CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background

In linguistics, “morphology is the study of the formation and internal organization of word”
(Katamba, 1997:30). Matthews (1991:3) states that, “Morphology is the branch of linguistics
which is concerned with the „form of word‟ in different uses and construction”. Morphology can
be defined as “a branch of linguistics that concerned with analyzing the structure of words. The
morphology of a given word is its structure or form” (Baldick, 2001). In other word, morphology
is the branch of linguistics that studies pattern of word formation and internal organization, and
attempts to formulate the rules of contruction of word to know the knowledge of the speakers of
those languages. Word formation is creation of a new word, sometimes it changes the word‟s
meaning.

Yule (2006:57) states that, “The most common word-formation process is called
derivational”. Derivational is accomplished by means of a large number of small „bits‟ of the
English language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. Derivational suffix
is the word-formation that have to be added to the end of the word.
According to Srijono (2010:49), “Words are the smallest free form found in language”. It means
that the words can be stood by itself. For example word; train, boy, woman, etc. The word
“train”, “boy”, “woman” cannot be divided into smaller units that can convey meaning when
they stand alone.
The written languages are more needed in study of word-formation. The written languages are
usually can be found in magazine, newspaper, bulletin, etc.
A short story is a brief work of literature. The story can be obtained from personal story or
narrative story. The short story can take form of book and also written in magazine. In our life,
we have many stories that be our experienced. It can be topic of short story. In this study, the
writer uses short stories.
In the short story, we can get many words to analyze about derivational suffixes. So the
writer chooses short story to analyze derivational suffixes. She also likes to read short story or
novel, so she thinks analyzing short story to make a research. The example of derivational
suffixes are in the following sentences.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. DEFINISION OF LINGUISTICS
Linguistics is the scientific study of language,[1] and involves an analysis of
language form, language meaning, and language incontext.[2] The earliest activities in
the documentation and description of language have been attributed to the 6th century
BC Indiangrammarian Pāṇini,[3][4] who wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in
his Aṣṭādhyāyī.[5]
Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay
between sound and meaning.[6] Phonetics is the study of speech and non-speech sounds, and
delves into their acoustic and articulatory properties. The study of language meaning, on the
other hand, deals with how languages encode relations between entities, properties, and other
aspects of the world to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as manage and
resolve ambiguity.[7] While the study of semantics typically concerns itself withtruth
conditions, pragmatics deals with how situational context influences the production of meaning.
[8]

Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a
given language. These rules apply to sound[9]as well as meaning, and include componential
subsets of rules, such as those pertaining to phonology (the organisation of phonetic sound
systems), morphology (the formation and composition of words), and syntax (the formation and
composition of phrases and sentences).[10] Modern theories that deal with the principles of
grammar are largely based within Noam Chomsky's framework ofgenerative linguistics.[11]
In the early 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the notions
of langue and parole in his formulation ofstructural linguistics. According to him, parole is the
specific utterance of speech, whereas langue refers to an abstract phenomenon that theoretically
defines the principles and system of rules that govern a language.[12] This distinction resembles
the one made byNoam Chomsky between competence and performance in his theory
of transformative or generative grammar. According to Chomsky, competence is an individual's
innate capacity and potential for language (like in Saussure's langue), while performance is the
specific way in which it is used by individuals, groups, and communities (i.e., parole, in
Saussurean terms).[13]
The study of parole (which manifests through cultural discourses and dialects) is the
domain of sociolinguistics, the sub-discipline that comprises the study of a complex system of
linguistic facets within a certain speech community (governed by its own set of grammatical
rules and laws). Discourse analysis further examines the structure of texts
andconversations emerging out of a speech community's usage of language.[14] This is done
through the collection of linguistic data, or through the formal discipline of corpus linguistics,
which takes naturally occurring texts and studies the variation of grammatical and other features
based on such corpora (or corpus data).
Stylistics also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying
speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media.[15] In the
1960s, Jacques Derrida, for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by
proposing that written language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself.
[16]
Palaeography is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of written scripts (as signs
and symbols) in language.[17] The formal study of language also led to the growth of fields
like psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the
mind; neurolinguistics, which studies language processing in the brain;biolinguistics, which
studies the biology and evolution of language; and language acquisition, which investigates how
children and adults acquire the knowledge of one or more languages.
Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical and political factors that
influence language, through which linguistic and language-based context is often determined.
[18]
Research on language through the sub-branches of historical and evolutionary linguistics also
focus on how languages change and grow, particularly over an extended period of time.
Language documentation combines anthropological inquiry (into the history and culture
of language) with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages and their
grammars.Lexicography involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a
documentation of a linguistic vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in
adictionary. Computational linguistics is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of
natural language from a computational perspective. Specific knowledge of language is applied
by speakers during the act of translation and interpretation, as well as in language education – the
teaching of a second or foreign language. Policy makers work with governments to implement
new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic research.
Related areas of study also includes the disciplines of semiotics (the study of direct and
indirect language through signs and symbols), literary criticism (the historical and ideological
analysis of literature, cinema, art, or published material), translation (the conversion and
documentation of meaning in written/spoken text from one language or dialect onto another),
and speech-language pathology (a corrective method to cure phonetic disabilities and dis-
functions at the cognitive level).
What is Linguistics?

