diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn ± oiipre dgixt ,dgkye driwy

ol t w i ni w z`n

dzlitp" ' ik (1990±1922) ehpexehn bxapfex hx`eihq axd oiiv 1984 zpya xe` d`xy xtqa
zeniyxnd zertezd zg` dziid (mixyrd d`nd=) ef d`na "dznewze diqwecezxe`d ly
enikqd mixg` mby ,dienq dgpd zcner ef driaw ly drwxa 1.'dycgd zicedid dixehqida
diqwecezxe`d dkixv dziid zekxrdd lk itly ,jynda xxaziy itk zepey onf zecewpa dl
miipilw migpena oky ,ixwn eppi` ipilw ienica yeniyd .xakn df mlerd on xearle 'zenl'
dl`y wx `ed ,eilr micirnd mipniqd milbzny rbxne ,dxfg epnn oi`y jildz `ed zeen
diqwecezxe`d dyye`zd ,miiekiqd lk cbpke ,mikildzde zeifgzd lkl cebipa ,dpde .onf ly
,zeipeig ly zlhean `l dcin dpixwn `ide ,mixyrd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna dqqazde
.itxbenc lecib mb ± iyilyd sl`d zligz mre ,invr oeghia
eizenbn oia miixyt` mixyw ly mneiw xaca diidzd zcner df xn`n ly ezizyza
.l`xyia ygxzn `edy dcaerd oial ,ezegztzde eipiit`n ,l`xyia diqwecezxe`d xwg ly
ziqwecezxe`d efe llka l`xyia dxagd ± l`xyi zpicn drityd cvike m`d ,xg` oeyl
miccvd lre l`xyia diqwecezxe`d xwg zegztzd lr ± mitqep minxeb mb ile`e ,hxta
xzeid lkle ,ef dl`yl zewtqn zeaeyz rivn eppi` df xn`n .ea egzet `l e` egpfpy
zenbn ly mneiw lr x`yd oia riavdl dqpi `ed .dibeqa zeipey`x zepaez ea elri
ziqwecezxe`d dxagd ly dnewn oial mpia xywd lre ,xwgnd zegztzda mikildze
cwena cenrzy dl`yd ,xnelk .dcizr xaca zeifgzde da dcnrn ,l`xyia dxaga dipeebl
xy`k recne ,da ixwgnd weqird oial diqwecezxe`d ly davn oia dwif yi m` `id oeicd
oiipr zxxerne dxxer `id dgxt xy`ke zixwgn dpigan dgpfp `id driwya dziid `id
dpiltivqica `ly i`ceea ,dil`n zpaen dppi` `id ,ef dwifa oeibid yiy s` .ixwgn
,zeiyxt ,zertez yi oky ,`weec dketd dnbn lr riavdl ozip s` mizrl .zixehqidd
jk .mzenlride mzriwy xg`l dtepzl dkf mda ixwgnd weqirdy miax mirexi`e miyi`
zeklyd yi mxwgn `yen oial mixwegd oiay ef dwifly d`xp ,jynda xxaziy itk ,jk e`
.cg`k ea xqgy dne ea yiy dn lr ± eite` lre xwgnd ly ezeyabzd lr

sqeil ,xttnhy le`yl ,xlchy zixepl ,xaliq l`kinl ,hnq dynl ,lhxa l`xyil dcez xiq` ip` *
mdizervde mdizexrd lr xpiit l`enye oiwlf ikcxnle ,mipey mihxta mzxfr lr xyy drple oenly
.df xn`n ly mincew migqep `xwnl
Stuart E. Rosenberg, The Real Jewish World: A Rabbi’s Second Thoughts, New :e`x 1
York 1984, p. 93

[(h"qyz) cr dpy ,l`xyi zeclez xwgl oerax ± oeiv]

[2] o l t w i ni w 354
xwga eygxzdy zeixwird zeiegztzdd z` ogai `ede ,ibelepexk xn`nd dpan
,ixwgn itxbe`bÎibelepexk svx xevil icka .ozrted xcq itl l`xyi zpicna diqwecezxe`d
ux`a ip`n'zerd oehlyd idlya icedid aeyiia diqwecezxe`d xwgna oeicd z` geztl oekp
,mixyrd d`nd ziy`xa ihixad hcpnd oehly iniae ,dxyr ryzd d`nd idlya ,l`xyi
,zeibelepexkd zeiegztzdl liawna ,z`f mr cgi .l`xyi zpicna zexenzl xearl okn xg`le
zewgzdl lczy`e ,zernyn zelra zeihnz¥ zeiegztzd mb yi ,zexidn ce`n od mizrly
xwgna wqer epi` df xn`ny yibcdl mewnd o`k .cgeina zeifkxn il ze`xpd odn dnk xg`
zixehqid dpigan encw dl` oky ,mipey`xd dileblb lre zeciqgd ly dziy`x lr
ly dizecleza xzei mixge`n miwxt dnk mb .zpbxe`nde zgqepnd dzxeva diqwecezxe`l
cnred `l mpeic cweny xg`n ,ea epecii `l ,l`xyia mixweg icia exwgpy itk ,zeciqgd
.envr ipta oeicl ie`x df `yep ok lre ,diqwecezxe`d xwgl dwifa miax mixwna
diqwecezxe`d xwga dnevr dgixtl micr ep` mixyrd d`nd ly mipenyd zepya lgd
dnk dlrn zipey`x zitxbeilaia dwica .da wx `l j` ,l`xyia ± dizeclezle dipeebl
xara diqwecezxe`d ly xg` e` df ota miwqerd mixn`n ly zeax ze`ne mixtq zexyr
ly odizeiernyne odiccv lk z` iphxt ote`a xewql ozip `l jkn d`vezk .deedae
dyer eppi` df xn`n .diqwecezxe`d xwga zeygxzne eygxzdy zexenzde zeiegztzdd
,zeipey`x zepwqne zepaez dnk xzeid lkl rivn `ede ,xwgna zenbnd oeebn mr wcv `et`
.iphxte winrn oeic zepinfnd ,zeiwlge zeillk

miaxd mixwgna oeir .mipiit`ne zexcbd ,migepin lr dxrda biiql yi dgiztd ixac z`
dizeleab z`e dipiit`n z` ,drtezd z` xicbdl ozipy cnln diqwecezxe`a miwqerd
zepexg`d mipyd miying jldna ,ok lr xzi .dfl df mixzeq gxkda `l ,mipey mipte`a
jxevle ,envr ipta cnerd xwgnl `yep edf .xzeia zepicr ozvw ,zexenz dpeit`a elg
:(jynda epeciiy mixwgn lr miqqean da mipey miccvy) dagx dxcbd riv` df xn`n
zicedid dxaga eritedy mipeyd minxfl od daebz jezn dxvepy dveaw `id diqwecezxe`d
ziy`xa eyabzdy zeibele`ci`le zerepzl od ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd idlya lgd dtexi`a
dpbdl ,zxeqnd ly rcen xeniyl zaiegnd zibele`ci` dcnra xaecn .dxyr ryzd d`nd
lr jlede sixgn mei`¦ ly dyegz jezn elrt diqwecezxe`d ly dicqiin .dzwcvdle dilr
zepexwrl zeaiegnd z` dlbc lr dzxg `id .mzpad itl zecdid ly cigid inihibld ielibd
.dipira miinihibld mipaxd dze` miyxtny itk dkldd
oia ,zizedne dax mizrl ,zEpey yie ,xzeia zpeebn drteza xaecn ,z`f mr cgi
xaecn ,xnelk 2.zewegx zeieaxzae zexagae ,mitlgzn mipnfa ,mipey zenewna ± diaikxn
e` mibdpzn ,mi`xp mpi` dnr¦ mipnpd j` ,ztzeyn zihpb zizyz zlra dgtyn oirna

Michael K. Silber, ‘Orthodoxy’, The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, :e`x 2
New Haven–London 2008, 2, pp. 1292–1297
355 diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn [3]
diqwecezxe`l 3.mdiielibae mznvra midf mpi` mitzeynd mdipiit`ne ,ddf dxeva miayeg
gxfn z` mb okn xg`le dfkxne dtexi` axrn z` millekd ,miielib llye miax mi`v`v
ryzd d`nd ly mirayd zepyn zegtd lkl) l`xyi ux`a oyid aeyiid z` ,dtexi`
diqwecezxe`d z`e (zizcd zepeivd minil) igxfnd z` ,zicxgd dxagd z` ,(dxyr
eritydy ,dpnn miraepd zepexwrle zxkfpd dibele`ci`l mitzey dl` lk ,llkk .zipxcend
4
.dfn df ce`n mipey mipte`a m` mb ,mdixag ly zebdpzdd iqetc aevir lr zrxkn drtyd

oy id a e yi id i ` xa d iq w ec ez xe ` . `

oyid aeyiil enw dcg zixehqid oir zriah ilra miyi`e mitxbeilaia ,micrzn xtqn
.ihixad hcpnd ztewzae zip`n'zerd dtewzd idlya hxta milyexiae llka l`xyi ux`a
ik`ln l`tx xfril`e (1918±1854) upel dyn mdxa` md mday miaeygde miifkxnd ipy
.(1980±1895)
miig ur zaiyia cnl ,1869 zpya l`xyi ux`l ezgtyn mr xbid ,dpaew cili ,upel
ezelirtl xarn .ezeclia cnly zetyl sqepa ,ziwlg zillk dlkyd ykxe milyexia
,oyid aeyiid i`pw icia scxp diihray dl`yd ziixtq ceqii x`yd oia dllky ,milyexia
l`xyi ux`l mirbepd mineqxt ly dkixrae daizka epnf ziaxn z` upel riwyd
dxyr ryzd d`nd idlya xe` e`xy ,l`xyi ux` gele milyexi mipezpyd 5:milyexile
zecleza miwxt x`yd oia llekd ,oeebne ax rcin likn milyexi 6.mixyrd d`nd ziy`xae
zenewn ly zenye diignvd ,dibele`kx`d inegza miyecig ,zenecw zetewza milyexi
oyid aeyiid lr mihxte rcine ,'mler ini ixaca miaxrd zecbd' lr mixn`n ,miaeyiie
`l` ,dnec ite` mi`yep l`xyi ux` gela enqxety mipkzd .ea ygxznd lre milyexia
zyly ipal [dpy] gel' x`yd oia llekd ,'iyenyd wlg'a migztp md ,milyexin dpeyay
zecin lre 's`xblzde hqetd ixcq' lr ,'l`xyi ux`a weyd ini' lr rcine ,'zezcd

odizepekzl daxw¦ yi diqwecezxe`ly ,zeihqilhpncpet zeveaw ly xwgnd dcyn le`y df ienic 3

Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, ‘Conclusion: An Interim Report :e`x .miax mipaena
on a Hypothetical Family’, Fundamentalisms Observed, eds. Martin E. Marty and R.
Scott Appleby, Chicago–London 1991, pp. 814–843
Samuel C. Heilman, ‘The Many Faces of Orthodoxy’, Modern Judaism, 2, 1 (1982), :e`x 4
pp. 23–53; ibid., 2, 2 (1982), pp. 171–199
.n.` 'x ly ditxbeilaiad' ,ik`ln 'x xfril` :e`x ,eineqxt lre eiig zeclez lr zexiwqle rcinl 5
mdxa` 'x xkfl ycwen dizewizre l`xyiÎux` zxiwgl zixard dxagd uaew ± milyexi ,'upel
mdxa`' ,lqxw lvb ;fi±a 'nr ,g"txz milyexi ,qxt ediryie wipweq 'l xfrl` zkixra ,upel dyn
,lqxw lvb zkixra ,upel dyn mdxa` ixn`n xgan ± milyexie oeiv zeaizp ,'elrte eiig upel dyn
.127±11 'nr ,`"lyz milyexi
milyexi ,l`xyi ux` gel ,l"pd ;h"rxz±a"nxz milyexi ,milyexi ,upel 'n mdxa` :e`x 6
.d"rxz±d"pxz
[4] o l t w i ni w 356
cred zia' mdae ,eizecqene oyid aeyiid lr rcin mqxtzd l`xyi ux` gela mb .zelwyne
,dxez icenlze zeaiyi ,mitqep milleke 'ycewd ux`a mifpky`d zellekl xy` illkd
oeit`a mb `l` ceriza wx wqr `l upel .'minezil dqgn iza' znbec dwcv zecqene
.da ygxznae l`xyi ux`a mifkxzn eiazke 7,mzepyxtae miixehqid mikildz
cerizl mvxnne mpnfn daxd eyicwd ,xzei e` zegt upel ly epnf ipa ,mitqep miyi` ipy
,qwecezxe` ,qpit .(1941±1873) iwqaiixb qgpte (1913±1843) qpit lkin l`igi :oyid aeyiid
zixard zepezira aezkl lgd ,zqqez zeiyi` lrae oeyl cg xteqe i`pezir ,ipeiv owqr
l`xyi ux`l xbid 1878 zpyae ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ly mirayd zepy ziy`xa diqexa
icedid aeyiid yecigl ezelirt jldna .ixeitihpen dyn oxw ly gekd `ak da yniye
8
.dfn mrdÎcg` mre dfn i`pwd oyid aeyiid iyp` mr x`yd oia qpit jqkzqd ,eqeqiale
ik`lne ,mitqe`k exnzyp md minile miax miknqn qpit criz zixeaivd ezelirtl liawna
ykxe miig ur zaiyia cnl iwqaiixb mb ,upell dneca .ax yeniy mda eyr mixg`e
mileg xewia milegd ziaa qpit ly exferl did 1893 zpyne ,zillk dlkyd liawna
meqxtle xeniyl ,seqi`l iwqaiixb xqnzd eiigl mipexg`d mixeyrd ipya .milyexia
.milyexia oyid aeyiid mb jk jezae l`xyi ux`a icedid aeyiid zeclezl mirbepd zexewn
cnil eia`) miig ur zaiyil mixyw lrae qwecezxe` `ed s` ,ik`ln l`tx xfril`
9
.'dlkydl yxcnd zia oiay xtzd ew icv ipyn' ayi ,(eia` zen xg`l Fcnily in oke da
mipaenae ,mhr ixt mixn`ne miazkn mqxt mipyd jldnae ,qpit z`e upel z` xikd ik`ln
miax miwxt ik`ln syg ,mqxty zecerza .upel ly icerizd elrtn z` jiynd miax
milyexia zepezira wqr oke ,hxta milyexiae llka l`xyi ux`a oyid aeyiid zecleza
,l`xyi ux`a eigy eincewe eizinr enk `ly ,z`f mr cgi 10.mipey zecqenae miyi`ae
ewegixy okzii 11.1912 uiwa ribd dil`y ,wxeiÎeipa zexbead eizepy aex z` ig ik`ln
ele xiaqn mipy zexyr lrt eay l`xyi ux` ly itxbe`bd agxnd on ik`ln ly iqitd
mixywd mb ogae oyid aeyiia eincewn zxg` opeazdy dcaerd z` iwlg ote`a

dizepwz ,dzelylzyd ,dxewn ± dwelgd ,upel 'n mdxa` ;(5 dxrd ,lirl) lqxw :lynl e`x 7
.`"rxz milyexi ,miixezqd mixewn i"tr dixcqe
,dxczw ,' "ycgd aeyii"l "oyid aeyiid" oia qpit lkin l`igi' ,oiciixt l`xyi :x`yd oia e`x 8
ly dpey`xd zivgna ux`a icedid aeyiia aehiw ikildz' ,oenly sqei ;103±93 'nr ,(h"nyz) 51
,l"pd ;31±4 'nr ,(h"lyz) 12 ,dxczw ,'ebeg ipae qpit ± "dyn ipa"e mrd cg` :miryzd zepy
aeyiid zelbrna ± qpit n"i' ,l"pd ;112±97 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,mipey`x mizenir ± zepeive zc
,zxet oa dcedil miyben daeyiie l`xyi ux` zecleza mixwgn ± dcedil z`fe ,'ycgde oyid
.543±530 'nr ,b"qyz milyexi ,xpiix opgl`e dix`Îoa ryedi zkixra
cbpn ,'ely l`xyi ux` ixwgne ik`ln .x.` :"miaexn eitpr xy` oli`" ' ,xpiix opgl` :e`x 9
,i`nyÎoa ibge xpiix opgl` zkixra ,l`xyiÎux` ipiipra ik`ln .x.` ixn`nn dteq` ± d`xz
.ai±`i 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi
,ik`ln .x.` ixn`nn uaew ± oyid aeyid zecleza miwxt ,ik`ln x"` ;my ,i`nyÎoae xpiix :e`x 10
.`"lyz aia`Îlz ,jxc dnlye oenb`Îipcxi dilb ekxre ehwil
.fh±eh 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) xpiix 11
357 diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn [5]
zngln'a wqr `ed ,lynl ,jk .zil`xyi ux`d dnfixta wtzqd `le ,miitexi` miiqwecezxe`
zvxgpd zecbpzdd ± diqwecezxe`d ly ifkxn zedf oiit`na oc jk ab`e ,'dnxetxa aeyid
ixqe`a eid micxtqd' dxyr ryzd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnay orh `ed .dnxetxl
,'milyexia `le dixahae ztva df mbe ,mdixg` ekynp wx mifpky`de ,dnxetxa dnglnd
wqr `ed ,ok enk 12.d`nd dze` ly diipyd zivgna wx milyexil dribd ef dnglne
x`yd oia ,oyid aeyiid oial dwixn` icedi oia eniiwzdy zeakxend miqgid zekxrna
ziy`xae dxyr ryzd d`nd seqa oyid aeyiid z` dxirqdy ,'dwixn` llek' zyxt aiaq
13
.mixyrd d`nd
lkin l`igi enk ,mixg`ae iwqaiixba ,qpita ,ik`lna ,upela ze`xl xyt` ,mpn`
,mle`e .'miirevwn' mipeixehqid `le mitxbeilaiae micrzn ,miptq` 14,(1955±1872) iwqpivewih
mi`yepd zpigan wx Ele ,mdixg` e`ay mipeixehqid lr xzeia dax drtyd dziid mzk`lnl
eid mlek ,cere z`f .xwgnl igxkd qiqa miynynd miipey`x zexewn exnyp mzece` lry
,l`xyi ux`a oyid aeyiil mipey mipte`a ekiizydy icbpznÎi`hil `venn miqwecezxe`
miznvl mze` e`iad dfn oyid aeyiia ygxzna mzeaxerne dfn mdly zxewiad yege
ilrae oyid aeyiia mirehp mzeida ,mpexzi cvl .miax miknqne rcin seq`l elki mday
Îzibele`ci` dcnr ilrak mze` dcinrd diqwecezxe`l ziyi`d mzwif ixd ,miknqnl dyib
weqrln ,rcena gxkda `l ,mze` dliabd mb ef mzwif .mdly cerizd i`yen iabl zikxr
aeyiid z` x`zl mizrl mze` d`iade ,miyi`e mirexi` ,mikildz ly izxewia gezipa
ly miil`xyi ux`d miieliba dfkxzd mhan zcewp ,cere z`f 15.ilici` ote`a oyid
oial oyid aeyiid oiay dwifl mb qgiizd xen`ky ,ik`ln hrnl ,diqwecezxe`d
zk`lna jiyndy cigid ik`ln did mixeyr dnk jyna ,jk e` jk .dtexi`a diqwecezxe`d
oiipr xxer `l ,dlek diqwecezxe`d enk ,df `yep ,ok` .egezipae oyid aeyiid ly cerizd
idlyl cre dznwdn lgd milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a elrty mipeixehqidd axwa ax
.mdicinlza oicd `ede ,miyingd zepy

.346±336 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) ik`ln :e`x 12

Simcha Fishbane, :cer e`x ,ef dyxt lr .409±384 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) i`nyÎoae xpiix :e`x 13
‘The Founding of Kollel America Tifereth Yerushalayim’, American Jewish Historical
Quarterly, 64, 2 (1974), pp. 120–137
yi`e dldpn minile miig ur zaiyi xbea ,iwqpivewih lgd mixyrd d`nd ly oey`xd xeyra 14
xg`le 1915 cr 1905În zetivxa xe` d`x `ede ,'miig ur gel' z` mqxtl ,oeznd oyid aeyiid
,zvnezn rcin eileya yi z`f mr cgi j` ,dlind ly xvd oaena gel edf .dxecq `l dxeva okn
.oyid aeyiid mr midefnd dl` mdae ,miyi` lr xwira
zpeky ly miyelyd zepyn izextqd xe`izd mr mdixe`izn dnk z`eeydn ,dnbecl ,dler jk 15
` ,b ,miipf`n ,'owxet mewi mpexb iax' :oepbr i"y azky milyexia micxgd lye mixry d`n
aia`Îlz ,[jxer my `ll] ,zextq ixacl owey z`ved uaew ,'wla ly exer' ;7±5 'nr ,(`"vxz)
.67±14 'nr ,`"yz
[6] o l t w i ni w 358

