dev B, Rahman MA, Repon MR, Rahman MM, Haji A, motive application: a systematic literature review. J Phys Conf
Nawab Y. Recent progress in thermal and acoustic properties Ser. 2021;1808:12015. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1808/1/012015
of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: preparation, 29. Merlini C, Soldi V, Barra GMO. Influence of fiber surface treat-
characterization, and data analysis. Polym Compos. 2023; ment and length on physico-chemical properties of short ran-
44(11):7235-7297. doi:10.1002/pc.27633 dom banana fiber-reinforced castor oil polyurethane
14. Dev B, Rahman A, Alam R, Repon R, Nawab Y. Mapping the composites. Polym Test. 2011;30(8):833-840. doi:10.1016/j.
progress in natural fiber reinforced composites: preparation, polymertesting.2011.08.008
mechanical properties, and applications. Polym Compos. 2023; 30. Zini E, Scandola M. Green composites: an overview. Polym
44(7):3748-3788. doi:10.1002/pc.27376 Compos. 2011;32(12):1905-1915. doi:10.1002/pc.21224
15. Rangappa SM, Siengchin S, Parameswaranpillai J, Jawaid M, 31. La Mantia FP, Morreale M. Green composites: a brief review.
Ozbakkaloglu T. Lignocellulosic fiber reinforced composites: pro- Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2011;42(6):579-588. doi:10.
gress, performance, properties, applications, and future perspec- 1016/j.compositesa.2011.01.017
tives. Polym Compos. 2022;43(2):645-691. doi:10.1002/pc.26413 32. Komal UK, Lila MK, Singh I. PLA/banana fiber based sustain-
16. Chen D, Huang B, Wang Z, et al. Development and molecular able biocomposites: a manufacturing perspective. Compos B:
dynamics simulation of green natural rubber composites with Eng. 2020;180:107535. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107535
modified sisal microcrystalline cellulose. J Vinyl Addit Technol. 33. Shih YF, Huang CC. Polylactic acid (PLA)/banana fiber
2023;29(2):294-310. doi:10.1002/vnl.21964 (BF) biodegradable green composites. J Polym Res. 2011;18(6):
17. Amir N, Abidin KAZ, Shiri FBM. Effects of fibre configuration 2335-2340. doi:10.1007/s10965-011-9646-y
on mechanical properties of banana fibre/PP/MAPP natural 34. Prasad N, Agarwal VK, Sinha S. Banana fiber reinforced low-
fibre reinforced polymer composite. Procedia Eng. 2017;184: density polyethylene composites: effect of chemical treatment
573-580. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.140 and compatibilizer addition. Iran J Polym Sci Technol (Engl
18. Balda S, Sharma A, Capalash N, Sharma P. Banana fibre: a nat- Ed). 2016;25(3):229-241. doi:10.1007/s13726-016-0416-x
ural and sustainable bioresource for eco-friendly applications. 35. Jandas PJ, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Renewable resource-based
Clean Technol Environ Policy. 2021;23:1401. doi:10.1007/ biocomposites of various surface treated banana fiber and poly
s10098-021-02041-y lactic acid: characterization and biodegradability. J Polym Envi-
19. Subagyo A, Chafidz A. Banana pseudo-stem fiber: preparation, ron. 2012;20(2):583-595. doi:10.1007/s10924-012-0415-8
characteristics, and applications. Banana Nutrition—Function 36. Jandas PJ, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Surface treated banana fiber
and Processing Kinetics; IntechOpen Limited. 2018. doi:10. reinforced poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites for disposable
5772/intechopen.82204 applications. J Clean Prod. 2013;52:392-401. doi:10.1016/j.
20. Kenned JJ, Sankaranarayanasamy K, Kalyanavalli V, Suresh jclepro.2013.03.033
Kumar C. Characterization of indentation damage resistance 37. Jandas PJ, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Mechanical properties of
and thermal diffusivity of needle-punched Musa sapientum cel- surface-treated banana fiber/polylactic acid biocomposites: a