Linguistics is the study of language - how it is put together and how it functions. Various
building blocks of different types and sizes are combined to make up a language. Sounds are
brought together and sometimes when this happens, they change their form and do interesting
things. Words are arranged in a certain order, and sometimes the beginnings and endings of the
words are changed to adjust the meaning. Then the meaning itself can be affected by the
arrangement of words and by the knowledge of the speaker about what the hearer will
understand. Linguistics is the study of all of this. There are various branches of linguistics which
are given their own name, some of which are described below. Linguistsare people who study
linguistics.

Phonetics is the study of the sounds of speech. It includes understanding how sounds are made
using the mouth, nose, teeth and tongue, and also understanding how the ear hears those sounds
and can tell them apart. A study of phonetics involves practicing producing (sometimes exotic)
sounds, and figuring out which sound you heard. The wave form of each sound can be analysed
with the help of computer programs. In sign language, phonetics refers to the the possible shapes,
movements and use of physical space.

Phonology makes use of the phonetics in order to see how sounds or signs are arranged in a
system for each language. In phonology, it matters whether sounds are contrastive or not, that is,
whether substituting one sound for another gives a different, or "contrastive," meaning. For
example in English, [r] and [l] are two different sounds - and the words "road" and "load" differ
according to which of these sounds is used. But in some languages, [r] and [l] are variations of
the same sound. They could never make a meaning difference in words that differ by only that
sound. Phonologists describe the contrastive consonants and vowels in a language, and how
pronunciation is affected by the position of the sound in the word and the sounds that are nearby.
They are also interested in syllables, phrases, rhythm, tone, and intonation.

Morphology looks at how individual words are formed from smaller chunks of meaningful units
called morphemes. For example, the English word 'untied' is really made up of three parts, one
refering to the process of reversing an action (un-), one indicating the action of twisting
stringlike things together so they stay (tie), and the last indicating that the action happened in the
past (-d). Many languages have a much more complex way of putting words together.
Morphology interacts in important ways with both phonology (bringing sounds together can
cause them to change) and syntax, which needs to pay attention to the form of a word when it
combines it with other words.

Syntax is the study of how phrases, clauses and sentences are constructed and combined in
particular languages. Writing a grammar requires defining the rules that govern the structure of
the sentences of the language. Such rules involve both the order of words, and the form of words
in their various possible positions. There are common patterns among even unrelated languages,
and many linguists believe this is the result of general principles which apply to most, if not all,
languages. For example, languages where the direct object generally follows the verb have a lot
of things in common, in contrast to the things in common held by languages in which the direct
object generally precedes the verb.

Discourse analysis looks at bigger chunks of language - texts, conversations, stories, speeches,
etc. Different types of these use language differently, and there can even be differences in how a
language is used based on the genre. For example, "Once upon a time" is an appropriate start to a
fairy tale, but not to a news story on the evening news. Discourse features can also show
important principles of organization such as which players in a story have key roles and which
just have bit parts.

Semantics is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between words, phrases and other
bits of language and on how these words and phrases connect to the world. Pragmatics is
similar, but it involves the study of how speakers of a language use the language to communicate
and accomplish what they want. Pragmatics looks more at the relationship between speaker and
listener which allows assumptions to be made about the intended message, considering, for
example, the way context contributes to meaning. A classic example is where someone is asked
"Do you want some coffee?" Does the reply "Coffee will keep me awake" mean yes or no? It
depends whether the person wants to stay awake - and the questioner will only understand the
intended meaning if they know whether the person wants to stay awake.

Historical Linguistics is the study of how languages have changed over time. Some changes
happen because of slow (maybe incremental) changes within the language, such as in
pronunciation or in the meaning of a word. Other changes happen because of contact with
speakers of other languages. The most well know example of this is "borrowing," but language
contact can cause other types of change as well. It can be interesting to compare phonology,
syntax and word lists of similar or geographically close languages to see how similar they are.
Some linguists then use this information to figure out the past of the languages, such as when
two languages split from each other. Combined with other known facts about the speakers of the
language, it can lead to important discoveries about their history.
Sociolinguistics is the study of society and language. Sociolinguists may use surveys to examine
in which contexts a language is used (e.g. market, home, school, workplace) and the attitudes to
each language (particularly in multilingual contexts). They may look at ways that variation in a
particular language correlates with social factors such as speaker age, ethnic identity, location,
etc. For more information on sociolinguistics, see here.
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUTION

Linguistics is the scientific study of language,[1] and involves an analysis of

language form, language meaning, and language incontext.[2] The earliest activities in
the documentation and description of language have been attributed to the 6th century
BC Indiangrammarian Pāṇini,[3][4] who wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in
his Aṣṭādhyāyī.
Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay
between sound and meaning.[6] Phonetics is the study of speech and non-speech sounds, and
delves into their acoustic and articulatory properties. The study of language meaning, on the
other hand, deals with how languages encode relations between entities, properties, and other
aspects of the world to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as manage and
resolve ambiguity.[7] While the study of semantics typically concerns itself withtruth
conditions, pragmatics deals with how situational context influences the production of meaning.