zn c x za x w gn , dr i wy a d iq we c e z xe ` .a

mirax`d zepya l`xyia elrty mixwege zexweg eliby diqwecezxe`a oiiprd xqeg
gipdl xiaq .zeaiqpe zeaiq dnk ly otexivn d`xpk raep mixyrd d`nd ly miyingde
,l`xyi ux`e icedid me`ld zeclez ly minieqn miwxta axd weqird `id odn zg`y
zikxrd dwifl dxeyw ef dtcrd .zircnd dxrqd oirn mixg` miwxt ly mzwigc liawnae
(1973±1884) xepic oeivÎoak mipeixehqid oia dniiwzdy ,dziidy lkk zakxen ,zibele`ci`de
diqwecezxe`l mqgile ,o`kn 16,ipeivd ine`ld lrtnd oial mdixwgn ewqr mday mi`yepde
zqitzl aiegny iny `iltn df oi` ,ok lr xzi .o`kn ,dlhae zeaiyg zxqg ,ziley drtezk
ef mler zqitz dgecy ina ixwgn weqira zeaiyg `vni `l zipxcen zipeivÎzine`l mler
zeclez ly xwgnd ,dnbecl .l`xyia ixehqidd xwgnl zicegii dppi` ef drtez .dl cbpzne
,ycgd mlera micedid ly mzealzyd ikildza mixeyr dnk jyna cwnzd dwixn` icedi
dcnr mzyiby xg`n zixwgnd xard zpenzn ewgcp zealzydd ly jldnl ecbpzdy dl`e
.izegztzd jildz eze`l dxizqa
zecqenl reiql ax onf eyicwd diqwecezxe`a oiipr elbiy ietv didy mixweg ,cere z`f
,lynl ,jk .zepey`xd dizepya mdipta ecnry mixbz`d mr mzeccenzda dpicnd
dax zixwgn al zneyz eyicwd hchypfii` 'p l`eny enk mibeletexzp`e mibeleiveq
dzehlwid iqetc xg` awrnle miyingd zepy ziy`xa gxfnd zecr i`vei ly dlecbd diilrl
dxagd ly dziipaa oehlyd zecqenl riiql dxhn jezn ,zil`xyid dxaga dzenlw`zde
.dizexey aeviiae l`xyia
`edy oiiprd zcin oial xwgnd `yen ly ezeaivi zcine egek oia xyw yiy `et` d`xp
.dxwgnle diqwecezxe`l qgia zg` mrtn xzei l`xyia dxw jk .xwegd lv` xxern
zicxgd dxagd drlwp dil`y zilklkde zihiletd ,zizxagd ,zixehqidd ze`ivnd ,dnbecl
dpicnd znwd xg`l zekenqd mipyae mirax`d zepy ly diipyd zivgna l`xyi ux`a
exag ef dtewza 17.zicxgd dxagd ly dhan zcewpn cgeina znii`nke ziziirak dqtzp
:ef dxag ly dcizrl drx zexyank eqtzpy zeiegztzd xtqn cgi

zelclcid mr cgi ,d`eyd dxviy ibele`zd xbz`de zilxende zitxbencd dknd (`)
.dtexi`a miitqkd dzkinz zexewna drixkn
m`ivedl icka eyrpy zelertde l`xyi ux`a zicedi dpicn ly dznwd lr mixeaicd (a)
mpi` dibidpne dpicnd iniwny zicxgd dbdpdl xxazd xy`k .lretd l` gekd on
lkei `l icxg icedi eay avnn eyyg md ,izkldÎizc ite` zlra dpicna mipiipern

;icedid ine`ld aih`xpd z`vnde zipeivd ditxbeixehqidd :dfd onfde mdd minid' ,mx ixe` :e`x 16
xqepib qgpt zkixra ,zeibele`ici`e zeixwgn zeyib ± eppnf oa qenlet :zepeiv ,'epnfe xepic oeivÎoa
.160±126 'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,il`xa ia`e
.zeinipt zewelgne jxc oca` ,dyleg iielib eid ea mb j` ,dpey mpn` did igxfnd zrepz ly davn 17
359 diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn [7]
qehhqd azkn' zpadl rwxd md dl` zeyyg .dpicna zeiqiqad ezc zeevn z` miiwl
18
.'eew
mipezp mdy epiad dibidpne dyabzd `l dzbdpdy ,l`xyi zceb` ly dzyleg (b)
.l`xyi ux`a iqwecezxe` `ld icedid aexd ly ecqgl
,diite`le l`xyi zpicn ly dzednl xeywd lka miibele`zde miibele`ci`d mihald (c)
19
.aeyiid ztewza mzenky mr dccenzd `l zicxgd dxagdy mihal
z` wnivy zicxgd dxagd ly dizeleabl uegn l` micxg mixirv ly sgqd jildz (d)
eillg eid miax ± xirvd icxgd xecd' :xeg`l dii`xa x`ez `ed jke .dizexey
.miaxd zyegz dziid ± "d`pwa had" .mixg` mipebx`e zerepz xarl dlecb dxiypa
20
.'dyinkae dbiqpa ep` ,mpegvpa md ,mzglvda md
licadl ,oeznd icxgd mxfa mipey miyi` axwa qqiay ,xexgyd znglna oegvipd (e)
Îzipeiv dpicn ly dneiwa dvex l`dy dyegzd z` ,mipeiv ihp`d mipeviwd dl`n
.zcd gexa zlret dpi` `id m` mb ,l`xyi ux`a zipelig

eavip zei`hild zeaiyid .miicxg zecqen lr zerixkn zeklyd eid dl` zeiegztzdl
eyr zexg`ae ehhenzd ozvw ± zeiciqgd zexvgd eli`e .miax mipaena ,dxeay zwey ipta
zenx lka oycgle onwyl ick mci l`l yiy lk ,dtexi`n z`vl egilvdy dl` ,odix"enc`
ly mveaiwe miciqg qeib ,miilklk mirvn` gezit ,zecqen ziipa :ziciqgd xvgd ly diig
21
.dfkxnay x"enc`de xvgd aiaq zizcd dieegd yecige ,d`eya ecxyy dl`
zeax .dzegt dcina ik m` ,igxfnd zrepzl qgia mb mixen` dl`d mikildzd on dnk
dzcnr xe`l dwlg zpn eid `l l`xyi zpicnle zepeivl qgia micxgd ly zenlicd on
ok enk .l`xyi zpicnle l`xyi ux`a icedid aeyiil ,ipeivd lrtnl ziaeigd zibele`zd
md mb ,mle`e .micxgl xy`n ipeivil`ewd ihiletd agxna aeyg xzei wlg did igxfnl
itk ,dpicnd ly icedid diite` xaca zicxgd zebidpnd ly mihald on dnkl mitzey eid
zqpkl zexigad z`xwl zcge`nd zizcd zifgd ly dznwd aiaq mipeicd on dlery
22
.1949 ziy`xa dpey`xd
dyw did ,xzei miipxnyd dipeeb ly cgeinae ,diqwecezxe`d ly davn ,xac ly ellk
dl`n dnke onfd za zicxgd dxagd jezn miyi` enikqd jk lre ,wtqa lhed dcizre

dpicnl aeyiin xarnd ,'l`xyia dpicne zc :eew qehhqd zeclez dl`e' ,oncixt mgpn :e`x 18
.81±47 'nr ,1990 dtig ,iwqaelit dcxe zkixra ,zexenze zetivx ± 1949±1947
.69±24 'nr ,(`"pyz) 3 ,miitl` ,'zizc dnlick l`xyi zpicn' ,oncixt mgpn :e`x 19
,a"nyz milyexi ,l`xyi zceb` zkqna dixehqide oeir iwxt ± jlnd jxca ,lbity l`xyi :e`x 20
.359±358 'nr
miil`wiqend miigd zeycgzda x"enc`d ly ezeifkxn' ,xefn awri :e`x ,ilwifend megzd on dnbecl 21
.158±130 'nr ,(h"nyz) ai ,okec ,'(1972±1950) wxaÎipaa uip'fie xvga
mr izcd xeaivd ly zihiletde zipeirxd zekxridde zcge`nd zizcd zifgd' ,x`e`a a`f :e`x 22
.c"qyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly jnqen x`ezd zlaw myl dcear ,'dpicnd znwd
[8] o l t w i ni w 360
miixwgn mi`yep lr mixkfpd mixacd mr cgi ,df ixixay avn 23.uegan da eppeazdy
dl` lk ± mipeixehqid axwa zeihppinec eidy zeikxrÎzeine`l zeyib lre miipeig eqtzpy
agxna (df gpena yeniy dyrp `l m` mb) diqwecezxe`a ixwgnd oiiprd xqeg z` mixiaqn
.mixyrd d`nd ly miyingde mirax`d zepya il`xyid incw`d
d`nd ly mipexg`d mixeyrd z`xwly ,oyid aeyiia ewqre df llkn e`vi mixweg ipy
.diqwecezxe` gpena yeniy zeyrl ilan ik m` ,miiqwecezxe` mipeit` yaib dxyr ryzd
milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a xehwec zcear azky ,(1957±1909) zb oeivÎoa `ed oey`xd
eziy`x z` miax mipaena onqn df xwgn 24.l`xyi zpicn znwd xg`l jenq dxye` `ide
ly zizxewia dkxrd jeze zexewn oeebn lr eknzqda .oyid aeyiia izxewiad oeird ly
d`nd ly diipyd zivgna oyid aeyiid zecleza miaeyg miwxt zb criz ,mzepnidn zcin
Îmiixehqidd mdixywda ea eygxzdy zeiegztzde mikildz lr riavd ,dxyr ryzd
xehwecd zceary ,ippg l`xyi `ed ipyd .mzeaiyg z`e mzernyn z` gzipe ,miizxagd
jezn j` ,'l`xyi ux`a dlkydd zrepz'a wqr `ed ,mpn` .okn xg`l dpy dxye` ely
mdipy 25.milikynd eixwan ly mhan zcewpn oyid aeyiid z` x`yd oia gzipe criz jk
mikildzk mxicbdl ilan ,oyid aeyiia eygxzdy mikildzae zerteza ,miyi`a `et` epc
.diqwecezxe`d z` mipiit`nd
swyn `ede ,il`xyid ixwgnd sepl icegii did `l diqwecezxe`a ixwgnd oiiprd xqeg
zeicedi ± zetqep zeiaxrn zeipxny zeizc zeveawl mixweg ly mly xec ly eqgi z`
d`nd rvn`n elrty mibeleiveqde mipeixehqidd on miax ,dnbecl .zg`k zeicedi opi`ye
mixg` .iqwecezxe`d dpgnd on enlrzd ,dicediae dwixn` zecdia ewqre jli`e mixyrd
dxagd ztnn mlridl xfbp dpicy ,zihpeelx `l drtezk e` miilily mixywda eze` ebivd
.da xzeia iley mxeb xzeid lkl ynyl e` ,mixyrd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna zicedid
minec miielibe 27,xiilwq lyxn lye 26xflb ozp ly mdixwgna lynl ztwzyn ef dnbn