lulosic fiber/unsaturated polyester composite laminates using comparative study of theoretical and experimental values.
IR thermography. Polym Compos. 2020;41(7):2933-2946. doi:10. J Appl Polym Sci. 2013;127(5):4027-4038. doi:10.1002/app.37978
1002/pc.25588 38. Majhi SK, Nayak SK, Mohanty S, Unnikrishnan L. Mechanical
21. Rao B, Makode Y, Tiwari A, Dubey O, Sharma S, Mishra V. and fracture behavior of banana fiber reinforced polylactic acid
Review on properties of banana fiber reinforced polymer com- biocomposites. Int J Plast Technol. 2010;14(1):57-75. doi:10.
posites. Mater Today Proc. 2021;47:2829. doi:10.1016/j.matpr. 1007/s12588-010-0010-6
2021.03.558 39. Nguyen TA, Nguyen TH. Study on mechanical properties of
22. Mukherjee PS, Satyanarayana KG. Structure and properties of banana fiber-reinforced materials poly (lactic acid) composites.
some vegetable fibres. J Mater Sci. 1984;19:3925-3934. doi:10. Int J Chem Eng. 2022;2022:8485038. doi:10.1155/2022/8485038
1007/BF00980755 40. Asmawi N, Sapuan S, Mohamed Yusoff MZ. Mechanical, phys-
23. Kusic D, Božič U, Monzon M, Paz Hernandez R, Bord on PP. ical and thermal properties of sugar palm nanocellulose rein-
Thermal and mechanical characterization of banana fiber reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA)
forced composites for its application in injection molding. blend bionanocomposites. Polymers. 2020;12:1-18. doi:10.3390/
Materials. 2020;13:3581. doi:10.3390/ma13163581 polym12102216
24. Venkateshwaran N, Elayaperumal A. Banana fiber reinforced 41. Suryanegara L, Yano H. Manufacture of nanocomposites based
polymer composites—a review. J Reinf Plast Compos. 2010; on microfibrillated cellulose and polylactic acid. 2014 Interna-
29(15):2387-2396. doi:10.1177/0731684409360578 tional Conference on Physics and its Applications; Atlantis Press.
25. Lee SC, Mariatti M. The effect of bagasse fibers obtained (from 2015. doi:10.2991/icopia-14.2015.19
rind and pith component) on the properties of unsaturated 42. Satriyatama A, Rochman V, Adhi R. Study of the effect of glyc-
polyester composites. Mater Lett. 2008;62(15):2253-2256. doi:10. erol plasticizer on the properties of PLA/wheat bran polymer
1016/j.matlet.2007.11.097 blends. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2021;1143:12020. doi:10.
26. Azwa ZN, Yousif BF, Manalo AC, Karunasena W. A review on 1088/1757-899X/1143/1/012020
the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. 43. Depuydt D, Balthazar M, Hendrickx K, et al. Production and
Mater Des. 2013;47:424-442. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.025 characterization of bamboo and flax fiber reinforced polylactic
P.P ET AL. 17
acid filaments for fused deposition modeling (FDM). Polym 58. Kanakannavar S, Pitchaimani J. Fabrication and mechanical
Compos. 2018;40:1951-1963. doi:10.1002/pc.24971 properties of braided flax fabric polylactic acid bio-composites.
44. Stoof D, Pickering K, Zhang Y. Fused deposition modelling of J Text Inst. 2022;113(5):833-845. doi:10.1080/00405000.2021.
natural fibre/polylactic acid composites. J Compos Sci. 2017;1: 1907958
8. doi:10.3390/jcs1010008 59. Kanakannavar S, Pitchaimani J. Compressive properties of 3D
45. Felix Sahayaraj A, Muthukrishnan M, Ramesh M. Experimental braided flax fiber textile fabric reinforced PLA composites. IOP
investigation on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2021;1065(1):12021. doi:10.1088/1757-
jute and hemp fibers reinforced hybrid polylactic acid compos- 899X/1065/1/012021
ites. Polym Compos. 2022;43(5):2854-2863. doi:10.1002/pc.26581 60. Le Phuong HA, Ayob N, Blanford C, Fazita M, Szekely G.
46. Jia X, Cui B, Li S, et al. Preparing microcrystalline cellulose- Non-woven membrane supports from renewable resources:
reinforced polylactic acid composites by an energy saving method. bamboo fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites. ACS
