Figure 1 shows two models of the atom.

1.
Figure 1

(a) Write the labels on Figure 1

Choose the answers from the box.

atom electron nucleus

neutron orbit proton

(4)

(b) Explain why the total positive charge in every atom of an element is always the same.

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(2)

(c) The results from the alpha particle scattering experiment led to the nuclear model.

Alpha particles were fired at a thin film of gold at a speed of 7% of the speed of light.

Determine the speed of the alpha particles.

Speed of light = 300 000 000 m/s

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___________________________________________________________________

Speed = _____________________ m/s

(2)

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 (d) Figure 2 shows two atoms represented as solid spheres.

Figure 2

A hydrogen atom has a radius of 2.5 × 10 11 m

Determine the radius of a magnesium atom.

Use measurements from Figure 2

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___________________________________________________________________

Radius = _____________________ m
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

A student wanted to determine the density of the irregular shaped object shown in Figure 1
2.
Figure 1

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(a) Plan an experiment that would allow the student to determine the density of the object.

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(6)

(b) Another student did a similar experiment.

He determined the density of five common plastic materials.

Table 1 shows the results.

Table 1

Plastic material Density in kg/m3

Acrylic 1200

Nylon 1000

Polyester 1380

Polystyrene 1040

PVC 1100

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 Figure 2 shows the results plotted in a bar chart.

Figure 2

Complete Figure 2

You should:

• Write the correct scale on the y-axis.

• Draw the bars for polyester, polystyrene and PVC.
(4)

(c) The student is given a piece of a different plastic material.

The student determined the density of the material three times.

Table 2 shows the results.

Table 2

Density in kg/m3

1 960

2 1120

3 1040

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 Determine the uncertainty in the student’s results.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Uncertainty = _________________ kg/m3

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Radioactive nuclei can emit alpha, beta or gamma radiation.

3.
(a) Which type of radiation is the most penetrating?

Tick one box.

Alpha ( )

Beta ( )

Gamma ( )

(1)

(b) Which type of radiation is the most ionising?

Tick one box.

Alpha ( )

Beta ( )

Gamma ( )

(1)

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(c) Which type of radiation has the longest range in air?

Tick one box.

Alpha ( )

Beta ( )

Gamma ( )

(1)

When radioactive isotopes in the Earth’s crust decay they release energy.

The decay causes the heating of rocks in the crust.

(d) The diagram below shows the decay of uranium-238 (U-238) into thorium-234 (Th-234).

Complete the table below to show the number of neutrons and protons in the nuclei.

Isotope Number of neutrons Number of protons

uranium-238 146

thorium-234 90

(2)

(e) Geothermal power stations pump water through heated rocks.

The temperature of the water increases from 20 °C to its boiling point of 100 °C

Calculate the change in thermal energy when the mass of water heated is 150 kg

Specific heat capacity = 4 200 J/kg °C

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

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___________________________________________________________________

Change in thermal energy = _____________________ J

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

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 Figure 1 shows a mobile phone being recharged by a portable power source.
4.
Figure 1

(a) Why does the battery in the phone need recharging?

Tick one box.

The store of chemical energy in the battery has reduced.

The store of thermal energy in the battery has reduced.

The store of kinetic energy in the battery has reduced.

The store of gravitational energy in the battery has reduced.

(1)

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(b) The power source provides a current of 1.86 A at a potential difference of 3.90 V

Calculate the power of the power source.

Use the equation:

power = potential difference × current

Choose the correct unit from the box.

C J W

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Power = ________________________

Unit ________________________
(3)

(c) A student needs a new power source.

Figure 2 shows three different sized power sources.

Figure 2

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 The table below gives data about the different power sources.

Power source Number of charges Mass in grams

Compact 1 100

Large 5 200

High capacity 10 600

The student chose the large power source.

Suggest why the student chose the large power source.

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___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Some ceiling lights in the home are connected to the mains by a two-core cable.
5.
Figure 1 shows a ceiling light.

Figure 1

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(a) Suggest why some ceiling lights do not have an earth wire.

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___________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(b) Write down the equation that links charge flow, current and time.

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(1)

(c) There is a current of 2.95 A in one of the copper wires for 60 seconds.

Calculate the charge flow through the wire.

Use your equation from part (b)

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___________________________________________________________________

Charge flow = _________________ C

(2)

(d) Figure 2 shows a current potential difference graph for a piece of copper wire.

Figure 2

Draw another line on Figure 2 for a wire with a different resistance.

(2)

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Some fuses have a thin piece of copper that melts if the current is too large.

(e) Draw the circuit symbol for a fuse.

(1)

(f) Describe how the movement of the copper particles in the wire changes when copper
melts.

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(2)

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 (g) Old copper wires are melted when they are recycled.

Calculate the energy needed to melt 500 kg of copper at its melting point.

Specific latent heat of fusion of copper = 200 kJ/kg

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy = _________________ J
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

The diagram below shows a girl skateboarding on a semi-circular ramp.

6.

The girl has a mass of 50 kg

(a) Calculate the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the girl at the top of the ramp.

Use the equation:

g.p.e. = mass × gravitational field strength × height

gravitational field strength = 9.8 N/kg

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

g.p.e. = ________________________ J
(2)

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(b) The girl has a speed of 7 m/s at the bottom of the ramp.