Menachem Friedman, ‘The Ultra-Orthodox and Israeli Society’, Whither Israel? The :e`x 23
Domestic Challenges, eds. Keith Kyle and Joel Peters, London–New York 1993, pp.
178–179
`"nxzd±x"zd zepya l`xyiÎux`a icedid aeyid ly izeaxzde ilklkd eavn ,zb oeivÎoa :e`x 24
dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,dtewzd ly zepezrde zextqd it lr
.dpy ynge mixyr xg`l xagnd ly epeafirn xtqk xe` d`x xeaigd .g"yz ,milyexia zixard
.b"kyz milyexi ,(1881±1840) `"nxz±x"zd zepya l`xyiÎux`a icedid aeyid ,l"pd :e`x
diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,'l`xyiÎux`a dlkydd zrepz' ,ippg l`xyi :e`x 25
.h"yz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly
Jeffrey S. Gurock, ‘A Generation Unaccounted for in American Judaism’, American :e`x 26
Jewish History, 77 (1987), pp. 247–259; Benny Kraut, ‘American Judaism: An
Appreciative Critical Appraisal’, ibid., pp. 220–225
Marshall Sklare, Conservative Judaism: An American Religious Movement, Glencoe :e`x 27
e`x .mixacd z` xagnd dpiy ,1972 zpya xe` dz`xy ,zpwezn dxecdna .1955, pp. 43, 73
.266±264 'nr ,my
361 diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn [9]
mixweg dnk mitzey eid ef dcnrl .mirayd zepy rvn` cr enqxtzdy mixwgna miievn
`l zeipxny zeizc zeveaw ixweg axwa mb dievn dziid dnec dyib .miqwecezxe` micedi
lye ipxcend ocira oeligd lye dpxcend ly 'oegvip'd xe`ly ,iaxrnd mlera zeicedi
od xzeid lkle dl` zeveaw lr dilk `eazy etv ,df oegvip exiaqdy zeixwgnd zefzd
xaca xbxa xhit ly ezifgz `id jkl zwdaen dnbec .zeileye zephw zerlaena eniiwzi
28
.okn xg`l mipy zexyr envra xiaqd `ed dzprhe dpeibd z`y ,zeizc zeveaw ly ocizr

zy c e gn z e xx er z d .b

mibyid dnk l`xyi zceb` zbltn dbiyd miyingd zepy ziy`xae mirax`d zepy idlya
zizlynnd divil`ewd on dyxt `id 1952 xanhtqa j` ,zicxgd dxagd xear miaeyg
zizcd dzbdpd ly zvxgpd dzecbpzd rwx lr (1975±1886) oeixebÎoa cec ly ezey`xa
zxifn zhlgen hrnkd dzenlridl liawna 29.ine`l zexiya e` `ava miyp zexiyl
`idy exaq miaxe dnvr jeza dqpkzd zicxgd dxagdy did d`xp ,zeihiletd zerxkdd
oehlyl oiba mgpn ly eziilr xg`l ,zihiletd dxifd fkxnl ef dbltn dxfgyn .zhhenzn
z` ycgn ef dxag dzpa 1952 f`n etlgy mipyd ynge mixyray xxazd ,1977 zpya
ly mler zqitz davire ,dix"enc`e dipax ,dicnln ,dicnel zexey z` d`lin ,dizecqen
cr xwgp `l df zekxrn ceciy .zycegnd dziigzl miigxkd excbedy zexvazde zexbzqd
zlhean `l drtyd dl` mipya dziid z`f znerl l"ctnl .dtiwne ziphxt dxeva dk
inegza zeglvd dnk dnvrl dnyx `ide ,i"`tn mr dzxky 'zixehqidd zixad' zekfa
xqegy d`xp .wnerl exwgp mxh ef dbltn ly dikldn mb ik m` ,miizcd dwiwgde jepigd
axwae dkeza zegepn in lr eldpzd mixacdy dqitzd on `weec rap da ixwgnd oiiprd
.l`xyia dxagd mwxnn cxtp izla wlg miaygp mde ,dbvii `idy xeaiv
al zneyzl diqwecezxe`d dzkf `l mirayd zepyl miyingd zepy oiay ef dtewza
dipeeb ipy lr zil`xyid diqwecezxe`d od ,l`xyia mixwege zexweg ly dax zixwgn
otec `vei xweg oiivl yi mle`e 30.zitexi`d ef od ± micxgde zizcd zepeivd ± miixwird

Samuel C. Heilman and Steven M. Cohen, Cosmopolitans and Parochials: Modern :e`x 28
Orthodox Jews in America, Chicago–London 1989, pp. 1–2; Egon Mayer and Chaim I.
Waxman, ‘Modern Jewish Orthodoxy in America – Toward the Year 2000’, Tradition,
Chaim I. Waxman, ‘From Institutional Decay to Primary :cer e`xe .16, 3 (1977), p. 101
Day: American Orthodox Jewry Since World War II’, American Jewish History, 91
(2003), pp. 405–406; Peter L. Berger, ‘The Desecularization of the World: A Global
Overview’, The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics,
ed. Peter L. Berger, Washington, DC – Grand Rapids 1999, pp. 1–19
.63±52 'nr ,1991 milyexi ,mikildze zenbn ,zexewn ± zicxgd dxagd ,oncixt mgpn :e`x 29
mdilibxzne mdixeriyn mpn` cwtp `l ,xteqe yxid mipaxd mdae ,miwdaend dibivp ly mnewn 30
oi` ,zrbn iciy lkk ,mle`e .miyiyd zepyae miyingd zepy idlya a`il` ikcxne u"k awri ly
[ 10 ] o l t w i ni w 362
dnkae ,(1998±1904) u"k awri ly ezkxcda azky xehwec zceara .hnq dyn ± cg`
zeceqi hnq gipd ,mixyrd d`nd ly miyiyd zepy ly diipyd zivgna enqxety mixn`n
¦ diqwecezxe`d zpadl miipeig x`zn ieewe
`ven zcewp epini cr miynyn dl`e ,dxwgle
mdiazkn rnzyna milerd dl`n mipey hnq yaiby x`znd ieew 31.df mxfa oeic lkl
:md mday miixwird dl`e .mixg`e ik`ln ,upel ly mixkfpd

zqitz z` oiadl xyt` i` ,hxta miizkldd dl`ae llka miipax miazka oiirl `la (`)
z`e da zeygxznd zexenzd z` ,dibidpn ly mzyib z` ,diqwecezxe`d ly dnler
zextqa ze`iwa aiign dl` zexewna weqirdy oaen .dhwp `idy dlertd ipte`
`et` yi .dixagn miynzyn mday zeiv`iveq`e oeyl zerahn ly dxkde zipaxd
mihqwh jezn zeixehqid zepaez ulgl ick cgeina miyibx milkae zercena jxev
32
.ixehqidÎ` ite` mi`yepd
d`nd idlya diqwecezxe`d ly itexi`d ixehqidd xywdd gezipl zeaiyg yi (a)
.miihpbd dinezig zpadl rwxk ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr dpenyd
zeqitz iqwecezxe`d dpgna eyabzd dxyr ryzd d`nd jldnay jka xikdl yi (b)
dkeaqe zakxen zinipt miqgi zkxrna mipezp mde ,mipeebne mipey dlert iqetce mler
.miqwecezxe` mpi`y dl` oial mpia xy`n zegt `l
drtezk `l` zizxeqnd zecdid ly xiyi jyndk `l oegal jixv diqwecezxe`d z` (c)
zicedid dxaga elgy zexenzl daebz jezn dyabzdy ,dnvrl zrcene zipxcen
zpadl gztnd edf .dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna lgd dtexi`a
sgxn ineiw mei`y dzqitz gezipl cgeinae ,zxeqn d`ivndy ink diqwecezxe`d
dzexxetzd gkepl (dcigid dzbivp `idy) 'zihpze`de zizin`d' zecdid ipt lr
diqwecezxe`d ibidpn z` d`iad ef dqitz .zizxeqnd zicedid dxagd ly zizbxcdd
ihpze`d iehiad z` mzrcl bviiny dn z` xnyl ¥ ick zebixg dlert ikxc yabl

,a`il` ikcxn :lynl e`x .dipiit`n ly dxexa dxcbd e` diqwecezxe` gpena yeniy dl` mivawa
,h"id d`na dtexi` axrn zecdi ,u"k awri ;c"kyz milyexi ,h"iÎd d`na dtexi` axrn zecdi
.g"iyz milyexi
x`eza ynzydy ilane ,cecÎoa sqei icia zipey`x ce`n dxeva egped dl` x`zn ieewn dnk 31
d`nd ziy`xa dixbpeda zipxcen zicedi dxag ly dizelgzd' ,cecÎoa sqei :e`x .diqwecezxe`
Gershon Bacon, ‘Warsaw–Vilna–Budapest: :cer e`xe .129±101 'nr ,(a"iyz) fi ,oeiv ,'h"id
On Joseph Ben-David’s Model of the Modernization of Jewry’, Jewish History, 11 (1997),
lr ,u"k ly cinlz `ed s` ,a`il` ikcxn ly exwgna ik oiivl oiiprn ,jk ab` .pp. 102–104
d`xp eigeqipn dnkne ,ipxcen mxfk diqwecezxe`d ly dqitzl fnx oi` ,dipnxba icedid jepigd
dipnxba icedid jepigd ,a`il` ikcxn :e`x .zizxeqnd zecdid ly jyndk eipira dqtzp `idy
zecdi gpena eyeniyle .240±227 ,162±142 'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,divtivpn`de dlkydd inia
aia`Îlz ,h"id d`na l`xyiÎux` aeyie dipnxb icedi ± c"ed iyp`e oeiv zad` ,l"pd :e`x ,zicxg
.ely xehwecd zcear lr qqeand ,92±61 'nr ,`"lyz
Robert Liberles, Religious Conflict in Social Context: The Resurgence of Orthodox :e`x 32
Judaism in Frankfurt Am Main, 1838–1877, Westport–London 1985, p. 13
363 diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn [1 1]

zexenze zelcaid ,zexbzqd zellek dl` dlert ikxc .zizxeqnd zecdid ly cigid
33
.micigin od zelidwn od ± zeizebdpzdd zeriazae zizkldd dwiqta zkl zewigxn

