DISTANCE MEASUREMENT USING ULTRASONIC

SENSOR AND ARDUINO IN VEHICLE APPLICATIONS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering Degree in

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

by

D.KAMALEESWARI - 40140017- EEE

B.PRABAVATHI - 40140026 - EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119
APRIL 2023

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICSENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of

D.KAMALEESWARI – 40140017 AND B.PRABAVATHI – 40140026- EEE who

carried out the project entitled “DISTANCE MEASUREMENT USING ULTRASONIC

SENSOR AND ARDUINO IN VEHICLE APPLICATIONS " under our supervision

from January 2023 to April 2023.

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 DECLARATION

D.KAMALEESWARI (Reg No–40140017)and B.PRABAVATHI – (Reg No.40140026)

who hereby declare that the project entitled “DISTANCE MEASUREMENT USING

ULTRASONIC

SENSOR AND ARDUINO IN VEHICLE APPLICATIONS” done by us under the guidance of

MRS.D.RAMYA is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

DATE: 20.04.2023

PLACE: Chennai

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are pleased to acknowledge our sincere thanks to Board of Management of

SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing
it successfully. We are grateful to them.

We convey our thanks to Dr. N. M. Nandhita., Dean, School of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering and Dr. V. Sivachidambaranathan, Head of the
Department, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for providing us
necessary support and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

We would like to express our sincere and deep sense of gratitude to our Project Guide
Mrs.D.Ramya for her valuable guidance, suggestions and constant encouragement
paved way for the successful completion of our project work.

We wish to express our thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering who were helpful in many ways
for the completion of the project.

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 Abstract
 The News reports estimates that 1 in 5 car accidents occur in the
parking lot. It may be a head-on, rear-end, or T-bone crash. Since
these occur in the parking lot, the vehicle's speed is low, and
possibly the passengers remain safe.But in some circumstances,
they could be fatal.
 Studies say parking accidents are mostly due to drivers'
distractions caused by using mobile phones.
 In a parking lot, pedestrians move freely, and the driver has to
remain alert even about their blind spots.
 We designed a system using the ultrasonic sensor that could be
deployed in an Vehicle. The ultrasonic sensor is used to detect
objects in blind spots.
 A blind spot is an area in close proximity to the vehicle where the
driver has low or zero visibility.
 The ultrasonic sensor works similarly to bats. Like bats, the
ultrasonic sensor transmits ultra-frequency waves and measures
the distance of the obstacle from the vehicle.
 These sensors can accurately detect objects and don't require
any lighting. When the object is very close, it could signal the
driver to become alert. Thus, it assists drivers in moving safely in
a parking lot.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO

Certificate
Abstract
List of tables
List of figures
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background 10
1.2 Global Scenario 11
1.3 Problem Statement 12
1.4 Motivation of the project 13

2 Literature Survey 14

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Existing Methodology 17
3.2 Proposed Methodology 18
3.3 Block Diagram 19

4 Simulation and Hardware

4.1 List of the components 20
4.1.1 Jumper Wires 20
4.1.2 Arduino Uno R3 21

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 4.1.3 Ultrasonic sensor(HC-SR04) 23
4.1.3.1 Ultrasonic sensor module 24
4.1.3.2 Timing Diagram 24
4.1.4 16x2 LCD 12C display 26
4.1.5 10K potentiometer 27
4.1.6 Servomotor 28
4.1.7 Resistor(220ohm) 29
4.1.8 Bread board 29
4.2 Hardware Connection 30
4.3 Simulation Model 31
4.4 Arduino Program 32
4.5 Simulation Output
using tinkercad software 36
4.6 Arduino IDE program Execution 37

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 38

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 List of figures
Figure No . TITLE PAGE NO.
4.1.1 Jumper wires 20
4.1.2 Aurdino UNO R3 Board 21
4.1.3 Ultrasonic Sensors 21
4.1.3.2 Timing Diagram 25
4.1.4 16x2 LCD Display 26
4.1.5 10K Potentiometer 27
4.1.6 Servomotor 28
4.1.7 220 Ohm Resister 29
4.1.8 Breadboard 29
4.3 a Circuit Diagram 31
4.3 b Simulation Model 31
4.5 Simulation Output 37