Calculate the kinetic energy of the girl at the bottom of the ramp.

Use the equation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 × mass × (speed)2

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Kinetic energy = ________________________ J

(2)

(c) Not all of the g.p.e. has been transferred to kinetic energy.

Which two statements explain why?

Tick two boxes.

Some energy is wasted.

The mass of the girl is too low.

The ramp is not high enough.

The g.p.e. of the girl is not zero.

The speed of the girl is too great.

(2)

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(d) Explain how lubricating the wheels of the skateboard can increase the speed of the girl.

Use ideas about energy in your explanation.

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(3)
(Total 9 marks)

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Mark schemes
(a) electron
1. 1

atom
1

nucleus
1

orbit
1

(b) positive charge is provided by protons

1

(every atom of the same element contain the) same number of protons
do not accept same number of protons and neutrons
ignore reference to electrons
1

(c)

allow any correct method of determining 7% of

300 000 000
1

v = 21 000 000 (m/s)

allow 2.1 × 107 (m/s)
1
an answer of 21 000 000 scores 2 marks

(d) r=6 2.5 10 11

allow a ratio in the range of 5.7−6.3 or measurements

that would give this range, correctly substituted
1

r = 1.5 × 10 10 (m)
allow 1.4 × 10−10 to 1.6 × 10−10
their ratio × 2.5 × 10−11 correctly calculated scores 1
mark
1
an answer in the range 1.4 × 10−10 to 1.6 × 10−10 scores
2 marks
[10]

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 (a) Level 3: The method would lead to the production of a valid outcome. All key steps
2. are identified and logically sequenced.

Level 2: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid outcome. Most steps are
identified, but the method is not fully logically sequenced.
3 4

Level 1: The method would not lead to a valid outcome. Some relevant steps are
identified, but links are not made clear.
1 2

No relevant content
0

Indicative content

• measure mass
• use a top pan balance or scales

• part fill a measuring cylinder with water

• measure initial volume
• place object in water
• measure final volume
• volume of object = final volume initial volume

• fill a displacement / eureka can with water

• water level with spout
• place object in water
• collect displaced water
• measuring cylinder used to determine volume of displaced water

• use of:

(b) all y-axis values correct (minimum of 3)

allow 1 mark for two correct values
2

all bars drawn to the correct height

allow 1 mark for two correct bars
allow ± ½ small square
2

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 (c)

ignore + and / or − signs

1

= 80 (kg/m3)
an answer of 160 scores 1 mark
1
an answer of 80 scores 2 marks
[12]

(a) gamma
3. 1

(b) alpha
1

(c) gamma
1

(d)
number number
isotope of of
neutrons protons

uranium-238 146 92 1

thorium-234 144 90 1

(e) = 80 °C
1

E = 150 × 4200 × 80
1

E = 50 400 000 (J)

allow 50 000 000 (J)
1
allow max 2 marks for correct calculation using
incorrect value of
allow 1 mark for correct calculation using = 20
or = 100
an answer of 50 400 000 scores 3 marks
[8]

(a) the store of chemical energy in the battery has reduced

4. 1

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(b) P = 3.90 1.86
1

P = 7.254
allow 7.25 or 7.3
1

W
1

(c) comparison with compact power source

5 times as many charges

1

(only) twice the mass

allow (only) twice as heavy as the compact
1

comparison with the high capacity power source

although half the number of charges

1

(only) one third the mass

allow (only) a third as heavy as the high capacity
1

or

calculation of charge / mass ratio for large power source

allow mass / charge ratio

= 0.025 (1)
allow 40

calculation of charge / mass ratio for high capacity and compact power sources (1)
allow mass / charge ratio

charge / mass ratio greatest for large source (1)

allow lowest mass / charge ratio
[8]

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 18 of 20

 (a) (casing is) not made of metal
5.
allow (casing is) made of plastic
allow they are double insulated
1

little / no chance of electric shock

1

(b) charge flow = current time

allow the equation given in symbols
1

(c) Q = 2.95 60
an answer of 177 scores 2 marks
1

Q = 177 (C)
allow 180 (C)
1

(d) straight line with a different positive gradient

must go through the first and third quadrant
1

straight line with positive gradient through the origin

1

(e)

(f) the particles vibrate about a fixed position regular arrangement

allow the particles are in a regular arrangement
1

(the particles change) to being free to move around

allow correct description of translational kinetic energy
1

(g) L = 200 000 (J/kg)

1

E = 500 × 200 000

allow 1 × 108 (J)
1

E = 100 000 000 (J)

allow correct calculation for incorrect conversion or no
conversion of L for 2 marks
1
an answer of 100 000 000 scores 3 marks
[13]

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 (a) Ep = 50 × 9.8 × 4.0
6. 1

Ep = 1960 (J)
allow an answer rounded to 2000 (J)
1
allow a maximum of 1 mark if g = 10 N/kg is used
an answer of 1960 scores 2 marks

(b) Ek = 0.5 × 50 × 72
1

Ek = 1225 (J)
allow 1200 or 1230 (J)
1
an answer of 1225 scores 2 marks

(c) some energy is wasted

1

the g.p.e of the girl is not zero

1

(d) reduces the amount of friction

do not accept reference to friction between the wheels
and the ramp
1

so more energy is usefully transferred

allow less energy is wasted or less heating
1

greater kinetic energy

1
[9]

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