diqwecezxe`d zpadl zil`ehqwhde zixehqidd zizyzd z` hnq gzit oday mipy oze`a
1969 zpya sxhvdy ipwixn` xweg ,(2003±1934) onail (qlx'v) ediryi mqxt ,dxwgle
zixehqidd hand zcewp .dwixn`a diqwecezxe`d lr mixwgn zxcq ,l`xyia incw`d lbql
miicqene miipebx` mipiit`n xicbdl onail z` e`iad zibeleiveqd dyibde dwixn` zecdi ly
ly dl` mdae ,miqwecezxe` micedi ly zebdpzd iqetce dizeveawl diqwecezxe`d ly
ly dl`n mipey onail x`izy zebdpzdd iqetc zvwn .'zeevn xney eppi`y qwecezxe`d'
34
.hnq
xwg lr mzrtyd dxkip `l hnq ly eixwgn meqxt xg`ly xeyra ,mipt lk lr
mzvw ,diqwecezxe`a ewqry ixehqid ite` ilra mixeaig dnk .l`xyia diqwecezxe`d
agxna ewqr mde ,mixyrd d`nd ly mirayd zepya eazkp ,xehwec x`ez zlaw myl
lr eazk ,lynl ,jk .l`xyi ux`a aeyiide zipeivd drepzde zepeivd ,diqwecezxe`d ly
mipyae 35,oenly sqeie (1998±1939) l`ipw ryedi ,oncixt mgpn ,lhxa l`xyi `yepd
mzvw e` mlek z` enqxt s`e ,mze` eaigxde dl` mixwgn lr etiqed md okn xg`ly
xwira dcwnzde ceriz wx `le gezip dllky ,zycegnd zixwgnd dpcra mle`e 36.mixtqa
oze`a exwgy dl` mb .hnq deezdy x`znd ieewl dax zeqgiizd dxkip `l ,oyid aeyiia

xeaig ,'ipxcend ocird ziy`xa ze`ivnd zeriaz len dkldd :dnxetxe dkld' ,hnq dyn :e`x 33
ycgd ,l"pd ;1967 ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl
ly hxetn gezitl .45±14 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,diqwecezxe`d zecleza miwxt ± dxezd on xeq`
dz`vnd :diiqwecezxe`Îdxhle`d ly dzginv ziy`x' ,xaliq l`kin :e`x ,'zxeqnd z`vnd' oeirx
,e"qyz milyexi ,mixg`e oenly sqei zkixra ,miycg mihaid ± zicedi diiqwecezxe` ,'zxeqn ly
.(1992 zpya zilbp`a dpey`xl rited xn`nd) 345±297 'nr
Charles S. Liebman, ‘A Sociological Analysis of Contemporary Orthodoxy’, :x`yd oia e`x 34
Judaism, 13 (1964), pp. 285–305; idem, ‘Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life’, American
Jewish Year Book, 66 (1965), pp. 21–99; idem, ‘Religion, Class, and Culture in American
Jewish History’, Jewish Journal of Sociology, 9 (1967), pp. 227–242
;20±3 'nr ,(f"lyz) 2 ,dxczw ,'ze`ivne ienic ± "ycg aeyii"e "oyi aeyii" ' ,lhxa l`xyi :e`x 35
xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,ihixad h`cp`nd ztewza ifpky`d oyid aeyid ,oncixt mgpn
aeyid oia miqgid ,l`ipw ryedi ;1973 ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl
x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,1914±1882 dipyde dpey`xd dilrd ztewza ± ycgd aeyide oyid
zipeivd drepzl micxgd qgi ,oenly sqei ;g"lyz ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` ly diteqelitl xehwec
dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,1900±1882 oilet diqex ± dziy`xa
.1974 ,milyexia zixard
milyexi ,mixwgne zeqn uaew ± zepeiv mxha l`xyiÎux` aeyii :ux`a zelb ,lhxa l`xyi :e`x 36
±g"rxz l`xyiÎux`a zipeivÎ`ld diqwecehxe`d ± zce dxag ,oncixt mgpn ;d"pyz
ycgd aeyiide oyid aeyiid ± dxenze jynd ,l`ipw ryedi ;g"lyz milyexi ,1936±1918/e"vxz
.(8 dxrd ,lirl) zepeive zc ,oenly ;a"nyz milyexi ,diipyde dpey`xd diilrd ztewza
[ 12 ] o l t w i ni w 364
ekiiy `l ,dtexi` gxfna iqwecezxe`d dpgna eygxzdy mikildze zertez ,miyi` mipy
,lynl ,jk .diqwecezxe`d ly il`ehtvpewd agxnl iawr ote`a mdixwgn i`yen z`
iax ly egezipl ilkk 'diqwecezxe`'a xfrp `l `ed qwh` l`epnr ly xehwecd zceara
jk lr cnlnd htyna mrhn dlkydd zyxt lr exn`n z` mzgy s` 37,xhplq l`xyi
38
.xqend zrepz zpadl xfr ilk da d`xy
zitxbe`bdÎzicedid dnfixta uerp zx`eznd drtezl xaqdd ly cg` haidy d`xp
exicbd ,'elib' diqwecezxe`d z` .mxwgn i`yen z` mipeyd mixwegd epga dzervn`ay
dzeaiyg lr ecnry dl` mde ,(dipnxbe dixbped xwira) daxrne dtexi` fkxn ixweg epiit`e
ly dzrted z`f znerl .dl` miagxna dlrty zicedid dxagd ly diig mwxna
drityd ,daxrnae dtexi` fkxna dzeyabzd xg`l d`ay ,dtexi` gxfna diqwecezxe`d
micnn e`iady ine) zitexi` gxfnd zieefd on da eppeazdy mixweg mze` lr mb
xbpifly 'i `aiwr znbec mixbped xwira eid l`xyi ux`a oyid aeyiil 'miiqwecezxe`'
.([1932±1837]
,ixehqidd ixpiltivqicd agxna xzep mirayd zepya l`xyia diqwecezxe`d xwg
df jildz 39.oihelgl hrnk epnn cwtp dxagd ircnn mil`xyi mixwege zexweg ly mnewne
wqr onail ,epi`xy itk .dicedie dwixn` zecdi xwga zeiegztzdl cebipa cner
`ede ,miyiyd zepy rvn`a zibeleiveq han zcewpn ipwixn`d dxywda diqwecezxe`a
zeiciqg zelidwa mdixwgna ecwnzd mibeletexzp`e mibeleiveq dnk .jka cigid did `l
diqwecezxe`d xwgn laed oday mipya ,xnelk 40.mipyd oze`a m`e onail iptl m` ,dwixn`a
icia dwixn`a liawnd ixwird ixwgnd weqird did ,mipeixehqid icia dax dcina l`xyia
mipya diqwecezxe`a miwqerd oia szeyn dpkn yi ,z`f mr cgi .dxagd ircnn mixweg
,exxazp `ly zeaiqn .ziqgi miipeviwd diaikxnl zxkip al zneyz eyicwd mlek :dl`
al zneyzl ekf ,zipxcend diqwecezxe`de zizcd zepeivd oy`xae ,da zepeznd zeveawd
.xzei daxd dhren
df od itexi`d agxna cwnzdy df od ,zexaecnd mipya l`xyia diqwecezxe`d xwg
:miixwir mitzeyn mipkn ipya oiit`zn ,zipeiv dtwyd ilraae l`xyi ux`a wqry

xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,xqend zrepz ly dziy`xe xhplq l`xyi 'x ,qwh` l`epnr :e`x 37
awri ly ezyitz' ,oenly sqei :cer e`xe .d"lyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl
ly ezpyna ycegn oeir ± ogana ditxbeixehqid ,'itexi` gxfnd dxwnd ± diqwecezxe`d z` u"k
.75 'nr ,g"qyz milyexi ,xpiit l`enye lhxa l`xyi zkixra ,u"k awri
bn ,oeiv ,'diqexa dlkydd zrepz cnrna dxenzde "mrhn dlkydd" zyxt' ,qwh` l`epnr :e`x 38
.314±284 'nr ,(g"lyz)
Esther R. Goshen-Gottstein, ‘Courtship, Marriage and Pregnancy :e`x ,otec z`vei dnbecl 39
in “Geulal”’, Israel Annals of Psychiatry and Related Disciplines, 4 (1966), pp. 43–66
Gershon Kranzler, Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in Transition, New :lynl e`x 40
spr ly ezginv .York 1961; Israel Rubin, Satmar: An Island in the City, Chicago 1972
znbec ,dwixn`a mipy oze`a zelcazn zezka xaebd ixwgnd weqird rwx lr zxaqen df ixwgn
.epinia izxagd xwgna mihleyd dl`n ,miax mipaena dpey ,xg` ixwgn xywd edf .yin`d zk
365 diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn [ 13 ]
,zizkldde zibele`zd ,zibele`ci`d mzpyna ± mipaxae mibidpna xkip weqir (`)
,jk .mixg` oial mpiae mnvr oial mpia miqgid zekxrnae zihiletd mzelirta
yxid 'x oeyny axd ,(1839±1762) xteq m"zgd lr mixwgn eazkp ,dnbecl
.(1913±1843) qpit 'n l`igie (1888±1808)
.oyid aeyiia lrty millekd jxrn oebk ,mipebx`ae zecqena weqir (a)

hand zcewpn diqwecezxe`a dpcd ,'dlrnln' xwira zppeaznd dixehqida `et` xaecn
ef daky ly diazk .miicqnnde mixecqd miizxagd mipepbpnd lye zizcd zilird ly
miyibp md ok lre ,mipeikx`l eribde xzei exnzyp mdixiiye ,ziqgi mixecq eide xzei eqtcp
weqirdy d`xp .shey ote`a zilird zaky lr zgeecn mewnde onfd za zepezird s` ;xzei
i`vnn wx raep eppi` diqwecezxe`d ly zilird zeakya l`xyia xwgnd ly xkipd
cg`e ,zebidpn ly dzxivi ixt `id diqwecezxe`dy jka mb z`f zelzl yi .zexewnd
mdl zeiv ,dkld iwqete mipax ,mibidpn ly mny zxc`d `ed miifkxnd miikepigd dikxrn
.mdipta invr lehiae
cwnzne jled diqwecezxe`a ixwgnd weqird cweny did d`xp mirayd zepy idlya
mipenyd zepy ,dpde .dtexi`l `le l`xyi ux`le zepeivl mirbepd dly miccv mze`a
xwgnd wwfp jk jezne ,dtexi`a diqwecezxe`a ixwgn weqir ly ycg lb onr e`iad l`xyia
ipvipy ± hxehweca hnq ly ekixcn ± u"k awria x`yd oia xaecn .hnq gipdy zepaezl mb
ly dxey cinrd xy`e ,miyiyd zepy onl dbxcda egztzd `yepa zixwgnd ezepiiprzd
(dixbped) xaliq l`kin ,(dipnxb) x`iexa ikcxn mdae 41,diqwecezxe`a ewqry micinlz
dl` miixehqid mixwgn ly ixwird oeeikd mpn` 42.(ziqexd dixtni`d) xttnhy le`ye
ÎzizcdÎzizxagd mzelirta micwnzn md oky ,lirl epxwq xaky mixwgn mze`l dnec
xnelk ± mipebx`ae zecqena oke ,mdiazkae mnler zeqitzae mibidpn ly zihiletd
.zilird dakyd ly dixehqid