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 List of tables

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.1.2.1 Pin details – aurdino UNO 22

4.1.2.2 Technical deatails aurdino UNO 22
4.1.5 Specifications of Potentiometer 20

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background

During the 18th century, the electro-optical distance meter’s

development has evolved through the techniques of determining the
velocity of light. Fizeau, who determined the velocity of light in 1840s, and
a lot more inventions; E. Bergstrand was then inspired to design the first
“Geodimeter” in 1940s. This works has developed and evolved throughout
the history by aspiring Scientists. Moreover, recent scientists first patent
application for an electromagnetic distance meter, this was made by Löwy
in 1923.The use of this ultrasonic distance measuring device is useful in
measuring the distance between two objects. Instead of using devices
such as a measuring tape, an ultrasonic device can determine the length
between two points of up to 4 meters. The researchers have decided to
conduct this study to create a prototype of an ultrasonic distance
measuring device and study and understand the basic concepts of using
ultrasonic as a method of measuring distance. The concepts on how
coding works when using Arduino UNO, ultrasonic distance
measurement, Sonar, etc., This project will be useful in measuring two
points; this device uses the concept of a sonar to determine the distance
of an object.

Distance measurement is a crucial aspect of science and technology,

enabling us to determine the distance between two points or objects. It
plays a vital role in various fields such as astronomy, geodesy, navigation,
surveying, and many more.

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The concept of distance measurement has been around for centuries, with
early civilizations using primitive methods such as pacing, ropes, and
sticks. However, with the advancements in technology, we now have
access to sophisticated instruments that can measure distances with high
precision and accuracy.

Today's the developing world shows various adventures in every field. In

each field the small requirements are very essential to develop big
calculations. By using different sources we can modify it as our
requirements and implement in various field. In earlier days the
measurements are generally occur through measuring devices. But
now a day's digitalization as is on height. Therefore we use a proper
display unit for measurement of distance. We can use sources such as
sound waves which are known as ultrasonic waves using ultrasonic
sensors and convert this sound wave for the measurement of various units
such as distance, speed. This technique of distance measurement using
ultrasonic in air includes continuous pulse echo method, a burst of pulse
is sent for transmission medium and is reflected by an object kept at
specific distance. The time taken for the sound wave to propogate from
transmitter to receiver is proportional to the distance of the object.

1.2 Global Scenario:

Distance measurement using Arduino and ultrasonic sensors are

vast and diverse. They can be used in autonomous vehicles for obstacle
detection and collision avoidance, in industrial settings for object detection
and positioning, in healthcare for monitoring patient distances, and in
home automation for smart lighting and security systems.

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Moreover, this technology can also be used in agriculture for crop
monitoring, in sports for measuring ball speed and trajectory, and in
education for teaching basic principles of physics and electronic

The development of smart cars requires new sensors that areable to

measure distances in the range of a few centimeters to a few meters.
Parking aids, as well as intelligent suspensions and headlight leveling, are
some examples of features that require a distance measurement to be
performed with contactless sensors. Several different physical principles
can be employed to measure the distance but price limits greatly restrict
the actual choices.

1.3 Problem Statement:

This study aims to create a simple, effective and efficient ultrasonic

distance measuring device

To be specific, these are the questions that the researchers seek to

answer:

1. Is it possible to create an effective and efficient ultrasonic distance

measuring device with a relatively low budget?

2. How much distance can the ultrasonic distance measuring device

achieve?

a. Is it comparable to any of the measuring devices that are widely

available and used?

b. Does it do a better job of taking measurements than the ones that

already exist?

3. Can the device take measurements with minimal to no errors?

4. Is it not too complicated to adapt the device?

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1.4 Motivation of the project:
 Our main moto is to reduce the blindspot accidents.