Polym Compos. 2023;44(11):7865-7875. doi:10.1002/pc.27671 Sustain Chem Eng. 2019;7:11885-11893. doi:10.1021/
47. Ye G, Li Z, Chen B, Bai X, Chen X, Hu Y. Performance of polylac- acssuschemeng.9b02516
tic acid/polycaprolactone/microcrystalline cellulose biocomposites 61. Trifol J, Plackett D, Sillard C, Szabo P, Bras J, Daugaard A.
with different filler contents and maleic anhydride compatibiliza- Hybrid poly(lactic acid)/nanocellulose/nanoclay composites
tion. Polym Compos. 2022;43(8):5179-5188. doi:10.1002/pc.26807 with synergistically enhanced barrier properties and improved
48. Wasti S, Triggs E, Farag R, et al. Influence of plasticizers on thermomechanical resistance. Polym Int. 2016;65:988-995. doi:
thermal and mechanical properties of biocomposite filaments 10.1002/pi.5154
made from lignin and polylactic acid for 3D printing. Compos B 62. Mazzanti V, Malagutti L, Mollica F. FDM 3D printing of poly-
Eng. 2021;205:108483. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108483 mers containing natural fillers: a review of their mechanical
49. Tao Y, Wang H, Li Z, Li P, Shi SQ. Development and application properties. Polymers. 2019;11:1-22. doi:10.3390/polym11071094
of wood flour-filled polylactic acid composite filament for 3D 63. Zhan J, Li J, Wang G, et al. Review on the performances, foam-
printing. Materials. 2017;10(4):339. doi:10.3390/ma10040339 ing and injection molding simulation of natural fiber compos-
50. Suteja J, Firmanto H, Soesanti A, Christian C. Properties inves- ites. Polym Compos. 2021;42(3):1305-1324. doi:10.1002/pc.
tigation of 3D printed continuous pineapple leaf fiber- 25902
reinforced PLA composite. J Thermoplast Compos Mater. 2020; 64. Badouard C, Traon F, Denoual C, Mayer-Laigle C, Paës G,
35:2052-2061. doi:10.1177/0892705720945371 Bourmaud A. Exploring mechanical properties of fully com-
51. Vigneshwaran K, Venkateshwaran N. Statistical analysis of postable flax reinforced composite filaments for 3D printing
mechanical properties of wood-PLA composites prepared via applications. Ind Crops Prod. 2019;135:246-250. doi:10.1016/j.
additive manufacturing. Int J Polym Anal Charact. 2019;24(7): indcrop.2019.04.049
584-596. doi:10.1080/1023666X.2019.1630940 65. Díaz-García Á, Law JY, Cota A, et al. Novel procedure for labo-
52. Kusmono NDA, Herianto MWW. Preparation and properties of ratory scale production of composite functional filaments for
cellulose nanocrystals-reinforced poly (lactic acid) composite additive manufacturing. Mater Today Commun. 2020;24:
filaments for 3D printing applications. Results Eng. 2023;17: 101049. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101049
100842. doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100842 66. Spoerk M, Savandaiah C, Arbeiter F, Sapkota J, Holzer C. Opti-
53. Kumar S, Singh R, Singh T, Batish A. Investigations of poly- mization of mechanical properties of glass-spheres-filled poly-
lactic acid reinforced composite feedstock filaments for mul- propylene composites for extrusion-based additive
timaterial three-dimensional printing applications. Proc Inst manufacturing. Polym Compos. 2019;40(2):638-651. doi:10.
Mech Eng Part C. 2019;233:5953-5965. doi:10.1177/ 1002/pc.24701
0954406219861665 67. Aruan Efendy MG, Pickering KL. Comparison of strength and
54. Pavezi KJP, Rocha A, Bonafé EG, Martins AF. Electrospinning- young modulus of aligned discontinuous fibre PLA composites
electrospraying of poly(acid lactic) solutions in binary obtained experimentally and from theoretical prediction
chloroform/formic acid and chloroform/acetic acid mixtures. models. Compos Struct. 2019;208:566-573. doi:10.1016/j.
J Mol Liq. 2020;320:114448. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114448 compstruct.2018.10.057
55. Scaffaro R, Maio A, Emmanuel Fortunato G, Micale G. PLA- 68. Farah S, Anderson DG, Langer R. Physical and mechanical