Michael K. Silber, ‘A :e`x ,dpey hrn gezipl .88±71 'nr ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) oenly :e`x 41
Hungarian Rhapsody in Blue: Jacob Katz’s Tardy Surrender to Hagar’s Alure’, The Pride
of Jacob: Essays on Jacob Katz and His Work, ed. Jay M. Harris, Cambridge, MA–London
2002, pp. 149–156
`"pyz milyexi ,1918±1871 ipnxbd jiixa zicedi diqwecezxe` ± dpweice dcr ,x`iexa ikcxn :e`x 42
diqwecezxe`d jxc lr mileykn ± xvina dkldd ,u"k awri ;(1986 zpya zipnxba dpey`xl rited)
zelidwd llkn miqwecezxe`d zyixt ± dg`zp `ly rxwd ,l"pd ;a"pyz milyexi ,dzeedzda
zexenz ± dixbped zecdia belitd iyxey ,xaliq l`kin ;d"pyz milyexi ,dipnxbae dixbpeda
xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,1848 zktdn axr cr ipyd sqei inin zeizxage zeizeaxz
zei`hil zeaiyi yely ,xttnhy le`y ;d"nyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl
zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,dxyrÎryzd d`na
aiign hnq ly zepaezl mixg`e u"k ,x`iexa ly siwrd e` xiyid mqgi .`"nyz ,milyexia
xy`ae ;74±73 'nr ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) oenly :e`x u"k lr .enewn o`k `ly hxetn xexia izrcl
.extq ly ditxbeilaiaa llk riten epi` hnq ± x`iexal
[ 14 ] o l t w i ni w 366
miqwecezxe` micedi ly mdiig gxe`a weqird ,ziy`x .miyecig dnk mda yi z`f mr cgi
oebk ,zicedid dxagle diqwecezxe`l miipevig zexewn lr zeqqazd ,zipy 43.dxeyd on
eyry agxpd yeniyl sqepa ,mewnde onfd za zicedi `l zepezire miipehly miknqn
dpenzd z` gxkda dpyn epi` dl` zexewna yeniyd .xarak ,miiqwecezxe` mipt zexewna
mzeaiyg xaca ,zpeekne zrcen `l m` mb ,drc zrad meyn ea yi j` 44,zniiwd zixwgnd
xzei daxd zecg zepenz miwtqn dl` mixwgn ,ziyily .zxwgpd drtezd zpadl jacpk
mixcben agxne onf iagxna zecwnzd zellekd ,diqwecezxe`d zecleza mipey miwxt ly
zeiegztzd ,miyi` ,mirexi` ly exwira ibelepexke hxetn xe`ize mihxtl dcixi ,xzeia
l`xyi zceb` lr oewa oeyxb ly xehwecd zecear z` mb oiivl aeyg df xywda .zerteze
ozaizky ,hxetwpxta zyxetd ziqwecezxe`d dlidwd lr qlxail hxaex lye oileta
hrn e` (qlxail) mipy oze`a etxhvd mdy dcaerd lya ,mirayd zepy idlya dniizqd
awri qipkdy ibeleiveqd cnnd z` ewfig md jka .l`xyia incw`d lbql (oewa) odixg`l
okn xg`le oncixte hnq mdae eicinlz zervn`a dligz ,diqwecezxe`d xwgl u"k
l`xyia ixwgndÎixehqidd giyd z` epeeibe epprx md .diqwecezxe`d lr mdly mdixwgna
egzety zeipkcr zeixwgn zeyibe zel`y ,zecezn ,zeixe`z eil` m`iada ,diqwecezxe`d lr
45
.dwixn`a geex yeniy oda dyrpye dxagd ircna
`ede diqwecezxe`d xwga sqep spr l`xyia gztzdl lgd mipenyd zepy rvn` z`xwl
wqerd xvw xn`na .lhxa l`xyi did eze` llqy ine ,ziqwecezxe`d ditxbeixehqidd
xteq ,owqr ,(1921±1838) uiytil ield awri ly ehr ixt ,awri oexkf ixehqidd xeaiga
z` lhxa gipd ,(1895±1817) xehwtq '` wgvi axd ly exfer didy iqwecezxe` i`pezire
,llkk 46.dipiit`n ly xzeia miillk mieew deezde ef zizextq dbeq ly dneiw mvr
cbpky dixehqid ly mipey micaxne micnnn zakxen ziqwecezxe`d ditxbeixehqidd
zitelg dixehqid lye (compensatory history) dvtn dixehqid ly ,(counter history)
dihxta weqirde ,dzaizka miwqerd lye ef dbeq ly dzxcbd .(alternative history)
zeqitzl dpn`zzy ick zeixehqid xar zepenz zavrn `id mday miakxend mipte`ae
mixwege zexweg ly dax al zneyzl ekf dl` lk ± deedd ly zeikepigÎzeizc mler

.245±191 'nr ,(42 dxrd ,lirl) x`iexa :lynl e`x 43

ly extq ly zpweznd dxecdna ritend ,oi'felee zaiyi zxibq lr wxtl gtqpd `id jkl dnbec 44
.267±251 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,dzeedzda zi`hild daiyid ,xttnhy le`y
Gershon C. Bacon, Agudath Israel in Poland, 1916–39: An Orthodox Jewish Response :e`x 45
;to the Challenge of Modernity, Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University, New York 1979
zetqez daxd mr ,okn xg`ly mixeyra miinrt mqxet oewa ly exeaig .(32 dxrd ,lirl) qlxail
idem, The Politics of Tradition: Agudath Israel in Poland, 1916–1939, :e`x .miiepiye
.d"qyz milyexi ,1939±1916 oileta l`xyi zceb` ± zxeqne dwihilet ,l"pd ;Jerusalem 1996
,my :lynl) eixn`n z` hhivy s` ,hnq ly zepaezl extqa qgiizdl hrin qlxail ,z`f mr cgi
.(236 'nr
ixwgn ± z`ln ,'?ziqwecezxe` ditxbeixehqid ± uiytil awri 'xl awri oexkf' ,lhxa l`xyi :e`x 46
.414±409 'nr ,(c"nyz) a ,ezeaxzae l`xyi zecleza dgeztd dhiqxaipe`d
367 diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn [ 15 ]
zeiyxta mb weqrle zebeqÎzz oiit`l elgd mde ,mipenyd zepy idlya lgd ,mitqep
dxifa `ed s` cwnzn ef zextqa izxewiadÎixehqidd weqird ly eaex 47.zeitivtq
l`xyi ux`a zicxgde ziqwecezxe`d dxaga oc eherin wxe ,zitexi`d ziqwecezxe`d
df ixwgn mxf ,ok` 48.d`eyd ly ditxbeixehqidd lr mieqn ybc zniy jez ,dwixn`ae
zextq ly beqa wqer `ed :cg` oaena diqwecezxe`d lr el encwy mixwgnd z` jiynn
.cala zipax zilir dppi` efy xxazn ik m` ,zilir zveaw icia zazkpd
diqwecezxe`a weqrl ehrin l`xyia dxagd ircn ixwegy dnec mipenyd zepy ziy`x cr
(q"ye l`xyi zceb`) zihiletd dxifa gztn zecewpa zycegnd dzrted mr wx .dipeebl
oiipr gztl elgd md ,zegkepe zernyn lra gekk ,(mipen` yeb) zeixhpnlxt ueg zerepzae
xtqna ,mipenyd zepy ly diipyd zivgna lgd ,zxkip diilr dlg jkn d`vezk .da ixwgn
oicd `ede ,diqwecezxe`d lr dxagd ircna mixweg eazky mincwzn mix`zl zeceard
dagxzdy zixpiltivqic dqixta mb `l` ynn ly diilra wx `l xaecn .mixn`nle mixtql
,dibeleiveq mdae oiipr inegz ly dkex` dxey dllk `id xeyr jeza ,jke .dbxcda
zil`iveq dcear ,dlklk ,dpicnd rcn ,ditxbe`b ,dixh`ikiqt ,dibelekiqt ,dibeletexzp`
iqwecezxe`d dpgnd ly ezeqqazda dxkdd on zraep ef zxkip zeagxzd 49.zxeywze