 Blind spots exist in a wide range of vehicles: aircraft, cars, buses,

trucks, agricultural equipments, heavy equipments, boats, ships,
trams, and trains.
 Blind spots may occur in the front of the driver when the A-pillar (also
called the windshield pillar), side-view mirror, or interior rear-view
mirror block a driver's view of the road.
 Behind the driver, cargo, headrests, and additional pillars may
reduce visibility.
 Proper adjustment of mirrors and the use of other technical solutions
can eliminate or alleviate vehicle blind spots.
 A no zone is one of several areas around a large truck, where the
truck driver cannot see. Collisions frequently occur in no zones.
 A blind zone is one of several areas around heavier rolling stocks
 So, we decided to implement a project called distance measurement
using ultrasonic sensor in vehicle application.
 Starting from the base, we have chosen a vehicle parking areas to
implement this project.
 In Future, we can find a efficient solution to implement the project in
various scenario like roads.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Literature Survey:

The researchers wanted to create an ultrasonic distance measuring

device because of the advantages it can have over the ones that are
widely available today. As described by Zakari and Aliyu (2014), “The
advent of EDM equipment has completely revolutionaries all surveying
procedures and resulted in a change of emphasis and techniques, by
reason of the fact that distance can now be measured quickly and
accurately”. The researchers have examined that if a reliable ultrasonic
measuring device would be introduced in the market, a lot of fields
involving the importance of distance measurement would benefit from
it.According to Sharma and Abrol (2014), when measuring distance, there
are two methods: contact and non-contact. The researchers will be using
a non-contact method because the ultrasonic sensor to be used does not
have to be in physical contact with the object to be measured. In order to
do so, the sensor uses the propagation of ultrasonic sound waves.The
ultrasonic sensor that will be used by the researchers is the HC-SRO4.
The sensor has a transmitter that vibrates short, high-frequency sound
pulses that reach a surface then bounces back to the receiver. This
method of electronically measuring distance is known as the Pulse
Method. According to Rüeger (2012), the way which the Pulse Method
works is that, “A short, intensive signal is transmitted by an instrument. It
travels to a target point and back and thus covers twice the distance.
Measuring the so-called flight time between transmission and reception of
the same pulse, the distance may be calculated.To expound on how the
ultrasonic sensor works, the study of Mehta and Tiwari (2018) describes
the major part of the sensor, the transducer. An ultrasonic sensor usually
has the transducer to convert sound energy into electrical energy and

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vice-versa. These sound waves are in the frequency range of 20000hz
which is beyond the hearing range of humans therefore only the sensor
can detect them. First, they identified that signal processing is easier
because the speed of sound is slower than the speed of light in the
presence of air. Second, the relatively short ultrasonic wavelengths allow
for a “more highly accurate distance measurement , therefore measuring
the distance from such objects does not affect the measurements. Finally,
ultrasonic is not affected by the effects of light and airborne dusts, allowing
it to perform measurements of distance in outdoor environments. To
elaborate, another paper on the use of ultrasonic sensor with the inclusion
of Arduino by Soni et al. (2017) explains the theory of sound waves.
According to the authors, “Sound waves are defined as longitudinal
pressure waves in the medium in which they are travelling. Subjects
whose dimensions are larger than the wavelength of the impinging sound
waves reflects them, the reflected waves are called the echo. If the speed
of sound in the medium is known and the time taken for the sound waves
to travel the distance from the source to the subject and back to the source
is measured, the distance from the source to the subject can be computed
accurately”.A similar study on the use of ultrasonic sensor for distance
measurement was also done by Ratan and Luthra (2015). They also
applied the use of an ultrasonic sensor for distance measuring due to its
versatility and applicability in so many fields. Their objective was to create
a low cost simple device with acceptable accuracy. Although they have
met the objective of the project, the limitations they found on their project
was the need to orient the device perpendicularly to the “plane of
propagation of the ultrasonic waves .Another similar study of an ultrasonic
sensor for distance measurement was also done by Abdullah (2015).
They used an ultrasonic sensor (particularly the HC-SRO4) for their study,
it is because they found out that this material is to be the “most reliable