based functionally graded laminates for tunable controlled properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread
release of carvacrol obtained by combining electrospinning applications—a comprehensive review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev.
with solvent casting. React Funct Polym. 2020;148:104490. doi: 2016;107:367-392. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.012
10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104490 69. Jacobsen S, Fritz HG. Filling of poly(lactic acid) with native
56. Oztemur J, Yalcin EI. Morphological analysis of fibrous webs starch. Polym Eng Sci. 1996;36(22):2799-2804. doi:10.1002/pen.
electrospun from polycaprolactone, polylactic acid and their 10680
blends in chloroform based solvent systems. Mater Today Proc. 70. Baiardo M, Frisoni G, Scandola M, et al. Thermal and mechan-
2021;46:2161-2166. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.638 ical properties of plasticized poly(L-lactic acid). J Appl Polym
57. Trifol J, van Drongelen M, Clegg F, Plackett D, Szabo P, Sci. 2003;90(7):1731-1738. doi:10.1002/app.12549
Daugaard A. Impact of thermal processing or solvent casting 71. Hu Y, Hu YS, Topolkaraev V, Hiltner A, Baer E. Aging of
upon crystallization of PLA nanocellulose and/or nanoclay poly(lactide)/poly(ethylene glycol) blends. Part 2. Poly(lactide)
composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2019;136:47486. doi:10.1002/app. with high stereoregularity. Polymer. 2003;44(19):5711-5720. doi:
47486 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00615-3
18 P.P ET AL.
72. Younes H, Cohn D. Phase separation in poly(ethylene glycol)/ 87. Tanase-Opedal M, Espinosa E, Rodríguez A, Chinga-
poly(lactic acid) blends. Eur Polym J. 1988;24(8):765-773. doi: Carrasco G. Lignin: a biopolymer from forestry biomass for bio-
10.1016/0014-3057(88)90013-4 composites and 3D printing. Materials. 2019;12(18):3006. doi:
73. Hu Y, Rogunova M, Topolkaraev V, Hiltner A, Baer E. Aging 10.3390/ma12183006
of poly(lactide)/poly(ethylene glycol) blends. Part 1. Poly(- 88. Mohammadizadeh M, Imeri A, Fidan I, Elkelany M. 3D
lactide) with low stereoregularity. Polymer. 2003;44(19):5701- printed fiber reinforced polymer composites—structural analy-
5710. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00614-1 sis. Compos B Eng. 2019;175:107112. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.
74. Kulinski Z, Piorkowska E, Gadzinowska K, Stasiak M. Plastici- 2019.107112
zation of poly(l-lactide) with poly(propylene glycol). Biomacro- 89. Kaynak C, Varsavas SD. Performance comparison of the 3D-
molecules. 2006;7(7):2128-2135. doi:10.1021/bm060089m printed and injection-molded PLA and its elastomer blend and
75. Jacobsen S, Fritz HG. Plasticizing polylactide—the effect of dif- fiber composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater. 2018;32(4):501-
ferent plasticizers on the mechanical properties. Polym Eng Sci. 520. doi:10.1177/0892705718772867
1999;39(7):1303-1310. doi:10.1002/pen.11517 90. Al-Maharma AY, Patil SP, Markert B. Effects of porosity on the
76. Alothman OY, Awad S, Siakeng R, et al. Fabrication and char- mechanical properties of additively manufactured components:
acterization of polylactic acid/natural fiber extruded compos- a critical review. Mater Res Express. 2020;7(12):122001. doi:10.
ites. Polym Eng Sci. 2023;63(4):1234-1245. doi:10.1002/pen. 1088/2053-1591/abcc5d
26278 91. Lee CH, Padzil FN, Lee SH, Ainun ZM, Abdullah LC. Potential
77. Mohammadi Zerankeshi M, Sayedain SS, Tavangarifard M, for natural fiber reinforcement in PLA polymer filaments for
Alizadeh R. Developing a novel technique for the fabrication of fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing: a
PLA-graphite composite filaments using FDM 3D printing pro- review. Polymers. 2021;13(9):1407. doi:10.3390/polym13091407