,g"pyz milyexi ,ienice zenc ± dplieen oe`bd :execa cigi ,qwh` l`epnr :e`x ,zecg` ze`nbecl 47
,f"pyz milyexi ,zeciqgd zecleza enewne oi'fexn l`xyi 'x ± zeklnd jxc ,sq` cec ;164±109 'nr
bdpnk ,'ziqwecezxe` dit`xbeixehqida sqep wxt ± "xtekd oerny" ' ,lhxa l`xyi ;35±24 'nr
'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,mixg`e lhxa l`xyi zkixra ,wexny `pgl laei xtq ± oilete fpky`
9 ,eppnf zecdi ,'ze`zayl ziqwecezxe`d ditxbeixehqidd ly dqgi' ,i`pxa awri ;269±243
dkxrd :dtexi` gxfna ziqwecezxe` daizk ly dziy`x' ,xphxb miig ;42±19 'nr ,(d"pyz)
miciqgd zexb`' :cbpky dixehqid ,iwqpilxw megp ;337±293 'nr ,(a"qyz) fq ,oeiv ,'zycegn
Israel Bartal, ‘True ;167±109 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi ,hqwhpewde hqwhd ± 'l`xyiÎux`n
Knowledge and Wisdom: On Orthodox Historiography’, Studies in Contemporary Jewry,
10 (1994), pp. 178–192; Ada Rapoport-Albert, ‘Hagiography with Footnotes: Edifying
Tales and the Writing of History in Hasidism’, History and Theory, 27 (1988), pp.
119–159
ditxbeixehqida sqep wxt :"xac xzqd miwl` ceak" ' ,sq` cec :mi`ad mixwgnd x`yd oia e`x 48
,bxacleb qenr ;67±58 'nr ,(b"pyz) 68 ,dxczw ,'l`xyiÎux`a zeciqgd ly ziqwecezxe`d
dpic ;206±155 'nr ,(g"pyz) 12±11 ,eppnf zecdi ,'dwgcdl oexkif oia ± zicxgd zepezira d`eyd'
zepya ux`a (zipeivÎihp`d diqwecezxe`Îdxhle`d) micxgd zeny`d :"wlnr ly eitzey" ' ,zxet
,iwqpiletneq xi`n ;325±295 'nr ,(d"pyz) hi ,zepeivd ,'d`eyd ztewza zepeivd itlk 80Îd
d`eyd ,'d`eyd lr micxgd micedid ly dit`xbeixehqidd i`xa aeyiiae mlera miicedid zecqend'
l`xyi zkixra ,d`eyd ixweg ly iyingd ine`lÎoiad qepika mipeice ze`vxd ± ditxbeixehqida
Kimmy Caplan, ‘“Absolutely Intellectually ;517±497 'nr ,f"nyz milyexi ,siixb oercbe onheb
Honest”: A Case-Study of American Jewish Modern Orthodox Historiography’, Creation
and Re-Creation in Jewish Thought: Festschrift in Honor of Joseph Dan, eds. Rachel
Elior and Peter Schäfer, Tübingen 2005, pp. 339–362
milyexi ,icxgd giyd ceqa ,oltw iniw :e`x ,zicxgd dxagl rbepd xwgnl qgia ziwlg zenyxzdl 49
.jli`e 269 'nr ,itxbeilaia gtqp ,f"qyz
[ 16 ] o l t w i ni w 368
jildzl lwyn ilra mitzey mipeixehqidd oi` jk meyny dnec .deeda zycgznd ezeipeigae
zepexg`d mipya eritedy diqwecezxe`d lr miixehqid mixwgny d`xp ik m` ,df ixwgn
ly zycegnd dzgixtne dxagd ircna mixwgnd on mitiwre mixiyi mipte`a mirtyen
oercb ly exwgnl ,lyn jxc ,jk 50.hxetn xwgnl zeie`x dl` zertyd .diqwecezxe`d
zpicn zeclez ixweg egzip mday mipte`d lr drtyd dziid mipen` yeb zrepz lr ox`
l`xyia zizcd zepeivd lre igxfnd zrepz lr exary mikildzd z` eppnf zecdie l`xyi
aex `yp mipenyd zepy cr m` ,xac ly ellk 51.mixyrd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna
zefegna eaex fkxzd okn xg`ly ixd ,ixehqid ite` diqwecezxe`a il`xyid ixwgnd weqird
.dxagd ircn ly mipey
,miryzd zepy ziy`xa lgd ,zycegn zepiiprzd lr riavdl ozip ,df jildz mr caa ca
mdiazkae miizcd dibidpn ly mlreta ,dipebx`ae drepzk diqwecezxe`d ly dizecleza
miixehqid mi`yep zpiga ,zg`d :zeixwir zeiegztzd izy dnbecl oiivp .miizkldd
,zxg`d 52;dxyr ryzd d`na divilb icedi oebk ,dk cr epecp `ly mipgaen miitxbe`be
ly diipyd zivgna xak miipax miazka miriten miiqwecezxe` daebz iqetcy dprhd
aiaq zixwgn dtepzl micr ep` ,cere z`f 53.xteq m"zgd iptl cer ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd
daygnd zecleza m`e miixehqidd mdixywda m` ± diqwecezxe`d ly miipeirxd dihaid
llka zeciqgl rbepa cgeina mihlea mixacd .dycgd zra zicedid zipgexd dxivide
qgia mipaxe mibed ly zecnrl 55,zigxfnd zeicxgl 54,hxta alqxae c"ag zeieciqgle
miqwecezxe` mibidpn ly mlretle mdiazkl ,mzebdle 56,da miigle l`xyi zpicnl ,zepeivl

diiqwecezxe` :zepexg`d mipya dizeleabae diqwecezxe`d ly dzedfa weqird z` dnbecl e`x 50

Adam S. Ferziger, Exclusion and Hierarchy: Orthodoxy, ;oey`x xry ,(33 dxrd ,lirl) zicedi
Nonobservance, and the Emergence of Modern Jewish Identity, Philadelphia 2005
x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,ezeaxze mipen` yeb iyxey :zipeiv zcl zizc zepeivn ,ox` oercb :e`x 51
.f"nyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec
divilba zepiice zepax ,xphxb miig :cer e`xe .ipy xry ,(33 dxrd ,lirl) zicedi diiqwecezxe` 52
myl xeaig ,xayna zizxeqn dbdpd ly dibeletih ± dxyrÎryzd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna
dzginv ,oiwpn lgx ;c"qyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw
zlaw myl xeaig ,1883±1867 ,'zcd iwifgn' zxag ± divilba zicedid diqwecezxe`d ly dyeaibe
.`"qyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd
,miitl` ,'zicxgd dcnrd iyxeye zexe`pd iaie` ± "mlerdn dnkgd z` xewrl" ' ,xpiit l`eny :e`x 53
.191±166 'nr ,(c"qyz) 26
,wxn iav ;`"qyz aia`Îlze milyexi ,dib`nl dfhqw` oia ± zeciqgd ,lci` dyn :x`yd oia e`x 54
igiynd epeifg ± mixzq zlibn ,l"pd ;c"qyz aia`Îlz ,alqxan ongp 'x zxivia oerbiye dwihqin
ly iriayd xeca zeigiyn ± iriayd ,qe`xw wgvi ;e"qyz obÎznx ,alqxan ongp 'x ly iceqd
.2007 aia`Îlz ,c"ag
xfria` ;2004 wxa ipa ,ewexnn dxez ipa lr zi`hild zehlzydd ± `hilc q"y ,etel awri :e`x 55
.e"qyz aia`Îlz ,miipeirxe miizeaxz mihaid ± q"y ,(jxer) iwviax
,l`xyia izc mfilwicxe zepeiv ,zeigiyn ± micedid zpicne dlebnd uwd ,iwviax xfria` :lynl e`x 56
369 diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn [ 17 ]
uilxw ediryi mdxa`e (1935±1865) wew wgvi mdxa` ,sqei dicaer mipaxd znbec
57
.l`xyi zpicnle aeyiil qgia hxta ,(1953±1878)
zizxewia dxeva dk cr epecp mxh epnn miwlgy il`ehqwh agxna agxpd weqird caln
,diqwecezxe`d zeclez ly agxna envr `ven zeciqgd xwg mby d`xp ,ycgn epgap mixg`e
egeexy dl` lr sqep xywda zeciqgd xwgn avip jke .sq` cec ly eixwgnn dlery itk
xwgndy oiivl yi ,zeciqgd ly ef zixwgn zeycgzd ab` 58.da ewqry mincew mixwgna
gztzdy xwgn ,eppnf za ziciqg dveaw lr e` ziciqg xvg lr ibeletexzp`d e` ibeleiveqd
xwgn ele ,izrici ahinl ,epicia oi` jkn d`vezk .l`xyia azkp epi` ,dwixn`a xen`k
.l`xyia zitivtq ziciqg xvg ly dziieede diig ,dizeclez lr cg` siwn
xwira dze` zeliaen .zepexg`d mipya l`xyia zygxzn ztqep zixwgn zegztzd
.diqwecezxe`d ly miixcbn mihaida zxaeb zeppeazd dbivn `ide ,zexwege xwgn zecinlz
exwgpy mi`yepde ,miryzd zepy rvn`a lgd gztzd df megz ly ixehqidd xwgnd
hcpnd ztewza zeizc zepa ly jepig ,oyid aeyiia miyp ly iziieegd onler z` millek
ixehqidd xwgnd ly ezegztzdl 59.ef dtewza zizcd zepeiva miyp ly olrete ,ihixad
zeiqwecezxe` miyp ly onewna ewqry dxagd ircna mixwgn mipy dnka encw dfd
ipte`ae odihala ,odiig gxe`a ,okepiga ,ozlkyda ,ocnrna ± epinia l`xyi zpicna
dkefd sqep oeeik 60.epini cr zkynp ef dnbn .df dpgn ly zixabd zebidpnd mr ozeccenzd

,zizc zepeiv zepy d`n ,uxeey ace `iby ia` :zizcd zepeivl xywa ,cer e`xe .b"pyz aia`Îlz
zipeivd zebda l`xyi ux` ly dcnrn ± oeincde zeynnd ux` ,uxeey ac ;b"qyz obÎznx ,b±`
.`"qyz aia`Îlz ,wew axd bega xayne xbz` ,l"pd ;f"pyz aia`Îlz ,zizcd
aia`Îlz ,sqei dicaer axd ly zizkldd ezpyn ± oxn cr oxnn ,e`l oinipa :e`x ,zecg` ze`nbecl 57
xeaig ,(c"iyz±b"vxz) mihlead eiwqta dxage dpen` ,dkld ± yi` oefgd ,oe`xa oinipa ;2005
,x`wit l`ix` ;b"qyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl
;f"qyz obÎznx ,zeaxz zxewiae dkldd xwg ± zexenz ly ocira sqei dicaer axd ly ezpyn
diteqelitd ± zi`eapd dkldd ,l"pd ;e"qyz milyexi ,wew odkd wgvi mdxa` axd ,wpfex mrepia`
.(xehwec zecear lr miqqean mixtqd aex) f"qyz milyexi ,wew d"i`xd zpyna dkldd ly
milyexi ,zeciqgd zecleza dkeane xayn iwxt ± jaqa fg`p ,l"pd ;(47 dxrd ,lirl) sq` :e`x 58
,zeciqgd xwga miizxage miixehqid mihaid ± dcre wicv ,sq` cec zkixray uaewl eeyde .e"qyz
.`"qyz milyexi
ozeyabzde ozecqnzd ± ihixad oehlyd ztewza milyexia zeizc zepa jepig ,onqiie dxeac :e`x 59
dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,zeikepig zeibele`ici` yng ly
zepeiva xcbne miyp ± ogxek lra zeipktdn ,oncixtÎbxapfex jlil ;c"pyz ,milyexia zixard
ly ziypd dieegd ± ?dieay e` dkiqp ,dliy zilbxn ;d"qyz milyexi ,aeyiid ztewza zizcd
.a"qyz dtig ,1914±1840 milyexia oyid aeyiid
;b"pyz aia`Îlz ,zeicxg miyp ly onlern ± zexeae zelikyn ,xe`l` xnz :e`x ,zecg` ze`nbecl 60
± mixeny zenewn ,l"pd ;h"pyz aia`Îlz ,zizcd zepeiva zepiixe`e miyp ± `ad gqta ,l"pd
zeciqg zeyp ly onler ,bxavlf dniq ;e"qyz aia`Îlz ,daeyzde zcd zefegna zeipz`e xcbn
ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,dveawke mihxtk ocnrn ± oxd` zeclez
,'dgtyn iigl jepig' `yepa miizc mikpgn zeqitz ,hnq dixexa ;d"qyz ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`
[ 18 ] o l t w i ni w 370
zeizebdde zeizkldd mdizeqitz ly zizxewia dpiga `ed ,xzei zlaben ik m` ,al zneyzl
ztqep dbeq lr riavdl yi ,seqal 61.miypl mirbepd mi`yepa dkld iwqete mipax ly
zlra daizka zewqerd miypa xaecn .zixcbnd dyibd mr miakxen mixyw zlra zpiiprne
ixcbnd `yepa zeaxern dl` miyp .ixwgn ite` mb z`yepd dzvw ,izkld e` ibele`z ite`
mdn dnk zenyiin s`e df megza miiepiyl driazd z` zeliaen ozvwe zibele`ci` dpigan
zipaxd zeknqd ly dcnrn lr xrxrl `ly ziaxn zexidf jezn ,iqwecezxe`d dpgna
62
.zixabd