15
and inexpensive method for distance measurement”. But in their case, a
temperature compensator was added to their system to compensate for
the errors that may possibly occur due to the ambient temperature. The is
because the speed of ultrasonic wave is affected by the “type of medium
and the temperature”.The researchers may consider the addition of a
temperature compensator if temperature has a substantial effect on the
device’s capabilities and if it restricts its effectivity in the places where it is
expected to be used.Carullo, A., & Parvis, M. (2001). An ultrasonic sensor
for distance measurement in automotive applications. IEEE Sensors
journal, 1(2), 143. As ultrasonic sensors have a wide application in the
field, in a paper published by Carullo and Parvis (2001), they mounted an
ultrasonic sensor to measure the distance between the ground and the
bottom of the car. Their purpose was to get the height of the car from its
bottom surface to the ground with goal of satisfying the requirements in
the automotive field. Their experiment was a success and it exemplifies
the versatility of an ultrasonic sensor in various fields.With regards to
distance measurement, another electromagnetic device patented by Woo
and Lien (1979) works similarly to that of the researchers’ device.
Although the major difference is that they are using an optical sensor for
distance

measurement and not an ultrasonic sensor. But their device also has a
display capable of showing the resulting measurements. The display can
show the measurements according to the preference of the user: in
centimeters, inches, or meters. The researchers would like to include
something similar by providing two units of measurements in the display.
A combination of centimeters and inches which are both the most widely
used units in measuring distance worldwide.

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 CHAPTER 3

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 EXISTING METHODOLOGY

Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used as affordable methods to

measure distance in industry. However, the accuracy of their
measurements is often low, especially when inexpensive sensors and
reasonably low-priced equipment are used. In this article, a low-cost
ultrasonic-sensor module which is used for threshold-detection
techniques is examined. Several numerical techniques, such as the least
square method (LSM), piecewise LSM, and the Vandermonde method
were applied to the sensor data to increase the accuracy of the distance
measurement. Eventually, the smart filter signal detection algorithm was
applied to the sensor data and the results were compared. The smart-
filter-signal-detection algorithm provides 0.4-millimeter accuracy. In order
to achieve this accuracy, the environment temperature is taken into
account.

3.2 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The distance measurement system will consist of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic

sensor, Arduino board, and various output devices. The ultrasonic sensor
will be mounted on the front of the vehicle, facing forward to detect any
obstacles in its path. When an obstacle is detected, the sensor will send
a signal to the Arduino board, which will then process the data and provide
feedback to the driver through the output devices. The feedback may
include visual cues such as LED lights or auditory cues such as warning
sounds.

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 To implement this project, we will need an Arduino board, ultrasonic
sensors, jumper wires, and a power source. The ultrasonic sensors
will be mounted on the front and back bumpers of the vehicle, and
connected to the Arduino board through jumper wires. Once the
hardware is set up, we will write a program code that controls the
sensors and processes the distarice the measurements. The
program will use algorithms to calculate the distance between the
vehicle and nearby objects, and display the results on a screen or
through audio feedback.The use of ultrasonic sensors and Arduino
boards in vehicle applications has a wide range of potential
applications beyond just parking and collision avoidance.

 For example, it could be used in autonomous vehicles to provide

real-time feedback on the surrounding environment and adjust the
vehicle's direction accordingly.

 It could also be used in logistics and transportation applications to

monitor the distance between vehicles in a convoy or track the
position of goods being transported.

 With the increasing demand for smart transportation solutions, the

use of ultrasonic sensors and Arduino boards is likely to become
more widespread in the coming years.

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3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM :

. Fig:3.3.1

The ultrasonic sensors will be mounted on the front and back bumpers of
the vehicle, and connected to the Arduino board through jumper wires..

Arduino will receive the data from the ultrasonic sensor and process it to
calculate the distance between the vehicle and the obstacle. In addition
to processing the data, the Arduino board will also be responsible for
providing feedback to the driver through various output devices such as
speakers or LED lights. In this project we have used buzzer to alert the
driver.

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 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE AND SIMULATION

4.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Jumper wires
 Arduino UNO R3
 Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04)
 16×2 LCD I2C Display
 10K Potentiometer
 Servo motor
 Resistor (220 ohms)
 Breadboard
4.1.1 JUMPER WIRE:

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire) is

an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at
each end (or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is
normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other
prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or
components, without soldering.

Fig: 4.1.1

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4.1.2 ARDUINO UNO R3 BOARD:
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header and a reset button.
The Arduino UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and
coding. If this is your first experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO
is the most robust board you can start playing with. The UNO is the most
used and documented board of the whole Arduino family.