cess. Ceram Int. 2022;48(21):31850-31858. doi:10.1016/j. 92. Guo R, Ren Z, Bi H, Song Y, Xu M. Effect of toughening agents
ceramint.2022.07.117 on the properties of poplar wood flour/poly (lactic acid) com-
78. Bharath HS, Bonthu D, Prabhakar P, Doddamani M. Three- posites fabricated with fused deposition modeling. Eur Polym J.
dimensional printed lightweight composite foams. ACS Omega. 2018;107:34-45. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.035
2020;5(35):22536-22550. doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c03174 93. Kariz M, Sernek M, Obucina M, Kuzman MK. Effect of wood
79. Vijayasankar KN, Bonthu D, Doddamani M, Pati F. Additive content in FDM filament on properties of 3D printed parts.
manufacturing of short silk fiber reinforced PETG composites. Mater Today Commun. 2018;14:135-140. doi:10.1016/j.
Mater Today Commun. 2022;33:104772. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm. mtcomm.2017.12.016
2022.104772 94. Ayrilmis N, Kariz M, Kwon JH, Kitek KM. Effect of printing
80. Pillin I, Montrelay N, Bourmaud A, Grohens Y. Effect of layer thickness on water absorption and mechanical properties
thermo-mechanical cycles on the physico-chemical properties of 3D-printed wood/PLA composite materials. Int J Adv Manuf
of poly(lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab. 2008;93(2):321-328. doi: Technol. 2019;102(5):2195-2200. doi:10.1007/s00170-019-03299-9
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.12.005 95. Gkartzou E, Koumoulos EP, Charitidis CA. Production and 3D
81. Kumar S, Ramesh MR, Doddamani M, Rangappa SM, printing processing of bio-based thermoplastic filament. Manuf
Siengchin S. Mechanical characterization of 3D printed Rev. 2017;4:14. doi:10.1051/mfreview/2016020
MWCNTs/HDPE nanocomposites. Polym Test. 2022;114: 96. Dong Y, Milentis J, Pramanik A. Additive manufacturing of
107703. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107703 mechanical testing samples based on virgin poly (lactic acid)
82. Wan T, Yang G, Du T, Zhang J. Tri-(butanediol-monobutyrate) (PLA) and PLA/wood fibre composites. Adv Manuf. 2018;6(1):
citrate plasticizing poly(lactic acid): synthesis, crystallization, 71-82. doi:10.1007/s40436-018-0211-3
thermal, and mechanical properties. Polym Eng Sci. 2014;55: 97. Daver F, Lee K, Brandt M, Shanks R. Cork–PLA composite fila-
205-213. doi:10.1002/pen.23886 ments for fused deposition modelling. Compos Sci Technol.
83. Mathew AP, Oksman K, Sain M. Mechanical properties of 2018;168:168-237. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.10.008
biodegradable composites from poly lactic acid (PLA) and
microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). J Appl Polym Sci. 2005;97:
2014-2025. doi:10.1002/app.21779 SU PP O R TI N G I N F O RMA TI O N
84. Bodros E, Pillin I, Montrelay N, Baley C. Could biopolymers Additional supporting information can be found online
reinforced by randomly scattered flax fibre be used in structural in the Supporting Information section at the end of this
applications? Compos Sci Technol. 2007;67(3):462-470. doi:10. article.
1016/j.compscitech.2006.08.024
85. Muthu Natarajan S, Senthil S, Narayanasamy P. Investigation
of mechanical properties of FDM-processed acacia concinna– How to cite this article: P.P MS, Pitchaimani J,
filled polylactic acid filament. Int J Polym Sci. 2022;2022: Doddamani M. A short banana fiber—PLA
4761481. doi:10.1155/2022/4761481 filament for 3D printing: Development and
86. Liu Z, Lei Q, Xing S. Mechanical characteristics of wood,
characterization. Polym Compos. 2024;1‐18. doi:10.
ceramic, metal and carbon fiber-based PLA composites fabri-
cated by FDM. J Mater Res Technol. 2019;8(5):3741-3751. doi:
1002/pc.28519
10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.06.034