me ki q . c

lr il`xyid xwgnd ly ezegztzd xaca zepwqn dnk zeler df ipey`x oeirn

d`xp ,llkk .ze`ad mipya egztl miavipd mixbz`d on dnkl qgia oke ,diqwecezxe`d
zepiiprzdd oial l`xyi zpicnae l`xyi ux`a diqwecezxe`d ly davn oia xyw yiy
,dbiqpa `id xy`k :ixehqidd df od epinia diqwecezxe`d ly xwgnd od ± da zixwgnd
.zxaeb zixwgn al zneyzl dkef `id ,dgixta `id xy`ke ,oihelgl hrnk gpfp dxwgn
xwira did mixyrd d`nd ly mipenyd zepy cr diqwecezxe`a weqird m` ,cere z`f
zighy dwican .dxagd ircnl dxekad zxaer jli`e f`ny ixd ,mipeixehqidd ly mzlgp
m` ± l`xyia diqwecezxe`d zeclez ly mixwegde zexwegd ly lhean `l wlgy d`xp
itl) dxiga jezn iqwecezxe`d dpgnd i`vei e` zeevn ixney ,miqwecezxe` md ± maex `l
m` .xg` e` dfk ote`a zizcd zepeivd mr d`xpk ddefn ef dveaw ly daex .(md mzxcbd
xiaqdl dgeka yiy okzii ,xzei daxd zipctw dwica aiign xacde ,dpekp z`fd dkxrdd
,mitqep xwgn inegz iabl gked xacdy itk ,diqwecezxe`d lr xwgna zeiegztzdd on dnk
.mxwgn i`yepa mipeebn miizxage miibele`ci` mibx`na mixeyw mdixwegd on miax mday
`ly mihaide miccv dnkl al miyl oiiprn ,diqwecezxe`d xwga daxd dgixtd mr cgi
miizxage miixehqid mixwgn xzei daxd yiy d`xp ,lynl ,jk .dax al zneyzl dk cr ekf
igxfnd zrepz ly dlva¦ mittezqny dl` lr xy`n diqwecezxe`d ly miicxgd mipeebd lr
egnvy zeipeviw zeveaw aiaq `weec ixwgn oeicl dzkf dpexg`d ef drepz .zizcd zepeivde

mgpn ;d"qyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig
z` zexbz`n zeizc miyp ± rnyp dnxa lew ,oxew zixir ;1988 milyexi ,zicxgd dy`d ,oncixt
,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,iqwecezxe`d oi`eyipd qwh
.e"qyz
zel`ya epini za dkldd zwiqta miixcbn mihaid ± dklde xcbn oeixt ,iyÎxir zipex :lynl ,e`x 61
x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,(ze`wcpete zizek`ln dixtde drxfd ,zeltd ,dripn irvn`) oeixt ly
.e"qyz ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` ly diteqelitl xehwec
dxrd ,lirl) zicedi diiqwecezxe` ,'mfipintd xbz`e dkld ,diiqwecezxe`' ,qex xnz :dnbecl e`x 62
ly zipxezd dktdnd :"jn` zxez yehiz l`e jia` xqen ipa rny" ' ,l"pd ;295±255 'nr ,(33
.465±443 'nr ,f"qyz milyexi ,qwh` l`epnr zkixra ,zeyxcn izae zeaiyi ,'miypd
371 diqwecezxe`d xwga mipiit`ne zenbn [ 19 ]
jkl yi 63.dgpfp day zepbxead eli`e ,dibele`ze zebd ixweg ly mal zneyzle ,da
itk weica ,dipeeb oeit` lre diqwecezxe`d zxcbd ipte` lr zkl zwigxn drtyd
dinezig zxcbdl xeywd lka zeidz dlrn zepexg`d mipya zigxfnd zeicxga zeppeazddy
mitiwn (mixg` e`) miixehqid mixwgn oi`y hrnk ,cere z`f 64.diqwecezxe`d ly miihpbd
xg` e` df haid mipgead mixwgn hrn `l yiy s` ,zeitivtq zeiqwecezxe` zeveaw lr
ziqwecezxe`d zilird ly dixehqida axd weqird zexnl ,ok lr xzi .zepey zeveaw jeza
ly zeitxbeia ce`n hrn yi ,(d`ld oke dwihilet ,mler zeqitz ,dkld iwqet ,mipax)
eppeazd mdiazeky ,miiqwecezxe` zecqen ly zeixehqid zexiwq e` ,miqwecezxe` mibidpn
mixweg dnky s` ,ok enk 65.diqwecezxe`d zeclez ly dnfixtd jezn mb mxwgn i`yena
,iqwecezxe`d miigd gxe` lye miigd ze`ivn ly minieqn miixehqid micnn ,xekfk ,epga
dgeka yi ef zeppeazdy xxazn mizrle ,ielbd lr mlrpd ea axy `yepa xaecn oiicr
diqwecezxe`d lr miixehqidd mixwgnd aex ,seqal 66.zelaewn zeixwgn zeqitz xrxrl
ly mdiazka xaecn m` oia ,miiqwecezxe` mipt zexewn lr miqqean l`xyia eazkpy
xwgn mixqg ep` ,z`f znerl .envr dpgnd jezn mdicbpzn ly dl`a e` mnvr mixwgpd
.uegan dicbpzn icia diqwecezxe`d zbven mday mipte`d zenca i`x zpenz e` of`n
.oiiprn iz`eeyd cnn oeicl qipkdl xyt`i ef gexa xwgn
xwg lr ,zepey zenvrae miax micaxa ,drtyde dwif yi l`xyi zpicnl ,ok`
dpgnd ly eavn oia mieqn xyw yi ,epi`xy itk ,lynl ,jk .da gztzdy diqwecezxe`d
enk .wdaene `ln xywa xaecn oi`y s` ,ea ixwgnd weqird oial l`xyia iqwecezxe`d
iezird oial l`xyia ircnd xwgna ehlyy zeillk zeixwgn zenbn oia irah xyw yi ,ok
zgpfd ,dnbecl .ea egpfp e` epgapy mi`yepd oial mpiae ,diqwecezxe`d xwg gxt eay
jka e`x `l l`xyi zeclez xwg iliaen oday mipya diqwecezxe`a ixehqidd weqird

myl dcear ,ycwnd ixgey ly qiqwxtae dwixehxa zeifkxn zenz ,og dpixy :x`yd oia e`x 63
icedi mfilhpncpet ,ixapr ihen ;`"qyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly jnqen x`ezd zlaw
.g"qyz milyexi ,ziad xde
zenaa owlga enqxet dxwna `l xy` ,`yepa xdef iave oe`xa oinipa ly mdizecnr z` e`x 64
:zizcd ze`pwde gxfnd inkg' ,oe`xa oinipa :lynl jk .ibele`ci`e ixwgn ,axern oeeb zelra
dxezd inkg' ,xdef iav ;325±289 'nr ,(`"qyz) i ,zencw` ,'zycegn dpiga z`xwl zecewp
zkixra ,zycegn di`xa zizcd zepeivd ,'q"y zrepze gxfnd inkg ,diqwecezxe` lr :dpxcende
:zeiqwecezxe`d zeaebzd zyw' ,oe`xa oinipa :cer e`xe .176±161 'nr ,g"pyz mixev oir ,hex xi`n
,e`l oinipa ;123±41 'nr ,(55 dxrd ,lirl) miipeirxe miizeaxz mihaid ± q"y ,'micxtqe mifpky`
.523±499 'nr ,(33 dxrd ,lirl) zicedi diiqwecezxe` ,'igxfn oeeba zi`hil diiqwecezxe`'
zeaiyi izy ly oxetiq :l`xyiÎux`l zi`hild daiyid zwzrd' ,iwqpi'vewih dnly :lynl e`x 65
mgpn ;315±273 'nr ,(62 dxrd ,lirl) zeyxcn izae zeaiyi ,' " 'faipet'e "oexag" ± l`xyia
.443±431 'nr ,my ,'l`xyia (millekde zeaiyid) "dxezd mler" ly ezgixt ± "miqpd lr" ' ,oncixt
d`na `hila diiqwecezxe` ly dneiw zl`yl ?"xird iqk`c`hx`" ' ,oiwlf ikcxn :dnbecl e`x 66
.447±427 'nr ,(33 dxrd ,lirl) zicedi diiqwecezxe` ,'dxyr ryzd
[ 20 ] o l t w i ni w 372
dixehqida iaiqphpi`d weqird ,cere z`f 67.driztn dppi` zixehqid zeaiyg lrae ie`x `yep
ixwgnd un`nd fekixl oicd `ed .diqwecezxe`d ixweg z` wx oiit` `l zilird ly
eziigz z` zepbrne zeqqank eqtzpy zeixehqid zeiencae zeiyxta ,onf iwxta ,zerteza
.zernyn ilra miixehqid mixywda evx`a icedid mrd ly zine`ld
ly eizeleabn bxegd ,daxda wcwecne hxetn xwgn yxcp ,xn`nd zligza oievy itk
dlgy diqwecezxe`d lr dtprd zixwgnd zegztzdd mr wcv zeyrl ick ,igkepd oeicd
zpicn ly zepey`xd dizepya azkpy ixehqidd xwgna opeazndy d`xp ,mle`e .l`xyia
itk weica ± jk xg` mipy laei oeebne ax dk ixwgn leai ezrca dlrn did `l l`xyi
xarn miiwzz ,zicxgd ef cgeinae ,ziqwecezxe`d dxagdy exriy `l mini mze`a miaxy
.mipyd oze`a mdipir cbpl dlbpy wte`l

zqgeind dxin`d z` eyyi` (1988±1919) xbpih` l`eny ly eicinlz eidy mixweg dnk ,dnbecl 67
ezyibl zizaiqp di`x .zixehqid zeaiyg xqg `yepa xnelk ,'orhtryrb fielw'a xaecn ditly ,el
diqwecezxe`d lr xehwec zecear ziigpda axern did `l `edy dcaerd on dler xbpih` ly ef
zeaxern el dziid zexg`ae u"k awri dgpd oaex z` .mipenyd zepyl miyiyd zepy oia eazkpy
,hnq dyn ,xaliq l`kin ,x`iexa ikcxn ,qwh` l`epnr ly mdizecear z` dnbecl oiivp .dax
.zwcwecn dwica aiign df `yep ,oaenk .oenly sqeie xttnhy le`y ,oncixt mgpn