Fig:4.1.2

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4.1.2.1 PIN DETAILS – ARDUINO UNO

4.1.2.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS – ARDUINO UNO

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4.1.3 ULTRASONIC SENSORS

Ultrasonic sensors are great tools to measure distance and detect objects
without any actual contact with the physical world. It is used in several
applications, like in measuring liquid level, checking proximity and even
more popularly in automobiles to assist in self-parking or anti-
collision systems.

Fig:4.1.3

In this project, we have used the HC-SR04 UltrasonicSensor with

Arduino to determine the distance of an obstacle from the sensor. The
basic principle of ultrasonic distance measurement is based on ECHO.
When sound waves are transmitted in the environment then waves return
back to the origin as ECHO after striking on the obstacle. So we only
need to calculate the traveling time of both sounds means outgoing time
and returning time to origin after striking on the obstacle.

The speed of the sound is known to us, after some calculation we can
calculate the distance. We are going to use this same technique for
this Arduino distance measurement project.

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4.1.3.1.Ultrasonic Sensor Module:

There are many types of Arduino distance sensors, but in this project we
have used the HC-SR04 to measure distance in range of 2cm-400cm with
an accuracy of 3mm. The sensor module consists of an ultrasonic
transmitter, receiver and control circuit. The working principle of ultrasonic
sensor is as follows:

 High level signal is sent for 10us using Trigger.

 The module sends eight 40 KHz signals automatically, and then
detects whether pulse is received or not.
 If the signal is received, then it is through high level. The time of high
duration is the time gap between sending and receiving the signal.

Distance= (Time x Speed of Sound in Air (340 m/s))/2

4.1.3.2 Timing Diagram:

The module works on the natural phenomenon of ECHO of sound.

A pulse is sent for about 10us to trigger the module. After which the
module automatically sends 8 cycles of 40 KHz ultrasound signal
and checks its echo. The signal after striking with an obstacle
returns back and is captured by the receiver. Thus the distance of
the obstacle from the sensor is simply calculated by the formula
given a
Distance= (time x speed)/2.

Here we have divided the product of speed and time by 2 because

the time is the total time it took to reach the obstacle and return back.
Thus the time to reach obstacle is just half the total time taken.

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 Fig:4.1.3.2

4.1.4 16X2 LCD DISPLAY

This is a 16x2 LCD display screen with I2C interface. It is able to display
16x2 characters on 2 lines, white characters on blue background. These
displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment light-emitting diodes and
seven segments. The main benefits of using this module are inexpensive;
simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for
displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc.

25
 Fig:4.1.4

Usually, Arduino LCD display projects will run out of pin resources easily,
especially with Arduino Uno. And it is also very complicated with the wire
soldering and connection. This I2C 16x2 Arduino LCD Screen is using an
I2C communication interface. It means it only needs 4 pins for the LCD
display: VCC, GND, SDA, SCL. It will save at least 4 digital/analog pins
on Arduino. All connectors are standard XH2.54 (Breadboard type). You
can connect with the jumper wire directly.

26
4.1.5 10K POTENTIOMETER
The 10K Potentiometer is used for adjusting various parameters
like voltage, current, etc in an electronic circuit. The POT
Potentiometer is a passive electronic component that has two end
terminals with a resistive element and the sliding contact called the wiper
acts as the third terminal.It is mostly used in application where a single
turn can provide enough control resolution.

Fig:4.1.5

Table:4.1.5
27
4.1.6 Servo motor
Servo motors are electronic devices and rotary or linear actuators that
rotate and push parts of a machine with precision. Servos are mainly
used on angular or linear position and for specific velocity, and
acceleration.

Fig:4.1.6

In this project, an ultrasonic sensor is tied to a servo motor. The servo

motor rotates continuously between 0 and 180 degrees, performing the
function of a radar.
When an object comes in the range of the sensor, the sensor tracks it
and raises an alarm. The corresponding distance of the object from the
sensor gets displayed on the LCD screen.

28
4.1.7 220 Ohm resistor
The 220 Ohm resistor can be identified via resistor color codes of Red-
Red-Brown-Gold or Red-Red-Black-Black-Gold

Fig:4.1.7

In this project we used resistors to limit the amount of current going to

certain components in the circuit, such as LEDs and integrated circuits.