Polymer Composites - 2024 - P.P - A Short Banana Fiber PLA Filament For 3D Printing Development and Characterization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Polymer Composites - 2024 - P.P - A Short Banana Fiber PLA Filament For 3D Printing Development and Characterization

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Polymer Composites - 2024 - P.P - A Short Banana Fiber PLA Filament For 3D Printing Development and Characterization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Received: 9 January 2024 Revised: 18 April 2024 Accepted: 28 April 2024

A short banana fiber—PLA filament for 3D printing:

Mohamed Shafeer P.P 1 | Jeyaraj Pitchaimani 1 | Mrityunjay Doddamani 2

1 | INTRODUCTION from abundant banana plant waste, benefiting both agri-

Polymer Composites. 2024;1–18. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pc © 2024 Society of Plastics Engineers. 1

2.2 | PLA-banana fiber blend 2.3.1 | Density measurement

1 Wm Wf 2.4 | Flexural test

TABLE 1 Density and thermal properties of filaments and prints.

ρexperimental (kg/m3) Void percentage (%)

Composition ρtheoretical (kg/m3) Filament Print Filament Print Tm ( C) Tg ( C)

2.727% for PLA/BFC2.5, PLA/BFC5, and PLA/BFC10, 3.3 | DSC of filaments

Tensile Stress (MPa)

Tensile Tensile Strain at Flexural Flexural

TABLE 4 Effect of blending method on behavior of PLA/BFC5 filaments and 3D prints.

PLA PLA/BFC5 (solution casting) PLA/BFC5 (modified mixing)

Property Filament 3D Print Filament 3D print Filament 3D print

Abbreviations: BF, banana fiber; PLA, polylactic acid.

Tensile Stress (MPa)

Modified mixing Modified mixing

Wood (30%) N. Ayrilmis, 2019, 3D Printing

Cork (5%) F. Daver, 2018, 3D Printing

Cellulose (2%) N.D. Ahmad, 2023, 3D Printing

Herkake (10%) D. Stoof, 2017, 3D Printing

Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Direct injection moulding

Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Extrusion compression moulding

Tensile strength (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa)

Lignin (5%) E. Gkartzou, 2017, 3D Printing

Cellulose (2%) N.D. Ahmad, 2023, 3D Printing

Lignin (20%) S. Wasti, 2020, 3D Printing

Herkake (10%) D. Stoof, 2017, 3D Printing

Hemp (10%) D. Stoof, 2017, 3D Printing

Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Direct injection moulding

Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Extrusion injection moulding

Banana (20%) U.K. Komal, 2020, Extrusion compression moulding

Banana (5%) Present work, 2024, 3D Printing

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Tensile Modulus (MPa)

You might also like