4.1.8 Breadboard

A breadboard is a solderless construction base used for developing an

electronic circuit and wiring for projects with microcontroller boards like
Arduino. As common as it seems, it may be daunting when first getting
started with using one.

Fig:4.1.8

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4.2 HARDWARE CONNECTIONS:
The circuit diagram for arduino and ultrasonic sensor is shown
above to measure the distance. In circuit connections Ultrasonic sensor
module’s “trigger” and “echo” pins are directly connected to pin 18(A4)
and 19(A5) of arduino. A 16x2 LCD is connected with arduino in 4-bit
mode. Control pin RS, RW and En are directly connected to arduino pin
2, GND and 3. And data pin D4-D7 is connected to 4, 5, 6 and 7 of arduino.

First of all we need to trigger the ultrasonic sensor module to

transmit signal by using arduino and then wait for receive ECHO.This
technique of distance measurement using ultrasonic in air includes
continuous pulse echo method, a burst of pulse is sent for transmission
medium and is reflected by an object kept at specific distance.

The time taken for the sound wave to propogate from transmitter to
receiver is proportional to the distance of the object. In this distance
measurement system we had ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 interfaced with
Arduino UnoR3. Programming and hardware part of ultrasonic sensor
interfacing with Arduino UnoR3.servo motors are used to control the
position of objects, rotate objects, move legs, arms or hands of robots,
move sensors etc. with high precision. Servo motors are small in size, and
because they have built-in circuitry to control their movement, they can be
connected directly to an Arduino.

Arduino reads the time between triggering and Received ECHO. We

know that speed of sound is around 340m/s. so we can calculate distance
by using given formula:
Distance= (travel time/2) * speed of sound

Where speed of sound around 340m per second. A 16x2 LCD displaying
distance

30
4.3 Simulation Model :-

Fig: 4.3a

Fig:4.3 b

31
4.4 ARDUINO PROGRAM:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> //LCD library
#include<Servo.h> //Servo library

#define echo 2
#define trig 3
#define Buzzer 7

const int scan_Distance = 100;//distance upto which the sensor should

scan
float duration; // time taken by the pulse to return back
float distance; // oneway distance travelled by the pulse
Servo myservo ;

LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);//lcd(RS,EN,D4,D5,D6,D7)

void setup() {
myservo.attach(6); // Servo is connected to Digital pin 6

pinMode(trig, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo, INPUT);
pinMode(Buzzer,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16, 2);

32
void loop() {
for (int i = 0; i <= 180; i++) {
myservo.write(i);
time_Measurement();
distance = duration * (0.0343) / 2;
if (distance <= scan_Distance) {
intruder_detected();
}
else {
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Scanning...... ");
}
delay(100);
}
for (int i = 180; i >= 0; i--) {
myservo.write(i);
time_Measurement();
distance = (float)duration * (0.0343) / 2;
if (distance <= scan_Distance) {
intruder_detected();
}
else {
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Scanning...... ");
}
delay(100);

33
 }
}

void time_Measurement()
{
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trig, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echo, HIGH);

}

void intruder_detected()
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Intruder at ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" ");
lcd.print(distance);
lcd.print(" cm");
digitalWrite(Buzzer, HIGH);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(Buzzer, LOW);}

34
4.5 Simulation Output using Tinkercad software:

Fig: 4.5 a

Fig: 4.5 b

35
4.6 AURDINO IDE PROGRAM EXECUTION:

36
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Distance measurement using ultrasonic sensors and Arduino is a popular
research area with various applications. The results of this review indicate that
ultrasonic sensors and Arduino are widely used in the development of
electronic projects related to distance measurement. Further research is
needed to explore the potential of these technologies in various other
applications
Distance =speed*time
The human audible range can be converted measure the distance precisely
manner

FUTURE SCOPE

The range can be improved by:

1.Using temperature adjustable devices, it can be used over wide
temperature range.
2. Using High Range Ultrasonic sensors to extend the range of distance
measurement.

References
[1] .Arefin Shamsul MD., & Mollick Tajrian (2013). Design of an
Ultrasonic Distance Meter. International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue 3
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